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REESE  LIBRARY 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


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AN    ILLUSTRATED    DICTIONARY 


OF   WORDS    USED   IN 


ART    AND    ARCH^OLOCxY. 


\_All rights  reserved.^ 


PRINTED    BY   GTLBERT   AND    RIVINGTON,    LIMITED,    ST.    JOHN's    SQUARE,    LONDON. 


?^^        OF  THB  '  r 

NIVERSIT 
*^CaliforH)>- 


APSE  OF   THE   BASILICA   OF  ST.   PAUL-WITHOUT-THE-WALLS,    ROME. 

iSee  Basilica,  /.  37. 


AN    ILLUSTRATED    DICTIONARY 


OF   WORDS    USED    IN 


ART   AND    ARCH/EOLOGY 


Explaining  Terms  frequently  used  in  Works  on  Architecture,  Arms, 
Bronzes,  Christian  Art,  Colour,.  Costume,  Decoration,  Devices, 
Emblems,  Heraldry,  Lace,  Personal  Ornaments,  Pottery,  Painting, 
Sculpture,  &:c.,  with  their  Derivations. 

By    J.    W.    MOLLETT,    B.A. 

Officicr  de  V histi  udion  Piihliipie  [France)  ; 

AUTHOR    OF   THE    LIVES    OF    "  REMBRANDT"    AND    "  WILKIE  "    IX    THE 
"  great   artists  "    SERIES. 


SAMPSON    LOW,    MARSTON,    SEARLE,    AND    RIVINGTON, 

crown   buildings,   i88,   FLEET  STREET. 
1883. 


7^/  2,^ 


PREFACE. 


This  Dictionary  was  commenced  as  an  amended  edition  of  that  written 
by  jNI.  Ernest  Bosc,  architect  of  Paris,  and  contains  the  450  engravings  pub- 
hshed  in  the  French  work,  to  which  about  250  more  have  been  added.  Little 
or  nothing,  however,  of  the  text  of  jM.  Bosc's  work  has  been  left  standing ;  his 
definitions  having,  in  the  process  of  revision  under  reference  to  original  works, 
almost  entirely  disappeared.  The  whole  work,  as  it  now  stands,  has  been 
drawn  from,  or  carefully  corrected  by,  the  best  authorities  in  each  of  its  special 
branches.  Considerable  prominence  has  been  given  to  Architecture,  from 
the  French  original  corrected  from  English  writers;  to  Christian  Anti- 
quities from  Martigny,  and  the  Dictionary  of  Dr.  Smith  and  Professor 
Cheetham,  and  other  authorities ;  to  Medleval  Armour,  and  terms  of 
Chivalry,  chiefly  from  Afeyrick's  Ancient  Armour ;  to  Costume  from  Flanche 
and  Fairholt ;  to  Heraldry  from  Boutdrs  and  Mi^s.  Bury  Palliser's  works  ; 
to  Pottery,  the  substance  of  the  articles  on  this  subject  being  derived  from 
M.  Jacquemarfs  work  ;  to  NeedleW'Ork,  Ivories,  Musical  Instruments, 
Goldsmiths'  Work,  Painters'  Materials  and  Processes  Ancient  and 
Modern,  Colour,  &;c.,  with  references  to  the  several  authorities  referred  to. 

The  Greek  and  Roman  Antiquities,  which  are  the  principal  part  of  M. 
Bosc's  work,  have  been  in  this  volume  reduced  to  the  smallest  possible  compass: 
the  Dictionaries  of  Dr.  Smith  and  Rich  must  be  referred  to  by  those  who 
require  fuller  definitions  upon  this  subject,  which  would  of  itself  fill  ten  such 
books  as  the  i)resent. 

A  few  Indian,  Chinese,  and  Japanese  Terms,  which  have  come  into 
ordinary  use  in  art,  have  been  sought  out  and  inserted  :  in  the  first-mentioned 


viii  PREFACE. 

Dr.  Birdwood's  Handbooks  have  been  a  most  useful  guide.  Finally,  it  is 
necessary  to  state,  that  many  words  essential  to  the  completeness  of  the  work 
would  have  been  in  danger  of  omission,  if  I  had  not  had  before  me  Mr. 
FairhoWs  admirable  Dictionary  of  Art  Terms,  which,  occupying  a  more  restricted 
ground  than  this,  is  so  thorough  and  accurate  in  dealing  with  all  that  it  professes 
to  include,  that  the  only  raison  d'etre  of  this  work  is  the  very  much  wider  and 
different  ground  that  it  covers,  and  the  greater  condensation  of  its  definitions. 
Obviously  the  substance  of  every  statement  in  the  work  is  borrowed  from  some 
previous  writer  on  the  subject,  and  it  is  evident  that  a  Dictionary  of  Reference 
is  not  a  convenient  vehicle  for  theory  or  invention. 

The  appended  list  of  Classified  Catalogues  which  have  been  prepared 
by  direction  of  the  authorities  of  the  South  Kensington  Museum,  will  have  the 
additional  use  of  referring  the  reader  to  the  fountain-head  at  which  he  can 
verify  and  amplify  the  condensed  information  that  tliis  work  supplies. 

T.  W.  MOLLETT. 

October,  1SS2. 


CLASSIFIED    CATALOGUES   OF   BOOKS   ON   ART 

IN    THE 

NATIONAL    ART    LIBRARY,    SOUTH    KENSINGTON    MUSEUM. 

ISSUED    BY  AUTHORITY. 


List  of  Works  on  Costume,  \s.;  Furniture,  \d.\  Heraldry,  3^. ;  Lace 
AND  Needlework,  \d. :  Ornament,  M.  ;  Painting,  4^/. ;  Pottery  and 
Porcelain,  yi. ;  Sculpture,  yi. 

These  Catalogues  may  be  had  on  application  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Science  and  Art  Department, 

South  Kensington,  S.W. 


i 


ILLUSTRATED    DICTIONARY    OF    WORDS 

USED  IN 

ART    AND    ARCHEOLOGY. 

Abbreviations — A.\c\\.  Arc/iitictnral ;  Chr.  Christian ;  Y.gyY>.  Egyptian;  Yr.  French;  Gr.  Greek, 
Her.  Heraldic ;  It.  Italian  ;  Lat.  Latin;  Med.  Meaicsval;  O.  E.  Old  English ;  Orient.  Oriental; 

R.  Roman. 


Aar  nr  Aarou,  Egyp.  A  plain  in  a  supra- 
terrestrial  region,  which  corresponded,  with  the 
Egyptians,  to  the  Elysian  Fields  of  the  Greeks 
and  the  Asgard  of  Scandinavian  mythology. 


Fig.  I.   Abaciili  used  .is  pavement. 

Abaculus,  Gr.  and  R.  (a  diminutive  o{  abacus, 
q.  V. ).  A  small  square  or  cube  of  glass,  or  some 
vitreous  composition  made  to  imitate  stone  or 
glass  of  various  colours.  Ahacnli  were  employed 
for  the  inlaid-work  of  pavements,  or  the  incrusta- 
tions of  mosaic. 

Abacus,  Gr.  and  R.  (Si3a|,  a  slab  or  board). 
I.  In  general  a  rectangular  slab  of  stone,  marljle, 
or  terra-cotta.  2.  A  board  or  tray  used  in  arith- 
metical calculations,  and  constructed  for  reckon- 
ing by  lens.  3.  A  play-board  divided  into 
compartments,  a  kind  of  back-gammon  in  use  in 
antiquity.  The  same  term  was  also  applied  to 
a  board  used  for  another  game  of  sicill,  the  Indus 
latrunculorum,  which  was  more  like  our  chess. 
4.  A  side-board  on  which  were  displayed,  in  the 
triclinium,  or  dining-room,  silver  plate  and  other 


table  utensils.  5.  A  slab  of  marble,  used  for  a 
coating  in  the  decoraticm  of  a  room  or  apartment 
of  any  kind.  6.  A  square  slab  of  terra-cotta  or 
wood,  placed  by  the  earliest  builders  at  the  top 
of  wooden  columns,  in  order  to  give  them  a 
broader  head,  and  so  afford  a  better  suj^port  to 
the  beams  which  rested  on  them.  It  was  this 
motive  that  gave  rise  to  the  formation  of  the 
abacus  of  the  capital  of  a  column. 

Abaton  or  Abates,  Gr.  (a,  ^arhs,  inaccessible). 
A  term  used  generally  to  denote  any  inaccessible 
place,  such  as  the  cclla  of  a  temple,  an  adytum 
from  which  the  profane  were  excluded.  Tiie 
term  Abaton  denoted  more  particularly  a  build- 
ing in  the  city  of  Rhodes,  which  contained, 
together  with  two  statues  in  bronze,  a  trophy 
commemorating  a  victory  gained  over  the 
Rhodians.  This  memorial  had  been  placed  in 
the  building  by  cjueen  Artemisia,  Mdio  had  con- 
secrated it  to  a  divinity.  To  destroy  it  would 
have  been  a  sacrilege,  and  as  no  one  could  be 
allowed  to  penetrate  into  the  interior  of  the 
Abaton,  witliout  the  defeat  of  the  Rhodians 
becoming  known,  all  access  to  it  was  forbidden. 

Abezzo,  Olio  di.  It.  Strasburg  Turpentine 
(q.v.). 

Ablutions,  Chr.  There  were  various  ablu- 
tions :  that  of  the  head  {capitilavium),  as  a 
prejiaration  for  unction  in  ba])tism  ;  that  of  the 
hands  (a<juamanile),  during  Mass,  &c.;  that  of 
the  feet  {pedilaviuni),  including  the  ceremony 
of  washing  the  feet  of  the  poor,  performed  on 
Maundy  Thursday,  by  the  Pope.     (Fig.  2.) 

Abococke,  Med.  Cap  of  estate,  worn  by  kings 
on  their  helmets:  "  a  huge  cappe  of  estate,  called 


7^ 


\VORDS  USED  IN 


Abococke,  garnished  wilh  two  rich  crownes  ;" 
15th  century. 

Abolla,  Gr.  and  R.  {avafioXi],  a  throwing  back 
and  around).  A  cloak  made  of  a  piece  of  cloth 
folded  double  and  fastened  round  the  throat  by  a 
brooch,     Abolla  vtahr  was  the  name  given  to 


Fig.  2.  Ewer  for  ablutions  (Persian). 

the  amj-ile  blanket  in  which  the  Greek  philoso- 
phers were  accustomed  to  wrap  themselves. 
This  cloak  was  adopted  by  the  philosophers  as 
an  instance  of  their  humHity,  because  it  was 
mostly  worn  by  the  poorer  classes  at  Rome.  Fig.  3 
is  a  representation  of  one  of  the  lictors,  with 
his  fasces  on  his  shoulder,  and  wearing  the  abolla. 
Abraxas,  Gr.  (a  mystical  or  cabalistic  word 
formed  of  the  Greek  letters  a,  j3,  p,  o,  |,  o,  $). 
Cut  stones  or  gems  of  very  various  shapes,  upon 
which  are  engraved  the  words  Abraxas,  Abrasax. 
They  are  also  known  as  Basilidian  stones  or 
gems,  because  they  constituted  the  symbols  of 
the  gnostic  sect  of  the  Basilidians.  Certain 
peoples  looked  upon  them  as  magic  amulets 
against  particular  maladies  and  demoniacal 
influences.  The  impressions  on  these  stones  are 
very  varied  ;  cabalistic  figures,  the  signs  A  and  Ci, 
and  the  word  lAfl,  which  designates  the  Supreme 
Being.  Numerous  explanations  have  been 
sought  for  this  term  abraxas  ;  some  philologists 
assert  that  it  comes  from  the  Persian  [or  Pehlvi], 
and  that  it  signifies  Mithra  ;  otiiers  derive  it  from 
the  Hebrew,  or  the  Coptic,  while  others  again 
recognize  in  it  only  a  numerical  sign,  the  letters 
of  which,  added  together,  would  give  the  number 


365,  or  the  number  of  days  that  make  up  the 
year,  and  in  this  case  abraxas  would  symbolize 
tlie  animal  revolution  of  the  sun.  A  figure 
often  found  upon  Abraxas  stones  is  that  of  a 
serpent  with  a  radiated  lion's  head  (Chnouphis), 
which  rears  itself  amid  seven  stars.  The  reverse 
of  these  stones  often  bears  the  inscription  Til 
XNOT*I,  "To  Chnouphis.^' 


Fig.  3.  A  Lictor  with  the  fasces,  wearing  the  abolla. 

Absidiole.  Diminutive  of  apse,  and  thus  used 
to  denote  a  small  apse  terminating  a  lateral  nave, 
while  tlie  a]ise  closes  the  central  or  chief  nave. 
(See  Absis.) 

Absis  or  Apse,  R.  (cul/ls,  a  bow  or  \ault).  Any 
enclosure  of  semicircular  form  terminating  a 
room,  hall,    &c.     There   was  an   absis  in   the 


ART  AND  ARCIL-EOLOGV 


Biuiliia  (q.  v.),  or  court  of  justice,  nnd  it  was  in 
the  semicircular  recess  thus  formed  tliat  the 
judges'  seats  were  placed.  Many  temples  also 
had  an  absis  attacheel  to  them,  and  there  is  one 
in  particular  of  this  description  well  known  to  all 
archreologists.  This  is  the  absis  of  the  temple 
of  Venus  at  Rome,  which  was  built  by  the 
emperor  architect  Hadrian.     (See  ArsE.) 

Abutment,  Arch,  called  also  Impost.  The 
solid  part  of  a  pier  from  which  an  arch  imme- 
diately springs. 

Abydos,  Tablets  of,  Egyp.  Under  this  term 
are  designated  two  hieroglyphic  inscriptions  con- 
taining the  names  of  Egyptian  kings.  These 
tablets  were  graven  upon  the  walls  of  a  cella  in 
a  small  temple  at  Abydos,  in  Upper  Egypt; 
hence  their  name.  The  first  tablet,  the  begin- 
ning of  which  was  destroyed  at  the  time  of  its 
discovery,  contains  the  names  of  the  kings  of  the 
twelfth  and  eighteenth  dynasties  ;  this  inscription 
was  discovered  in  1S17  or  iSiSbyJ.  W.  Bankes, 
and  drawn  by  Caillund  in  1S32 ;  it  had  been 
taken  down  from  the  wall  of  the  temple  by 
Mimaut,  the  French  consul  at  Alexandria.  It  is 
now  at  the  Uritish  Museum.  The  second  tablet, 
which  begins  with  Menes,  who  is  generally  sup- 
posed to  have  been  one  of  the  first  kings  of  Egypt, 
contains  a  complete  list  of  the  two  first  dynasties, 
as  well  as  a  great  number  of  names  belonging  to 
kings  of  the  third,  fourth,  fifth,  sixth,  ninth, 
tenth,  and  eleventh  dynasties.  This  tablet  was 
discovered  in  1864  by  M.  Mariette.  It  is  ic- 
produced  in  De  Rouge's  treatise  on  the  six  first 
dynasties. 

Abyssus,  Egyp.  A  Coptic  word,  read  by 
some  archceologists  as  Noun  (q.v.),  and  which 
signifies  the  abyss,  the  immensity  of  the  celestial 
waters  upon  which  sails  the  solar  bark. 

Acacia,  R.  A  term  employed  by  some  anti- 
quaries to  denote  an  object  held  in  the  hand  of 
the  statue  of  an  emperor  of  the  Lower  Empire. 
It  usually  consists  of  a  piece  of  cloth,  which 
the  emperor  unfurled  as  a  signal  for  the  games  to 
commence. 

Academies  of  Italy.  Literary  societies  es- 
tablished during  the  middle  ages.  The  principal 
were  the  Accesi,  Alifidati,  Amorevole  of  Verona, 
Animosi  of  M  ilan,  Arcadi  of  Rome,  Ardenti  of  Pisa, 
Ardenti  of  Naples,  Ardenti  of  Viterbo.  Catenati 
of  Macerata,  Chiave  of  Pavia,  Crusca  of  Florence, 
Elevati  of  Ferrara,  Eterea  of  Padua,  Florimon- 
tana  of  Annecy,  Granelleschi  of  Venice,  Infiam- 
mati  of  Padua,  Infocati,  Insensati  of  Perugia, 
Intronati  of  Siena,  Lincei  of  Rome,  Occulti, 
Offuscati,  Ostinati,  Rinovati,  Sonnachiosi  of 
Bologna,  Trasformati  of  Milan,  Travagliati, 
Unanimi.  Their  devices  are  described  under 
the  respective  headings. 

Acaena,  Gr.  (a^aifTj),  a  measuring- rod  ;  ten 
Greek  feet  in  length. 

Acanthus,   Gr.  and  R.    (a/cij,    a   point,    and 


avdos,  a  flower).  A  plant,  the  ornamental 
foliage  of  which  has  been  largely  employed  as 
an  architectural  decoration  by  different  peoples. 
The  acanthus  has  been  applied  to  the  orna- 
mentation of  friezes,  cornices,  modillions,  and 
various  other  mem- 
bers of  architecture, 
but  in  especial  to 
the  decoration  of  mo- 
dillions (projecting 
brackets)  (Fig.  4)  and 
of  Corinthian  and 
composite  capitals. 
There  are  several 
varieties  of  the  acan- 
thus ;  those  most  in 
use  are  the  cultivated 
acanthus,  or  Brank- 
ursine  [Acanthus  viollis),  and  the  spring  acan- 
thus {Acanthus  spinosa),  the  foliage  of  which  is 
much  less   beautiful,   and   furnished  with  small 


4.    Architectural 
acanthus. 


V   \         _ 


^^^'1^.U'I 


Fig.  5.   Bracket  decorated  with  acanthus. 

spikes  which  make  the  plant  resemble  a  thistle. 
This  last  has  also  often  been  applied  to  decora- 
tion, in  the  Romano-Byzantine  a.id  lanceolated 
styles  of  architecture.  An  English  name  for 
this  ornament  is  the  "  bear's  claw." 

Acapna,  Gr.  (a,  priv.,  and  Kanvh^,  i.e. without 
smoke).  Wood  for  fuel,  which  had  undergone 
several  operations  to  hinder  it  from  smoking 
when  put  on  the  fire.  One  of  the  methods 
employed  consisted  in  stripping  the  bough  of  the 
bark,  immersing  it  in  water  for  some  days,  and 
then  leaving  it  to  dry.  In  a  second  method, 
the  surface  was  rubbed  with  oil  or  oil-lees,  or 
else  the  piece  of  wood  was  plunged  into  the  oil 
for  a  few  moments.  A  third  method  consisted 
in  slightly  charring  the  surface  of  the  wood  by 
passing  it  through  the  flame.  The  wood  pre- 
pared by  this  last  process  was  also  called  coda 
and  coctilia. 

Acatium,  Gr.  and  R.  (a/faTiof,  dimin.ofStfaToj, 
a  light  boat).  A  description  of  vessel  belonging 
to  the  class  called  actiiaritc,  i.e.  were  propelled 
either  by  sails  or  oars.  The  acatium  was  a  fast- 
sailer  much  employed  by  the  Greek  pirates. 
The  stern  was  of  a  rounded  concave  form  {in- 
Jlcxci),  and  the  prow  was  adorned  with  a  beak 
{rostrum).     (See  also  Actuari/E.)     The  name 


WORDS  USED  IN 


acatium  was  also  given  to  a  drinkiny-vessel  ] 
which  was  in  the  form  of  a  boat.  The  RoiTian  \ 
scapha  was  a  similar  vessel. 

Acca.  A  word  used  in  the  14th  century  for 
a  cloth  of  gold  shot  with  coloured  silk,  figured 
with  animals:  from  Acre  in  Syria. 

Accesi,  It.  {infiamed).  One  of  the  Italian 
Literary  Academies.  Their  device  was  a  fir-cone 
placed  over  a  fire,  with  the  motto  "hincodoret 
fructus." 

Accetta,  Med.  Lat.  A  battle-axe,  or  hache- 
d'armes. 

Accidental  or  complementary  colour,  the 
prismatic  complement  of  a  ray  of  light :  such  are 
Oj-angr  to  blue,  s^i-ee)i  to  red,  s^wA  purple  io  yellotv. 
Accidental  light.  An  effect  of  light  in  a 
picture  independent  of  the  principal  light,  such 
as  that  on  the  Holy  Child  in  the  Notte  of  Cor- 
reggio,  or  that  of  a  candle,  &c. 

Acclamations,  Chr.  Formulas  employed  by 
the  first  Christians  to  express  their  grief  on  the 
occurrence  of  some  misfortune,  or  on  the  other 
hand,  to  testify  their  joy  at  some  piece  of  good 
fortune  These  acclamations  were  imitated  from 
the  nations  of  antiquity  [e.g.  a.\.  marriages,'^  \o 
Hymen,  Hymemise,  Talassio  :"  at  triumphs, 
"  lo,  triumphe,"  &c.]. 

AccoUee,  Her.  (i)  placed  side  by  side:  (2) 
entwined  about  the  neck. 

Accosted,  Her.  Side  by  side 
Accrued,  Her.  Grown  to  maturity. 
Accubitum,  R.  (ad  and  cuhitum,  an  elbow). 
A  bed  or  rather  couch  of  a  peculiar  kind,  upon 
which  the  Romans  reclined  at  meals,  and  which 
replaced  the  lectus  tricliunrius.  It  was  a  kind 
of  sofa  holding  onlv  a  single  person,  while  the 
lectus  trkr.iiarlus  held  two  or  three.  The  act  of 
reclining  on  this  sofa  was  called  aecubitio  or 
accuhitus,  a  term  derived  from  accubo,  to  recline 
at  table. 

Acerraor  Acerna,  R.  (prob.  from  (7(:^r,  maple). 
A  small  square  box  with  a  hinged  lid  ;  a  coffer 
used  to  hold  the  incense  for  sacrifices  ;  whence 
its  Latin  names  area  turalis,  arcula  turalis,  acerra 
turis  custos.  The  acerra  appears  on  certain  bas- 
reliefs  among  the  sacred  utensils.  It  is  to  be 
seen  represented  on  the  altar  of  the  small  temple 
of  Quirinus,  at  Pompeii,  underneath  a  garland, 
and  above  an  augur's  wand.  It  is  generally  met 
with,  as  being  carried  by  the  officiating  priests, 
at  religious  ceremonies.  The  attendant  carried 
the  acerra  in  the  left  hand  and  employed  the 
right  hand  to  sprinkle  the  incense  on  the  flame 
of  the  altar;  whence  the  expression ///'rtrif  rtCfvri?. 
The  term  acerra  was  also  used  to  denote  a  small 
portable  altar  placed  before  the  dead,  on 
which  incense  was  burnt  during  the  time  the 
corpse  was  exposed  to  view  (collocatio).  'I'lie 
altar  was  also  named,  from  this  circumstance, 
ara  turicrema. 

Acetabula,   R.     A  kind  of  bronze  'cymbals. 


attached  to  the  hands  and  feet,  as  also  to  the 
knees.  The  same  name  was  also  given  to  silver 
cymbals  which  were  played  by  striking  them 
with  a  stick  of  hard  wood. 

Acetabulum,  R.  (from  acetum,  vinegar).     A 
cup  for  vinegar  used  by  the  Romans  at  meals. 
The  acetabulum  was  also  a   goblet  used  by 
jugglers  among  the  Greeks  and  Romans  to  make 
nutmegs  disappear.     By  the  latter  these  jugglers 
were  called  pra:slii^iatores,  by  the  former  ■i^y\<po- 
KXfiTTai    or    \prj(poTTalKTai.     Lastly,    we    find    in 
Pliny  the  Elder  that  acetabulum  was  the   name 
given  to  a  dry  measure  of  capacity,  equal  to  the 
quarter  of  a  kemina  or  the  half  of  the  quartarius, 
and  equivalent  to  .1238  of  a  pint.     [The  Greek 
Oxybaphdnr\ 
Acha,  Ac'aia,  Hachia,  Lat.     A  battle-axe. 
Achelor,  Achlere  or  Ashlar.     (Arch.)    Hewn 
stone. 

Achromitic,  Gr.  (a  priv.  ■xpof.i.os,  colour). 
The  effect  of  an  arrangement  of  lenses  by  which 
a  coloured  ray  of  light  is  rendered  colourless. 

Acicula,  Gr.  (dimin.  of  acus,  a  needle  or 
pin).  In  particular  a  bodkin  used  by  the  Romm 
ladies  to  keep  the  hair  in  its  place  when  curled 
or  plaited,  and  to  keep  on  false  hair.  The  words 
acicttla  ?i.nd  acus  s.re  however  all  but  synonymous. 
The  former  does  not  denote  a  bodkin  of  smaller 
size  than  the  acus,  but  an  object  made  of  an 
inferior  material  ;  the  acus  being  of  silver,  ivory 
or  gold,  while  the  acicula  was  simply  of  bone  or 
some  hard  wood  such  as  box,  mvrtle,  olive,  &c. 


Acinaces,  Orient.  {a.Kiv6.K-r\s ;  orig.  a  Persian 
word).  A  straight  poniard  resembling  a  very 
short  Roman  sword,  used  by  the  Eastern 
nations  of  antiquity,  especially,  the  Medes, 
Persians  and  Scythians.  It  was  worn  by 
soldiers  suspended  from  a  belt  round  the  waist, 
but  the  weapon  hung  either  at  the  right  or  the 
left  side,  according  to  the  nationality  and 
accoutrements  of  the  soldier.  When,  however, 
he  wore  a  sword,  this  was  always  placed  at  the 
lefi,  and  the  acinaces  at  the  right  side  of  the 
body.  The  handles  of  these  weapons  are  gene- 
rally extremely  rich. 

Acisculus,  R.  (Diminutive  of  ascia,  an  adze 
=  a  small  adze).  A  small  pick  employed  by 
stone-cutters  and  masons  in  early  times.  Re- 
presentations of  it  may  be  seen  ]Metty  frequently 
on  medals,  in  especial  those  of  the  Valerian 
family.     [See  AsciA.] 

Acketon,  Fr.  A  quilted  leatliern  jacket, worn 
under  the  armour,  introduced  from  the  East  by 
the  Crusaders. 

Aclis  or  Aclyx,  R.     A  sort  of  harpoon,  con- 


ART  AND  ARCir.EOr.OGY. 


sisting  of  ,1  thick  short  stock  set  with  spikes. 
ji  This  massive  weapon  was  chiefly  euiployed  by 
foreign  nations,  but  not  by  tlie  Ronians.  It  was 
launched  against  the  enemy,  and  drawn  back  by 
means  of  a  cord  to  which  it  was  attached,  to  be 
launched  a  second  time.  This  weapon  bears 
some  resemblance  to  a  particular  kind  of  angon 
(or  tritlent).     (See  AxGONES.) 

Acoustic  Vases,  R.  (Gr.  ohouo-Tih-is,  pertaining 
to  the  sense  of  hearing).  Vases  of  eartlienware 
or  more  often  of  bronze,  which,  in  the  theatres 
of  antiquity,  served  the  purpose  of  strengthening 
the  voices  of  the  actors.  Vases  of  tliis  kind 
would  also  seem  to  have  been  employed  for  the 
same  purpose  during  the  middle  ages,  for  the 
architect  Oberlin,  when  repairing  the  vault  of 
the  choir,  in  the  ancient  church  of  the  Domini- 
cans at  Strasburg,  discovered  some  acoustic  vases 
there. 


Fig.  7.  Acratophorum,  Roman. 

Acratophorrm,  Gr.  and  R.  {o.KpaTo-<p6pos, 
holding  unmixed  wine).  A  table  vessel  for 
holding  pure  wine,  while  the  ciater  (Kparrlp),  on 
the  other  hand,  contained  wine  mixed  with 
water.  These  vessels  were  often  dedicated  to 
Bacchus.  They  were  made  in  earthenware  and 
metal,  but  those  that  were  dedicated  to  the  gods 
were  of  gold  and  silver,  and  hatl  their  place 
among  the  treasures  of  the  temples.  Fig,  7  repre- 
sents a^ilvcr  acratophorum  found  at  llildcshcim. 

Acrdith,  Gr.  {aKpou,  end,  and  \i6oi  stone). 
A  statue  covered  with  garments  which  in  many 
cases  were  gilded.  The  extremities  of  these 
statues  were  of  marble  or  stone —  whence  their 
name — more  rarely  of  gold  and  ivory.  The 
Minerva  of  Areia,  at  I'latxa  in  Boeotia,  de- 
scribed by  Pausanius,  was  an  acrolith.  This 
was  by  I'heidias.  The  acrolith  period  is  the 
infancy  of  the  Greek  plastic  art. 

Aoropodium,  Gr.  (aKpov,  end  or  point ;  and 
Tr6Siov,  a  foot).  A  low  square  plinth  serving  for 
basement  to  a  statue  and  often  forming  part  of  it. 

Acropolis,  Gr.  (oKpc-iroAn,  upper  or  higher 
city).  From  its  primary  meaning  the  term  came 
to  signify  a  forlilied  city.  They  were  very 
numerous,   in   ancient  times,   in   Italy,    Greece 


and  the  colonies  of  Asia  Minor.  Most  ancient 
Greek  cities  were  built  upon  hills,  and  the  citadel 
on  the  summit  of  the  hill  was  called  \.\\e  acropolis. 
Acrostic,  Chr.  {anpov,  end,  and  frrixos,  a  row 
or  line).  A  combination  of  letters  formed  out  of 
some  word,  which  is  thus  made  to  express  a 
thought  differing  from  its  own  meaning.  For 
instance,  the  Greek  word  IX0T2  (ICHTIIUS, 
fish),  symbolizes,  in  the  primitive  church,  the 
name  of  Christ.  The  following  is  the  acrostic 
of  this  word  :  Ir/coi/s,  Xpicrroj,  @(ov,  Tlos,  "ZoiTrip 
I,  CII,  TH,  U,  S. 


Roman  acrostolium. 


Acrostolium,  CJr.  and  R.  (aKpocnJXiov, 
extremity  of  beak  of  a  ship).  An  ornament 
employed  by  the  ancients  to  decorate  the  upper 
extremity  of  the  prows  of  ships.  This  ornament 
often  figured  among  trophies,  since  it  was  the 
custom  for  the  victor  in  a  naval  combat  to  take 
the  acros folia  from  the  captured  ships.  It  is 
frequently  to  be  met  with  on  the  bas-reliefs  of 
triumphal  monuments.  Fig.  8  shows  an  acros- 
toUum  taken  from  a  bas-relief  in  the  Museum  of 
the  Capitol.  The  object  seen  projecting  from 
the  acrostolium  is  a  sounding  lead. 

Acroterium,  Gr.  and  R.  (aKpccrripiov,  the 
extremity  of  anything).  In  a  signification  more 
restricted  than  the  primary  one,  yet  generally  ad- 
mitted, the  term  acroteria  is  applied  to  the  plain 
socles  and  pedestals  placed  at  the  summit  of 
buildings  to  support  statues,  groups,  or  other 
crownings.  AcROTF,RI^J^^  was  the  common  name 
for  the  acrostolium,  and  the  taking  of  it  away  as 
a  trophy  was  called  acrotcriazein. 

Actia,  Gr.,  festivals  held  every  fourth  year, 
at  Actium,  in  Epirus,  in  honour  of  Apollo. 

Actinic  (rays  of  light:)   chemically  active. 

Actuariae,  R.  (see  Naves).  Open  boats,  built 
to  attain  a  high  degree  of  speed,  propelled 
by  sails  and  sweeps,  and  never  fitted  with  less 


than  eighteen  oars 
vessel  exclusively, 

Acturrii,  R.    The  shorth 


Pirates  used  this  class  of 
d  writers  who  took 


WORDS  USED  IN 


down  speeches  in  the  senate.  Also  certain  officials 
who  answered  to  our  commissariat  officers. 

Acuminated,  Arch.  Finishing  in  a  point,  like 
a  lofty  Gothic  roof. 

Acus,  R.  (Gr.  CLKT],  a  point).  A  bodkin, 
needle,  or  pin.  The  acus  denoted  both  a  needle 
for  sewing  and  a  pin  for  fastening  anything. 
When  used  for  the  hair  it  was  called  aats 
crinalis  or  comatoria.  In  Christian  archjeology 
the  word  applies  to  the  jewelled  pins  used  as 
fastenings  to  papal  or  archiepiscopal  vestments. 
The  Roman  aciis  is  worn  in  the  hair  by  the 
Italian  peasant  woman  of  the  present  day. 

Addorsed,  Her.  (i)  Back  to  back  ;  (2)  point- 
ing backwards. 

Adespotoi,  Gr.  (a-5fcr7roToi,  i.e.  without 
masters).  A  name  given  to  a  certain -class  of 
freedmen  at  Sparta. 

Adobare,  Med.  To  entrust  with  arms  (to 
"dub  "  a  knight).     Meyrick. 

Adobes.  Bricks  manufactured  by  the  ancient 
Peruvians. 

Adramire,  Med.  To  challenge  to  a  duel  or 
tournament.     (Meyrick.) 


Fig.  9.  Plan  of  a  Roman  temple,  showing  the  adytum. 

Adytum  or  Adyton,  Gr.  and  R.  {Uurov, 
from  a,  priv.,  and  Si^&j,  to  enter).  An  obscure 
and  secret  sanctuary  in  certain  temples  from 
which  the  public  was  excluded,  and  into  which 
the  priests  alone  might  enter.  The  little  temple 
of  Pompeii  possessed  an  adytum,  and  it  was  here 
that  was  discovered  the  Portici  Diana  now  in 
the  Naples  Museum.  There  was  also  an  adytum 
in  the  temple  of  Delphi,  which  was  burnt  down 
in  the  first  year  of  the  58th  Olym.,  and  rebuilt 
by  the  Corinthian  Spintharus.  The  temple  of 
Paphos  contained  in  its  adytum  a  representation 
of  the  goddess  under  the  form  of  a  column 
pointed  at  the  top  and  surrounded  by  candelabra. 
The  engraving  shows  the  position  of  the  adytum 
of  a  small  Doric  temple,  now  destroyed,  which 
once  stood  near  the  theatre  of  Marcellus  at 
Rome.  The  adytum  was  the  name  given  to  the 
cclla  of  a  temple,  in  which  oracles  were  given, 
or  the  worship  was  connected  Avith  mysteries. 
See  AnATON  and  Celi.a. 

iEdicula,  R.  (dimin.  o'i  ^des,  q.v.).  A  small 
house,  temple,  chapel,  tabernacle,  or  even  sln-jne. 
TJius  the  name  was  given   to  a  small  wooden 


shrine,  constructed  to  imitate  the  front  of  a 
temple,  and  in  which  were  preserved  the 
ancestors  of  the  family  [imagines  inajorum), 
together  with  the  Lares  and  tutelar  divinities. 

.ffigicranes,  Gr.  (aiytios,  of  a  goat  ;  Kpaviov, 
the  skull).  A  goat's  [or  ram's]  head  eiuployed 
as  a  decoration  by  ancient  sculptors.  It  was 
used  chiefly  to  adorn  altars  which  were  dedi- 
cated to  rural  divinities. 

.ffiginetan  marbles.  Two  remarkable  groups 
of  very  early  (archaic)  Greek  sculpture,  in  the 
Glyptothek  at  Munich — discovered  in  the  temple 
of  Pallas-Athene  at  yligina,  and  arranged  by 
Thorwaldsen.  They  illustrate  "the  infancy  of 
art,  which  lingers  round  symbolic  representation, 
and  has  not  yet  grasped  the  full  meaning  and 
truth  of  nature."  {Butler's  Imitative  Art.)  The 
anatomy  of  the  bodies  and  limbs  at  this  period 
is  greatly  su]5erior  to  the  expression  of  the  heads, 
.ffigis,  Gr.  In  its  primary  meaning,  a  goat- 
sl'iu.  The  primitive  inhabitants  of  Greece  used 
the  skins  of  goats  and  other  animals  for  clothing, 
and  defence.  At  a  later  period  the  ^Egis  became 
a  protective  mantle;  the  shield  of  Minerva,  be- 
neath which  the  goddess  sheltered  those  whom 
she  wished  to  protect  from  the  enemy's  missiles. 
Later  still  \\\q  ALgis  denoted  the  breastplate  of  a 
divinity,  in  especial  that  of  Jupiter  or  Minerva, 
as  opposed  to  the  lorica,  which  was  the  breast- 
plate of  a  mere  mortal.  The  regis  bore  in  its 
centre  the  Gorgon's  head,  of  which  the  ser- 
pents were  arranged  round  the  border.  Minerva 
is  generally  represented  wearing  it,  either  as  a 
cuirass  or  a  scarf  passed  over  the  right  shoulder. 
Aeneator  (Lat.  aeneus,  brazen).  The  name 
given  to  any  musician  who  played  on  an  in- 
strument of  brass  (ae/ieum) ;  such  as  the  duc- 
cinatores,  coruicines,  liticines,  tubiciiies,  &c.  They 
formed  a  college. 

.ffiolipilae  or  .ffioli- 
pylae,  Cr.  (ai'oAos,  the 
wind  ;  and  -KvXri,  an 
orifice).  A  metal  vase 
\\\\]\  a  narrow  orifice, 
which  was  filled  ■\\ith 
■water  and  placed  upon 
the  fire,  either  to  make 
the  chimney  draw 
better,  or,  according  to 
^  ilruvius,  to  show 
\\liich  way  the  Avind 
blew. 

.ffiolian  Harp,  Gr. 
A  musical  instrument 
that  is  played  on  by  the 
wind  passing  over  its 
strings. 

.ffirarium,  R.  («-.r, 
money).  The  pul)lic 
treasury  as  distinguish- 
ed   from    the    private 


Fig.  10.  Eo!ip)-le. 


ART  AXn  ARCir.EOI.OGY 


t  reasury  of  the  Emperors  (ftsciis) .  Under  the  Re- 
public  the  temple  of  Saturn  served  as  tlie  public 
treasury,  and  here  were  preserved  the  produce 
if  the  revenue,  the  pubhc  accounts  and   other 

ublic  records.  The  army  had  a  separate 
[;casury  of  its  own  called  icrarimii  iitilitare, 
entirely  distinct  from  the  cerariiim publ'uu)ii.  It 
was  established  by  Autjustus  to  provide  for  the 
special  expenditure  of  the  army. 

Aerial  pprspective.  The  realization  of  the 
effect  of  intervening  atmosphere  in  the  distances 
of  a  landscape. 

.Ero,  R.  A  basket  made  of  rushes  or  broom, 
but  still  more  commonly  of  osier,  and  used  for 
conveying  sand.  It  was  employed  by  the  Roman 
soldiery  when  at  work  on  intrenchments,  ex- 
cavations, or  fortifications,  as  may  be  seen  from 
bas-reliefs  ;  more  particularly  some  of  those 
which  atlorn  the  column  of  Trajan. 

.ffiruca,  R.  [ivs,  bronze).  A  very  brilliant 
green  colour  artificially  made  to  imitate  verdigris. 

.Erugo,  R.  Verdigris,  the  same  colour  as 
CEruca  (q.v.),  but  obtained  from  oxide  of  bronze. 
It  is  difficult  to  establish  a  real  distinction  be- 
tween the  two  terms,  as  Pliny  gives  the  name 
of  (crugo  (the  rust  of  bronze)  to  what  Vitruvius 
calls  (Critca.  It  is  probable,  however,  that  czriiea 
was  a  kind  of  verdigris  obtained  by  artificial 
means,  while  tsriigo  was  the  natural  verdigris. 
This  has  given  rise  to  the  two  terms,  which  by 
many  archaeologists  are  confused  together. 
yEruca,  the  artificial  copper  rust,  formed  by 
the  action  of  wine  refuse  upon  copper,  is  an 
acetate  of  copper  (verdigris):  while  the  genuine 
copper  rust,  JEriigo,  is  a  carbonate  of  copper. 

iErumna,  R.  A  kind  of  fork  by  which 
travellers  carried  their  baggage  over  the  shoulder. 
2.  An  instrument  of  punishment  for  slaves. 
(See  FURCA.) 

.Kb.  A  term  used  in  antitiuity  to  denote 
brass,  copper,  bronze,  or  any  alloy  of  these 
metals.  It  also  serves,  in  various  connexions,  to 
denote  a  number  of  different  objects.  Such  as 
tEs  eaiididiiDt,  a  brass  mixed  with  silver  ;  a~s 
Coriiitlium,  a  brass  mixed  with  gold  ;  ct:s  Cy- 
prium,  the  ancient  name  for  copper.  (See  also 
Bronze.) 

.ffis  grave,  R.  A  general  term  current  in 
Rome  to  denote  any  bronze  money  at  the  period 
when  the  as  was  equal  to  about  a  pound  in  value. 

.Es  rude,  R.  The  name  given  to  the  bronze 
ingots  employed  at  Rome  as  ready  money  in 
exchanges  and  other  commercial  transactions. 

.Es  thermarum,  Gr.  and  R.  A  bronze  gong 
or  metal  bell  hung  up  in  the  public  baths,  the 
sound  of  which,  when  struck,  gave  notice  to  the 
public  that  the  baths  were  sufficiently  warm  to 
be  ready  for  use. 

.Es  ustum.  Peroxide  of  copper,  or  calcined 
copper. 

.Esthetics,  (ir.   (oiVfloj'O/uai,  to  comprehend). 


The  science  of  the  instinctive  apprehension  of 
the  harmonies. 

Aetos,  Gr.  ('AerJs).  A  Greek  word  signifying 
eagle,  and  by  analogy,  a  gable,  pediment,  or 
higher  part  of  a  building  generally,  so-called 
from  the  resemblance  which  these  parts  bear  to 
an  eagle  with  outstretched  wings.  In  the  same 
way  the  Greeks  gave  the  nameof  irrfpa  (wings), 
to  the  outer  rows  of  columns  flanking  each  side 
of  a  temple. 

Affidati,  It.  Oneof  the  Italian  literary  acade- 
mics. Their  device  was  a  nautilus,  with  the 
motto  "  tutus  per  suprema  per  ima." 

Affrontee,  Ilcr.     Showing  the  full  front. 

Agalnia,  Agalmata,  Gr.  (ayaA^a,  fromdyaAAco, 
to  glorify).  Any  work  of  art  dedicated  to  a  god, 
whether  it  were  placed  in  his  temple  or  not  ; 
such  as  tripods ;  [braziers  for  incense],  or  other  ac- 
cessories of  a  temple.  The  low  pillar  placed  over 
a  tomb,  or  the  statue  of  a  god  might  be  agalmata. 

Agate.  A  variety  of  quartz  often  employed 
by  the  engravers  of  antiquity.  The  term  is  a 
corruption  of  the  word  Achates,  a  river  of  Sicily, 
on  the  banks  of  which  numerous  varieties  of  the 
stone  abound.  Among  these  maybe  mentioned 
the  cerachates,  or  white  wax-like  agate  ;  den- 
drachates,  or  arborescent  agate ;  luniachates,  or 
blood-agate,  so-called  from  its  blood-like  spots  ; 
and  leiicac/iates,  or  white  agate.  Agates  were 
often  carved  into  scarabaei  by  the  Egyptians, 
and  Babylonian  cylinders  have  been  found,  made 
of  the  same  material.  The  oriental  agate  is 
semi-transparent,  the  occidental  is  opaque,  of 
'  various  tints,  often  veined  with  quartz  and 
jasper;  hence  its  fitness  for  cutting  cameos. 

Agathodaemon,  Cup  of,  Gr.  ('Ayaeu-SaiVoii'). 
A  name  given  by  the  Greeks  to  a  cup  conse- 
crated to  Bacchus,  and  meaning  literally,  the 
"  Cup  of  the  Good  Genius."  It  was  sent  round 
after  a  feast,  in  order  that  each  guest  might 
partake  of  the  wine. 

Agea,  R.  A  narrow  passage  or  gangway  in 
a  boat,  by  means  of  which  the  boatswain  Qior- 
tator)  communicated  with  the  rowers. 

Agger,  R.  A  general  term  to  denote  a 
mound  of  any  materials,  such  as  that  formed 
by  a  dyke,  quay,  roadway,  or  earthwork ; 
and  particularly  a  rampart  composed  of  trunks 
of  trees  and  employed  in  offensive  or  defen- 
sive warfare.  A  celebrated  ag^er  was  that  of 
Servius  Tullius  at  Rome.  The  art  of  con- 
structing aggeres  and  other  fortifications,  had 
been  learnt  by  the  Romans  from  the  Greeks, 
who  in  their  turn  had  derived  it  from  the  East. 
It  was  after  having  penetrated  into  the  heart  of 
•Vsiauntlcr  Alexander  the  Great,  that  the  Greeks 
learned  the  use  of  siege  works  employed  in 
the  attack  or  defence  of  strong  places,  and 
became  acquainted  with  various  kinds  of  warlike 
engines  such  as  the  Acrobaticon',  &c. 

Agnus  Bell,  Chr.     A  sacring  bell. 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Agnus  Dei,  Chr.  The  Lamb  of  God,  or  lamb 
bearing  the  banner  of  the  cross.  The  term  is  also 
used  to  denote  certain  ornaments  or  medallions  of 
wax  impressed  with  a  figure  of  the  lamb.  They 
represented  the  ancient  custom  of  distributing  to 
worshippers,  on  the  first  Sunday  after  Easter,  par- 
ticles of  wax  from  the  consecrated  paschal  taper. 

Agolum,  R.  A  long  sharp-pointed  shepherd's 
stick  used  by  the  Roman  herdsmen  for  driving 
their  cattle.  The  agolum  was  made  out  of  a 
straight  shoot  of  the  prickly  pear  ;  it  is  still  in  use 
among  the  herdsmen  of  the  Roman  campagna 
at  the  present  day. 

Agonalia  or  Agonia,  R.  A  Roman  festival, 
which  derived  its  name  from  the  word  agone 
(shall  I  proceed?)  the  question  asked  of  the 
rex  sacrificulus  by  the  attendant,  before  he 
sacrificed  the  victim.  The  Quirinal  was  called 
Mons  agoniis,  from  a  festival  being  held  there  on 
the  17th  or  1 8th  of  March,  in  honour  of  Mars. 
The  day  itself  was  called  Agoiiiitm  viartiale  or 
day  of  the  Liberalia.  Another  explanation  of 
the  etymology  of  the  name  is  that  the  sacrifice 
was  offered  on  the  Quirinal  hill,  which  was  origi- 
nally called  AgouHs.  (Consult  Ovid.  Fasti,  i. 
319 — 332,  he  suggests  several  explanations.) 

Agonistic,  [a-yoivKmK)],  from  a7(l)i',  a  contest). 
With  the  ancients,  that  part  of  gymnastics  in 
which  athletes  contended  with  arms. 

Agora,  Gr.  {wyopa.,  from  h.'yi[pai,  to  assemble). 
A  place  of  assembly  or  public  market.  The 
agora  was  to  the  Greeks  what  the  fonim  was 


Fig.  II.  Agora  of  Antiphellus 


to  the  Romans.  There  were  numerous  agorse  in 
Greece  and  Asia  r^Iinor.  Fig.  11,  represents 
the  plan  of  the  cr^wvT  of  Antiphellus  ;  in  which 
a  and  b  indicate  the  sites  of  the  corn-pits  ;  c,  that 
of  a  basilica.  Agora  is  also  used  to  denote  the 
general  assembly  of  freemen  in  contradistinction 
to  the  Bouli:  (q.v.). 

Agraulia.     An  Athenian  festival. 
Agrenon,  Gr.  and  R.     A  net,  or  garment  of 
netted  wool,  worn  over  their  other  dress  by  the 
priests  of  Bacchus  and  by  soothsayers. 

Aguinia,  Med.  A  corruption  of  ingenia, 
engines  of  war.     (Meyrick.) 

Aguzo,  It.  A  spear-head  ;  a  spear. 
Ahenum  or  Aennm.  A  bronze  vessel  fur- 
nished with  a  handle  for  suspending  it  over  the 
fire,  and  so-named  from  the  material  out  of  which 
it  was  made.  (2)  The  coppers  used  in  the  public 
baths  for  heating  the  water  in. 

Aiglet,  Fr.  {aiguilleUe).  A 
metal  tag  or  point  to  a  lace  ; 
sometimes  used  to  signify  the 
lace  itself,  as  in  the  military 
costume  of  the  present  day. 
They  were  formerly  used  to 
fasten  the  slashed  dresses  ot 
the  middle  ages  ;  and  some- 
times to  fasten  armour,  when 
they  were  made  of  leather 
witii  metal  points.  In  civi- 
lian costume  they  were  of  silk. 
The  term  Aiguillette  is  also 
applied  to  the  shoulder-knot 
worn  by  soldiers  and  livery 
servants. 

Ailettes  (little  wings).  Ar- 
mour worn  on  the  shoulders 
to  protect  the  back  of  the  neck  ;  found  in  monu- 
mental brasses  of  the  13th  centuiy. 

Aisle  {ala,  a  wing).  The  wing  of  a  building  ; 
the  side  passages  of  a  Roman  liouse.  In 
buildings  of  vast  size,  such  as  a  basilica  or  temple, 
comprising  a  central  and  two  lateral  naves,  the 
latter  are  called  aisles. 

Alabarda,  Med.  A  halberd. 
Alabaster  or  Alatastrum,  (a\dPaffTpov) .  A 
small  vase  for  holding  precious  perfumes  ;  so- 
called  from  the  alabaster  of  whicti  it  was  gene- 
rally made.  It  was  of  various  shapes,  but  chiefly 
assumed  an  elongated  form  resembling  a  long 
pear,  a  pearl-drop,  &c.  [Manyof  these  perfume 
vessels  are  made  of  stalactite.]  (2)  A  calcareous 
substance  of  white  colour,  translucent  or  semi 
transparent,  and  presenting,  according  to  the 
variety,  undulating  and  continuous  veins.  The 
various  kinds  of  ancient  alabaster  are  very 
numerous ;  the  following  may  be  named ; 
flowered  alabaster  (a/n6os/ro  Jiorito)  ;  golden 
{dorato)  ;  quince  coloured  [cotognino)  ;  eyed  (oc- 
c/iii)  ;  tortoiseshell  {tartartiga)  ;  foam-white 
{pecorella)  ;  Busca  de  Palombara    [palombara)  ; 


Fig.  12.  Aiglets. 


I 


ART  AND  ARCHEOLOGY. 


onyx  (otn're),  Szc.  The  Egyptian!?  used  alabaster 
for  making  statues,  pliials,  panegyric  vases, 
canopea,  small  figures,  and  even  sarcophagi  ; 
of  which  last  that  of  Seti  I.,  now  in  the  British 
Museum,  is  an  example.  Alabaster  was  at  one 
time  frequently  used  (or  tombs  and  carved  figiu'es, 
and  is  now  used  for  pulpits  and  other  ecclesi- 
astical purposes.  False  alabaster  is  the  name 
given  to  a  gypseous  variety  of  this  substance, 
of  which  there  are  rich  quarries  at  Voltcrra,  in 
Tuscany.  It  is  called  "  Gesso  Volterrano,"  and 
is  much  used  in  Italy  for  the  gr-otimis  of  pictures. 
Alabastrotheca,  R.  {e-t]K-ri',  a  chest).  A  box 
or  casket  containing  alabaster  flasks  or  yases. 
Aland,  Alant,  Her.  A  mastiff  with  short  ears. 
Alapa.  The  blow  on  the  shoulder  in  dubbing 
a  knight. 

Alba  creta.     Latin  for  white  chalk,  a  term 
used  by  writers  on  art  for  gypsum. 

Albani  stone. 
A  pepper  -  co- 
loured stoneused 
in  ancient  build- 
ings at  Rome 
before  the  in- 
troduction of 
marble. 

Albarium 
(opus),  R.  (alO- 
zis,  white).  A 
white  coating  or 
kind  of  stucco 
with  which  brick 
walls  were  co- 
vered after  a 
previous  applica- 
tion of  ordinary 
cement.  This 
stucco,  which 
was  also  called 
simply  albarium, 
was  made  by  a  mixtuic  of  chalk,  plaster,  and 
white  marble. 

Albalista,  Ailakst.      .V  cross-bow. 
Albe,     [a/l'iii\    white).      An    ancient    eccle- 
siastical vestment,  common  in  old  brasses.     It 
was  a  long  white  linen  gown,  reaching  to  the 
feet,  and  secured  by  a  girdle.     The  surplice  is  an 
rt//'(' with  wider  sleeves.     (Fig.  13.) 
Alberk.  for  Hauberk.     A  cuirass. 
Album,   Or.  and   R.  {al/'tts,  white).      A  space 
on    the    surface   of  a  wall   covered  with    while 
plaster,  upon  which  were  written  advertisements 
or  public  announcements.     By  analogy  the  term 
was  used   to  denote  any  kind   of  white   tablets 
bearing  an   inscription,  such  as  edicts,  decrees, 
&c.     These  tablets  were  very  numerous  ;  there 
were   the  album  foniijicis,  fraioiis,    cetiiuria; 
decuriouutit,  Judtcum,  saiatorum,  Sec. 
Alcato,  Aral).     In  armour,  a  gorget. 
Alcora  pottery      i.See  Df.ni.\.^ 


Alcove.     A  niche  or  recess  in  a  room. 

Aldobrandini,  Marriage,  R.  A  celebrated 
fresco  from  the  gardens  of  Mcccenas,  discovered 
at  Rome  neai  the  church  of  Santa  Maria  Mag- 
giore,  whence  it  was  conveyed  to  the  villa 
Aldobrandini,  and  afterwards  sold  to  the  Bor- 
ghese  family.  This  paintingwhich  indisputably 
dates  from  the  reign  of  Augustus,  consists  of  a 
group  of  ten  figures,  representing,  according  to 
some,  the  marriage  of  Peleus  and  Thetis  ;  and 
cording  to  others,  that  of  Manlius  and  Julia. 


big.  13.  Albe. 


Fig.  14.  Point  dWIeiifoii. 

Alencon,  Point  d'.  Lace  formerly  know  n  as 
Point  de  P'rancc.  It  is  the  only  French  lace  not 
made  on  the  pillow,  but  worked  entirely  by  hand 
with  a  fine  needle,  on  a  parchment  ])attern;  it  is 
called  "  Vilain"  in  the  French  provinces,  and  in 
England  is  known  as  needle-point.     (Fig.  14.) 

Alerion,  Tier.  An  eagle,  in  early  Her.,  repre- 
senlcd  without  feet  or  beak.      (See  Eagi.E.) 

Ale-stake.  In  the  middle  ages  the  roadside 
ale-house  w  as  distinguished  by  a  stake  projecting 
from  the  house,  on  w  hich  some  object  was  hung 
for  a  sign. 

Alexandrinum  (opus),  R.  A  kind  of  mosaic 
employed  especially  for  the  pavement  of  rooms. 
The  distinctive  feature  of  these  mosaics  is  that 
the  lines  or  figures  composing  the  designs  arc  in 
two  colours  only,  the  prevailing  ones  being  red 
and  black  upon  a  white  ground.  A  "large 
number  of  mosaics  of  this  description  exist  at 
Pompeii,  which  are  also  called  sectilia. 

Alexikakos  (Apollo).  Another  name  of  the 
ceklirattd  statue  generally  called  the  Belvedere 
A]  olio  ;  from  Nero's  villa  at  Antium. 

Algaroth  powder.  An  ingredient  in  the 
manufacture  of  an  Antimony  white  pigment. 


s 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Agnus  Dei,  Chr.  The  Lamb  of  God,  or  lamb 
bearing  the  banner  of  the  cross.  The  term  is  also 
used  to  denote  certain  ornaments  or  medallions  of 
wax  impressed  with  a  figure  of  the  lamb.  They 
represented  the  ancient  custom  of  distributing  to 
worshippers,  on  the  first  Sunday  after  Easter,  par- 
ticles of  wax  from  the  consecrated  paschal  taper. 

Agolnm,  R.  A  long  sharp-pointed  shepherd's 
stick  used  by  the  Roman  herdsmen  for  driving 
their  cattle.  The  agolnm  was  made  out  of  a 
straight  shoot  of  the  prickly  pear  ;  it  is  still  in  use 
among  the  herdsmen  of  the  Roman  campagna 
at  the  present  day. 

Agonalia  or  Agonia,  R.  A  Roman  festival, 
which  derived  its  name  from  the  word  agone 
(shall  I  proceed?)  the  question  asked  of  the 
rex  sacrificnlus  by  the  attendant,  before  he 
sacrificed  the  victim.  The  Quirinal  was  called 
Mons  agonns,  from  a  festival  being  held  thei^e  on 
the  17th  or  1 8th  of  March,  in  honour  of  Mars. 
The  day  itself  was  called  Agoniinn  martiale  or 
day  of  the  Liberalia.  Another  explanation  of 
the  etymology  of  the  name  is  that  the  sacrifice 
was  offered  on  the  Quirinal  hill,  which  was  origi- 
nally called  Agonus.  (Consult  Ovid.  Fasti,  i. 
319 — 332,  he  suggests  several  explanations.) 

Agonistic,  [h.-yuivi(TTiKr\,  from  aybiv,  a  contest). 
With  the  ancients,  that  part  of  gymnastics  in 
which  athletes  contended  with  arms. 

Agora,  Gr.  {h'yopa,  from  ayeipu,  to  assemble). 
A  place  of  assembly  or  public  market.  The 
agora  was  to  the  Greeks  what  the  forum  was 


Fig.  II.  Agora  of  Antiphellus. 


to  the  Romans.  There  were  numerous  agorae  in 
Greece  and  Asia  Minor.  Fig.  11,  represents 
the  plan  of  the  agora  of  Antiphellus  ;  in  which 
a  and  /'  indicate  the  sites  of  the  corn-pits  ;  c,  that 
of  a  basilica.  Agora  \s  also  used  to  denote  the 
general  assembly  of  freemen  in  contradistinction 
to  the  Boitli  (q.v.). 

Agraulia.     An  Athenian  festival. 
Agrenon,  Gr.  and  R.     A  net,  or  garment  of 
netted  m'ooI,  worn  over  their  other  dress  by  the 
priests  of  Bacchus  and  by  soothsayers. 

Aguinia,  Med.  A  con-uption  of  ingenia, 
engines  of  war.     (Meyrick.) 

Aguzo,  It.  A  spear-head  ;  a  spear. 
Ahenum  or  Aenum.  A  bronze  vessel  fur- 
nished with  a  handle  for  suspending  it  over  the 
fire,  and  so-named  from  the  material  out  of  which 
it  was  made.  (2)  The  coppers  used  in  the  public 
baths  for  heating  the  water  in. 

Aiglet,  Fr.  {aiguiUette).  A 
metal  tag  or  point  to  a  lace  ; 
sometimes  used  to  signify  the 
lace  itself,  as  in  the  military 
costume  of  the  present  day. 
They  were  formerly  used  to 
fasten  the  slashed  dresses  ot 
the  middle  ages  ;  and  some- 
times to  fasten  armour,  when 
they  were  made  of  leather 
with  metal  points.  In  civi- 
lian costume  they  were  of  silk. 
The  term  AiguiUette  is  also 
applied  to  the  shoulder-knot 
worn  by  soldiers  and  livery 
servants. 

Ailettes  (little  wings).  Ar- 
mour worn  on  the  shoulders 
to  protect  the  back  of  the  neck  ;  found  in  monu- 
mental brasses  of  the  13th  centuiy. 

Aisle  {ala,  a  wing).  The  wing  of  a  building  ; 
the  side  passages  of  a  Roman  house.  In 
buildings  of  vast  size,  such  as  a  basilica  or  temple, 
comprising  a  central  and  two  lateral  naves,  the 
latter  are  called  aisles. 

Alabarda,  Med.  A  halberd. 
Alabaster  or  Alabastrum,  (a\d$aa-Tpov).  A 
small  vase  for  holding  precious  perfumes ;  so- 
called  from  the  alabaster  of  whicn  it  was  gene- 
rally made .  It  was  of  various  shapes,  but  chiefly 
assumed  an  elongated  form  resembling  a  long 
pear,  a  pearl-drop,  &c.  [Many  of  these  perfume 
vessels  are  made  of  stalactite.]  (2)  A  calcareous 
substance  of  white  colour,  translucent  or  semi- 
transparent,  and  presenting,  according  to  the 
variety,  undulating  and  continuous  veins.  The 
various  kinds  of  ancient  alabaster  are  very 
numerous  ;  the  following  may  be  named ; 
flowered  alabaster  [alabastiv  Jiorito)  ;  golden 
{dorato)  ;  quince  coloured  (cotognino)  ;  eyed  {oc- 
cliii)  ;  tortoiscshell  {tartariiga)  ;  foam-white 
{pecorella)  ;  Busca  de  Palombara    [palombara)  ; 


\ 


Aiglets. 


ART  AND  ARCHEOLOGY, 


onyx  {otiice),  &c.  Tlie  Egyptians  used  alabaster 
for  making  statues,  phials,  panegyric  vases, 
canopea,  small  figures,  and  even  sarcophagi  ; 
of  which  last  that  of  Seti  I.,  now  in  the  British 
Museum,  is  an  example.  Alabaster  was  at  one 
tune  frequently  used  for  tombs  and  carved  figures, 
and  is  now  used  for  pulpits  and  other  ecclesi- 
astical purposes.  False  alabaster  is  the  name 
given  to  a  gypseous  variety  of  this  substance, 
of  which  there  are  rich  quarries  at  Volterra,  in 
Tuscany.  It  is  called  "  Gesso  Volterrano,"  and 
is  much  used  in  Italy  for  \hc  gmiaids  of  pictures. 
Alabastrotheca,  R.  [dvmi,  a  chest).  A  box 
or  casket  containing  alabaster  tlasks  or  vases. 
Aland,  Alant,  Her.  A  mastiff  with  short  ears. 
Alapa.  The  blow  on  the  shoulder  in  dubbing 
a  knight. 

Alba  creta.     Latin  for  white  chalk,  a  term 
used  by  writers  on  art  for  gypsum. 

Albani  stone. 
A  pepper  -  co- 
loured stone  used 
in  ancient  build- 
ings at  Rome 
before  the  in- 
troduction of 
marl)le. 

Al  ba  ri  u  m 
(opus),  R.  (alb- 
US,  white).  A 
white  coating  or 
kind  of  stucco 
with  which  brick 
walls  were  co- 
vered after  a 
previous  applica- 
tion of  ordinary 
cement.  This 
stucco,  which 
was  also  called 
simply  albarmiii, 
was  made  Ijy  a  mixture  of  chalk,  plaster,  and 
while  marble. 

Albalista,  Arbalest.     A  cross-liow. 
Albe,     [alhtis,    while).      An    ancient    eccle- 
siastical vestment,   common  in  old  brasses.     It 
was  a  long  white  linen  gown,  reaching  to   the 
feet,  and  secured  by  a  girdle.     The  surplice  is  an 
fl/Zv  with  wider  sleeves.     (Fig.  13.) 
Alberk,  for  Hauberk.     A  cuirass. 
Album,   Gr.  and  R.  [albi/s,  white).     A  space 
on    the    surface   of  a  wall   covered  with    white 
plaster,  upon  \Ahich  were  written  advertisements 
or  public  announcements.      By  analogy  the  term 
was  used   to  denote  any  kind  of  ^^hite  tablets 
bearing  an   inscription,  such  as  edicts,  decrees, 
&c.     These  tablets  were  very  numerous  ;  there 
were    the  album   foii/ijicis,   fratmis,    ce?i/uria; 
di-curiouuiii,  judtcuvi,  scnatoruDi,  &c. 
Alcato,  Arab.     In  armour,  a  gorget. 
Alcoia  pottery      iSee  Denia.) 


Alcove.     A  niche  or  recess  in  a  room. 

Aldobrandini,  Marriage,  R.  A  celebrated 
fresco  from  the  gardens  of  Meca-nas,  discovered 
at  Rome  neai  the  church  of  Santa  Maria  Mag- 
giorc,  whence  it  was  conveyed  to  the  villa 
Aldobrandini,  and  afterwards  sold  to  the  Bor- 
ghese  family.  This  painting  which  indisputably 
dates  from  the  reign  of  Augustus,  consists  of  a 
group  of  ten  figures,  representing,  according  to 
some,  the  marriage  of  Peleus  and  Thetis  ;  and 
cording  to  others,  that  of  Manlius  and  Julia. 


MP 


Fig.  14.  Point  d'Alenfoii. 

Alencon,  Point  d'.  Lace  formerly  known  as 
Point  de  France.  It  is  the  only  French  lace  not 
made  on  the  pillow,  but  worked  entirely  by  hand 
with  a  fine  needle,  on  a  parchment  pattern;  it  is 
called  "  Vilain"  in  the  French  provinces,  and  in 
England  is  known  as  needle-point.     (Fig.  14.) 

Alerion,  Her.  An  eagle,  in  early  Her.,  repre- 
sented without  feet  or  beak.      (See  Eaglr.) 

Ale-stake.  In  the  middle  ages  the  roadside 
ale-house  \\  as  distinguished  by  a  stake  projecting 
from  the  house,  on  which  some  object  was  hung 
for  a  sign. 

Alexandrinum  (opus),  R.  A  kind  of  mosaic 
employed  especially  for  the  pavement  of  rooms. 
The  distinctive  feature  of  these  mosaics  is  that 
the  lines  or  figures  composing  the  designs  are  in 
two  colours  only,  the  prevailing  ones  being  red 
and  black  upon  a  white  ground.  A  large 
number  of  mosaics  of  this  description  exist  at 
Pomjieii,  which  are  also  called  scclilia. 

Alexikakos  (Apollo).  Another  name  of  the 
celebrated  statue  generally  called  the  Belvedere 
A]  olio  ;  from  Xcro's  villa  at  Antium. 

Algaroth  powder.  An  ingredient  in  the 
manufcclure  of  an  Antimony  white  pigment. 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Alhambraic.  Ornamentation  in  the  jNIoorish 
style  of  the  Alhambra,  tlie  characteristic  of  vvhicli 
is  a  faithful  imitation  of  natural  combinations  of 
form  and  colour,  with  a  rigid  avoidance  of  the 
representation  of  natural  objects,     (tig-  15.) 

Alicula,  R.  A  kind  of  large  mantle,  furnished 
sometimes  with  a  hood.     Tlie  term  is  derived 


Fig.  15.  Alhambraic  uriuinieiit. 

from  the  Greek  &\\i^,  the  name  given  to  the 
Thessalian  chlamys.     (See  Chlamys.) 

Alizarin,  the  colouring  principle  of  the  madder. 

Allecret  or  Hallecret.  A  light  armour  for 
cavalry  and  inflmtry,  consisting  of  a  breastplate 
and  tassets  (or  gussets),  i6th  century. 

Allegory  in  art,  is  allegorically  represented  as 
a  female  figure  veiled. 

All  Halowes  or  All  Hallowes.  O.  E.  for  All 
Saints. 


Alloys  of  Gold.  Gold  is  found  alloyed  with 
various  metals,  never  without  silver,  often  with 
copper,  iron,  or  other  substances  in  small 
quantities,  and  sometimes  with  mercury,  when 
it  IS  called  an  amalgatii.  Gold  alloyed  with 
silver  is  called  native  gold.  See  Electrum. 
AUouyere  Fr.  (Lat.  allovcriiini).  A  purse  or 
pouch  often  carried  at  the  girdle,  for 
'-^  holding  papers,  jewels,  and  money. 
■~  Almayne  Eivets    (German    Rivets). 

Rivets  used  in  plates  of  armour  made  to 
slide  and  thus  give  play  to  the  arms  and 
legs,  invented  in  the  17th  century,  in 
Germany  ;  hence  their  name. 

Almery,  Aumery,  or  Ambry,  Arch, 
Chr.  A  niche  or  cupboard  by  the  side 
of  an  altar,  to  contain  the  utensils 
belonging  thereto. 

Almond,  Chr.  An  aureole  of  elliptic 
form,  which  is  frequently  met  with  en- 
circling representations  of  saints,  or  of 
God  the  Father,  God  the  Son,  or  the 
Virgin.  A  more  common  name,  how- 
ever, for  this  aureole  is  vesica  piscis 
(q.v.).  The  term  of  mystical  abiiond 
was  applied  to  the  symbol  expressive 
of  the  virginity  of  the  Virgin  Mary. 
The  mystical  meaning  attached  to  this 
symbol  is  e.xplained  by  reference  to  the 
rod  of  Aaron,  which  consisted  of  the 
bough  of  an  almond-tree  that  had 
flowered  in  a  single  night  and  produced 
an  almond  on  the  morrow. 

Almonry,  Almonarium,  Arch.  Chr. 
A  room  where  alms  were  distributed. 

Almuce,  Aumuce,  Amess,  Chr. 
(abiiiititiin).  A  furred  hood  worn  by 
the  clergy  for  the  sake  of  warmth,  from 
the  13th  to  1 6th  centuries.  Common 
in  brasses  of  the  15th  century.  (Fig.  16.) 
Aloa,  or  Haloa.  An  Attic  festival, 
in  honour  of  Demeter  and  Dionysus. 

Alostel,  O.  E.  A  cry  of  heralds  at 
the  close  of  a  tournament,  ordering  the 
combatants  to  cjuit  the  lists  and  retire 
to  their  lodgings. 

Alpha  and  Omega,  Chr.  {a.\(pa  and 
iifxiya).  These  two  letters,  respectively 
^^''  ^  the  first  and  the  last  of  the  Greek 
~"^*  alphabet,  symbolize  our  earthly  life, 
since  this  has  a  l)eginning  and  an  end. 
They  are  also  a  symbol  of  God  as  being  the  begin- 
ning and  end  of  everything. 

Altar.  A  kind  of  platform  or  table  upon  which 
sacrifices  were  offered  to  the  gods.  Hence,  in 
Christian  art,  thetableupon  which  the  Euchnristic 
sacrifice  is  offered.  (Sec  Axria'ENDiu.Nr,  Cino- 
RIUM,  Rerf.dos,  &c.  Sec  Altare  and  Ara.) 
Altar  cards,  Chr.  Portions  of  the  service  of  the 
mass  printed  separately  on  cards,  and  placed 
against  the  reredos  of  an  altar. 


> 


ART  AND  ARCHEOLOGY.    S 


Altar  cloth,  Chr.  The  linen  coverings,  and 
cmhioidcied  hanj;ings  of  an  altar. 

Altare,  R.  (<?//<?  ara,  higli  altar).  A  raised 
altar  as  contradistinguished  from  the  a7-a  which 
was  of  no  great  height.     (Fig.  I7-) 

Altar  front,  Chr.     An  antependium  (q.v.). 

Altar  screen,  Chr.  The  partition  beliind  the 
high  altar,  separating  it  from  the  Lady  Chapel. 

Alto-rilievo  (Ital.)  High  Relief.  See  Rilievo. 

Alum  is  used  in  many  processes — in  the 
preparation  of  paper  for  water-colour  painting. 


Fig.  i6.  Almuce. 
and  of  lakes,  and  carmine,  from  cochineal.    Roche 
alum,  or  roach  alum,  Roman  alum,  and  Turkey 
alum,  are  varieties  of  the  common  alum,  described 
by  mediaeval  writers  as  alumens. 

Alumen  (Lat.),  Greek,  {slypteria).     Mediaeval 
writers    confused    this   word   with    the    alums. 


Fig.  17.  Circular  Roman  altar. 


The  name  was  applied  byT 


classics  to  several 
salts  of  the  nature  of  vitriols,  and  among  them 
to  the  natural  sulphate  of  iron  [copperas  ox  green 
vitriol  of  commerce). 

Alur,  Aloringr,  or  Alurde,  &c.,  O.  E.  Parapet 
wall.   _ 

Alveole;  see  jS'imiius. 

Alveus,  R.  {alvus,  tlie  belly),  (i)  A  bath 
constructed  in  the  floor  of  a  room,  the  upper 
part  of  it  projected  above  the  floor,  the  lower 
part  being  sunk  into  the  floor  itself.  (2)  A 
playing-board,  which  was  divided  in  the  same 
manner  as  the  abacus  (q.  v.).  (3)  A  canoe 
hollowed  out  of  the  trunk  of  a  tree,  the  Greek 
lxov6lvXov.  (4)  lire  hull  of  a  ship.  (5)  A 
wooden  trough  or  tray. 

Ama  or  Amula,  Chr.  A  long  phial  for 
holding  the  wine  presented  at  the  altar  at  the 
moment  of  offering. 

Amassette,  P"r.  An  instrument  of  horn  used 
for  spreading  colours  on  the  stone  in  the  process 
of  grinding. 

Amatito,  Ital.  Lapis  Amatita.  Amatito  is 
the  soft  red  hematite,  and  is  called  also  niatita 
rossa.  Lapis  amatita  is  the  compact  red  haematite, 
and  is  also  called  in  Italy  mitieral  cinnabar,  and 
in  .Spain  albin.  When  this  word  is  used  by  early 
writers  on  art,  it  probably  indicates  red  ochre, 
tlie  red  haematite  of  mineralogists.     (Fairholt.) 

Amber.  There  are  two  varieties  of  this 
substance,  viz.,  the  grey  and  the  yellow  amber, 
of  which  the  latter  only  need  here  be  more 
particularly  noticed.  Its  use  may  be  traced 
back  to  a  very  early  antiquity,  the  purposes  to 
which  it  was  applied  being  the  setting  of  jewels 
and  furniture.  It  was  employed  by  the  Jews 
for  making  amulets.  Amber  was  also  used  by 
the  Egyptians  in  the  fabrication  of  necklaces 
composed  of  pearls  or  other  delicate  materials. 
By  the  Romans  it  was  sculptured  into  vases  or 
statuettes.  The  name  of  vasa  electrina  was 
given  to  amber  vases  set  with  silver,  and  that  of 
electrina  patera  to  paterae  made  of  amber  alone- 
Amber  w^as  largely  used  by  early  painters  as  a 
varnish,  and  also  as  a  vehicle.  It  is  harder  than 
copal,  and  is  said  to  be  the  most  durable  of  all 
varnishes.  It  requires  a  long  time  to  fit  it  for 
polishing.  Amber  is  supposed  to  be  a  vegetable 
fossil ;  it  is  washed  up  by  the  sea,  especially  on 
the  shores  of  the  Baltic. 

Amber  Yellow,  is  an  ochre  of  a  rich  amber 
colour  in  its  raw  state  ;  when  burned  it  yields  a 
fine  braiun-red. 

Ambitus,  Gr.  R.  and  Chr.  {ambio,  to  go 
round  about).  A  small  niche  in  underground 
Greek  or  Roman  tombs  forming  a  receptacle  for 
a  cinerary  urn.  In  the  Middle  Ages  these 
niches  were  so  far  enlarged  as  to  admit  coffins  ; 
the  name  under  which  they  then  went  being 
Enfeus  (q.v.).  During  the  same  period  the 
term  ambitus  was  also  applied  to  the  consecrated 


\YORDS  USED  IN 


ground  by  which  a  church  was  surrounded.  It 
served  as  a  place  of  asylum  as  well  as  for  burial. 
The  term  is  also  applied  to  the  process  of  can- 
vassing ffir  votes. 

Ambivium,  R.  {a7nbi  and  via,  a  way  round). 
Any  read  or  street  leading  round  "x  place. 

Ambo,  Chr.  (perhaps  from  ava^aXvuv,  to 
ascend).     A  tribune  of  stone   or  marble  in  the 


Fig.  18.  The  ambo  i.f  .St.  Lawrence  at  Rome. 

ancient  Latin  basilicas,  a  pulpit.  Fig.  18  gives 
a  representation  of  the  ambo  in  the  church  of 
.St.  Lawrence  without  the  walls  at  Rome. 

Ambrices,  R.  The  cross  laths  {re-^ula)  in- 
sei  ted  between  the  rafters  and  the  tiles  of  a  roof. 

Ambry ;  see  Almery. 

Ambulant,  Her.     In  the  act  of  walking. 

Ambulatory,  Chr.  {ambiilo,  to  walk).  Part  of 
a  cloister,  forming  a  kind  of  gallery  for  taking 
exercise  in. 

Amenti  or  Araenthi,  Egyp.  One  of  the  names 
given  to  the  nether  world  of  the  Egyptians.  It 
means  the  unseen  region.  We  learn  from 
Plutarch's  treatise  on  Osiris  that,  "  the  subter- 
ranean regions  whither  souls  betake  themselves 
after  death  is  called  Anienthes."  Osiris  is  the 
lord  and  god  of  Amenti,  which  was  also  called 
by  the  Egyptians  the  cotinlry  of  truth. 

Amentum,  R.  A  thong  attached  to  the  shaft 
of  a  lance  at  the  centre  of  gravity.  The  soldier 
placed  the  fnigers  of  his  right  hand  between  the 
two  ends  of  the  thong,  gave  the  weapon  a  rapid 
turn,  and  then  hurled  it.  Ainentuin  was  also 
used  to  denote  the  leather  strap  by  which  certain 
kinds  of  boots,  such  as  the  crepidiC,  soke,  &c.,  were 
fastened  above  the  instep. 

Amess.     (See  Almuce.) 

Amethyst,  {h.\xiQ\jaTos,  without  intoxication.) 
A  precious  stone  of  a  more  or  less  deep 
violet  colour.  The  engravers  of  antiquity 
carved  figures  upon  it,  in  especial  those  of 
Bacchus,  since  the  stone  was  also  used,  in  pre- 
ference to  any  other,  for  making  drinking-cups, 
from  a  belief  that  it  possessed  the  virtue  of  dis- 
pelling intoxication.  This  was  the  origin  of  the 
Greek  term.  Among  the  ancient  Jews  the 
amethyst  was  one  of  the  twelve  stones  compos- 


ing the  breastplate  of  the  high  priest  ;  it  occupied 
the  eighth  or  ninth  row.  In  Christian  symbolism 
the  amethyst  (or  the  colour  violet)  signifies 
humility  and  modesty. 

Amiantus,  {a/j.iai'Tos  [?  undefiledl.  A  fibrous 
uninflammable  mineral  substance.      It  was  used 

i  by  the  ancients  for  making  fire-proof  cloth- 
ing. It  was  known  by  the  name  of  asbestus 
(affQeuTos,  unintlammable). 

I  Amice.  A  piece  of  fine  linen  in  the  form  of 
an  oblong  square,  suspended  over  the  shoulders 
of  the  clergy.  Pngin  says  it  is  "  a  white  linen 
napkin  or  veil  worn  by  all  the  clergy  above  the 

I    four  minor  orders."     Ditrand  %2,ys'\t.  is  a  proper 

j  covering  for  the  head,  typical  of  the  helmet  of 
salvation  alluded  to  by  the  apostle;  or  of  the 
cloth  with  which  the  Jews  covered  the  Saviour's 
face,  when  they  asked  him  to  prophecy  who 
struck  him.  Milton,  in  Paradise  Kegaincd, 
alludes  to  it, — 

"  Morning  fair 
Came  forth  with  pilgrim  steps,  in  amice  grey." 

Amma,  Egyp.  (i)  A  measure  of  length  in  use 
among  the  ancient  Egyptians.  It  was  about  sixty 
feet.     (2)  A  kind  of  line  used  in  land  surveying. 

Ammah,  Egyp.  The  door  which  formed  the 
exit  from  the  abode  of  the  dead.  Chapters  Ixxiii. 
and  cxv.  of  the  Book  of  the  Z)rad  are  entitled, — 
On  passing  Ammah  ;  i.e.  directing  one's  course  to 
heaven  by  stepping  over  the  Ammah. 

Amorevole  of  Verona.  One  of  the  Italian 
literary  academies.  Their  device  \\as  a  hedge- 
hog with  its  spines  laden  with  grapes  (for  its 
young).      Motto,  "  non  solum  nobis." 

Amorini,  Ital.     Cupids. 

Ampelitis,  Gr.  (afiireKos,  a  vine).  A  black 
pigment  prepared  by  the  ancients  from  the  burnt 
branches  (jf  the  vine. 

Amphibalus,  Chr.  A  vestment,  used  on 
Sundays  and  high  festivals  ;  peculiar  to  the 
Galiican  Churcli. 

AmpMdromia.  Family  festival  held  by  the 
Athenians  upon  the  occasion  of  the  birth  of  a 
child.  The  carrying  of  the  child  round  the 
hen  nil  gave  the  name  to  the  festival. 

Ampiiimallum,  Gr.  and  R.  (af^pi-ixaWov, 
woolly  on  both  sides).  A  description  of  woollen 
cloth  more  or  less  rough,  and  having  a  nap  on 
both  sides. 

Amphiprostylos,  Gr.  and  R.  {ap.<pi-TTp6a- 
TvAos).  A  Icmple  or  other  building  having  two 
open  porticoes  (porticuin  and  posticum),  both  in 
front  and  rear.  They  are  so  constructed  as  to 
project  beyond  the  cella,  or  main  body  of  the 
building. 

Amphitapus,  Gr.  and  R.  (afxipi-Tanoi,  hairy 
on  both  sides).  A  particular  kind  of  cloth, 
made  of  some  material  resembling  Vicuna  wool, 
and  having,  like  the  amphimallum,  a  nap  on  both 
sides.      It  was  prol>ably  of  Eastern  origin. 

Amphitheatre,  K.   {aiJL(pi-deaTpoi').     \  build- 


ART    AND  ARCM.KOLOGV. 


13 


ing  which  was  at  first  constructed  for  the 
purpose  of  exhibiting  gladiatorial  shows  to  the 
Roman  populace  ;  but  later  on  any  kind  of 
spectacle,  even  to  a  iiatimachia,  or  sea-fight,  was 
exhibited  there.     In  the  engraving,  A  shows  the 


Fig.  19.  Ground-plan  of  an  amphitheatre. 

ground-plan  of  an  amphitheatre,  and  B  the  plan 
of  the  seats. 

Amphora,  Gr.  and  R.  (a/iKpl-cpopeic).  A  large 
earthenware  vessel,  having  a  handle  on  each  side 
of  its  neck  (whence  the  name),  and  terminating  in 
a  point.  Amphorae  were  used  for  holding  various 
kinds  of  produce,  especially  wine  ;  they  were 
placed  side  by  side  in  an  upright  position  in  the 
cellar,  the  floor  of  which  was  covered  with  a  deep 
bed  of  sand.  The  engravings  represent  amphora; 
from  Cnidus,  Chio,  and  Samos.  Amphora; 
were  also  made  of   q;las^  ;    and    a    siiecimen  is 


Fig.  20.  Greek  Amphora;. 

mentioned  by  Nepos  of  one  made  of  onyx. 
Homer  mentions  them  of  gold  and  stone  ;  and 
the  Egy]itians  had  them  of  brass. 

Amphotis,  Gr.  and  R.  i.  A  brass  caji  lined 
\^•ith  cloth  inside.  2.  A  simple  woollen  cap  worn 
by  athletes  to  protect  their  temples  and  ears  from 
the  blows  of  the  cestus,  in  a  boxing  match. 
3.  A  wooden  vessel  in  use  among  the  ancient 
Greek  peasants,  as  a  milking-pail.  It  derived  its 
name  from  having  two  handles  or  ears. 


Ampulla,  Gr.  and  R.  A  i^hial  or  flask  with 
short  and  narrow  neck  and  spherical  body, 
which  was  used  to  hold  the  oil  requisite  for 
bathers  {ampulla  oleria)  ;  it  could  also  be  used 
to  hold  vinegar,  wine,  and  other  beverages,  and 
was  then  called  ampulla  potaria.  The  amjiuUa 
generally  took  the  form  of  a  globe  or  bladder, 
but  not  invariably  ;  a  lentil-shaped  variety  with 
rounded  sides  was  very  common.  Ampulla 
rubida  was  the  name  given  to  the  leather-covered 
flasks  which  were  made  use  of  by  travellers  or 
sportsmen  to  carry  wine,  vinegar,  or  oil.  The 
vessel  or  cruet  used  in  Christian  churches  for  the 
consecrated  oil  or  wine  was  hence  called  the 
Ampul. 

Ampyx,  Gr.  and  R.  (S^iry|,  from  djUTre'xo), 
to  surround).  \.'iX\\\frontale.  A  general  term 
to  denote  any  net  composed  of  strings,  bands,  or 
ribbons,  which  forms  a  head-band.  It  thus 
denotes  at  once  a  woman's  head-dress,  or  the 
ornamental  strips  of  leather  which  serve  as  head- 
band for  a  horse.  The  ampyx  worn  by  women 
was  in  some  cases  very  costly,  being  made  of 
gold  or  silver,  and  adorned  with  precious  stones. 
The  term  was  also  applied,  by  analogy,  to  the 
cover  of  a  vase.     Another  word  for  it  is  ampicter. 

Amulets.  Objects  of  a  very  heteroge- 
neous description,  to  which  is  superstitiously 
attributed  the  power  of  healing  certain  diseases, 
or  averting  them  from  men  and  animals.  This 
is  the  meaning  which  attaches,  in  its  widest  sense, 
to  the  term  amulet  [amiiletuvi).  Amulets  are 
unquestionably  of  Eastern  origin  ;  by  the  Egyp- 
tians they  were  looked  upon  as  preservatives 
against  dangers,  unlucky  days,  enemies,  &c. 
The  varieties  of  them  were  very  numerous  ; 
among  others,  were  scar.rbcei,  small  columns, 
cartouches,  symbolic  eyes,  interlacing  fingers, 
heads  of  urceus,  &c.  A  large  number  of  stones 
were  also  employed  as  amulets;  those  of  com- 
monest occurrence  are  hematite,  jasper,  lapis 
lazuli,  amethysts,  diamonds,  heliotrojies,  &c. 
Each  of  these  amulets  had  its  special  virtue  ; 
for  instance,  the  clear  crystal  worn  during  prayer 
rendered  the  god  propitious,  and  compelled  him 
to  give  ear  to  the  suppliant.  Coral  kept  every 
evil  influence  away  from  a  house  ;  and  in  Italy 
it  is  looked  upon,  even  at  the  present  day,  as  a 
preservative  against  the  evil  eye.  In  Christian 
archaeology,  the  name  of  amulets,  or  in  some 
instances,  Enxolpia  (q.v.),  was  given  to  relics, 
or  objects  of  devotion,  such  as  crosses,  medals, 
wood  from  the  true  cross,  the  bones  of  saints, 
&c.  Amulets  were  also  called  periapta  {irtpC- 
aiTTa),  i.e.  suspended,  because  they  were  hung 
round  the  neck,  and  also  pyctacium,  because 
some  amidets  were  folded  in  two.  The  Arabic 
word  amulet  means  the  same  as  periapla,  that 
which  is  suspended. 

Amussis,  R.  The  exact  sen.se  of  this  term  is 
not  clearly  defined   by  ancient  authors,   beyond 


14 


WORDS  USED  IN 


the  fact  that  it  denotes  generally  any  kind  of 
instrument  employed  by  builders — especially 
masons— for  testing  the  accuracy,  regularity,  and 
evenness  of  their  M-ork.  The  term  is  used  to 
denote  sometimes  the  plumb-line,  rule,  or  square; 
sometimes  the  level,  measuring-line,  &c. 

Anabathra,  Gr.  and  R.  (avd-^adpa,  steps 
up).  Steps  or  stairs  ;  a  raised  step  ;  a  mounting 
block.  These  last  were  often  placed  along  the 
high  roads. 

Anabologium,  Chr.  Another  name  for  the 
Humerale  or  Amice  (q.v. ). 

Anaceia  or  Anakeia,  Gr.  (from  ai^a^,  a  king). 
A  festival  held  at  Athens  in  honour  of  Castor 
and  Pollux,  who  were  also  called  Anaktes  and 
A}iakestes.  (See  Anaceium).  Similar  festivals 
were  held  at  Sparta,  Argos,  and  other  cities  of 
Greece. 

Anaceium,  Gr.  A  temple  of  ancient  Athens, 
dedicated  to  Castor  and  Pollux.  Slaves  used  to 
be  sold  there. 

Anaclinterinm,  Gr.  {avaKXLvrijpiov).  The 
head-buard  of  a  sofa  or  bed,  which  served  as  a 
support  for  the  bolster  and  the  pillow  on  which 
the  sleeper's  head  rested. 

Anadem,  Gr.  {a.va.^i}^a).  In  general  a  fillet 
or  head-band  ;  but  in  a  more  restricted  accepta- 
tion, an  ornamental  band,  such  as  was  worn  by 
women  and  youths  airrong  the  Greeks.  It  was 
thus  distinguished  from  the  diadenia  and  the 
vitta,  which  were  also  head-bands,  but  worn 
solely  as  the  insignia  of  honorary,  regal,  or 
religious  distinctions. 

Anaglyph,  {kvh.  and  "yXxxpnv,  to  carve). 
A  general  term  to  denote  any  work  of  art  that 
is  sculptured,  chased,  carved,  or  embossed,  such 
as  cameos,  bas-reliefs,  or  other  raised  work, 
whether  in  metal,  marble,  or  ivory.  When  such 
sculptures  or  chasings  are  incised  or  sunk,  they 
are  called  Intaglios  or  Diaglyphs  (q.v.). 
According  to  St.  Clement  of  Alexandria,  ana- 
glyphs were  employed  by  the  Egyptians  when 
they  wished  to  hand  down  a  panegyric  of  any 
king  under  the  form  of  a  religious  myth. 
Although  the  words  of  St.  Clement  are  very 
obscure,  and  have  furnished  materials  for  count- 
less discussions,  it  is  now  admitted  that  the 
anaglyphs  in  question  belong  to  the  group  of 
hieroglyphics  which  may  be  deciphered  on  the 
cartouches  of  the  Pharaohs,  and  in  which  we 
have,  in  fact,  panegyrics  of  the  Egy])tian  kings 
veiled  in  religious  myths.  The  Egyptians  also 
gave  the  name  of  anaglyphs  to  a  kind  of  secret 
writing,  understood  only  by  the  initiated  ;  even 
at  the  present  day  it  remains  undecipherable, 
owing  to  our  imperfect  knowledge  of  Egyptian 
mythology.     (See  C-elatura.) 

Anagogia.  A  festival  at  Eryx,  in  Sicily,  in 
honour  of  Aphrodite. 

Analemma,  Gr.  and  R.  [avaKrifj-ixv) .  Any 
raised  constmction  which  serves  for  a  support 


or  rest,  and  more  particularly  a  pier,  wall,  or 
buttress.  (2)  The  pedestal  of  a  sun-dial,  and 
so  the  sun-dial  itself. 

Anancoeum,    R.     A    drinking    cup   of   great 

capacity,  the  form  of  which  is  unknown.     If  we 

may  credit  Varro  it  was  sometimes  richly  chased. 

Anankaion,    Gr.     (avayKoiov,    from    avayKrt, 

restraint).     A  kind   of  prison   the    purpose   of 

[   which    is    not   exactly   kno^vn.     According    to 

,    some  archaeologists  it  was  a  private  prison  for 

I    slaves,  or  for  freedmen,  who,   from   some  fault, 

I    were  reduced  to  servitude  again  ;  others  assert 

that  it  was  a  public  prison. 
j        Anapiesma,    Gr.    and   R.    {ava-Tr'uatxa,    that 
I    which  is  pressed  back).     An  appliance  used  in 
I    ancient  theatres.     It  was  a  kind  of  trap-door  by 
I   means  of  which  deities  were  raised  from  beneath 
the  stage  so   as   to   make   them  visible  to  the 
spectators.     The  proscenium  contained  a  certain 
number  of  these  trap-doors  ;  one  of  them,  lead- 
ing from  the  orchestra  to  the  front  of  the  stage, 
enabled   the   Furies   to   appear ;    by    another, 
marine   deities  made  their   appearance  ;  while 
that  through  which  passed  the  sliades  who  as- 
cended Charon's  staircase  was  called  CharoiCs 
anapiesma. 

Anastatic.  An  ingenious  modem  process  of 
reproducing  copies  of  printed  matter,  engravings, 
ink  drawings,  &c.,  by  transferring  them  to  a 
sheet  of  polished  zinc. 

Anathema,  Chr.  (h.vaSi\yia,  an  offering). 
Anything  offered  up  in  churches  by  the  faithful  ; 
as,  for  instance,  vases  and  other  utensils  for 
sacrifice,  altar  ornaments,  &c. 

Anathema,  Chr.  The  gi^eater  excommunica- 
tion, answering  to  the  Hebi^ew  cherem. 

Anchor.  In  Christian  Art,  the  emblem  of 
Hope.  The  attribute  of  S.  Clement,  the  Pope, 
who  was  bound  to  an  anchor,  and  thrown  into 
the  sea.     (See  Angora.) 

Ancile,  R.  A  shield  of  the  shape  of  a  violin 
case.  It  was  the  sacred  shield  which,  according 
to  tradition,  had  fallen  from  heaven  into  the 
palace  of  Numa.  It  occurs  frequently  on  medals, 
especially  those  of  Augustus.  The  two  incava- 
tions  of  the  shield  were  more  or  less  deep,  and 
usually  semicircular.  But  Ovid  describes  it  as 
of  an  entirely  different  shape,  being  cut  evenly 
all  round  ;  Jdi/ne  ancile  vocat,  quod  ab  omni parte 
recisitni  est  (Ovid,  Fast.  iii.  377).  The  Salii, 
or  twelve  priests  of  Mars  Gradivus,  had  twelve 
such  shields.  The  form  was  oval,  with  the  two 
sides  curving  evenly  inwards,  so  as  to  make  it 
broader  at  the  ends  than  in  the  middle.  They 
used  to  beat  their  shields  and  dance. 

Anclabris,  Gr.  and  R.  A  small  table  used 
instead  of  an  altar  at  sacrifices  ;  it  was  slightly 
concave,  so  as  to  adapt  it  to  hold  the  entrails 
of  the  victim  for  the  inspection  of  the  diviners. 
(See  Altar.) 

Ancon,  Gr.  and  R.  (a-j/co.v).    A  term  admitting 


ART  AND  ARCH/EOLOGY. 


15 


various  mcnnings.  (i)  A  small  console  on  each 
side  of  a  door  supporting  an  ornamental  cor- 
nice.    (2)  The   arm    of  a  chair  or  arm-chair. 

(3)  A  cramp  of  wood  or  metal  serving  to  connect 
together  courses  of  masonry  or  blocks  of  stone. 

(4)  The  prongs  or  forks  at  the  end  of  the  projis 
employed  by  hunters  to  hang  their  nets  upon. 

(5)  An  earthenware  vessel  used  in  Roman 
taverns  for  holding  wine.  According  to  the 
etymology  of  the  word  which  in  Greek  signifies 
hollow  or  elbow,  this  bottle  must  have  been 
shaped  like  a  retort.  (6)  The  arms  or  branches 
of  the  square  used  by  carpenters  and  stone 
masons,  which  form  an  angle  similar  to  that 
formed  by  the  bent  arm. 

Ancora,  Gr.  and  R.  {ayKvpa,  from  ayicos, 
a  bend).  An  anchor  or  piece  of  iron  used  to 
stop  a  ship.  Like  those  now  in  use,  the  ancient 
anchors  were  generally  furnished  with  two 
flukes  or  arms,  but  sometimes  they  had  only 
one.  Tnthe  latter  case  they  were  caWedh'ros/o/z/os, 
a  term  corre- 
sponding to  our 
modern  blintl 
j  anchor.  A  bas- 
relief  on  the 
column  of  Trajan 
represents  an 
anchor  placed  at 
the  bow  of  the 
vessel.  In  Chris- 
tian archcEology 
the  anchor  is  a 
symbol  of  hope ; 
an  anchor  is  fre- 
Fig.  21.  Roman  anchor,  rom  a  has-  quentlymet  with, 
reliei-  among  Christian 

symbols,  associ- 
ated with  a  fish  ;  the  emblem  of  the  Saviour 
(See  Acrostic). 

Ancorale,  Gr.  and  R.  Literally  the  cable  of 
an  anchor,  and  then  the  buoy-rope,  or  even  the 
buoy  itself.  The  ancient  anchors  had  a  ring  at 
the  end  of  the  shank  to  which  the  buoy-rope  was 
attached.  The  latter  served  not  only  to  indicate 
the  jilace  where  the  anchor  lay,  but  also  to  drag 
the  flukes  out  of  the  ground  when  the  anchor  was 
raised. 

Andiron,  Iron  standards  with  barsfor  support- 
ing logs  of  wood  fires,  frequently  richly  orna 
mented,  and  sometimes  made  partly  of  silver. 

Andriantes,  Gr.  {avSpidi'Tfs,  images  of  men). 
Statues  set  up  by  the  Greeks  in  honour  of  the 
victors  in  the  public  games.  This  custom  dated 
from  50  Olym.,  or  584  B.C. 

Androgeonia.  An  Athenian  annual  festival, 
in  honiiur  of  Androgeus,  the  son  of  Minos. 

Andron,  Andronitis,  Gr.  and  Gr.-R.  (avSpuy, 
from  auT^p,  a  man).  That  part  of  the  Greek  or 
Grceco- Roman  house  exclusively  set  ajiart  for 
men.     Fig.  22  represents  the  ground-plan  of  a 


^G reek  house;  the  aiidroii  occupies  all  that  part 
of  the  building  which  surrounds  the  open  court, 
and  consists  of  the  apartments  numbered  i  to  9. 
The  Romans  applied 
'1  ' 


tlie  term  simply  to  a 
passage  separating  a 
house  or  part  of  a 
house  from  another. 

Anelace,  O.  E.  A 
knife  or  dagger  worn 
at  the  girdle  ;  broad, 
two-edged  and  sharp. 

"  An  anelace  and  a  gip- 

cicre  afl  of  silk, 
Hung  at  Ills  girdle,  white 
as  morwe  milk." 
(Chauceu,  Canterbury 
Tales.) 

Angel.  A  gold  coin 
current  in  England 
and  France  in  the 
1  5th  and  i6th  centu- 
ries. It  derived  its 
nam.e  from  tlie  figure 
of  an  angel  stamj^ed 
upon  it.  A  similar 
coin,  either  of  gold 
or  silver,  was  current 
in  France  at  various 
periods.  From  the 
time  of  lyouis  IX.  to 
that  of  Louis  XL,  the  gold  angel  was  equal  in 
value  to  a  crown  of  fine  gold,  or  a  little  more  than 
fourteen  francs.  It  was  stamped  with  a  figure  of 
St.  Michael,  holding  in  his  right  hand  a  sword, 
and  in  his  left  a  shield  with  three  fleur-de-lys. 
Henry  VI.,  king  of  England,  when  he  was  in 
possession  of  Paris,  had  a  gold  angel  struck 
which  was  not  above  seven  francs  in  value.  It 
was  stamped  with  the  figure  of  an  angel  holding 
in  his  hand  the  shields  of  France  and  luigland. 
The  same  king  also  had  a  silver  angel  struck 
wliichwns  onlv worth  about  five  and  a  halffrancs. 


Plan  of  a  Greek  house, 
showinu;  the  andron. 


Angels,  (Gr.  &77eAoy,  a  messenger)  in  Chris- 
tian Art  are  represented  in  nine  degrees,  \vhich 
are  divided  into  three  categories.  The  first  con- 
sists of  Seraphim,  Cherubim,  and  Thrones  ;  the 


i6 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Fig.  ■J4.  Arms  of  France  vvilh  Angels  as  supporters.     XIV.  century. 


second  ot  Dominations,  Virtues,  Powers  ;  and 
the  third  of  Princedoms,  Archangels,  and  Angels. 
They  are  represented  as  young,  to  show  their 
continued  strength ;  winged  as  messengers  of 
speed  ;  barefooted  and  girt  to  show  their  readi- 
ness ;  in  robes  of  white  indicative  of  purity,  or 
in  cloth  of  gold  for  their  glory  ;  the  cloth  of  gold 
diapered  with  bands  of  precious  stones  ;  the 
emerald,  emblem  of  nnfadiiig youth  ;  the  crystal, 
oi pitrity ;  the  sajjphire,  qI celestial co7itemplation ; 
and  the  ruby,  of  divine  love.  During  the  re- 
naissance, Pugin  complains,  "the  edifying  and 
traditional  representations  of  angelic  spirits  were 
abandoned,  and,  in  lieu  of  the  albe  of  purity  and 
golden  vests  of  glory,  the  artists  indulged  in 
pretty  cupids  sporting  in  clouds,  &c."  The 
proper  attributes  of  the  angels  are  trumpets,  for 
the  voice  of  God ;  flaming  swords,  for  the  7i:'r«//^ 
of  God ;  sceptres,  for  i\ie  power  of  God ;  thuribles 
or  censers  for  i\\e  prayers  of  saints,  and  musical 
instruments  to  emblem  ihe'w  felicity. 

Angiportus  or  Angiportum,  R.  A  narrow 
road  passing  between  two  houses  or  rows  of 
houses,  or  an  alley  leading  to  a  single  house. 

Angleterre,  Point  d'.      Lace  made  by  Flemish 


makers  who  were  invited  to  settle  in  England 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  the  English  Parlia- 
ment having  passed  an  act  prohibiting  the  im- 
portation of  all  foreign  lace.  England,  how- 
ever, could  not  produce  the  necessary  flax,  and 
the  lace  was  of  inferior  f|uality.  The  merchants 
of  the  time  remedied  this  by  smuggling  large 
quantities  of  lace  from  the  Brussels  market,  sell- 
ing it  as  English  Point  or  Point  d' Angleterre,  by 
which  latter  name  it  is  still  known,  effacing  the 
old  name  "  Point  de  Bruxelles."     (Fig.  25.) 

Anglicanum  Opus.     (See  Embroidery.) 

Angones.  French  weapons  of  the  Middle  Ages 
furnished  with  three  blades,  one  of  which  was 
straight,  broad  and  keen,  the  remaining  two 
curving  outwards.  Some  angons  have  a  lozenge- 
shaped  head-biade.  They  were  used  as  a  kind  ot 
pike,  and  sometimes  hurled  like  javelins.  The 
latter  kind  somewhat  resembled  the  aclis. 

Anguilla,  R.  A  whip  made  use  of  by  Roman 
schoolmasters  for  puuisliing  their  scholars.  It 
was  so  called  because  made  from  the  skin  of  an 
eel  {anq-/iis). 

Anguis,  R.  A  serpent  which  among  the 
Romans  symbolized  the  local  spirit  (j^enins  loci). 


ART  AND  ARCII/EOLOGY. 


17 


Serpents  were  painted  upon  a  wall  to  deter  the 
public  [rem  di.liling  the  spot  thus  indicated.     At 


Fig.  25.  PL-int  d'Anglettrre. 

Pompeii  these  representations  of  serpents  are 
found  in  the  bakehouses,  kitchens,  and  similar 
places  where  cleanliness  is  peculiarly  desirable. 
The  same  term  was  applied  to  a  military  ensign 
in  the  shape  of  a  serpent. 

Anime.  Gum  anime  is  a  resin,  which  is  mixed 
with  copal  in  making  varnish,  causing  it  to  dry 
quickly  and  tumly. 

Animosi  of  Milan.  One  of  the  Italian  literary 
academies.  Their  device  was  •' stags  passing  a 
river,  resting  on  the  heads  of  each  other." 
Motto,  "  Dant  animos  vices."  (Mutual  help 
gives  strength.) 

Anklets,  Gr.     (See  Pf.riscelis.) 

Annealing.  The  process  of  tempering  britile 
gla.NS  and  metals  by  heat. 

Annulet,  Her.     A  plain  ring,  or  false  roundle. 

Annulets,  Arch.  Ihe  rings  or  mouldings 
about  the  lower  part  of  the  echinos  or  ovolo  of 
Doric  capitals. 

Annulus  or  Anulus,  Gr.  and  R.  (dimin.  of 
auiis,  a  ring).  A  hngerring.  They  were 
originally  made  of  iron,  and  used  as  a  signet  for 
sealing.  Later  on  they  were  made  of  gold. 
Among  the  Greeks  and  Romans  they  were  worn 
on  the  fourth  finger  of  the  left  liand,  whence  the 
expression  sec/ere  ad  aiiidos  aliaii,  to  l)e  seated  at 
any  one's  left  hand.  The  anulus  bii^t minis  was  a 
ring  set  with  two  precious  stones  ;  anulus  velaris 
was  a  curtain  ring.  A  plait  of  hair  arranged  in 
circles  round  the  back  of  the  head  was  also  called 
anulus.  In  architecture  the  term  was  formerly 
employed   instead    of  annUt.     Tiie    sione  most 


frequently  used  for  rings  was  the  onyx,  upon 
which  devices  were  carved  with  wonderful  skill. 
The  bezel,  or  part  of  the  ring  which  contained  the 
gem,  was  called  FaI-'V.      (See  RiNOS.) 

Ansa,  Gr.  and  R.  A  term  signifying  both 
haft  and  handle,  and  even  eyelet  or  hole.  Any 
vessel  or  vase  which  has  large  ears  or  circular 
handles  on  the  neck  or  body,  is  said  to  be  fur- 
nished with  anscc.  Ansa  ostii  was  the  term 
a[)plied  to  the  handle  by  which  a  door  is  pulled 
or  shut  to.  The  bronze  or  iron  eyelet  on  the  top 
of  a  steelyard  were  also  called  ansic  staterm. 
The  holes  or  eyelets  made  in  the  side  leathers  of 
a  Greek  or  Roman  shoe  were  called  (iy/Jcfcv-f/Zfli-/"; 
the  handle  of  the  rudder,  ansa gubernaculi ;  lastly 
an  iron  cramp  was  called  ansa  ferrca. 


Fig.  26.  Templum  in  antis. 

Antae,  R.  Square  or  rectangular  pilasters 
supporting  the  v  alls  of  a  temple,  wliich  was 
thence  called /t'w////w /// ««//>.  ( Fig.  26.)  The 
antcc  thus  formed  the  end  of  the  walls  ofthea7/(r. 
The  capitals  of  antir  and  the  friezes  abutting  on 
them  were  sometimes  richly  ornamented,  as 
may  be  seen  by  referring  to  Fig.  27,  which  lepre- 


Capital  and  frieze  ol  one  of  tfie  Ania:  in  the 
lemplc  of  Augustus. 

C 


i8 


WORDS  USED  IX 


sents,  in  their  restored  state,  the  frieze  and  one 
of  the  antse  in  the  temple  of  Augustus,  at  Ancyra, 
inGalatia. 

Antarius,  Antarii  funes,  R.  Ropes  employed 
for  raising  into  the  proper  position  any  object 
of  considerable  weight,  such  as  a  column,  mast, 
&c. 

Antefixa.  Ornaments  of  terra  cotta  which 
were  placed  above  the  cornice,  at  the  end  of  each 
row  of  tiles  on  a  roof  (Fig.  29).  They  were  also 
used  in  ancient  times  for  decorating  the  ridge 
of  a  roof.  We  possess  specimens  of  antefixa 
remarkable  for  delicacy  of  design  and  execution  ; 
such  were  the  antefixa  of  the  temple  of  Diana 
Pi'opylaea  at  Eleusis,  and  the  various  Etruscan 
specimens  to  be  found  in  our  museums.  They 
were  decorated  with  masks,  leaves,  and  especially 
palms  painted  to  imitate  nature  or  in  different 
colours.  The  Etruscans  employed  coloured  ante- 
fixa only  ;  many  specimens  of  these  last  may  be 


Fig.  29.  Archaic  Antefixa  in  terra  cotta. 

seen  at  the  Louvre,  and  in  the  museums  of 
Perugia,  Florence,  and  Naples.  The  Antefixa 
of  the  Parthenon  were  of  marble.      (Fig.  30.) 

Antemural.  A  term  referring  either  to  the  out- 
\\  orks  protecting  the  approach  to  a  castle,  or  to 
the  wall  surrounding  the  castle. 

Antenna,  R.     The  yard-arm  of  a  ship. 

Antepagmentum,  R.  The  jamb  of  a  door. 
Anicpiv^niLiituin  supcrhis,  the  lintel. 

Antependium.  Richly  ornamented  hangings 
of  precious  metal,  wood,  or  textile  fabrics,  in 
front  of  a  Christian  altar. 

Anteportico.  A  synonym  of  PoRCH  (q.v.)  j 
but  little  used. 

Anterides,  Gr.  and  R.  (?  ai'T6pei5a>,  to  stand 
firm).  A  structure  employed  to  strengthen  a 
Weaker  one.     It  consisted  of  a  kind  of  buttress 


placed  against  an  outer  wall,  chiefly  in  subter- 
ranean constructions,  such  as  a  sewer  or  aque- 


Fig.  30.  Antefixa  in  marble  from  the  Parthenon. 

duct.      Pig.  31  represents  the   anterides   of  the 
Cloaca  Maxima  at  Rome. 


Fig.  31.  Anteridci  of"  the  Cloaca  Ma.xima  at  Rome. 

Anthony,  Cross  of  St.,  in  the  form  of  the 
letter  T.  It  is  the  idealized  representation  of  a 
crutch.     (See  Crosses.) 

Anthropomorphic.  Man-shaped ;  said  fi)r 
example  of  the  character  of  the  Greek  Religion, 
whose  gods  and  demi-gods  were  only  ideal  men, 
from  which  circumstance  the  representation  of 
the  human  form  became  the  first  object  of  their 
plastic  art. 

Antia.     The  iron  handle  of  a  shield. 


ART  AND  ARCHEOLOGY. 


19 


Antiae,  R.  The  ringlets  of  haii-  worn  by  men 
and  women  wliich  hung  about  the  ears  and 
the  temples. 

Antick.  Strange,  irregular,  or  fantastic  in 
composition. 

Antilena,  R.  An  appliance  attached  to  the 
pack-sacUlle  ot'a  beast  of  bunlen.  It  was  a  broad 
strap  passing  in  front  of  tiie  animal's  breast  so 
as  to  prevent  the  saddle  from  slipping  backwards. 
It  was  employed  especially  in  mountainous 
districts. 

Antimensium,  Chr.  A  consecratcel  altar- 
cloth. 

Antimony.  Tlie  oxide  of  this  metal  is 
employed  in  the  preparation  of  yellow  pigments 
for  enamel  or  porcelain  painting.  Glass  is 
colouretl  yellow  by  antimony.  (See  Naples, 
Gui.MEi's  Veli.ows.) 

Antipendium,  Chr.     (See  A.ntependium.) 

Antiphoner,  Chr.  An  antiphonarium ;  a 
book  vi'  responses  set  to  music. 

Antique.  Pertaining  to  ancient  Greek  or 
Roman  art :  more  freely  used  in  recent  times  to 
describe  the  quality  of  ancient  art  in  general,  but 
properly  applicable  only  to  classical  art. 


and  Sa/ii.  liy  analogy,  the  term  was  furtherused 
to  denote  a  cap,  anil  also  the  ridge  on  the  top  of 
ahelmet  to  which  the  horsehair  crest  wasattached. 

Aphractus,  Gr.  and  R.  {&(ppaKToi>,  lit.  un- 
guarded). A  vessel  without  a  deck,  or  only 
partly  decked  fore  and  aft. 

Aphrodisia,  ih:  {'AtppoSiaio).  A  general 
term  under  which  were  comprised  all  the  festivals 
held  in  honour  of  Venus  {.Ip/irodi/i). 


Fig,  jj.   AiiluiUx-  and  anchor  of  a  Roman  ship. — From 
bas-relief. 

Aplustre,  Gr.  and  R.  {&(l>\a(nov).  An  orna- 
ment placed  at  a  siiip's  stern.  It  was  constructed 
of  llexible  wooden  planks,  in  imitation  of  the 
leather  of  a  bird's  wing. 

Apotates,    Gr.    (Lat,    Desultor).      One   who 


Fig.  jj.  Opus  Antiquum. 

Antiquum  Opus,  Arch.  An  ancient  kind  o 
stone-work  or  masonry  composed  of  in-egular 
stones.      Another  name  for  it  was  optis  iitca-tiii/i. 

Antiseptic  varnish.  A  glazing  composed  to 
protect  vegetal)le  or  animal  pigments. 

Antitype.     The  realixalion  of  the  /ype. 

Antonine  Column.  One  of  the  most  valuabl« 
architectural  monuments  in  Rome.  It  is  a  lofty 
pillar  ornamented  with  a  series  of  bas-reliefs 
extending  spirally  from  the  base  to  the  summit, 
representing  the  victories  of  the  Emperor  Marcus 
Aurelius  Antoninus. 

Anulus.     (See  Annulus.) 

Anvil.  In  Christian  art  the  attribute  of  _ 
St.  Adrian,  and  of  St.  Eloy,  the  patron  saint  of  j-Z, 
the  smiths. 

Apalare,  R.  A  kitchen  utensil ;  a  sort  of  large 
metal  spoon  or  ladle. 

Ape.  In  Christian  art  the  emblem  of  malice 
and  of  lust.  Common  in  illuminations  of  the 
penitential  psalms,  in  allusion  to  David's  fall. 

Apex,  R.  {apdx,  the  top).  A  piece  of  olive 
wood  pointed  at  the  end,  and  set  in  a  flock  of 
Wool.     It  fonned  the  head-dress  of  the  Flamhtcs 


Fig.  34.  Al.o^tle  Mug. 

v'  OF  THK  'K 


TBK 

TTTsTT  VVD  GTnn-v 


WORDS  USED  IN 


dismounts,  (i)  Soldiers  in  chariots  who  leaped 
in  and  out  in  the  fight.  (2)  The  circus  riders 
who  leaped  from  one  horse  to  another. 

Apodyterium,  R.  and  Gr.-R.  (from  aTro  Svw, 
to  put.  off).  In  a  general  sense,  an  undressing- 
room,  and  more  particularly  the  apartment  in 
the  baths  where  the  bathers  undressed.  As  little 
light  penetrated  from  without,  there  was  generally 
a  lamp  burning  in  a  niche.  An  apodytcrii(tn  such 
as  that  just  described  may  still  be  seen  at  Pompeii. 

Apollino,  It.  The  name  usually  given  to  the 
beautiful  "  Apollo  of  Florence,"  attributed  to 
Praxiteles. 

Apophyge  or  Apophysis,  Arch.  The  small 
fascia  or  band  at  the  top  and  base  of  the  shaft  of 
columns. 

Apo3tle  Mug.  The  mug  or  tankard  shown 
in  the  engraving  is  of  Nanconian  or  Nurem- 
berg stone-ware,  with  figures  of  the  twelve 
apostles  enamelled  in  colours  upon  it.  (Fig.  34.) 
Apostle  Spoons  are  well  known  to  have  re- 
ceived their  names  from  the  figures  of  the 
Apostles  forming  the  handles. 

Apostyls  Coats,  O.  E.  Probably  garments 
used  for  mystery  plays. 

Apotheca,  Gr.  and  R.  (airodriKri,  a  granary).  A 
store-room  or  magazine  for  containing  any  kind 
of  stock.  The  Romans  also  applied  the  term 
specially  to  a  wine  store-room  situated  in  the 
upper  part  of  the  house  ;  this  was  sometimes 
called  \\\Q.fiiimiriiim.  Here  the  wine  was  placed 
in  amphorae  to  ripen  it  more  quickly,  whereas 
when  stored  in  the  cdlla  vinaria,  it  was  placed  in 
Cup^  and  Dolia  (q.v.). 

Apotheosis,  Gr.  (aTrri,  Qils  god,  to  deify).  A 
deification  ;  the  ceremony  by  which  a  mortal  was 
introduced  among  the  number  of  the  gods.  The 
proper  term  in  Latin  is  cotiscci'atio  (q-v.).  The 
funeral  pile,  in  such  cases,  was  built  several  stories 
in  height,  and  an  eagle  was  let  loose  from  the  top 
storey,  to  carry  thesouloftheemperorfromearthto 
heaven.  This  is  commemorated  upon  the  medals 
stnick  on  the  occasion,  which  represent  an  altar 
with  a  fire  on  it,  from  which  an  eagle  ascends. 

Apparel,  Chr.  End^roidered  additions  to  the 
vestments  of  the  clergy. 

Appaumee,  Her.  .Said  ol  ■Sihand,  open,  erect, 
and  showing  the  palm. 

Appianum,  Lat.  Appian  green,  a  pigment 
used  by  the  ancients,  prepared  from  green  earth, 
now  known  as  Cyprus  or  Vcroiia  gi-een,  because 
the  best  is  found  at  those  places. 

Apple.  The  emblem  in  classical  art  of  vic- 
tory, and  in  Christian  art  cif  the  fall  of  man. 

Applique,  Fr.  Applied  ornament,  as  of  metal 
or  porcelain  upon  wood.  In  embroidery,  Appli- 
que work  is  used,  when  a  pattern  cut  out  of  one 
colour  or  stuff  is  applied,  or  laid  on,  to  another. 

Apse,  Apsis,  or  Chevet  (a>|/iy,  bow  or  vault). 
The  termination  of  a  church.  It  is  generally  of 
semicircular  form,  and   surmounted  lay  a  demi- 


cupola,  but  there  are  instances  of  rectangular 
apses.  Fig.  35  repi^esents  the  apse  of  St.  William 
in  the  Desert.     (See  Absis.  ) 

Apsis  gradata,  Chr.  The  chair  occupied  by 
bishops  in  the  early  Christian  basilicas. 

Apteral,   Arch.      Without  wings.     A  temple 

thout  columns  on  the  sides. 

Aqua  fortis  (nitric  acid).     Used  by  engravers 


oi-   '■^P^e  (it  St.  William  in  the  Desert,  a  mon.istcr}- 
in  the  South  of  France. — Built  about  a.d.  820. 

and  etchers  for  biting  in  on  copper  and  steel. 

Aqua  marina.  A  transparent  green  stone,  fre- 
quently used  by  the  gem  engravers  of  antiquity. 

Aquaemanalis.     (See  Aquiminarium.) 

AquamaniJe,  Chr.  The  basin  used  for  wash- 
ing the  hands  of  the  celebrant  in  the  liturgy. 
A.  of  great  splendour  are  frequently  mentioned 
in  the  ancient  records.  The  corresponding  ewer 
was  called  UrcF.US. 

Aqua-tint.  A  method  of  engraving  with  the 
help  of  mastic.  {Consult  Fielding's  "Art  of 
Engraving.") 

Aqueduct,  Gen.  {aqua,  water,  and  ciuco,  to 
lead).  An  artificial  canal  for  conveying  water 
from  one  point  to  another,  and  often  to  a  con- 
siderable   distance     from    the    source.      Many 


ART  AND  ARCTI.T'.or,(^r;V. 


21 


ancient  nations  have  executed  works  uf  this 
description,  but  the  Ivoman  aqueducts  are  esjie- 
cially  celebrated.  Tiie  most  pcrrcct  is  that  wiiich 
slill  exists,  in  a  ruined  slate,  t)ver  the  river  (iard, 
near  Nismes  in  tlie  South  of  France,  called  Poitl- 
du-Gard.  (Fig.  36. )  Aiiucducts  wer;  often  dis- 
charged into  reservoirs. 
Aquilae,  R.     The   eagles,  or  ensigns,  of  the 


Kig.  03.  Poiit-(.Ui-Gar(i,  a  Roman  aqucJiicr  near  Nismes. 
{RcstoreJ  ) 

Roman  legion  under  the  Empire.  They  were  of 
silver  or  bronze,  and  had  the  wings  outstretched. 
As  an  architectural  term  aquila  denotes  the 
triangular  face  formed  by  the  tympanum  of  a 
pediment,  because  the  latter  was  often  orna- 
mented with  an  eagle.      (.See  Ens1(;x.  ) 

Aquiminariam,  R.  An  ewer  for  jiouring  water 
over  the  hands  of  the  guests  after  a  banquet. 
Other  terms  tor  this  ewer  wciq  aijiuenmiialis  and 
ai/iiiiiiaiiiilt\ 

Ara,  R.  The  Latin  term  for  Aliak.  (See 
this  word  and  Alt.VKE. ) 

Arab  Pottery.     (See  G.^rgoulette.) 

Arabesque,  CJen.  An  ornament  of  a  pattern 
more  or  le>s  intricate,  composed  of  stems,  l^oliage, 
leaves,  fruits,  scrolls,  or  leafage,  as  well  as  of 
curious  and  fantastic  animals.  It  is  an  error  to 
suppose  that  arabesque,  as  its  name  might  seem 
to  indicate,  was  an  Arab  invention;  it  was  known 
to  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  and  was  largely  em- 
ployed in  Grrcco-Roman  architecture. 

Araeostyle,  Arch.  An  order  of  temples,  in 
which  the  sjiace  between  the  columns  is  four 
diameters  in  width. 

Arbalest.    (Sec  Crossbow.) 

Area,  R.  {arceo,  to  enclose,  ])reserve).  (i)  A 
kind  of  box  or  strong  chest  used  by  the  ancients 
as  a  receptacle  for  money,  clothes,  or  any  valu- 


able effect*;.  (2)  A  strong  box  or  money  chest; 
(3)  a  rough  chest  used  for  a  coffin  ;  (4)  a  cage 
for  criminals,  made  of  oak  ;  (5)  a  wooden  caisson, 
answering  the  jjurpose  of  a  modern  coffer-dam. 

Arcade.     A  series  of  arches. 

Arcadi.  A  I-iterary  Acailemy  established  at 
Rome  in  1690.  The  members  adopted  pastoral 
names.  Their  device  was  a  Pand.van  pipe,  sur- 
rounded by  a  wreath  of  olive  and  pine. 

Arcatures,  Arch.  A  series  of  blind  arcades 
represented  on  a  wall,  in  relief  or  painting. 
Carved  arcatures  are  those  forming  a  kind  of 
screen  ;  they  are  detached  from  the  wall,  and 
have  an  inner  and  outer  face. 

Arcera,  R.  A  cart  boarded  all  over  so  as  to 
resemble  a  huge  chest  {area).  The  inmate 
reclined  on  cushions  and  ])illows  covered  with 
drapery ;  and  the  exterior  was  covered  with 
hangings,  the  richness  of  which  varied  with  the 
rank  and  fortune  of  the  owner. 

Arch  (aims,  a  bow).  A  structure  the  form  of 
which  is  based  on  the  segment  of  a  circle.  The 
kinds  of  arches  arc  named  according  to  the 
curve  which  they  make.  Round-headed  arches  ; 
semicircular,  segmental  or  stilted,  introduced  by 
the  Romans.  Tn'aii,i:/i/ar  arehes,  of  very  early 
date.  Horse-shoe  arches ;  the  Moorish,  the 
common  horse-shoe  and  the  pointed  (which  is 
also  a  Moorish  form).  Then  the  trefoil  arch  of 
the  Early  English  style  :  \\  ith  its  variations,  in- 
cluding the  square-headed  trefoil  of  the  13th 
century.  The  lancet  or  acute-pointed  ;  the  e(/ni- 
lateral ;  ihc  pointed  trefoil ;  the  ^^tv,  of  the  14th 
and  15th  century;  the  Tudor  arch,  of  the  reigns 
of  Henry  VII.  and  VHI.;  and  the  decorative 
forms,  not  used  in  construction;  i\\e  Jlainlmyant, 
the  cinqitefcil  and  the  inultifoil  are  all  described 
under   he  headings  printed  above  in  Italics. 

Archaic  (art).  The  first  period  of  Art  is  dis- 
tinguished by  stiffness  and  converitionality  of 
treatment,  directed  much  more  to  the  symbolic  re- 
presentation of  an  idea  than  to  lieauty  or  true  imi- 
tation. It  is  properly  called  also  the  hieratic  tyjje, 
from  its  intimate  relation  to  religious  symbolism. 
See  Ski.i.nuntian  ;  /Ec.inetan  Maiou.ks. 

Archangels.  The  seven  angels  of  the  Chris- 
tian hierarchy  who  stand  in  the  presence  of  God. 
St.  Michael,  sometimes  in  complete  armour, 
bears  a  sword  and  scales,  as  the  Angel  of  Judg- 
ment, also  a  rod  with  a  cross  ;  St.  J\a/>hael hea.rs 
a  fish,  and  a  pilgrim's  staff  and  gounl  ;  St.  Ga- 
briel bears  a  lily  ;  6')vV/ carries  a  parchment  roll 
and  a  book,  as  the  interpreter  of  pro])hecies ; 
Chainuel  bears  a  cuj)  and  a  staff:  Zophiel  a 
flaming  sword  ;  .and  /.adchiel  \.\\c  sacrificial  knife 
vvhichlie  took  from  Abraham.  The  .Vrchangels 
are  generally  represented  with  the  nimbus,  and 
clothed  as  princes  and  warriors  ;  their  ensign  is 
a  banner  and  cross,  and  they  are  armed  with  a 
sword  and  a  dart  in  one  hand. 

Arched  or  Archy,  ller.     Bent  or  bowed. 


WORDS  USED  IX 


Arched-buttress  or  Flying  Buttress,  Arch,   j 

An  incomplete  arch  supportuig  the  spandrels  of  i 
a  roof.     It  sprin2;s  from  a  Buttress  (q.v.).  : 

Archeria,  Med.  Lat.    A  vertical  loophole  from 
which  arrows  could  be  discharged. 
Archibault.     (See  Archivolt.) 
Architrave,  Gr.    and  R.  (apx^s,    chief ;  and    ; 
Ital.  trave,  a  beam).     That  part  of  a  .structure 
which   rests   immediately  on   the   capital   of  a 
column  or  pilaster.    Architraves  are  surmounted    j 
l)ya  frie/e  and  a  cornice.  i 

Archivium,  Or.  and  R.    A  building  in  which    I 
archives  (charters  and  records)  of  a  city  or  state 
were  deposited.     It  was  also  called  Arciieion 
or  Tabim-AKIUM  (q.v.). 

Archivolt  or  Archibault,  [aims,  and  7'olutiis, 
rolled  round).  The  whole  of  the  mouldings 
decorating  an  arch  or  arcade,  and  following  the 
contour  of  the  same. 

Archlute,    old  Eng.     A  kind    of   iJuwho,   or 
double-necked  lute.     l6th  century. 
Archy.     (.See  Arched.) 

Arcosolium,  Chr.  (arciis,  and  soliiiDi,  a  coffin). 
An  arched  or  vauUed  sepulchral  chamber  in  the 
catacombs,  sanctified  by  the  interment  of  martyr.; 
and  holy  persons  ;  and  in  later  generations  often 
richly  decorated,  as  with  marble  incrustations, 
paintings,  and  mosaics.  The  arcosolia  in  which 
Ciiristians  of  small  means  were  buried  are  con- 
structed in  the  walls  of  the  passages  in  the  cata- 
combs. The  wealthier  Christians,  however,  had 
arcosolia  specially  excavated  for  their  family  and 
friends;  the  following  mscription  is  frequently 
fuund  on  them  :  Nobis  et  nostris  ef  amicis. 

Arcuatio,  R.  A  structure  formed  by  means  of 
arches  or  arcades,  and  employed  to  support  a 
construction  of  any  kind,  such  as  a  bridge, 
aqueducis,  &c. 

A'-cubaiista,     R.     (^aAAco,    to    throw).      A 
machine  for  hurling    arrows,  somewhat   similar 
to  a  cross-bow. 
Arcubus.    (See  Arquebus.) 
Arcula,  R.  Duninutive  of  Arca  (q.v.).  (i)  A 
small  chest.    (2)  A  colour-box  used  by  encaustic 
painters.     (3)  A  small  sepulchre,  or  stone  coffin. 
Arculum,  R.  Agarland  which  the Z'/i7//j  (Priest 
of  Jupiter)  wore  on  his  head  while  sacrificing  ;  it 
consisted    of  one    or  two  pomegranate  boughs 
bent  into   a   circle   and  fastened  with   fillets  of 
white  or  red  wool. 

Arcuma,  R.  A  small  carriage  constructed  to 
hold  only  one  person.     (See  Tlaustrum,  Ciii- 

RAMAXIUM,   VeHICULUM.) 

Arcus,  R.  (i)  A  bow  for  discharging  ariows. 
There  were  many  kinds  in  use  among  the  ancients. 
Those  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans  presented  on 
the  whole  much  analogy  with  each  other,  while 
the  Scythian  bow  differed  entirely  from  both. 
(2)  An  arch  of  masonry ;  the  arciis  triumphalis 
was  a  trimphal  arch.  The  Romans  never  used 
anv  other  form  of  arch  than  the  semi-circle. 


Ardenti.  Literary  Academies  of  this  name 
existed  at  Pisa,  at  Naples,  and  at  Viterbo. 

Area,  R.  (i)  Any  broad,  open  and  level  space, 
and  so  a  square  or  parade.  Ar^cv  were  adorned 
with  fountains  and  statues  set  up  in  honour  of 
some  divinity,  who  frequently  gave  his  name  to 
the  spot.  Thus  at  Rome  there  were  the  area 
Apollinis,  area  Alerciirii,  Sec.  (2)  A  threshing- 
floor  in  a  field. 

Arena,  R.  (i)  Sand  ;  a  material  employed  in 
building.  (2)  The  level  space  forming  the  area 
of  an  amphitheatre. 

Aranaria,  R.  A  Roman  game  of  ball  for  two 
]icrsons  ;  it  derived  its  name  from  the  fact  that  the 
l>all  was  made  to  rebound  from  the  ground  (artiia). 
Arest3.  A  cloth  of  gold,  elaborately  figured, 
used  for  vestments.  13th  century.  It  is  not  to 
be  confounded  with  arras. 

Arfzzo   Va'e.     Many  fine   examples  of    old 
P]truscan  ]iottery  have 
been  found  in  or  near 
the  town  of  Arezzo  in 
Tuscany.     They  are  of 
red  lustred  ware  orna- 
mented   in   relief,   and 
show  evident  traces  of 
Greek  origin.  (Fig.37.) 
Argei, R.  (i) Certain 
sites  at  Rome,  having 
a  small  temple  attached 
to  them.      (2)   Images 
J^or  lay-figures  made  of 
bulrushes,  which  were 
cast  into  the  Tiber,  on 
t!.e  Ides  of  jNIay,  from 
This  custom  is  still  kept 
the   south  of  France,    ^\•here.    in   certain 


Fig.  37.  Arezzo  vase, 
the  Sublician  bridge. 


uj-. 


A^, 


M 


Fig.  3S.  Point  d'.Argcntan. 


ART  A\D  ARCIT.r:OLOr.V. 


towns,  on  Ash-Wednesilay,  they  drown  an  inia^e 
called  Caraiiientran  who  represents  tlie  god  of 
the  carnival. 

Argent,  Her.  The  metal  silver,  represented 
in  engravings  by  a  plain  white, 

Argentan,  Point  d'.  Lace  made  much  in  the 
same  way  as  Point  d'Alen9on,  but  having  the 
flowers  bolder  anil  larger  in  pattern  antl  in  higher 
relief;  the  foundation,  called  tlic  bride-ground, 
is  also  coarser.  It  takes  its  name  from  the  little 
town  of  Argentan  in  Normandy,  where  it  was 
made.     (Fig.  38.) 


Argentella.  A  name  given  to  a  lace  made  in 
Genoa,  but  worked  much  like  Point  d'Alcn9on. 

Argive.  A  school  of  sculpture,  contemporary 
with  the  Attic  School  of  Pheidias ;  of  which 
Polycletus  was  the  head.  He  was  the  author  of 
the  Crt/w;/,  or  law  of  proportion  in  sculpture, 
exemplified  in  his  Doryphorus  (spear-bearer) ; 
he  worked  principally  in  bronze,  and  was  famous 
for  his  chryselephantine  statues.  A  specimen 
ofthe  Argive  school  of  sculpture  is  the  Discobolus 
of  Myron  (a  contemporary  of  Polycletus)  in  the 
British  Museum.  It  is  an  ancient  copy  in  marble 
from  the  original  bronze  statue.  Closeness  to 
Nature  is  a  distinguishing  characteristic  of  the 
Argive  School. 

Aries  or  Ram.  A  battering-ram.  It  con- 
sisted of  a  stout  beam,  furnished  at  one  end 
with  an  iron  head,  shaped  like  that  of  a  ram, 


and  was  used  to  liatter  the  walls  of  a  city  till  a 
breach  was  elfected.  The  battering-ram  was 
at  first  worked  by  men,  who  simply  cartied  it  in 
their  arms,  but  ii\  course  of  lime  it  was  sus- 
pended from  a  wooden  tower    (Fig.  40),   or  a 


Fig.  40.  Pattering-ram. 

vertical  beam,  and  worked  with  the  aid  of  ropes. 
When  the  battering-ram  was  enclosed  in  a  kind 
of  wooden  shed  bearing  some  resemblance  to  the 
shell  of  a  tortoise,  it  was  called  by  the  name  of 
that  animal  (tcstiido)  (Fig.  41). 
i  Ark,  Clir.     A  symbol  ofthe  church. 

Armanahuasi,  I'eruv.  The  baths  of  the  an- 
cient Peruvians.  They  were  remarkable  f<jr  the 
elegance  and  luxury  displayed  in  their  ornamenta- 
tion. They  were  furnished  with  magnificent  foun- 
tains, some  of  which  threw  their  jets  upwards 
(///^rrtrt/), others  in  a  horizontal  direction  {paccha). 

Armarium,  R.  A  cabinet,  cujiboard,  or  liook- 
case.  Originally  a  place  for  keeping  arms.  Some 
were  ornamented  with  plates  of  brass  set  in 
links  of  gold;  others  were  made  of  gold  inlaid 
with  precious  stones  of  various  shapes.  (See 
also  Al.MKKY. ) 


Kii;.  41.    I'.-iltcriiig-mni  in  iestudo. 

Armatura,  R.  (i)  In  a  general  sense,  armour 
of  every  Icind.  '\\\\\>armiitiira  Irjis  denoted  the 
light  infantry;  and  soldiers  armed  only  with  a 
hasta,  and  the  dart,  ,?vrjrt  (of  Gallic  invention) 
were  called  h~:cs  milites.  (2)  The  art  of  fencing. 
(3)  The  pieces  of  iron  or  bronze  which  connect 
stones  or  the  parts  of  a  stntcture.  (4)  The  iron 
framework  in  a  window  or  casement. 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Arched-buttress  or   Flying  Buttress,  Arch.   ' 
An  incomplete  arch  supporthig  the  spandrels  of 
a  roof.     It  sprinn;;  from  a  Buttress  (q.v.). 

Archeria,  Med.  Lat.  A  vertical  loophole  from 
which  arrows  could  be  discharged. 

Archibault.     (See  Archivolt.) 

Architrave,  Gr.  and  R.  (apxhs,  chief ;  and 
Ital.  trave,  a  beam).  That  part  of  a  structure 
which  rests  immediately  on  the  capital  of  a 
column  or  pilaster.  Architraves  are  surmounted 
by  a  frieze  and  a  cornice. 

Archivium,  Cir.  and  R.  A  building  in  which 
archives  (charters  and  records)  of  a  city  or  state 
were  deposited.  It  was  also  called  Archeion 
or  Tabui.arium  (q.v.). 

Archivolt  or  Archibault,  [airns,  and  volutus, 
rolled  round).  The  whole  of  the  mouldings 
decorating  an  arch  or  arcade,  and  following  the 
contour  of  the  same. 

Archlute,  old  Eng.  A  kind  of  theorbo,  or 
double-necked  lute.     1 6th  century. 

Archy.     (See  Arched.) 

Arcosolium,  Chr.  (arcus,  and  solium,  a  coffin). 
An  arched  or  vaulted  sepulchral  chamber  in  the 
catacombs,  sanctified  by  the  interment  of  martyr.; 
and  holy  persons  ;  and  in  later  generations  often 
richly  decorated,  as  with  marble  incrustations, 
]iaintings,  and  mosaics.  The  arcosolia  in  which 
Christians  of  small  means  were  buried  are  con- 
structed in  the  walls  of  the  passages  in  the  cata- 
combs. The  wealthier  Christians,  however,  had 
arcosolia  specially  excavated  for  their  family  and 
friends ;  the  following  inscription  is  frequently 
found  on  them  :  Nobis  et  Jiosfris  ct  amicis. 

Arcuatio,  R.  A  structure  formed  by  means  of 
arches  or  arcades,  and  employed  to  support  a 
construction  of  any  kind,  such  as  a  bridge, 
aqueducts,  &c. 

Arcubalista,  R.  (^dwia,  to  throw).  A 
machine  for  hurling  arrows,  somewhat  similar 
to  a  cross-bow. 

Arcubus.  (See  Arquebus.) 
Arcula,  R.  Diminutive  of  Arca  (q.v.).  (i)  A 
small  chest.  (2)  A  colour-box  used  by  encaustic 
painters.  (3)  A  small  sepulchre,  or  stone  coffin. 
Arculum,  R.  Agarland  which  theZ)A?/« (Priest 
of  Jupiter)  wore  on  his  head  while  sacrificing  ;  it 
consisted  of  one  or  two  pomegranate  boughs 
bent  into  a  circle  and  fastened  with  fillets  of 
white  or  red  wool. 

Arcuma,  R.  A  small  carriage  constructed  to 
hold  only  one  person.     (See  Plaustrum,  Chi- 

RAMAXIUM,  VeHICULUM.) 

Arcus,  R.  (i)  A  bow  for  discharging  ariows. 
There  were  many  kinds  in  use  among  the  ancients. 
Those  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans  presented  on 
the  whole  much  analogy  with  each  other,  while 
the  Scythian  bow  dilTered  entirely  from  both. 
(2)  An  arch  of  masonry  ;  the  arc/ts  tritimphalis 
was  a  trimphal  arch.  The  Romans  never  used 
any  other  form  of  arch  than  the  semi-circle. 


Ardenti.  Literary  Academies  of  this  name 
existed  at  Pisa,  at  Naples,  and  at  ^'itel•bo. 

Area,  R.  (i)  Any  broad,  open  and  level  space, 
and  so  a  square  or  parade.  Arc(r.  were  adorned 
with  fountains  and  statues  set  up  in  honour  of 
some  divinity,  who  frequently  gave  his  name  to 
the  spot.  Thus  at  Rome  there  were  the  area 
Apollinis,  area  Merciirii,  &c.  (2)  A  threshing- 
floor  in  a  field. 

Arena,  R.  (i)  Sand  ;  a  material  employed  in 
building.  (2)  The  level  space  forming  the  area 
of  an  am]ihitheatre. 

Arenaria,  R.  A  Roman  game  of  ball  for  two 
jiersons  ;  it  derived  its  name  from  the  fact  that  the 
l>all  was  made  to  rebound  from  the  ground  {arena). 
Arest3.  A  cloth  of  gold,  elaborately  figured, 
used  for  vestments.  13th  century.  It  is  not  to 
be  confounded  with  arras. 

Arezzo  Va'e.  Many  fine  examples  of  old 
Etruscan  pottery  have 
been  found  in  or  near 
the  town  of  Arezzo  in 
Tuscany.  They  are  of 
red  lustred  M'are  orna- 
mented in  relief,  and 
show  evident  traces  of 
Greek  origin.  (Fig. 37.) 
Argeijk.  (l) Certain 
sites  at  Rome,  having 
a  small  temple  attached 
to  them.  (2)  Images 
J^or  lay-figures  made  of 
bulrushes,  which  were 
cast  into  the  Tiber,  on 
ll.c  Ides  of  May,  from 
the  Sublician  bridge.  This  custom  is  still  kept 
up  in   the   south  of  France,   where,    in   certain 


Fig.  37.  Arezzo  vase. 


Fig.  38.  Point  d'.Argentan. 


ART  AXD  ARCII.T-OLOGV. 


towns,  on  Ash- Wednesday,  they  drown  an  image 
called  Caramentran  who  represents  the  god  of 
the  carnival. 

Argent,  Ilcr.  Tlie  metal  silver,  represented 
in  engravmgs  liy  a  plain  white. 

Argentan,  Point  d'.  Lace  made  much  in  the 
same  way  as  Point  d'Alencon,  but  having  the 
flowers  holder  and  larger  in  pattern  and  in  higher 
relief;  the  foundation,  called  the  bride-ground, 
is  also  coarser.  It  takes  its  name  from  the  little 
town  of  Argentan  in  Normandy,  where  it  was 
made.     (Fig.  38.) 


and  was  used  to  batter  the  walls  of  a  city  till  a 
breach  was  effected.  The  batlering-ram  was 
at  first  worked  by  men,  who  simply  earned  it  in 
their  arms,  but  in  course  of  time  it  was  sus- 
])ended  from  a  wooden  tower    (Fig.  40),  or  a 


Fig.  40.  Rattering-ram. 

vertical  beam,  and  worked  with  the  aid  of  ropes. 
When  the  battering-ram  was  enclosed  in  a  kind 
of  wooden  shed  bearing  some  resemblance  to  the 
shell  of  a  tortoise,  it  was  called  by  the  name  of 
that  animal  {tcstuJo^  (Fig.  41). 
i  Ark,  Chr.     A  symbol  of  the  church. 

Armanahuasi,  I'eruv.  The  baths  of  the  an- 
cient Peruvians.  They  were  remarkable  for  the 
elegance  and  luxury  displayed  in  their  ornamenta- 
tion. They  were  furnished  with  magnificent  foun- 
tains, some  fif  which  threw  their  jets  upwards 
(///c;-rtr;?), others  in  a  horizontal  direction  {pacchii). 

Armarium,  R.  A  cabinet,  cujiboard,  or  book- 
case. Originally  a  place  for  keeping  arms.  Some 
were  ornamented  with  plates  of  brass  set  in 
links  of  gold ;  others  \\  ere  made  of  gold  inlaid 
M'ith  precious  stones  of  various  shapes.  (.'^ec 
also  Almery. ) 


Argentella.  A  name  given  to  a  lace  made  in 
Genoa,  but  worked  much  like  Point  d'Alen9on. 

Argive.  A  school  of  sculpture,  contemporary 
with  the  Attic  School  of  Pheidias ;  of  which 
Polycletus  was  the  head.  He  was  the  author  of 
the  Canon,  or  law  of  proportion  in  sculpture, 
exemplified  in  his  Doryphorzis  (spear-bearerj ; 
he  worked  princij^ially  in  bronze,  and  was  famous 
for  his  chryselephantine  statues.  A  specimen 
ofthe  Argive  school  of  sculpture  is  the  Discobolus 
of  Myron  (a  contemporary  of  Polycletus)  in  the 
British  Museum.  It  is  an  ancient  copy  in  marble 
from  the  original  bronze  statue.  Closeness  to 
Nature  is  a  distinguishing  characteristic  of  the 
Argive  School. 

Aries  or  Ram.  A  battering-ram.  It  con- 
sisted of  a  stout  beam,  furnished  at  one  end 
with  an  iron  head,  shaped  like   that  of  a  ram, 


Fig.  41.    Paltering-ram  in  testudo. 

Armatura,  R.  (i)  In  a  general  sense,  armour 
of  every  kind.  'W\\\>  armatura  lez'is  denoted  the 
light  infantry ;  and  soldiers  armed  only  with  a 
/lasla,  and  the  dart,  ,i^irsa  (of  Gallic  invention) 
were  called  ler.'cs  iiiiittes.  (2)  The  art  of  fencing. 
(3)  The  pieces  of  iron  or  bronze  which  connect 
stones  or  the  parts  of  a  structure.  (4)  The  iron 
framework  in  a  window  or  casement. 


24 


WORDS  USED  IX 


Arme3,    Her.      Having    natural    weapons    of 
offence,  &c.     A  lion  is  armed  of  his  claws  and 
teeth,  a  bull  of  his  horns,  &c. 
Armenian  Green.     (See  Chrysocolla.) 
Armet,  Old  Eng.     A  kind  of  helmet  of  the 
1 6th  century,  worn  with  or  without  the  beaver. 

Armilausa,  Lat.  A  classical  garment 
adopted  in  England  and  elsewhere,  worn  by 
knights  over  their  armour.  Strutt  describes  it 
as  "a  round  curtal  weed,  which  they  called  a 
cloak,  and  in  Latin  armilausa ,  as  only  covering 
the  shoulders." 

Armilla.  In 
general,  any  cir- 
clet of  gold  or 
silver  which 

forms  a  bracelet 
for  men  or  wo- 
men, whether 
worn  on  the 
wrist,  arm,  or 
ankle.  Bracelets 
worn  by  men 
often  consisted 
of  three  or  four 
massive  bands 
of  bronze,  silver, 
or  gold,  and  thus 
covered  a  con- 
siderable portion 
of  the  arm. 
Bracelets  were 
■\\orn  by  Ihe 
the  Medes,  the 
and   the   Gauls 


Fig.  43.  Armilla.  Gaulish  Bracelet. 


Assyrians,    the    Babylonians, 
Persians,  the    Celts    (Fig.  42), 
(Fig.  431.     The  Egyptians  in  some  instances  em- 
ployed ivory  and  porcelain  in  their  manufacture. 

Armillum,  R.  A  kind  of  urceolus,  or  small 
pitcher  for  holding  a  particular  kind  of  wine.  It 
was  among  the  numiier  of  the  sacrificial  vessels, 
and  was  well  known  from  the  Latin  proverb  : 
■Anus ad arniilliim  (an  old  woman  returns  to  her 
bottle). 

Armilastrium.  A  Roman  festival  for  the 
]iurification  of  arms. 

Arming  Points.  The  "points"  or  ties  of 
ar.njur. 

Armiis.  Cloth  or  velvet  coverings  for  pike- 
handles. 

Armory,  Her.  (i)  Heraldry.  (2)  A  list  of 
names  and  title;  with  the  arms  belonging  to  them. 

Armour,  Arms.  In  almost  every  deposit 
where  prehistoric  remains  are  buried,  we  find 
clubs,  hatchets,  arrows,  hammers,  or  other 
arms,  mostly,  even  in  the  stone  a^e,  carefully 
ornamented.  The  ancient  Egvptians  were  armed 
with  "  the  bow,  spear,  two  species  of  javelin, 
sling,  a  short  and  straight  sword,  dagger,  knife, 
falchion,  axe  or  hatchet,  battle-axe,  pole-axe, 
mace  or  club,  &c.  Their  defensive  arms  con- 
sisted of  a  helmet  of  plate,  or  quilted  head-piece, 


a  cuirass,  or  coat  of  armour  made  ot  metal 
plates,  or  quilted  with  metal  bands,  and  an 
ample  shield"  ( JVilkiusoti).  Among  the  Greeks, 
the  heavy-armed  warrior  wore  the  greaves, 
cuirass,  with  the  mitra  underneath,  and  the  zone 
or  cingulum  above  ;  his  sword,  ensis  cr  gladius, 
hung  on  his  left  side,  and  the  large  round  shiehi. 


Fig.  44.  Primitive  Roman  Armour. 

I  sacus,  aspis,  clipeus  or  scutum,  hung  from  his 
shoulder;  his  helmet,  corys,  cunea,  cassis  or 
galea  ;  his  spear,  enkus,  doru  or  hasta,   or  two 

'    spears.      The.  defensive   armour,  the  shield  and 

I  thorax,  were  called  hopla,  and  the  man  hoplites. 
The  light-armed,  psiloi,  anoploi,  gymnai,  gym- 

]    netai,  had  a  slighter  covering  of  skins,  or  cloth, 


ART  AND  ARCIT.I'.OI.Or.V. 


25 


and  fought  with  darts,  stones,  buw s  and  airows 
or  slings.  There  were  also  tlie  peltasla?,  so 
called  from  their  small  shield  pelte.  All  the 
above-mentioned  parts  of  classical  armour,  and 
their  modifications  in  that  of  media:val  times  are 
described  under  their  respective  headings  ;  as 
well  as  much  of  mediaeval  armour. 

Amis,  dr.  and  R.  An  cx]iiatory  festival  held 
in  honour  of  Linus  and  liis  motlier  Psamathe, 
the  daughter  of  Crotopus,  king  of  Argos.  \'arioiis 
legends  are  extant  regarding  the  origin  of  this 
festival,  which  was  called  Arttis  from  the  sheep 
(aprei^sl  tliat  were  sacrificed. 

Arotoi-Hieroi,  Gr.  Literally  :  sacred  labours, 
a  term  used  to  denote  three  agricultural  festivals 
which  took  place  in  Attica  ;  the  first  was  held 
in  commemoration  of  the  first  sowing ;  tlie 
second,  on  occasion  of  reaping  the  earliest  crop 
of  barley  in  a  field  near  Eleusis  ;  the  third,  by 
way  of  invoking  the  blessings  of  Ceres  on  the 
field  of  corn  specially  set  apart  for  the  worship 
of  Athena. 

Arquebus.  A  hand-gun,  larger  than  a  musket. 
The  man  using  it  was  called  an  arqiicbusicr. 

Arra  or  Arrha,  R.  A  deposit,  or  earnest- 
money  to  a  contract. 

Arras.  Tapestry.  Textile  hangings  for  walls  ; 
first  made  at  Arras  in  the  14th  century.  It  was 
originally  called  Opus  Saracenicum. 

Arrhae  Spousalitlae,  called  also  Arr.\bo,  was 
the  name  of  tlie  betrothal  money  paid  to  the 
parents  of  a  bride  ;  a  practice  of  the  Hebrews, 
continued  by  Christians. 

Arrhephoria,  Gr.  ('Appr/t/)(5pia).  A  festival 
held  at  Athens  in  the  month  of  June  or  ^WVv- 
phoriiiin.  The  maidens  who  took  part  in  it 
were  called  a.ppr\<p6^oi  or  €pori(p6poi.  Four  little 
girls  and  a  priestess  carried  some  sacred  vessels 
to  a  grotto. 

Arricciate,  Ital.  One  of  the  coats  of  mortar 
laid  on  tn  a  wall  to  receive  fresco  painting. 

Arrondie,  Her.     Curved,  round. 

Arrows,  in  Christian  art,  are  the  emblems  of 
pestilence,  death,  and  destruction. 

ArsenicDn,  Cireek  for  orpimeiit  (q.v. ). 

Artemisia,  Gr.  A  general  term  to  denote  all 
the  festivals  oi  Diana  Artemis.  The  most  cele- 
brated were  those  held  at  Ephesus,  Delphi,  and 
Syracuse. 

Articulation.  The  anatomical  study  of  the 
uncture  of  the  bones. 

Artolaganus,  R.  (apro-xdyavov,  i.  e.  bread- 
cake).  A  kind  of  dough-cake  made  with  wine, 
milk,  oil,  and  pepjier.  Cicero,  in  one  of  his 
letters,  asserts  that  it  was  delicious. 

Artophorium  (bread-bearer),  Chr.  Another 
name  for  the  ciboriuin  or  costly  box  prepared  to 
contain  the  consecrated  Host. 

Artopta,  Gr.  and  R.  (from  aprdco,  to  bake). 
A  mould  in  which  bread  and  pastry  were  baked. 

Artopticius,  R.  (sc.  fiarils).     A  roll  or  loaf  of 


bread  baked  in  an  artopta,  many  examples  of 
which  may  Ijc  seen  in  the  small  museum  at 
I'ompeii;  owing  to  their  having  become  hardened, 
these  loaves  have  retained  their  shape  perfectly 
when  taken  from  tlie  oven  after  eighteen  centuries. 
Arundel  Device. 
A  chapeau  or, 
and  .i,'"/<'.f,  sur- 
mounted by  a  fret 
or,  and  an  acorn 
leaved  vert.  This 
is  only  one  of  the 
numerous  badges 
of  the  house  of 
Arundel,  which  is 
peculiarly  rich  in 
armorial  bearings. 
A  collection   of  ancient 


Arundel  device 


Arundel    Marbles.  „ __._ 

scul]>tures  found  in  Greece  and  Asia  Minor  in 
the  early  part  of  the  17th  century  and  bro  ight 
to  England  at  the  expense  of  Thomas  Howard, 
Earl  of  Arundel.  In  1667  his  grandson  presented 
them  to  the  University  of  Oxford. 

Arundo,  R.  A  term  with  various  significations. 
(i)  A  reed  or  cane.  (2)  An  arrow  or  bow  made 
of  cane.  (3)  A  fishing-rod.  (4)  A  cane  rod  ti])ped 
with  bird-lime  for  catching  birds.  (5)  A  reed 
pen  for  writing.  (6)  A  Pan's  pipe  in  which  the 
reeds  were  joined  together  by  wax  ;  whence  its 
name  arundo  cerata.     (.See  Cm-AMUs.) 

Arx,  R.  {arceo,  to  enclose).  A  citadel  or  for- 
tress. Arx  is  almost  equivalent  to  AcRoi'oi.is 
(q.v.),  since  citadels  were  usually  built  on  elevated 
sites,  thus  forming  an  upper  city  (aKpoiroXis). 


V\g.  46.  Greek  Arjb:illos. 


26 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Aryballo?.  A  Greek  flask  or  vase  used  for  oil 
or  wine.  It  was  commonly  of  a  bladder  shape 
with  a  thin  neck.  The  example  engraved  (Fig. 
46)  is  painted  in  the  Asiatic  style.  On  some 
of  these  vases  the  ornament  is  engraved. 

Arystichos,  Gr.  and  R.  (from  apvcD,  to  draw 
water).  A  vessel  for  drawing  water,  especially 
from  the  Amphora  (q. v.).  It  was  also  called 
ephehos  (fcprj^os),  because,  at  banquets,  it  was  the 
duty  of  youths  to  mix  the  wine  with  water  before 
handing  it  to  the  guests.  This  term  has  as 
synonyms  aniter,  arusane.  arnstis  and  oiiu'?-t(sis. 

Arzica.  (i)  An  artificial  pigment  of  a  yellow 
colour,  used  for  miniature  painting.  (2)  A  yellow 
lake  made  from  the  herb  "reseda  luteola." 
(3)  A  yellow  earth  for  painting,  of  which  the 
moulds  for  casting  lirass  are  formed;  it  yields  an 
ochreous  pigment  of  a  pale-yellow  colour,  which, 
when  burned,  changes  to  an  orange  colour. 

Arzicon.  A  contraction  of  Arsenicoii,  for  or- 
piment  (q.v.). 

As,  R.  The  unit  of  value  in  the  bronze  currency 
of  the  Romans.  Originally  the  as  weighed  one 
pound,  whence  its  name  as  liheralis ;  and  as  it 
was  composed  of  a  mixture  of  copper  and  tin  {ess), 
it  was  also  called  as  grave.  At  a  later  period  the 
as  had  much  declined  in  value  ;  under  Augustus 
it  was  only  worth  somewhat  less  than  a  penny. 

Asaminthos,  Gr.  {oKra/xivdos).  A  large  vase 
of  the  Homeric  epoch,  large  enough  to  admit  of 
a  person  bathing  in  it.  It  is  supposed  tiiat  this 
was  the  fu/>  of  Diogenes. 

Asbestus.     (See  Amiantus.) 

Ascendant,  Her.  Issuing  upwards,  as  a 
flower. 

Ascia,  Gr.  and  R.  A  term  applied  to  instru- 
ments of  various  shapes  and  employed  for 
different  purposes,  but  all  bearing  a  general 
resemblance  to  a  carpenter's  adze.  The  expres- 
sion ste^)  ascia  dedicavit,  which  is  frequently  found 
engraved  on  tombs  together  witii  the  representa- 
tion of  an  ascia,  has  given  rise  to  numerous  in- 
terpretations. It  is  supposed  that  this  expression 
signified :  This  tomb  [never  before  used]  has  been 
dedicated  to  the  memory  of  the  person  in  whose 
honour  it  was  erected  ;  or  possibly  the  formula 
implied  that  the  plot  upon  which  the  memorial 
stood  had  been  granted  in  perpetuity.  After  all 
the  discussion  to  which  the  formula  has  given 
rise,  these  are  the  two  hypotheses  most  generally 
accepted.     (See  AciscuLUS.) 

Ascopera,  CIr.  and  R.  (do-K?) 9,  leathern  bag  or 
wine-skin;  Tri'jpa,  a  pouch).  A  large  bag  made 
of  undressed  leather,  carried  as  knapsack  Ijy 
foot-travellers,  and  thus  distinguished  from  the 
HlPPOPERA  (q.v.). 

Ascolia,  Ascolias,  Gr.  and  R.  (from  ao-zc^r, 
a  wine-skin).  An  Athenian  game  wliich  con- 
sisted in  leaping  upon  a  wine-skin,  filled  with 
wine  and  greased  over  with  oil,  during  the 
festivals  in  honour  of  Dionysus. 


Ashlar,  Achelor,  &c. ;  also  Astler  or  Estlar, 
O.  K.  Hewn  stone  for  the  facings  of  walls. 
"  Clene  hewen  Ashler." 

Asilla,  R.  A  yoke,  like  a  milkman's,  or  the 
Malay //Vt'/,  for  carrying  burdens  ;  is  a  common 
object  in  Egyptian  and  all  other  ancient  repre- 
sentations of  domestic  appliances. 

Asinarii.  A  term  of  reproach  inherited  by 
the  early  Christians  from  the  Jews,  who  were 
accused  of  worshipping  an  ass. 

Askos,  Gr.  and  R.  (do-Ko's).  A  vessel, 
originally  shaped  like  a  leather  bottle  {titer)  for 
holding  water  or  wine.  It  was  furnished  with  a 
handle  at  the  top,  and  had  sometimes  two 
mouths,  one  of  which  served  to  fill,  the  other  to 
empty  it.  Later  on,  the  askos  assumed  the  form 
of  an  earthenware  pitcher. 

Asor,  Heb.  A  musical  instrument  of  ten 
strings  played  with  the  plectrum. 

Asp.  In  Egyptian  art  the  emblem  of  royalty  ; 
in  Christian  art,  under  the  feet  of  saints,  of  con- 
quered malice. 

Aspectant,  Her.     Looking  at  one  another. 

Asperges,  Aspergillum,  Chr.  The  rod  for 
sprinkling  holy  water. 

Aspersed,  Her.  Scattered  over, — the  same  as 
Semee. 

Aspersorium,  Chr.  The  stoup,  or  holy  water 
basin. 

Asphaltum.  A  brown  carbonaceous  pigment 
used  in  painting.  It  is  found  in  various  parts  of 
the  world,  more  particularly  in  Egypt,  China, 
Naples,  and  Trinidad.  The  best  is  the  Egyptian. 
(See  Bitumen,  Mummy.) 

Aspic.     (See  Oil  of  Spike.) 

Ass,  Chr.  An  emblem  of  patience  and 
sobriety  ;  but  also  of  idleness  and  obstinacy ; 
sometimes  of  the  Jewish  nation. 

Ass,  Festival  of  the.  A  grotesque  Christian 
festival  of  the  Middle  Ages,  connected  with  the 
prominence  of  the  ass  in  religious  history. 

Asser,  R.  (i)  A  beam,  pole,  or  joist.  (2)  The 
rafters  of  a  wooden  roof.  (3)  Asser  falcatiis  w^?, 
a  kind  of  ram  which  was  launched,  with  the  aid 
of  machinery,  by  the  garrison  of  a  fortified  town, 
against  the  enemy's  siege  works. 

Assett,  O.  E.     A  salver. 

Assommoir,  Fr.  A  sort  of  gallery  built  over 
a  door  or  passage  of  a  fortified  place,  from  which 
stones,  lead,  and  other  heavy  objects  could  be 
hurled  down  to  ovei"cvhelni  {assominer')  the 
besiegers.      Hence  the  name. 

Asterisk,  Chr.  Sometimes  called  Stellula. 
A  kind  of  crossed  framework  made  of  gold  or 
silver,  consisting  of  two  arched  bands  which  are 
sometimes  surmounted,  at  the  point  of  intersec- 
tion, by  a  cross.  The  asterisk  is  placed  upon  the 
pateia  for  the  purpose  of  keeping  up  the  cloth 
which  covers  the  consecrated  wafers  of  the  host. 

Astler.     (See  Ashlar.) 

Astragal     (do-rpdyaAor,    knuckle-bone).      A 


ART  AND  ARCTI/F.OLOGY. 


27 


small  semicircular  moulding,  so  called  from 
its  resemlilanccto  a  row  of  knuckle-bones  placed 
side  by  side.  As  it  is  decorated  with  beads,  or 
berries  of  laurel  or  olive,  separated  by  discs,  it  is 
now  commonly  known  as  a  chaplet.  Astragals 
are  placed  at  the  top  of  ,a  [column,  beneath  the 
capital,  and  divide  the  architrave  into  two  or 
lliree  parts.  They  are  also  used  to  decorate  any 
kindofl)ase,     (See  Torus.) 

Astragalus,  R.  The  ancient  game  of  knuckle- 
l)ones  ;  a  common  subject  in  classical  sculpture, 
called  also  Tali. 

Astreated,  Arch.  Star-shaped  ornaments, 
used  in  Norman  mouldings. 

Asylum,  Gr.  and  R.  {i.-(rv\ov,  safe  from 
violence).  A  place  of  refuge,  to  which  was  at- 
tached the  privilege  of  inviolability  called  asu/ia. 
'iliis  privilege  belonged  to  certain  temples,  woods, 
or  otiier  sacred  enclosures.     There  were  a  con- 


Fig.  47.  One  of  the  Atlantes  of  the  Theatre  ot  Bacchus 
at  Athens. 

siderable  number  of  such  retreats  in  Greece  and 
the  Greek  colonies. 

At  Gaze,  Her.  Said  of  animals  of  the  chase 
"  standing  still  and  looking  about  tlicm." 

Atach-gah,  Pers.  The  fire-altar  of  the  ancient 
Persians  ;  mentioned  in  the  writings  of  Pausanias 
and  Strabo. 

A'.ellanae  {?,c./abitlce),  R.     A  farce,  so  called 


from  its  having  originated  in  Af^-Ua,  a  city  of  the 
Osci,  in  Campania.  Hence  the  name  of  Oscan 
games  {ludi  Osci).  Atellan,r  were  played  by 
youths  of  good  family,  on  the  conclusion  of  a 
tragedy.  'Piiey  were  introduced  into  Rome  in 
the  fourth  century  n.c.  Tiiese  farces  were 
distinguished  by  their  refinement,  and  freedom 
from  low  !)uffoonery. 

Athen£eum.  A  university  for  literary  and 
scientific  studies  at  Rome,  on  the  Caiiiloline 
Hill. 

Athyr,  Egyp.  One  of  tlie  months  of  the 
ancient  Egyptians.  It  was  the  third  of  the  four 
months  called  the  months  of  inundation. 

Atlaates,  Gr.  and  R.  (from  xA^fai).  Human 
figures  so  called,  in  allusion  to  the  story  of  the 
Titan  Atlas,  which  were  employed  instead  of 
columns  to  sup]5ort  ental^Iatures  (Fig.  47).  The 
I^atin  equivalent  for  the  term  is  Telamones. 
Similar  f,viale  figures  were  Carva'I  IORS. 


Fig.  48.  Atl.x^,  .1  device  ii^.ci.1  Ly  Philiii  11.  of  Spain. 

Atlas.  One  of  the  several  devices  adopted 
by  Philip  H.  of  .Spain  was  a  figure  of  Hercules 
bearing  on  liis  sliouklers  and  kneeling  beneath, 
the  weight  of  tiie  world  ;  a  feat  recorded  to  have 
been  performed  by  him  in  order  to  give  relief  to 
Atlas  from  his  customary  burden.  The  motto 
"  Ut  qulescat  Atlas,"  is  written  on  a  rib- 
bon. 

Atrameutale,  Atramentarium,  Gr.  and  R. 
{atmiiiciitKiii,  q.v.).  Aw  inkstand,  of  any  shape 
or  material  whatsoever.  Inkstands  were  made 
of  terra  cotta,  bronze,  and  silver.  There  is  a 
Pompeian  ]iainting  in  which  a  double  inkstand  is 
represented,  one  side  of  which  contains  black 
ink.  the  other  an  ink  of  some  dilTcrent  colour. 


28 


WORDS  USED  IN 


There  were  also  portable  inkstands  called  theca. 
(See  Theca.) 

Atrameutum,  Gr.  and  R.  {ater,  black;.  A 
general  term  to  denote  any  kind  of  black  liquid; 
such  were  atramcntum  scriptoruvt,  atravicntuin 
librarium,  or  simply  atramintiim — all  terms  for 
writing  ink  ;  atramentum  sittorum,  the  black 
used  by  shoemakers  for  dyeing  their  leather, 
another  name  for  which  was  chalcainoittiDi 
(q.v.)  ;  and  atramentum  tectorhim,  a  kind  of  ink 
used  for  writing  inscriptions  with  a  brush.  In 
ancient  times,  all  descriptions  of  ink  were  made 
with  soot  and  gum,  forming  a  kind  of  Indian 
ink  which  was  diluted  with  water.  Vitruvius 
(Book  VII.)  thus  describes  the  process  by  which 
atramentum  was  obtained:  "  Soot  is  first  pro- 
cured bv  burning  rosin  in  a  vaulted  chamber,  and 
the  black  {a'ramentuni)  thus  obtained  is  then 
mixed  with  gum." 

Atriilum,  R.  (dimin.  o^  Afriu?ii).  (i)  A  small 
atrium.  It  iTiight  be  either  a  smaller  atrium 
adjoining  the  principal  one  in  a  house,  or  the 
atrium  of  a  dwelling  of  inferior  size.  (2)  A 
small  antechamber  forming  the  entrance  of  a 
tomb. 

Atrium,  R.  and  Mod.  A  term  perhaps 
derived  from  Atria,  a  city  of  Tuscany  in  which 
structures  of  this  description  were  first  built.  It 
consisted  of  a  kind  of  coverel  court  {cav.e.iium), 
round  which  were  grouped  the  different  apart- 
ments of  the  house.  In  the  centre  of  the  roof 
was  an  aperture  with  sloping  sides  called  the 
compluviiim,  and  in  the  court  beneath,  a  basin 
which  collected  the  rain  water  from  the  roof. 
This  was  called  the  impluvium.  There  were 
besides,  the  atrium  disphiviatum  and  the  atrium 
tes'udinatum.     The  atrium    was  uaquestionably 


portance  in      the   eyes   of  the    public   from   an 
apparent     intimacy  with   a   man    in   power.  — 


Fig.  49.  Alrluin,  with  Irmic  colu  n  is. 

the  most  essential  and  the  most  interesting  part 
of  a  Roman  mansion  ;  it  was  here  that  numbers 
assembled  daily  to  jiay  their  respects  to  their 
patron,  to  consult  the  legislator,  to  attract 
the  notice  of  the  statesman,   or   to  derive  im- 


Fig.  50.     Atriuin,   with  Doric  columns. 

I'uring  the  Middle  Ages  the  term  atrium  was 
used  to  denote  the  open  plot  of  ground  surround- 
ing a  church,  which  served  for  a  cemetery,  and 
the  close  or  courtvard  of  certain  churches. 

Atte^ia,  R.  A  hut  or  cabin  made  of  reeds, 
and  covered  with  thatch. 

Attic-order,  Arch.  An  arrangeme  it  of  low 
pilasters,  surmounting  a  building. 

Atticurpe,  Arch.  {'hTTiKoupyv^,  wrought  in 
Attic  fashion).  A  doorway,  the  unrights  of 
which,  instead  of  being  perpendicular,  inclined 
slightly  inwards,  so  that  the  opening  was  wider 
at  the  threshold  than  immediately  under  the 
lintel.  Fig.  51  represents  the  doorwav  of  an 
ancient  monument  at  Agrigentum,  in  Sicily. 

Attires.  Attired,  Her.  The  antlers  of  a  stag 
or  "  hart  "  having  antlers. 

Attributes.  Conventional  symbols  of  the 
character,  or  the  agencv,  or  the  history,  of 
subjects  of  art  representation. 

Auditorium,  R.  (a  place  for  hearing).  A 
lecture-room,  assembly-room,  court  of  justice,  or 
generally  any  place  in  which  orator^,  poets,  &c., 
were  heard.  Tiie  B.\SILIC.E  contained  halls  so 
named,  in  which  courts  of  justice  were  held. 


ART  AND  ARCir^llOLOGV 


29 


Augmentation,  Ilcr. 
to  a  coat  of  arms. 


An  honouial)lc  atklition 


Fig. 


Augurale,     R. 

{augur,  a  sooth- 
sayer). In  a  Ro- 
man camp  tlie 
augurale  was  a 
place  situated  to 
the  right  of  the 
general's  tent  or 
P  R  yK  T  o  R  I  u  M 
(q.v.).  It  was  so 
called  because  the 
augurs  there  took 
their  station  to  ob- 
serve the  flight  of 
birds.  In  Greece, 
the  oracles  were 
consulted  ;  but  in 
Rome  questions 
\\  ere  addressed  to 
Jupiter,  who  an- 
swered        simply 

- — — ^  tiot,"  by  his  mes- 

.    .  ,  sengers  the  birds. 

Atticur^e  doorway         t, 

°  ■'1  hey      gave      no 

prophecies. 


at  Agrigentum. 


Augustine's  Oak,  at  Aust  on  the  Severn  ;  the 
scene  of  the  conference  between  St.  Augustine 
and  the  British  bishops,  A.D.  602. 

Aula,  Or.  and  R.  {avKi]).  (i)  An  open  court 
attached  to  a  house.  It  was  usually  in  front, 
and  on  either  side  of  it  were  the  stables  and 
offices.  When  it  belonged  to  a  farm  it  was 
round  this  courtyard  that  the  stabling,  sheepfolds, 
and  other  outhouses  were  arranged.  (2)  Aula 
regia  was  the  central  part  of  the  scene  in  a  Greek 
or  Roman  theatre. 

Aulaea  orAulaeum,  R.  [aula,  a  hall),  (i)  Hang- 
ings or  tapestry  used  to  decorate  the  dining-room 
or  iricliitiiiiJi,  or  generally,  any  piece  of  tapestry 
used  as  a  curtain,  whether  to  cover  a  doorway, 
act  as  a  screen,  or  hide  the  stage  in  a  theatre. 
(2)  The  covering  of  a  sofa  or  dining-couch,  also 
called,  from  the  way  in  which  it  hung  all  round 
it,  pcristroDia  {iT(piiTTpcofj.a).  Aulaa  is  almost 
synonymous  with  Vkli^M  (q  v.). 

Aulmoniere.  The  Norman  name  for  the  pouch, 
bag,  or  purse  appended  to  the  girdle  of  noble 
persons,  and  derived  from  the  same  root  as 
"alms  "and  "almoner."  It  was  more  or  less 
ornamented  and  hung  from  long  laces  of  silk  or 
gold;  it  was  sometimes  called  Alner.  (i'ig.  52.) 
(See  Allouyere.) 

I  will  give  thee  an  alncr 
Made  of  silk  and  gold  clear. 

{Lay  pjfSir  Laun/al.') 

Aulos,  Gr.  The  Greeks  gave  this  name  to  all 
wind  instruments  of  the  Jlute,  or  ol'oe,  kind ;  it 
was   not  blown  at  the  side  like  a  flute,  but  by  a 


Auimoiiiere. 


vibrating  reed  in  the  mouthpiece,  like  a  clarionet. 
The  single  tlute  was  called  iiioiinulos,  and  the 
double  ()iiC(//(7«/(jj, 
Aumbrie,  Au- 
mery,  Almery, 
<-).  K.  A  cup- 
board or  closet. 

Aumery  of 
Here,  U.  j;.  .V 
cuj)board  with 
hair-cloth  sides 
for  ventilation.  A 
nicat-safe. 

Aureola,  Chr. 
{aiiniiii,  gold). 
A  quadrangular, 
circular,  or  elliptic 
halo  surrounciing 
the  bodies  of  Christ,  the  Virgin,  or  certain  saints. 
Another  name  for  this  ornament  is  the  mystical 
a/w(W(/ or  Vesica  I'lscis  ((pv.).  When  it  en- 
velopes the  head  only  it  is  called  the  iS'iMBUs. 
Aureole.  (See  Aureola.) 
Aureus,  R.  (sc.  nummus,  golden).  The 
unit  of  value  for  gold  currency  under  the  Roman 
emperors,  worth  about  a  guinea. 

Auripetrum.  A  cheap  imitation  of  gold  leaf; 
made  of  tiiiluil  coloured  with  saffron. 

Auspicium,  R.  {aves  as/iaV).  Divination 
from  observation  of  the  Hight  of  birds.  {Auspi- 
ciiim  ex  avibiis,  sigiia  ex  avibiis.)  There  was 
also  the  auspicium  cceleste  or  signa  ex  calo,  of 
which  the  most  important  wasa  tiasli  of  lightning 
from  a  clear  sky.  Besides  these  there  were  the 
auspicia  pullai  ia,  or  auspices  taken  from  the 
sacred  chickens  ;  the  auspicia  pcdestria,  cailuca, 
&c.     (See  AUGL'RAi.E.) 

Authepsa,  Gr.  and  R.  {aleii\i-t)%).  Literally 
a  self-boiler ;  it  was  a  sort  of  kettle  or  caulilron, 
which  was  exposed  to  the  rays  ot  the  sun,  to 
heat  the  water  within  it  ;  whether,  however,  the 
ancients  had  attained  the  art  of  raising  water 
to  boiling  heat,  in  this  manner,  it  is  impossible 
to  say.  The  apparatus  is  mentioned  by  Cicero 
and  Lampridius,  but  neither  of  them  gives  any 
description  of  it. 

AveJiane.  A  variety  of  the  heraldic  cross. 
(See  Crosses.) 

Avena,  R.  (oats).  A  I'andivan  pipe,  made  of 
the  stalk  of  the  wild  oat. 

Aventail,  Fr.  {aiaul  tailte).  The  movable 
front  of  a  helmet. 

Aventurine.  A  kind  of  brown  glass,  mixed 
with  bright  copper  hlings,  formerly  made  at 
Venice. 

Averta,  R.  \  trunk,  bag,  or  portmanteau, 
carried  on  the  crupper  by  travellers  who  rode  on 
horseback. 

Aviaiium,  R.  {avis,  a  bird),  (i)  A  poultry- 
yard.  (2)  An  aviary  in  which  birds— and  moic 
particularly  those  of  rare  breeds — were  kept. 


30 


WORDS   USED   IN 


Axis,  R.  (i)  The  axle-tree  of  a  carriage. 
(2)  Axis  vcrsatilis  was  a  cylinder  worked  by  a 
orank,  and  used  for  drawing  water  from  a  well 
by  means  of  a  cord  which  rolled  round  it  as  it 
revolved.  (3)  The  upright  pivot  upon  which  a 
door  turned.  It  worked  in  two  sockets,  placed 
respectively  in  the  upper  and  lower  lintels. 

Azarcon.     The  Spanish  name  for  red  lead. 


Azure.  A  blue  colour  known  from  the 
very  earlies:  times.  Azure  stone  was  the  name 
given  to  the  lapis  lazuli.  The  name  is  given  also 
to  Cobalt.  In  heraldry  it  is  the  name  for  the 
blues  in  the  arms  of  persons  whose  rank  is  below 
that  of  a  baron  ;  it  is  represented  in  heraldic 
engraving  by  regular  horizontal  lines. 

Azyme,  Chr.     Unleavened  bread. 


B. 


Baccalarii,  Med.  Lat.  A  contraction  of 
bas-chevaliers  :  poor  knights ;  distinct  from 
knights  bannerets,  who  were  also  termed  rich 
knights. 

Baccelleria,  Med.  Lat.  The  order  of 
bachelors.     Thus  we  read, 

"  La  flor  de  France  et  la  bachelerie." 
Bachelor  or  Bachelier  has  been  derived  from  bas 
echelle,  the  lowest  step  of  the  ladder.     {IMeyrick.) 

Baccha,  Gr.  and  R.  A  Bacchante  ;  a  woman 
who  celebrates  the  mysteries  of  Bacchus,  in  the 
temples  of  the  god,  or  in  the  Bacchic  orgies. 
In  the  numerous  representations  of  Bacchantes 
which  occur  on  monuments  of  ancient  art,  they 
carry  the  thyrsus  in  their  right  hands,  and  wear 
a  wreath  of  ivy  or  vine-leaves  on  their  heads. 
They  appear  also  in  the  disguise  of  Lenoe, 
Thyades,  Naiads,  Nymphs,  (Sic. 

Bacchanalia,  R.  (Greek,  Dionysia).  Festivals 
held  in  honour  of  Dionysus  or  Bacchus. 

Bacchos,  Gr.  and  R.  A  short,  richly-orna- 
mented thyrsus,  carried  by  the  Mysta:,  at  Eleusis, 
on    occasion    of    their    beincr    initiated    in    the 


mentioned  in  a   MS.  of  the   13th  century.     The 
name  of  bag-gamon  is  first  found  in  1646. 

Baculum,  Baculus,  R.  A  general  term  to 
denote  any  kind  of  staff,  except  such  as  form  the 
insignia  of  any  rank  or  office,  or  are  employed 
in  certain  professions. 

Badges.  Small  heraldic 
shields,  worn  by  servants 
and  others,  showing,  in 
embroidered  cloth  or  silver, 
a  figiu'e  or  device  ;  common 
also  "in  the  furniture  of 
houses,  on  robes  of  state,  on 
the  caparisons  of  horses,  on 
seals,  and  in  the  details  of 
Gothic  edifices."  [Lower, 
"  Curiosities  of  Heraldry.^') 
Fig.  54  from  the  cornice  of 
King  Henry's  chantry  in 
Westminster  Abbey  shows 
the  adaptation  of  heraldic  badges  in  architectural 
ornament.  (The  description  is  inserted  under 
Blazox,  q.v. )     The  Badges  worn  by  the  mili- 


Fig.  53.  Planta  ge- 
nista, or  broom. 


Fig.  54.  Badge  of  King  Henry  \'.  in  hib  chantry  in  Westmiiister  Abbey. 


mysteries.  There  was  a  proverb  in  Greece 
which  said:  "  Many  carry  the  Bacchos,  but  few 
are  inspired  by  the  gods." 

Bacillum  (dimin.  of  Baculum,  q.v.).  A 
small  wand,  especially  the  lictor's  wand. 

Backgammon,  originally  called  tab/e  board,  is 


tary  followers  of  the  feudal  leaders  answered  the 
purpose  of  our  modern  uniforms.  Among  re- 
markable badges  are  the  "Bear  and  ragged 
staff"  of  the  Earls  of  Warwdck,  the  red  and 
white  roses  of  Lancaster  and  York,  the  sprig 
of  broom  (Fig.  53)  of  the  Plantagenets. 


ART   AND   ARCII/EOLOGV. 


31 


Badgers.  Biushcs of  badger's  hair,  fur  Mend- 
ing or  softening.     (See  Blfnding.) 

Bagordare,  ^Icd.  It.  A  burlesque  tourna- 
ment in  which  llie  combatants  were  attended  by 
fools  instead  of  heralds  and  esquires. 

Bagpipe.  This  ancient  and  favourite  instru- 
ment of  the  Celtic  races  is  represented  in  an 
O.  K.  MS.  of  the  14th  century.  Several  of  the 
Hebrew  instruments  mentioned  in  the  Bible  and 
in  the  Talmud  were  kinds  of  bagpipes.  So  was 
a  Cireek  instrument  called  "  Alagadis."  In 
Russia  and  Poland,  and  in  the  Ukraine,  it  used 
to  be  made  of  a  whole  goat's  skin,  and  was 
called  "  Kosa,"  a  goat.  It  is  of  high  antiquity 
in  Ireland,  and  a  pig  playing  the  bagpipe  is 
represented  in  an  illuminated  Irish  MS.  of  A.D. 
1300. 

Baijoire.  (i)  A  medal  or  coin  on  the  obverse 
or  reverse  of  which  were  two  faces  in  profile, 
placed  one  over  the  other.  (2)  An  ancient 
silver  coin  of  Genoa,  and  an  ancient  Dutch  gold 
coin.  The  term  is  certainly  derived  from  an  old 
word  Baisoire  [baiser,  to  kiss]. 

Bai-Kriem,' Hindoo.  Literally,  roasted  rice  ; 
a  stone  employed  in  some  of  the  monuments 
of  the  ancient  Cambodia.      (See  BlEN-HoA.) 

Bailey.     (See  Ballium.) 

Bainbergs  (Germ.  Bein-bergeii).  Shin-guards 
or  modern  greaves. 

Baisoire.     (See  Baijoire.) 

Balance  or  Scales.  In  Christian  symbolism 
the  balance  symbolizes  the  Last  Judgment.  The 
Scales  and  Sword  are  also,  generally,  the  attri- 
bute of  personified  Justice. 

Balandrana.  A  laige  cloak,  of  the  12th  and 
13th  centuries. 

Balayn,  O.  E.  Whalebone  for  crests  of 
helmets. 

Baldachin,  It.  A  canopy  of  wood,  stone, 
or  metal  over  seats  and  other  places  of  honour, 
common  also  over  fireplaces  and  beds,  and 
carried  in  coronation  ard  other  processions  over 
the  uKj^t  honoured  persons. 

Baldric,  Baudrier,  or  Baudrick,  O.  E.  A 
girdle  or  sash,  usually  a  belt  of  leather,  and  w-orn 
over  the  shoulder.  They  were  sometimes 
hung  with  bells.     (See  Balteus.  ) 

Balea,  Balia,  Med.  Lat.  (from  fidKAu,  to 
throw),  (i)  A  sling.  (2)  A  ballisla.  From 
their  skill  in  the  use  of  slings,  the  inhabitants  of 
Majorca,  Minorca,  and  Ivica  had  the  appella- 
tion Baleares. 

Bales,  O.  E.  (Lat.  bakuciis  ;  Fr.  balais).  An 
inferior  kind  of  ruby. 

Baleyn.    (See  Balayn.) 

Balista.     (See  Ballista.) 

Balistaapectore,  Med.  Lat.  A  hand  cross-bow. 

Balistrariae,  Med.  Lat.,  Arch.  Cruciform 
openings  in  the  wall  of  a  fortress  to  shoot 
quarrels  through  from  cross-bows. 

Balletys  or   Tuptai,   Gr.     A   ceremony  con- 


sisting in    a    mock  combat  with  stones,  whicii 
look  place  .at  the  Eleusinian  festival. 

Ball-flower.  An  ornament  characteristic  of 
the  Decorated  style 
of  the  14th  century. 
It  represents  the 
"knop"  of  a  flower. 
Ball-Jlinvers  may  l)e 
seen  in  the  Cathedrals 
of  Bristol,  Clloucester, 
and  Herefortl. 

Ballista  or  Balista, 
Gr.  and  R.  {0d\\w, 
to  throw).  A  military 
engine  for  hurling 
large   missiles.     It 


Fig.  55.  Ball-flower. 


was  constructed  of  wood,  and  consisted  of  two 
uprights  connected  horizontally  by  a  double 
cross-beam.  Strands  of  twisted  fibre  formed 
the  motive  power  of  the  engine,  which  was 
fitted  with  an  iron  groove.  The  cord  was 
drawn  back  by  men,  with  the  aid  of  a  drum  or 
pulleys.  The  ancient  balista  w-as  used  to  shoot 
sto?ics ;  the  catapult  to  project  heavy  darts. 
Some  balistas  threw  stones  weighing  three 
cwt.  The  media;val  balistre  threw  quarrels  or 
stones. 

Ballistarium  or  Balistarium,  Gr.  and  R.  A 
shed  or  magazine  in  which  ballistic  were  kept. 

Ballium,  Med.  Lat.  (i)  (from  Ital.  battaglia) 
The  Baihy  or  courtyard  of  a  castle.  (2)  The 
bulwark  which  contained  such  a  Bailey. 

Balneae  or  Balineae.     (Sec  Balnel.m.) 

Balnearia,  R.  A  general  term  for  all  the 
utensils  usL-d  in  a  bath,  such  as  strigils,  tin^ueii' 
taria,  gnt/u,  oils,  jicrfunies,  essences,  <S;c. 

Balneum,  Balneae,  Thermae,  Gr.  and  R. 
Bahienin  meant  originally  a  tub  or  other  vessel 
to  bathe  in  ;  next,  the  room  in  which  it  was 
placed  ;  when  there  were  many  such  rooms  the 
plural  balnea  was  used.  Balneic  were  the 
public  baths,  under  the  Republic,  when  they 
consisted  of  ordinary  baths  of  hot  and  cold 
water.  Tlienna:  were  the  magnificent  and 
luxurious  buildings  adapted  for  the  hot  air 
system.  They  contained  (l)  the  Apodyteriuiit^ 
or  dressing-room ;  (2)  the  Frigidariuiii,  where 
the  cold  bath  was  taken  ;  (3)  the  'J epiJariuin, 
a  bath  of  warm  air  ;  (4)  the  CaUiarium,  with  a 
vapour  bath  at  one  end,  a  warm  water  bath  at 
the  other,  and  a  Sudatorium,  or  sweating  bath 
in  the  middle.  The  pavement,  called  sus/>eiisnra, 
was  over  a  furnace,  hypoeausliim.  The  bathers 
were  currycombed  with  strigils,  v/hich  the 
Greeks  called  stleiigis  or  xystra ;  ami  they 
dropi^ed  oil  over  their  bodies  from  narrow- 
necked  vessels  called  gitttiis  or  ainptilLc.  The 
Thernuc  containe(Lu-(v/;u%  or  open-air  chambers, 
where  philosophers  lectured,  and  libraries,  and 
had  gardens,  and  shady  walks,  and  fountains, 
with  statuary  attached   to  them.      The  ruins  of 


32 


WORDS    USED   IN 


Fig.  56   Balnea.     The  Caldarium. 


the  Thermce  built  by  Titus,  Caracalla,  and 
Domilian  remain  visible  (I'ig-  S^)- 

Balon,  Balein,  Balayn,  O.  E.     \VhaIebone. 

Balsam  of  Ccpaiba.  An  oleo-resin,  used  as 
a  2'ariiis/i,  and  as  a  vehicle,  for  oil-painting. 

Balteolus.    Dimin.  of  Baltecs  (q.v.  )• 

Balteus  or  Balteum  (a  belt),  R.  (i)  A  bal- 
dric or  -wide  belt  which  passed  over  one  shoulder 
and  beneath  the  other,  for  the  purpose  of  sus- 
pending a  sword,  buckler,  or  any  other  arm. 
(2)  The  ornament  on  the  baldric  on  which  was 
marked  the  number  of  the  legion  to  which  a 
soldier  belonged.  (3)  A  richly  ornamented 
band  of  leather  placed  round  a  horse's  breast. 


iMimiWiiHi'  n  rtwyiiiijiiiiiiincftwn  lifeiiwui 


fig.  57-  Balustrade. 


below  the  Momi.e,  or  throat-band  (q.v.).  (4) 
The  broad  belt  in  the  sphere,  which  contains 
the  signs  of  the  Zodiac.  (5)  The  bands  sur- 
rounding the  volutes  of  an  Ionic  capital.  (6) 
The  piurcincljone';,  or  small  walls,  or  parapets, 
separating  the  different  tiers  in  a  theatre  or 
amphitheatre.      (Generally  a  belt.) 

Baltheus,  Med.  Lat.  for  Balteus. 

Baluster.  A  small  pillar,  swelling  in  the 
centre  or  towards  the  base. 

Balustrade,  Arch.  An  enclosure  or  parapet 
composed  of  ballisters  (q.v.),  and  by  analogy,  an 
enclosure  consisting  of  any  other  ornament,  such 
as  trefoils,  carved  work,  &c.  Eig.  57  represents 
a  balustrade  of  the  pointed  Gothic  style. 

Bambino,  It.  A  babe.  Image  of  the  infant 
Christ. 

Bambocciata,  It.  The  style  of  genre  paint- 
ing of  Teniers,  Van  Ostade,  Wilkie,  and  others. 
It  was  introduced  into  Rome  in  1626  by  Peter 
\'an  Laar,  who  was  called,  from  an  unfortunate  de- 
formity that  he  had,  II  Bamboccio,  or  the  Cripple. 

Eanded,  Her.     Encircled  with  a  band. 

Banderolle.  (i)  A  small  flag,  about  a  yard 
square,  upon  which  arms  were  emblazoned, 
displayed  at  important  funerals.  (2)  In  archi- 
tecture of  the  Renaissance,  a  flat  scroll, 
inscribed. 


ART    AND   ARCII.KOLOGV. 


33 


Bands.     C^iit^inally    the    name   given  to    the 
collavs  which  (in  the  17th  century)  replaced  the 
ru(Y  of  Ehzabeth's 
reign.        At    first 
they    were    made 
of    stitclied    Hnen 
or  cambric  edged 
with  lace,  stiffen- 
ed so  as  to  stand 
up  round  the  neck. 
Contem  porary 
with  these  were  the 
faUing  bands.  The 
engraving  (by  Hol- 
lar, 1 640)  shows  a 
merchant's       wife 
with  collar  or  fall- 
ing baud  of  cambric 
edged    with    lace. 
The    term    band- 
box has  descended 
to  us  from   those 
days,  when  similar 
boxes  were  made 
expressly  for  keep- 
ing bands  and  ruffs 
in.     (Fig.  58.) 

Bands,  Arch., 
are  either  small 
strings  round 
shafts,  or  a  hori- 
zontal line  of 
square,  round,  or 
other  panels 
spires,    and    other 


Fig.  5S.   Falling  Band. 


which  should  properly  be  styled  the  Royal  /inn- 
tier.  (See  Stan'UARI).)  Tlie  Union  Jack  is  also 
a  banner,  in  which  the  blazonry  of  the  two 
nations  of  England  and  Scotland  are  combined, 
not  by  "  tiuartering,"  but  by  an  earlier  process 
of  "blending"  the  cross  and  the  saltire  in  a 
single  composition.  Tiie  profusion  of  banners 
at  tournamenls,  in  feudal  times,  when  each 
noble  planted  his  own  in  the  lists,  was  an  cle- 
ment of  picturesc|ue  effect.  The  term  applies 
to  all  kinds  of  Hags,  or  colours,  i)roper  lo 
individuals,  or  corporations,  iVc,  who  display 
them.  It  does  not  apjiear  that  /«////(;;j  banners 
were  used  by  the  ancients.  The  banners  used 
in  Roman  Catholic  countries  bear  the  repre- 
sentation of  i^atron  saints,  or  symbols  of  religious 
mysteries. 

Banner-cloth,  Chr.     A  processional  flag. 

Banneret.     A    knight    entitled   to  display  a 
banner. 

Baphium,  Gr.  and  R.   ()3airT&>,  to  dye).     A 
dyer's  workshop. 


used    to    ornament   towers, 

works.     (See  Balteus.) 

Bandum,    Banderia,    Med.    Lat.      A    small 

banner.     The  French  poets  called  it  "  l^a?t,"  a 

word    probably   of    CeUic     origin,     signifying 

"exalted."     {Meyrick.') 

Bankard,    O.  E.  (Fr.   banqitier).     A    carpet 

or  cloth  covering  for  a  table,  form,  or  bench. 

Banner.  In 
heraldry,  a 
square,  or  nar- 
row oblong 
flag,  larger 
than  the  pen- 
n  o  n  (q.v.), 
charged  with 
the  coat  of 
arms  of  the 
owner  display- 
ed over  its  en- 
tire surface, 
precisely  as  it 
is  blazoned  on 
a  shield,  as  in 
the  illustration 
of  the  Royal 
S  t  a  n  d  a  r  d. 


Fig.  60.  Baptistery  of  St.  Jean,  Poitiers. 

Baptisterium,  R.  (from  fidirrw,  to  dip).     A 

kind  of  cokl  plunging-bath,    constructed  in  the 
FRUiiDAKiUM  (q.v.),  or  the   room   itself.     In 


The  Royal  Stanoard, 
or  Banner. 


Fig.  61.   Baptistery  of  St.  Constance,  K..ine. 

Christian  archcx:ology,  /'aftis/.-r)'  was  the  name 
civen  to  a  buildmg  a.ljoining  a  basilica,  or 
situated  near  it.  in  wiiich  baptism  was  adminis- 


34 


WORDS    USED   IN 


tered.  Such  is  the  baptistery  of  St.  John 
Lateran  at  Rome.  One  of  the  most  ancient 
baptisteries  in  France  is   that  of  St.  Jean,   at 


Fig.  62.  Interior  of  the  B.iptistery  of  St.  Constance. 

Poitiers,  represented  in  Fig.  60.  It  dates  from 
the  fourth  century  ;  that  of  St.  Constance,  at 
Rome  (Figs.  61,  62),  belongs  to  the  same 
period. 

Bar,  Her.     A  liorizontal  line  across  a  shield. 

Barathron  or  Orugma,  Gr.  {0dpaOpou).  A 
deep  cleft  behind  the  Acropolis  at  Athens,  into 
which  criminals  were  thrown,  either  under  sen- 
tence of  death  by  this  means,  or  after  they  had 
been  put  to  death  by  hemlock  or  other  poisons. 
It  was  situated  near  the  temple  of  Diana  Aris- 
tobule. 

Barba,  Gen.  The  beard,  whence  the  attribu- 
tive baj-batiis,  frequently  employed  to  denote  one 
who  wears  a  beard.  Thus  be7ie  harbatns,  a  man 
with  a  well-trimmed  beard  ;  barbatulits,  a  young 
man  whose  youthful  beard  had  never  been 
touched  with  the  razor.  Among  many  nations 
of  antiquity  the  custom  prevailed  of  curling  the 
beard  artificially,  so  as  to  obtain  long  curls  or 
ringlets,  cincinni.  (See  CiNClNNUS.)  The  As- 
syrians, Egyptians,  Jews,  Persians,  Greeks,  and 
Romans  may  be  particularly  enumerated.  Shav- 
ing the  beard  was  introduced  into  Rome  about 
u.C.  300,  and  became  the  regular  practice.  In 
the  later  times  of  the  republic  many  persons 
began  to  wear  it  trimmed,  and  the  terms  bene 
barbati  and  barbatidi  were  applied  to  them. 
Under  Hadrian  the  practice  of  wearing  beards 
was  revived,  and  the  emperors  until  Constantine 
wore  them.  The  Romans  let  the  beard  grow  as 
a  sign  of  mourning  ;  the  Greeks  shaved.  The 
beard  is  an  attribute  of  the  prophets,  apostles, 
and  evangelists  (excepting  St.  John)  ;  and,  in 
ancient  art,  of  Jupiter,  Serapis,  Neptune,  &c. 
Neptune  has  a  straight  beard  ;  Jupiter  a  curly 
silky  one.  The  early  Britons  shaved  generally, 
but  always  had  long  moustachios.  The  Anglo- 
.Saxon  beard  was  neatly  trimmed  or  parted  into 
double  locks.     The  Normans  originally  shaved 


clean,  but  when  settled  in  England  let  all  their 
beard  grow.  Close  shaving  prevailed  among 
the  young  men  in  England  in  the  14th  century  ; 
older  men  wore  a  forked  beard.  After  sundry 
changes,  clean  shaving  obtained  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  VI.,  and  the  lieard  was  rarely  cultivated 
from  then  until  the  middle  of  the  l6th  century. 
The  most  extragavant  fashions  arose  in  Eliza- 
beth's reign,  and  were  succeeded  by  variations 
too  numerous  to  detail. 

Barbatina,  It.  A  preparation  of  clay  mixed 
with  the  shavings  of  woollen  cloth,  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  pottery  to  attach  the  handles  and 
other  moulded  ornaments.      {Fortniim.) 

Barbed,  Her.     Pointed,  as  an  arrow. 

^  ___,__,  ^  Barbican, 


Mod.  (I) 
long  narrow 
opening  made 
in  a  wall,  es- 
pecially in  a 
f  oun  da  tio  n 
wall,  to  let  the 
water  flow 
away.  (2)  The 
tenn  also  de- 
notes an  out- 
work placed 
in  front  of  a 
fortified  castle 
or  any  other 
In  the  latter  acceptation  the 
The 


Barbican. 


military  post 

term  Antemural  (q.v. )  is  also  used 
illustration  is  taken  from  the  arms  of  Antoine  de 
Burgundy.  In  this  instance  the  barbican  is  a 
small  double  tower,  or  out-post  watch-house,  and 
the  shutter-like  pent-house  protection  of  the  un- 
glazed  window  openings  bears  a  striking  resem- 
blance to  a  modern  sun-blind. 

Barbitos,  Gr.  and  R.  (BdpfiiTos).  A  stringed 
instrument  ^\'hich  dates  from  a  very  high  anti- 
quity;  it  was  much  larger  than  the  Cithara 
(q.v.).  To  strike  the  long  thick  strings  of  the 
barbitos,  a  Plectrum  (q.v.)  was  used  instead 
of  the  fingers.  The  invention  of  this  mstrument 
is  attributed  to  Terpander  ;  Horace,  on  the  con- 
trary, says  it  was  invented  by  Alcteus,  and 
Athenccus  by  Anacreon.  It  was  a  kind  of  lyre 
with  a  large  body. 

Barbotine,  Fr.  A  primitive  method  of  de- 
corating coarse  pottery  with  clays  laid  on  it  in 
relief.     {Jacquetnart.') 

Barca.  A  boat  for  pleasure,  or  for  transport. 
It  was  also  a  long-boat.     (See  Bari.) 

Barde,  Barred,  Her.     In  horizontal  stripes. 

Barded,  Her.     Having  horse-trappings,  or — 

Bardings,  which  were  often  enriched  with  ar- 
morial blazonry. 

BardocucuUus,  R.  and  Gaul,  (bardus  and  cu- 
ciiHiis,  i.e.  monk's-hood).  A  garment  with 
sleeves  and   hood  worn  by  the  poorer  classes 


ART   AND   ARCII/EOLOGY, 


among  the  r,aul>.     It  l)i)ic  some  resemblance  to 
tlie  Roman  I'.km'I.a  ('i-v.). 

Barge-board,  or  Verge-board,  is  the  external 
gable-board  of  a  house  ;  which  is  often  chxbo- 
rately  ornamented  with  carvings. 

Bari  or  Baris,  Gr.  ami  Egyp.  (Bupis).  A 
shallow  Eg)'ptian  boat,  used  on  the  Nile  to 
transport  merchandise,  antl  in  funeral  processions. 
The  Egyptian  sacred  barks,  with  which  they 
formed  processions  on  the  Nile,  were  made  of 
costly  woods,  and  ornamented  with  plates  of 
gold  or  silver,  and  carried  a  miniature  temple 
(/tnos),  which  contained  the  image  of  a  divi- 
nity. The  prow  and  the  poop  \\-ere  orna- 
mented with  religious  symbols  of  the  riciiest 
workmanship. 

Barnacles  or  Breys.  An 
instrument  used  in  breaking 
horses. 

Baron,  in  heraldic  language, 
signifies  a  husband.  The  rank  of 
Baron  in  the  peerage  corresponds 
with  that  of  the  Saxon  Thane  ; 
it  is  the  lowest. 
An    hereditary  rank   instituted    by 


35 


Fig.  64.  Barna 
cles  or  Breys. 


Barry,  Her. 


Baronet. 

James  I.  in  161 2. 

Baron's  Coronet,  first  granted  by  Charles  II., 
has,  on  a  golden  circlet,  si.v  large  pearls ;  of 
^\hich  four  are  shown  in  representations. 

Baroque.  In  bad  taste,  florid  and  incon- 
gruous ornamentation.     The  same  as  rococo. 

Barrulet,  Her.  The  diminutive  of  a  Bar 
(q.v.). 

Divided  into  an  even  number 
of  bars,  which  all  lie  in  the 
same  plane. 

Barry-Bendy,  Her.  Having 
the  field  divided  by  lines  drawn 
bar-ivisc,  which  are  crossed  by 
others  drawn  bend-wise. 

Bartizan,  "Watch  -  turret. 
Arch.  A  small  watch-tower 
made  to  project  from  the  top 
of  a  tower  or  a  curtain-wall, 
generally  at  the  angles.  City-gates  were  in 
some  instances  furnished  with  bartizans.  Origi- 
nally they  w-ere  of  wood,  but  from  the  nth 
century  they  were  made  of  masonry,  and  so 
formed  part  of  the  structure  on  which  they 
rested  ;  they  were,  in  fact,  turrets.  (Fig.  67.) 
(Compare  Barbican.) 

Bar-wise,  Her.  Disposed  after  the  manner 
of  a  Bar  (q.v.). 

Baryies.  A  heavy  spar,  or  sulphate,  the  white 
varieties  of  which  are  ground  and  made  into 
paint  (constant  or  Hiimis  white).  Mixed  with 
an  equal  c|uantity  of  tvhite  lead,  it  produces 
Venice  -white,  and  with  half  as  much  "■  Ham- 
l>in-q,"  or  with  one-third  ^^  Dutch"  white. 

Basalt  is  a  very  hard  stone,  much  like  lava  in 
appearance,  and  black  or  green  in  colour,  used 


66.    Barry   of 
si.\. 


for    statuary.      The     princijial    specimens    are 
Egyptian  and  Grecian. 


Fig.  67.  Bartizan. 

Basanos,  Gr.  (i)  (Lat.  lapis  Lydius)  The  touch- 
stone ;    a  dark-coloured    stone   on   which   gold 
leaves  a  peculiar  mark.     Hence  (2)  trial  by  tor- 
ture.    (3)  A  military  engine, 
j  ]        the    form    of  which    is    not 

~        exactly  known. 

Bascauda,  R.     A  basket, 

introduced  from  Britain  as  a 

table   utensil,   considered    as 

an  object  of  luxury.     It  was 

the  old  Welsh   "basgawd," 

and  served  to  hold  bread  or 

fruits. 

Bascinet.     A  light  helmet,  round  or  conical, 

with  a  pointed  apex,   and  fitting   close    to  the 

head,  mentioned  in  the  13th  century. 

Bascule,  U.  E.  ( i )  The  countcrjwise  to  a  draw- 
bridge. (2)  A  kind  of  trap-door.  (A  badge  of 
the  Herbert  family.) 

Base,  Arch.  The  lower  part  of  a  pillar,  wall, 
&c.  ;  the  division  of  a  column  on  which  the 
shaft  is  placed.  The  Grecian  Doric  order  has  no 
base. 


.  Bar- wise. 


36 


WORDS    USED   IN 


Base.  Her.     The  lowest  extremity. 
Baselard,   Fr.     An  ornamental  short  dagger, 
worn  at  the  girdle  ;   15th  century.     With  such  a 


Fig   69    Ionic  Base 


weapon  the  Lord  Mayor  of  London  "transfixit 
Jack  Straw  in  gutture."  The  weapon  is  pre- 
served by  the  Fishmongers'  Company. 

Bases.  A  kind  of  embroidered  mantle,  which 
hung  down  from  the  middle  to  about  the  knees, 
or  lower;  worn  by  knights  on  horseback. 
[Nans  ) 

Basileia,  Gr.  {^aaiXna).  A  festival  in- 
stituted m  honour  of  Jupiter  Basilais.  It  was 
m  commemoration  of  the  victory  which  the 
Boeotians  had  won  at  Leuctra,  and  in  which 
suci_e=s  had  been  promised  them  by  the  oracle  of 
Itophonius. 


Fig.  70.  Basilica  at  Pompeii  (restored). 


ART    AND    ARC  l^•^;()I,(»(;v 


37 


^  •  •  •  iffai 


Sl|n|(S 


i     m 

El 

in        E 

0      s 

i2)           C 

3       g 

a      i 

!       S 

S        f 

!       ii 

a      ! 

I          l!) 

« 

a 

®      [ 

1 

►=*se 

^s= 

^«is 

=lftkj»=* 

E 

;i 

■*□  -•□  - 

=^ 

-^ 

'u a 

Basilica  (sc.  aula"),  Gr.  and  R.  (i8u(ri,\j(ci;,  sc. 
(TToa,  i.  e.  royal  hall).  This  term  owes  its  ori- 
,L;inal  meaning  to  the  fact 
that  in  Macedonia  the 
kings,  and  in  dreece  the 
archon  l>asileus dispensed 
justice  in  buildings  of  this 
description.  The  J\o- 
mans,  who  adopted  the 
basilica  from  the  above- 
named  countries,  used  it 
as  a  court  of  justice,  but 
liesides  this  it  became  a 
branch  of  the  forum,  and 
even  when  it  did  not  form 
a  part  of  the  latter  was 
constructed  near  it,  as 
was  the  case  at  Pompeii. 
Fig.  71  represents  the 
ground-plan  of  this  basi- 
lica, and  Fig.  70  a  view 
of  the  same  building 
restored.  The  ground- 
plan  of  the  basilica  is 
rectangular,  the  width 
not  more  than   half  nor 

r-  r-        J    1       r      less  than    a  third  of  the 

fig.  71.  Ground-plan  of  a    ,         .,         x..  i-    -i     1 

Basilica.  length.     It   was  divided 

by  two  single  rows  of 
cohimns  into  three  naves,  or  aisles,  and  the 
tribunal  of  the  judge  was  at  one  end  of  the 
centre  aisle.  In  the  centre  of  the  tribunal 
was  the  ciinile  chair  of  the  prretor,  and  seats 
for  the  judices  and  advocates.  Over  each  of 
the  side  aisles  there  was  a  gallery,  from  which 
shorter  columns  supported  the  roofs  ;  these  were 
connected  by  a  parapet  wall  or  balustrade.  The 
central  nave  was  open  to  the  air.  Under  Con- 
stantine  the  basilica;  were  adopted  for  Christian 
churches.  The  early  Norman  churches  were  built 
upon  the  same  plan,  and  the  circular  apsis, 
where  the  judges  originally  sat,  used  for  the 
central  altar,  was  the  origin  of  theapsidal  termi- 
nation of  the  Gothic  cathedrals.  The  first  basi- 
lica was  built  at  Rome,  li.c.  182.  In  the  Middle 
Ages  structures  resembling  small  churches  erected 
over  tombs  were  called  Basilica. 
Basilidian  Gems.     (See  Ahka.xas.) 

Basilinda,  Gr.  and  R. 
(Sa(7iAiV5a).  Literally,  the 
game  of  the  king  ;  it  was 
often  played  by  Greek  and 
Roman  children.  The  king 
was  appointed  by  lot,  the 
rest  being  his  subjects,  and 
bound  to  obey  him,  during 
the  game.   ■ 

Basilisk.     A  fabulous  ani- 
mal,   having  the   body   of  a 
cock,    beak    and    claws    of 
B.isih^k.     brass,   and    a   triple   serpent 


tail.  The  cml)kin  of  the  .Spirit  of  Kvil.  In 
heraldry,  a  cockatrice  having  its  tail  ending  in  a 
dragon's  hcacK 

Basilium,  Gr.  (/Saff/Anoi/).  A  royal  diadem, 
of  a  very  tall  form,  of  Kgyplian  origin.  Isis- 
Fortuna  is  often  represented  wearing  the  basi- 
Hunt  (in  her  liead. 

Basinet.  (See  Hascinkt.) 
Basons  i^^x  ecclesiastical  ceremonies,  for  col- 
lectingalmsorfor  holding  the  sacramental  vessels, 
were  a  favourite  subject  for  the  goldsmith's  art. 
Some  beautifully  enamelled  basons  of  the  Ijlh 
century  represent  subjects  of  hawking  and  hunt- 
ing, &c. 

Bas-relief,  Basso-relievo,  sculptured  figures 
projecting  less  tlrin  half  of  their  true  |)ropor- 
tions  ;  Mezzo-relievo  projecting  exactly  half ; 
Alto-relievo  more  than  half,  from  the  ground 
upon  which  they  are  carved. 

Bassara  or  Bassaris,  Gr.  (a  fox,  or  fox-skin). 
A  long  tunic  of  Lydian  origin  worn  by  the 
Manads  of  Lydia  and  Thrace,  who  were  often 
called,  from  this  circumstance,  Bassanc  and 
Bassaridts. 

Basterna,  R.  A  closed  litter  appropriated 
especially  to  the  use  of  ladies,  as  the  Aiitholog-.a 
Latina  says:  "The  gilded  basterna  conceals 
the  chaste  matrons."  It  was  carried  by  two 
mules  harnessed  in  shafts,  one  in  front  and  one 
behind;  the  Lectica  (q.v.),  on  the  contrary,  wa.s 
carried  by  men.  During  the  Middle  Ages  the 
same  form  of  litter  was  a  common  means  of 
conveyance  in  England. 

Bastile,  Arch.  An 
outwork  placed  so  as 
to  defend  the  approach 
to  a  castle  or  fortified 
place.  A  famous  Bas- 
tile which  had  been 
converted  into  a  state 
prison  was  that  of 
Paris,  destroyed  in 
1789.  Fig.  73  shows  the  ground-plan  of  it. 
The  diminutive  of  this  term  is  Bastillon,  which 
has  been  changed  into  Bastion. 

Bastion,  Mod.  A  projecting  polygonal  but- 
tress on  a  fortification.  The  anterior  portions 
of  a  bastion  are  the  faces  ;  the  lateral  portions, 
the Jfa/ih- ;  the  space  comprised  between  the  two 
flanks,  the  ,^vr,;r;  and  the  part  of  the  fortifica- 
tion connecting  two  bastions  together,  the  citr- 
taiii. 

Bastisonus,  Med.  I.at.  A  bastion  or  bul- 
wark. 

Batagion  ..r  Batagium.  (Sec  Patagium.) 
Bath,  Order  of  the.  numbers  9S5  members, 
including  the  Sovereign;  viz.  First  Class: 
Knights  Grand  Cross— G.C.H. — 50  Naval  and 
Military  and  25  Civil  Knights.  Sfcomi  Class: 
Knights  Commanders— k.C.B.  —  I20  Naval 
and    -Military    and    50    Civil.        T/iinl    Class: 


Fig.  73.  Ground-plan 
of  the  Bastile. 


38 


WORDS   USED   IN   ART   AND   ARCHEOLOGY. 


Companions — C.B. — 525    Naval   and     Military 
and  200  Civil. 


Battlement,  Embattailment,  Bateling,  O.  E. 
(Fr.  Craicaii,  Mcrlet,  Bretcsse).  A  pai'apet  in 
fortifications,     consisting    ot  a    series    of    rising 


Fig.  74.   Naval  and  Military  Badge  of  the  "  Bath." 

Batiaca  or  Batioca,  Gr. 

and  R.  A  vase  of  a  very 
costly  description,  used  as  a 
drinking-vessel. 

Batiere,  Fr.,  Arch.  (See 
Saddle-roof.)  A  roof  is 
said  to  be  "  d'«  batiere'^ 
when  it  is  in  the  form  of  a 
pack-saddle  ;  that  is,  when 
it  has  only  two  slopes  or 
eaves,  the  two  other  sides 
l)eing  gables. 

Batillum  or  Vatillum,R. 
(i)  A  hand-shovel  used  for 
burning  scented  herbs  to 
fumigate.  (2)  Any  kind  of 
small  shovel. 

Baton.  In  heraldry,  a 
diminutive  of  the  BEND  SINISTER  couped  at  its 
extremities. 

Baton.  The  military  baton,  or  staff,  was  of 
Greek  origin.     (See  Scytale.) 

Batter,  Arch.  Said  of  walls  that  slope  in- 
wards from  the  base.  Walls  of  wharfs  and  of 
fortifications  generally  batter. 

Battle-axe  is  one  of  the  most  ancient  of 
weapons.  T\\^ pole-axe  is  distinguished  by  a  spike 
on  the  back  of  the  axe.     (See  Bipennis.) 

"LTLnJlTLrL 

Fig.  76.  Embattled 

Battled,  Embattled,  Her.  Having  battle- 
ments. 


Fig.  75.  Civil  Ba  dg 
of  the  "  Bath." 


Fig.  77.  Battlement 

parts,  called  Merlons  or  Cops,  separated  by 
spaces  called  Crenels,  Embrasures,  or 
Loops. 

Batuz.  Norman  French  for  battns,  beaten 
with  hammered  up  gold  ;  said  of  silken  stuffs 
so  adorned. 

Baucalia  or  Baucalis,  Gr.  and  R.  (^avKaKiov, 
fiavKaXis).  A  drinking-vessel,  which  varied  in 
shape  and  material. 

Baucens,  Bauceant,  Med.  A  black  and  white 
banner  used  in  the  13th  century.     (A/ejn'ek.) 

Baudekyn,  O.  E.  A  fabric  of  silk  and  gold 
thread. 

Baudekyn  (Lat.  Baldakhnts).  Cloth  of  gold, 
brocade  :   "  pannus  omnium  ditissimus. " 

Baudrick  or  Bald  rock,  O.  E.,  of  a  church  bell. 
The  St  rap  by  wliich  the  clapper  is  hung  in  the 
crown  of  the  bell. 

Baukides,  Gr.  (/Sai^/ciSes).  A  kind  of  shoe 
worn  by  women  ;  it  was  of  a  saffron  colour. 
This  elegantly-shaped  shoe  was  highly  esteemed 
by  courtezans,  who  often  placed  cork  soles 
inside  their  baukides,  to  make  themselves  appear 
taller. 

Baxaor  Baxea,  Gr.  Sandals  made  of  textile 
plants,  such  as  the  palm,  rush,  willow,  papyrus, 
and  a  kind  of  alfa.  They  were  worn  by  comic 
actors  on  the  stage. 

Bay,  Arch.^Fr.  Travec).  A  principal  com- 
partment or  division  in  a  structure,  marked  off 
l^y  buttresses  or  pilasters  on  the  walls,  or  by  the 
disposition  of  the  vaulting,  the  main  arches,  &c. 
The  French  word  bale  means  an  opening  made 
in  a  wall  for  a  door  or  window. 

Bayeux  Tapestry.  A  roll  of  unbleached 
linen  worked  in  coloured  worsted  with  illus- 
trations of  the  Norman  Conquest  (about  A.D. 
1068)  ;  preserved  in  the  public  library  at  Bayeux. 
A  full-sized  copy  may  be  seen  in  the  South 
Kensington  Museum. 

Bayle,  Arch.  The  open  space  contained 
between  the  first  and  second  walls  of  a  fortified 
castle.  These  buildings  often  had  two  bayles  ; 
in  this  case,  the  second  was  contained  between 
the  inner  wall  and  the  donjon. 


ART    AND    AKCII.1:()I,(r;V 


39 


Bayonet.  A  weapon,  so  called  after  the  town 
of  Bayonne  in  France,  where  it  was  invented 
about  A.  I).  1650. 

Bay-stall,  Arch.  The  stall  or  seal  in  the 
hay  (of  a  window). 

Beads,  Arcli.  An  architectural  ornament  of 
mouldings  consisting  of  small  round  carved  beads, 
called  also  Astragal.  Another  name  for  this 
ornament  is  Paternosters. 

Beaker  (Fr.  conn-f).  A  trumpet-shaped  vase, 
or  drinking-cup. 


Fig.  70.  MnulJing  wiih  Leak-head.-,  aiKri....th-oniaiiiciit. 

Beak-heads  (Fr.  Ih'cs  cfoiseaK),  Mod.  An 
ornament  peculiar  to  Engli.sh  architecture,  repre- 
senting heads  and  beaks  of  birds.  The  ancient 
Peruvians  used  the  same  ornament  in  their  archi- 
tecture, as  shown  in  Fig.  79,  taken  from  the 
decoration  of  the  monolithic  door  of  Tianuaco. 


Fig.  79.  Peruvian  ornament  (Be.ik-heads). 

Bear.  Dancing  bears  are  represented  in 
Anglo-Sa.xon  MSS. 

Beards.     (See  baroa.) 

Beaver.     The  movable  face-guard  of  a  helmet. 

Beds.  Anglo-Saxon  beds  usually  consisted 
merely  of  a  sack  {sivcciiti^)  filled  with  straw,  and 
laid  on  a  bench  or  board,  which  was  ordinarily 
in  a  recess  at  the  side  of  the  room,  as  we  still  see 
in  Scotland.     The  word  iei/s^cad means  only  "a 


place  for  a  bed."  yrsUr  /Wr,  or  l)eds  with  a 
roof,  wcic  introduced  liy  the  Normans.  Kariy 
in  the  13th  century  beds  were  covered  much  as 
now,  with  'ipiilte,'  counterpane,  bolster, 
sheets,  and  coverlet  ;  and  stood  behind  curtain.s 
which  hung  from  the  ceiling.  In  the  15th  cen- 
tury the  beds  became  much  more  oriianientai, 
having  cano]>y  and  curtains,  and  these,  as  well  as 
the  tc-s/cr  or  back,  decorated  with  heraldic,  reli- 
gious, or  other  devices.  At  the  sides  were 
cosUrs,  or  ornamental  cloths.  Hetween  the 
curtains  and  the  wall  a  space  was  left  called  the 
nicUi\  or  little  street. 

Beech  Black.  A  blue-black  vegetable  pig- 
ment. 

Bees,  in  Christian  art,  are  an  attribute  of  St. 
Ambrose. 

Belfry  (Fr.  Bcffroi).  The  camiianile  or  bell- 
tower  of  a  churcii.  Frecjuently  detached  from 
the  church,  as  at  Chichester  Cathedral.  (See 
Bkll-cahle.) 

Bell.  An  attrilnite  of  .St.  Anthony,  referring 
to  his  power  of  exorcising  evil  spirits.  In 
heraldry,  the  bell  is  drawn  and  blazoned  as  a 
church  bell. 

Bell-cot,  Arch.     A  itiiLL-dAHi.E  (ipv.). 

Belled,  Her. 
Having  bells 
attached,  like 
the  cows  in  the 
device  of  the 
city  of  Beam. 
(Fig.  So.) 

Bell-gable, 
Arcii.  A  tur- 
ret raised  over 
the  west  end  of  small  churches  and  chaiiels  that 
have  no  towers  to  hang  a  bell  in.  This  is  distinct 
from  the  smaller  turret  at  the  east  end  of  the  nave 
for  the  Sanctus  Bell  (q.v.  V 

Bellicrepa,  .Med.  Lat.  A  military  dance,  of 
Italian  origin. 

Bellows  were  called  in  A.S.  kvli;  or  blast' 
Ihd^.  A  MS.  of  the  14th  century  represents  a 
man  blowing  at  a  three-legged  caldron  with  a 
jierfectly  modern-looking  pair  of  bellows.  Bel- 
lows, in  Christian  art,  are  an  attribute  ofSte. 
Genevieve. 

Bell-ring,  Mod.  The  ring  in  the  Crow.n  of 
a  bell  from  which  the  clapper  hangs. 

Bells  on  the  cai>arisons  of  horses  were  com- 
mon in  the  Middle  Ages.  .\  passage  in  the 
romance  of  Richard  Creur  de  Lion  describes  a 
messenger  "with  five  hundred  belles  rygande. " 
Chaucer's  monk  has  also  bells  on  his  horse's 
"  bridel  "  which  "  gyngle  as  lowdc  as  <loih  the 
chapel  belle." 

Belt,  Chr.  A  girdle  used  to  confine  the  alb 
at  the  waist. 

Belt  of  Beads,  Chr.  \  rosary  was  sometimes 
so  called. 


Belled. 


4° 


WORDS    USED   IN 


It.      A    prospect    tower    over 


Belvidere, 
building. 

Bema,  Gr.     (i)  A  stone  platform  or  hustings, 
used  as  a  pulpit  in    early  Christian  churches. 

(2)  The  term  is  synonymous    with    sanctuary. 

(3)  It  also  serves  to  denote  an  ambo  and  a 
bishop's  chair.  (See  Ambo.  )  The  Athenian  be7na 
was  a  stone  platform  from  which  orators  spoke 
at  the  assemblies  {ecclesia)  in  the  Pnyx. 

Bembix,    Gr.   and  R.   (Lat.    Turbo),     (i)   A 
child's  whipping-top.  (2)  The  whorl  of  a  spindle. 
Benches,  for  seats,  are  represented  in  the  14th 
century  formed  by  laying  a  plank  upon  two  trestles. 
Bend,    Her.      One    of 
the  Ordinaries.    It  crosses 
the  field  diagonally,  from 
the  dexter  chief  to  the  si- 
nister base,  as  in  Fig.  81, 
the     arms     of     Richard 
Le  Scrope:  Azure,  abend 


Fig.  81.  Bend. 
Ar77is  cf  Le  Scrope. 


Bendy. 


Bestions,    Arch.      This    term    is    applied   by 
Philibert  Delorme  to  the  fantastic  animals  which 


Bendideia,  Gr.     (Ber- 
8i5eia).     A  festival    held 
in  the  Piraeus  in  honour  of  the  goddess  Bendis 
(the  Thracian  name  of  Artemis  or  Diana). 
Bendlet,  Her.     The  diminutive  of  Bend. 
Bend- wise,  or  In  bend.  Her.     Arranged  in  the 
direction  of  a  bend. 

_  Bendy,    Her.     Parted 

bend-wise  into    an   even 
numl:ier  of  divisions. 

Benna,  Gaul,  and  R. 
This  term,  borrowed 
either  from  the  Welsh  or 
the  Gauls,  denoted  among 
the  Romans  a  four- 
wheeled  cart  or  carriage 
made  of  wicker-work. 
A  benna  may  be  seen  on  the  bas-reliefs  of  the 
column  of  Marcus  Aurelius. 

Bennou,  Egyp.  A  mythical  bird  resembling 
the  phanix,  which  sprang  from  its  own  ashes, 
and  A\-as  made  the  emblem  of  the  resurrection. 
It  symbolized  the  return  of  Osiris  to  the  light, 
and  was  therefore  consecrated  to  that  god. 

Benzoin.  A  gum-resin  used  as  an  ingredient 
in  spirit  vartiishcs. 

Berlin  Porcelain.     The  manufactory  was  first 
founded   in    1 750,  under   Frederick    the   Great. 
Fig.  83  is  a  specimen  of  Beidin  hard  porcelain. 
Beryl.     A  gem  of  an  iridescent  green  colour. 
Bes,   R.    (/;/,   twice,    and   as).     A  fraction   of 
value  equivalent  to  two-thirds  of  an  as. 

Besa,  Gr.  and  R.  A  drinking-vessel,  also 
called  bcssa  and  bcssion.  It  was  wider  at  the 
bottom  than  at  the  top,  and  in  shape  much  re- 
sembled the  BoMEYLOs  (q.v.). 

Bessa  (Fr.   beysse  fa-ree),   Med.     An  instru- 
ment like  a  pickaxe  or   mattock  used   by  the 
pioneers  of  an  army  ;  15th  century.  {Meyrick.) 
Bession.     (See  Besa.) 


Fig.  S3.   Berlin  porcelain  jug. 

occur  in  sculptures  of  the  decorative  or  florid 
period  of  architecture. 

Beten,  O.  E.  Embroidered  with  fancy  subjects. 
"  A  coronall  on  her  hedd  sett. 

Her  clothes  with  beasts  and  birdes  were  bete." 

Beveled,  Arch.  Having  a  sloped  surface.  (See 
Splay.) 

Bever.  A  Norman  word  for  "taking  a 
di^ink  "  between  breakfast  and  dinner;  elsewhere 
called   "  a  myd-diner  under-mete." 

Bezant,  Her.  A  golden  "roundle" 
or  disk,  flat  like  a  coin. 

Biacca,    It.     White  carbonate  of 
lead  ;  a  pigment. 

Fig.  84.  Biblia,  Med.  Lat.     A  war  engine 

2"^""'-        for  attack. 

Bibliotheca,  Gr.  and  R.  (/SijSAi'or,  book,  and 
OrJKTj,  case).  Primarily  the  place  where  books 
were  kept,  and  hence  used  for  the  collection  of 
books  or  MSS.  itself.  The  most  celebrated 
library  of  antiquity  was  that  foimded  by  the 
Ptolemies  at  Alexandria,  destroyed  by  the  Arabs, 
A.D.  640. 

Bibliothecula,  Gr.  and  R.  (dimin.  of  biblio- 
theca).    A  small  library. 

Bice.  The  name  of  certain  very  ancient  blue 
and  green  pigments,  known  also  as  Mountain 
(or  Saunders')  blue,  and  Mountain  green,  and  by 
other  names.     (See  Carisonates  of  Copper.) 

Biclinium,  Gr.  and  R.  A  couch  or  sofa  on 
which  two  persons  could  recline  at  table. 

Bicos,  Gr.     (See  BiKOS.) 

Bidens,  R.  (dens,  a  tooth).  Literally,  with 
two  teeth,  forks,  or  blades.  The  term  was 
applied  to  a  hoe,  a  pair  of  scissors,  and  an 
anchor  {ancora  bidens).  A  two-forked  weapon 
of  the  same  name  occurs  in  some  representations 
of  Pluto. 


ART    AND    ARCILKOL()(;V 


41 


Bidental,  R.  {(>idms).  A  structure  conse- 
crated by  the  aug^irs  or  haruspices,  throuj^h  the 
sacrifice  of  an  animal.  This  was  generally  a 
sheep  of  two  years  old,  whence  the  name  />/Wt-/is 
applied  to  the  victim.  The  bidciital  was  often 
an  altar  surrounded  witli  a  peristyle,  as  may  be 
seen  from  the  remains  of  one  of  them  at  Pompeii. 
A />ii/t'>itai  wan  set  up  in  any  place  which  had 
been  struck  by  lightning.  A  cippus  or  putcal 
placed  on  the  exact  spot  which  had  been  struck 
bore  the  inscription  :  Fnhiieii  or//t/if/tr  condituin. 
Bien-hoa  or  Ben-hoa,  Hind.  A  kind  of  stone 
employed  by  the  Khmers  or  ancient  inhabitants 
of  Camboja  for  their  sculpture  ;  they  also  called 
it  bdi-krieni  (roasted  rice),  whicli  it  exactly 
resembles.  Its  deep  yellow  colour  recalls  in  a 
striking  degree  that  of  old  white  marbles  which 
have  been  long  exposed  to  the  sun  and  air  in 
warm  countries. 

Bifrons,  R . 
(fiviis,  a  fore- 
head). Having 
t\\'o  fronts  or 
faces.  Libra- 
ries and  pic- 
ture galleries 
generally  con- 
tained statu- 
ary of  heads  or 
busts  coupled 
together  back 
to  back,  but 
especially  of 
Janus,  emble- 
matic of  his 
kno wl edge 
both  of  the 
past  and  the 
future.  The 
illustration  re- 
presents a 
Greek  vase,  in 
imitation       of 


Fig.  85.   Bifrons. 


the  statuary  described, 

Biga,  R.  {bi  andjiiga,  double-yoked).  A  car 
drawn  by  two  horses.  Biga  also  denoted,  like 
bijugus  or  bijitgis,  two  horses  harnessed  together. 
[The  Greeks  called  this  method  "  Synoris."] 

Bigatus,  R.  (sc.  miminus).  A  silver  denarius 
(one  of  the  earliest  Roman  coins)  which  had  a 
EIC-V  on  the  reverse.  Other  denarii  were  (juad- 
rigati,  having  a  fo2tr-korse  chariot  on  ihe  reverse. 

Biggon,  O.  E.  "  A  kind  of  quoif  formerly 
worn  by  men  ;"  hence  "  Beguines,"  the  nuns  at 
the  Beguinage  at  Ghent,  who  still  wear  the  biggon. 

Bikos,  Gr.  and  R.  A  large  earthenware  vase 
adapted  to  hold  dry  provisions,  such  as  figs, 
plums,  i!\:c. 

Bilanx,  R.  (double-dish).  A  balance  with 
two  scales.      (See  Libra.) 

Bilbo.     A  light  rapier  invented  at  Bilboa. 


Bilix.  R.  (donble-tiiread).  A  texture  like 
"  twill,"  or  "dimity,"  made  l)y  a  double  set  of 
leashes  (//W(7).  Bill,    ().    K.     A 

wcapcjii  made  of  a 
long  staff  with  a 
iiroad  curved  i)lade, 
a  short  i>ike  at  the 
l)ack,  and  a  pike  at 
the  top,  used  by 
infantry  of  tiie  I4lh 
and    15th  centuries. 

(Tig.  sr,.) 

Billet,  Her.  A 
sm.nll  oblong  figure. 
Billet,  Arch.  A 
moulding  of  the  Ro- 
man cjioch,  consist- 
ing of  .short  rods 
separated  from  each 
other  by  a  space 
equal  to  their  own 
length.  Some  billets 
are  arranged  in 
several  rows. 

Bilychnis,  Gr. 
and  R.  A  double 
lamp  with  twobeaks 
and  two  wicks,  so 
as  to  give  out  two 
separate  flames. 

Binio,  R.  A  gold 
coin  current  at 
Rome.  It  was  worth 
aiiiri  or  fifty 
silver  dciKJvii.  (See 
.\i:KKrs.) 

Bipalium,  R.     A 
spade,         furnished 
with  a  cross-bar,  h\ 
pressing  the  foot  on 
which    the     inslru- 
ment  could  be  pushed  into  theground.  Represent.^- 
tions  of  this  tool  occur  jirctty  frec|uently  on  tombs. 
Bipennis      or      Bipenne, 
Gen.   {pcitiia,  a  wing).     An 
axe  with  a  double  blade  or 
edge,  used  as  an  agricultural 
implement,  an  adze,  or  a  mili- 
tary  weapon.     The  Greeks, 
who  called  it  $ovir\iii,  never 
made    use    of    it.       It    was 
used  especially  by  barbarous 
nations,   such  as    the    Ama- 
zons, Scythians,  Gauls,  &c. 
Fig.  S7  represents  a  Gaulish 
bifctniis  taken  from    one   of 
the   bas-reliefs  on  the  trium- 
phal arch  at  Orange. 
Bird,  in  Kgyptian  hieroglyphics,  signified  the 
soul  of  man,  and  in  Christian  art  had  originally 
a  similar  meaning  afterw.nrds  forgotten. 


<-v     CO  I 

\  Ro 

^  lw< 


Fig.  86.   I'.ill-he.-id. 


Fig.  87.  Bipennis 


42 


WORDS    USED   IN 


Bird-bolt.  A  short  thick  arrow,  with  a  blunt 
head,  about  the  breadth  of  a  shiUing. 

Biremis,  R.  {i-emus,  an  oar).  A  pair-oared 
boat,  or  a  vessel  having  two  banks  of  oars. 


Fig.  88.  Biretta. 

Biretta,     It. 


(Portrait  of  a  Rector  of  Padua.) 


A  cap.  In  its  restricted 
meaning  the  term  is  applied  to  that  worn  by- 
priests  and  academical  persons.  The  illustra- 
tion shows  the  state  costume  of  the  Rector  of 
the  University  of  Padua,  who  wears  a  sacerdo- 
tal biretta. 

Birotus  and  Birota,  R.  {rota,  a  wheel).  Any- 
thing having  two  wheels,  and  so  a  two-wheeled 
carriage,  car,  or  chariot. 

Birrus  and  Byrrus,  R.  A  russet-coloured 
capote  with  a  hood.  It  was  made  of  a  coarse 
cloth    {hiire)  with    a  long  nap.       Such  was,   at 


first,  the  meaning  of  the  term,  but  in  course  of 
time  birri  of  a  fine  quality  were  made. 

Bisaccium  (It.  bisacce).  Saddle-bags  of 
coarse  sacking. 

Biscuit,  Fr.  A  kind  of  porcelain,  unglazed. 
The  finest  is  the  so-called  Parian  porcelain. 

Bisellium,  R.  {sella,  a  seat).  A  seat  of 
honour  or  state  chair,  reserved  for  persons  of 
note,  or  who  had  done  service  to  the  state.  There 
was  room  on  the  seat  for  two  persons. 

Bishop's  Length.  Technical  name  for  a 
portrait-canvas  of  58  inches  by  94  inches. 

Bismuth.  The  pigment,  called  pearl  white, 
which  is  the  sub-nitrate  of  this  metal,  is  very 
susceptible  to  the  action  of  sulphurous  vapours, 
which  turn  it  black. 

Bisomus,  Chr.  A  sarcophagus  with  two 
compartments  ;  that  is,  capable  of  holding  two 
dead  bodies.     (See  Sarcophagus. ) 

Bistre.  A  warm  brown  water-colour-pig- 
ment, made  of  the  soot  of  beech-wood,  water, 
and  gum.     It  is  the  mediaeval  fuligo  and  fuligine. 

Biting-in.  The  action  of  aqua  fortis  upon 
copper  or  steel  in  engraving. 

Bitumen.  This  pigment  should  be  genuine 
Asphaltiiin,  diluted  and  ground  up  with  drying- 
oil  or  varnish.  It  dries  quickly.  There  is  a 
substance  sold  as  bitumen  which  will  not  dry  at 
all.     (See  Asphaltum.) 

Bivium,  R.  {via,  a  way).  A  street  or  road 
branching  out  into  two  different  directions  ;  at 
the  corner  there  was  almost  always  a  fountain. 

Bizarre,  Fr.     Fantastic,  capricious  of  kind. 

Black  is  the  resultant  of  the  combination  in 
unequal  proportions  of  blue,  red,  and  yellow. 

Black,  in  Christian  art,  expressed  the 
earth ;  darkness,  mourning,  wickedness,  nega- 
tion, death  ;  and  was  appropriate  to  the  Prince 
of  Darkness.  White  and  black  together  signify 
purity  of  life,  and  mourning  or  humiliation  ; 
hence  adopted  by  the  Dominicans  and  Car- 
melites. In  blazonry,  black,  called  sable,  signi- 
fies prudence,  wisdom,  and  constancy  in  adver- 
sity and  love,  and  is  represented  by  horizontal 
and  perpendicular  lines  crossing  each  other. 

Black  Pigments  are  very  numerous,  of  different 
degrees  of  transparency,  and  of  various  hues,  in 
which  either  red  or  blue  predominates,  produc- 
mg  brown  blacks  or  blue  blacks.  The  most 
important  are  beech  black,  or  vegetable  blue  black ; 
bone  black,  or  Paris  black,  called  also  ivoiy  black  ; 
Cassel  or  Cologne  black,  cork  black,  Frankfort 
black,  TociiS.  lamp  black.     (See  Asphaltum.) 

Blades,  Arch.    The  principal  rafters  of  a  roof. 

Blasted,  Her.     Leafless,  withered. 

Blautai,  Gr.  (Lat.  soleie).  A  richly-made 
shoe  ;  a  kind  of  sandal  worn  by  men. 

Blazon,  Her.  Armorial  compositions.  To 
Ijlazon  is  to  describe  or  to  represent  them  in 
an  heraldic  manner.  The  representation  is 
called  Blazonry.      For  example,  the  blazoning  of 


ART    AND    AKCII/EOLOGY 


43 


the  BADGES  on  the  cornice  of  King  Henry's  chan- 
try in  Westminster  Abbey  is  as  fiillows  :  — L)n 
the  dexter,  a  white  antck)]-ie,  ducally  collared, 
chained,  and  armed  or;  and  on  the  sinister  a 
swan  gorged  with  a  crown  and  chain.  The 
beacon  or  cresset  or,  inflamed  proper.  (See 
yk-  54-) 

Blending.  Passing  over  painting  with  a  soft 
bnish  of  badger's  hair  made  for  the  purpose,  V>y 
which  the  pigments  are  fused  together  and  the 
painting  softened. 

Blindman's  Buff.  Called  "  hoodman-blind," 
temp.  Elizabeth. 

Blind-story,  Arch.  The  triforium  in  a 
church.  Opposed  to  the  clear  or  clere- 
story (q.v. ). 

Blocking-course,  Arch.  The  last  course  in  a 
wall,  especially  of  a  parapet.  The  surface  is 
made  slightly  convex  to  allow  of  water  flowing 
off  more  easily. 

Blodbendes  (O.  E.  for  blood-bands).  Narrow 
strips  of  linen  to  bind  round  the  arm  after 
bleeding. 

Blodius,  O.  E.      Sky  blue. 

Bloom.  The  clouded  appearance  which 
varnish  sometimes  takes  upon  the  surface  of  a 
picture. 

Blue.  One  of  the  three  primary  colours,  the 
complementary  to  orange.  Blue,  in  Christian 
art,  or  the  sapphire,  expressed  heaven,  the 
firmament,  truth,  constancy,  fidelity.  Its  sym- 
bolism as  the  dress  worn  by  the  Virgin  Mary  is 
of  modesty.  In  blazonry  it  signifies  chastity, 
loyalty,  fidelity,  and  good  reputation.  Engravers 
represent  it  by  horizontal  lines. 

Blue  Black,  or  Charcoal  Black,  is  a  pigment 
prepared  by  burning  vine-twigs  in  close  vessels. 
Mixed  with  white  lead  it  yields  very  fine  silvery 
greys.     (See  also  Bl.\ck  Pigments.) 

Blue  Pigments.  Minerals :— see  Ultramarine, 
Cobalt,  Blue  Verditer.  Vegetable: — Indigo. 
Animal  : — Prussian  blue.  (See  Carbonate  ok 
Copper,  Intense  Blue.) 

Blue  Verditer.     (See  Verditer.) 

Boar.  In  medieval  art,  emblem  of  ferocity 
and  sensuality.  In  heraldry  the  boar  is  called 
Sanglier.  The  military  ensigns  of  the  Gauls 
were  surmounted  by  figures  of  the  wild  boar. 


Figs.  Sg,  90.  Boars.     Gallic  ensigns. 
Boclerus,     Med.     Lat.       A     buckler ;     I4ih 


century.     The  word  is  derived  from  ihe  (ierniau 
l>()ck,  a  goat.     Compare  /1m;is. 

Bodkin,  Saxon.  A  dagger,  a  liair-pin,  a 
l)lunl  flat  needle. 

"  With  boiikiiis  w.ns  Cxs.ir  Julius 
Murdred  at  Rome,  of  Brutus,  Cassius." 

(  Tilt  Serjicnt  0/  Division,  1590. ) 

"  He  pulls  her  bodkin  that  is  tied  in  a  piece  of  black 
ribbon."     (TVit-  Parson's  IVediiin^,  i66j.) 

The  Latin  name  for  this  classical  head-dress  was 

aeus. 

Body  Colour.  In  speaking  of  oil  colours  the 
term  applies  to  their  solidity,  or  degree  of 
opacity  ;  water-colour  painting  is  said  to  be  in 
body  colours  when  the  pigments  are  laid  on 
thickly,  or  mixed  with  white,  as  in  oil  jiainting. 

Boedromia,  (Jr.  and  R.  A  festival  instituted 
in  honour  ot  A|h)11o  the  Helper — ;3o7)5pd^os.  It 
was  held  at  Alliens  on  the  sixth  day  of  Septem- 
ber, a  month  tlience  called  Boedromioit. 

Bohemian  Glass.  The  manufacture  of  a  pure 
crystal  glass  well  adapted  for  engraving  liecame 
an  important  industry  in  Germany  about  tiie 
year  1600,  and  the  art  of  engraving  was  admira- 
bly developed  during  the  century.  Of  Johann 
Schapper,  especially,  Jaccpiemart  says  that  he 
produced  "subjects  and  arabesques  of  such  deli- 
cacy of  execution  that  at  first  sight  they  seemed 
merely  like  a  cloud  on  the  glass." 

Bohordamentum,  Med.  Lat.  A  joust  with 
mock  lances  called  "bouhours." 

Bojae,  R.  (/vf,  an  ox),  (i)  A  heavy  collar  of 
wood  or  iron  for  dangerous  dogs.  (2)  A  similar 
collar  placed  round  the  necks  of  criminals  or 
slaves. 

Boletar,  R.  A  dish  on  which  mushrooms 
[boleti)  were  sened,  and  thence  transferred  to 
dishes  of  various  forms. 

Bolevardus,  Med.  Lat.  A  boulevard  or  ram- 
part. 

Bombard,  O.  E.  A  machine  for  projecting 
stones  or  iron  balls  ;  the  precursor  of  the  cannon. 
First  used  in  the  14th  century. 

Bombards,  O.  E.  Padded  breeches.  In 
Elizabeth's  reign  the  breeches,  then  called  BOM- 
BARDS, were  stuffed  so  wide  that  a  gallery  or 
scaff"old  was  erected  to  acconmiodale  members 
of  Parliament  who  wore  them.  The  engraving 
shows  James  I.  (painted  1614)  attired  for  hawk- 
ing.    (Fig.  91.) 

Bombax,  O.  E.  The  stuff  now  calle<l  Bom- 
basin.  "  A  sort  of  fine  silk  or  cotton  cloth  well 
known  upon  the  continent  during  the  13th 
century."     (Striitt.) 

Bombe,  I'r.  Curved  furniture,  introduced 
in  the  iSth  cciitiuy. 

Bombulom  or  Bunibulum,  O.  E.  (from  the 
Greek  ^oix&oi,  a  hollow  deep  sound).  A  musi- 
cal instrument  consisting  of  an  angular  frame 
with  metal  plates,  which  sounded  when  shaken 
like  the  sistnim  of  the  Egyi)tians. 


44 


WORDS    USED   IN 


Bombylos  and  Bombyle,  Gr.  and  R.     A  vase 
)  called    from   the   gurgling   noise   which  the 


Fig.  91.   Bombards  worn  by  King  James  I.  of  England. 

liquid  makes  in  pouring  out  through   its  narrow 
neck. 

Bone  Black.     (See  Ivory  Black.) 
Book.     In  mediaeval  art  an  attribute  of  the 
fathers  of  the  Church  ;  in  the  hands  of  evange- 
lists and  apostles  it  represents  the  Gospel.      St. 
Boniface   carries  a  book  pierced  with  a  sword. 
St.    Stephen,  St.    Catherine,   St.    Bonaventura, 
and  St.  Thomas  Aquinas  also  carry  books. 
Bordure,  Her.     A  border  to  a  shield. 
Boreasmos,   Gr.     A  festival  held  at    Athens 
in   honour    of  Boreas,     the    god    of    the  north 
wind. 

Borto  or  Burdo,  Med.  Lat.     A  lance. 
Boss.      The  centre  of  a  shield;  also  an  archi- 
tectural   ornament    for    ceilings,    put   where  the 
ribs  of  a  vault  meet,  or  in  other  situations. 

Bos  sa  g  e, 
Arch.  An 
arrangement  of 
plain  or  orna- 
mental projec- 
tions on  the 
surface  of  a 
wall  of  dressed 
masonry.  Figs. 
92  and  93 
Fig.  92.  Greek  Bossage.  represent    two 

Greek       walls 
finished  in  this  manner. 


Boston,  O.  E.     A  flower  so  called. 
Botega,   It.     A  manufactory  or  artist's  work- 
shop where  pottery  is  made. 

B  0  t  0  n  e  e, 
Fitchee,  Her. 
Varieties  of 
the  heraldic 
cross,  called 
also        treflee. 

(Fig.  94-) 
B  0  ttcher 

Ware.     Early 
Fig.  93.  Bossage.  Dresden    pot- 

tery, (i)  A  very  hard  red  stone- 
ware, made  of  a  red  clay  of 
Okrilla,  invented  at  Meissen  by 
John  P'rederick  Bottchei.  (2) 
i'orcelain.  Bottcher,  finding  his 
wig  very  heavy  one  day,  exa- 
mined the  powder  upon  it,  and 
discovered  it  to  be  the  fine  kaolin 
of  Aue,  from  which  the  Dresden 
(or  Meissen)  china  is  made. 
Bottcher's  first  object  was  to  ob- 
tain a  paste  as  white  and  as  perfect  as  that  of 
the  CoREA  ;  he  succeeded  at  his  first  trial,  and 


Fig.  95.   Coffee-pot  of  Bottcher  Ware. 


produced  pieces  with  archaic  decoration  so  per- 
fectly imitated,  that  one  would  hesitate  to  declare 
them  European. 

Bottle,  Boutell,  Bowtell,  or  Boltell,  Arch. 
An  old  English  term  for  a  bead  moulding  ; 
also  for  small  shafts  of  clustered  colunnis  resting 
against  the  pillars  of  a  nave,  in  the  Romano- 
Byzantine    and   Gothic  periods.     These    shafts 


ART    AND    AUCILKOLOCV 


45 


spring  from  the  ground  and  rise  loTlhe  hcii^lu 
of  the  bend  of  the  roof,  ihc  diagonal  ribs  of  which 


c^MszaESZ^ 


Fig.  96.   liottle-mouldings. 
they   receive   on    coupled    columns.      I'robably 
from  bolt,  an  arrow. 

Bougets  orWater  Bougets, 
Fr. ,  were  pouches  of  leather, 
which  were  used  by  the 
Crusaders  for  carrying  water 
in  the  deserts.  Fig.  97  is 
a  heraldic  representation  of 
the  coal  of  arms  of  Do  Ros. 
Fig.  97.  Water  Boule,  Boulcuterion,  Gr. 

Bouget.  ^n   assembly   composed    of 

the  foremost  men  of  the  nation.  It  was  a  kind 
of  senate  or  higher  council  which  deliberated 
on  the  affairs  of  the  republic.  The  popular 
assembly,  on  the  other  hand,  composed  of  all 
the  males  of  free  birth,  was  called  agora,  and 
was  held  in  a  place  called  by  the  same  name. 
(See  Agora.) 

Boule.  A  peculiar  kind  of  marquetry,  com- 
posed of  tortoise-shell  and  thin  brass,  to  which 
are  sometimes  added  ivory  and  enamelled  metal. 
Named  from  its  inventor,  Andre  Charles  Boule, 
born  1642. 

Boulting-mill.  A  mill  for  winnowing  the 
flour  from  the  bran  {criisca^  ;  the  device  of  the 
Academy  of  La  Crusca.     (See  Ctusc.^. ) 

Bourdon.  A  pilgi-im's  staff.  On  the  walls 
of  Hotel  Cluny,  at  Paris,  the  pilgiim's  bourdon 
and  cockle-shells  are  sculptured.  Piers  Plow- 
man describes  a  pilgi-im's 

"  htirdoun  y-bounde 
With  a  broad  liste,  in  a  withwynde  wise 
Y-wounden  about." 


Bourginot.  A  close  helmet  of  the  15th  cen- 
tury, first  used  in  lUngimdy. 

Bourgogne,  Point  de,  is  a  beautifully  fine  and 
well-finislii-d  jiilldw  lace  resembling  old  Mechlin. 
No  record  remains  of  its  manufacture.  (Fig.  9S.) 

Bovile.     (See  ISuniLK. ) 

Bow.  Represented  in  the  most  ancient 
monuments.  In  classical  art  an  attribute  of 
Apollo,  Cupid,  Diana,  Hercules,  and  the  Cen- 
taurs. 

Bow,  Arch.,  C). K.  .\  flying buttrcs.s,  orarch- 
biUtrcss. 

Bowed,  Her.     Having  a  convex  contour. 

Bower  or  Bowre,  C>.  E.  The  Anglo-Saxon 
name  for  a  bed-chamber,  "^/W  ;//  bure"  =  a 
lady  in  her  chamber.  The  bed-chambers  were 
separate  buildings  grouped  round  or  near  the 
central  hall. 

"  L'p  then  rose  fair  Annet's  father, 

Twa  hours  or  it  ucr  day, 

And  he  is  gane  into  the  boiver 

Wherein  fair  -■Xnnet  lay." 

(fercy  Ballads.) 

Bowls  of  metal,  generally  bronze  or  copper, 
found  in  early  Anglo-Sa.\on  barrcnvs  or  graves, 
are  probably  of  Roman  workmanship.  Some 
beautiful  buckets  (A.S.  bucas)  were  made  of 
wood,  generally  of  ash,  whence  they  had 
another  name  ccscen.  They  are  ornamented 
with  designs,  and  figures  of  animals,  and  were 
probably  used  at  festivities  tu  contain  ale  or  mead. 

Bowtell  or  Boutell,  Arch.     (See  Buttle.) 

Brabeum,  Brabiam,  or  Bravium,  Gr.  (jBpa- 
^iiov,  from  ^poaeuy,  judge).  Three  terms  denoting 
the  prize  assigned  to  the  victor  in  the  public  games. 

Braccse,  Bracae,  or  Bragse  (Celtic  breac). 
Trousers  worn  princijially  by  barbarous  nations. 


Fig.  98.  Bourgogne  Point  Lace. 


Fig.  99.  Figures  with  Bracca;. 

such  as  the  Amazons,  .Gauls,  Persians,  and  Scy- 
thians. A naxyrides  was  the  name  given  to  close- 
fittin"  trousers,  bracdc  laXiC  to  witler  pantaloons, 
such  as  those  worn  by  the  Gaul  in  the  left-hand 
corner  of  Fig.  99,  from  a  bas-relief  taken  from 
the  sarcophagus  of  the  vigiia  .\mmendola.  The 
bracca:  virgatu    were   stripcil    pantaloons   worn 


46 


WORDS    USED   IN 


Fig,  loo.  Three  diamond  rings 
interlaced. 


especially  by  Asiatics  ;  bracav  picfic,  variegated 
or  embroidered  trousers.    (See  Breeches.) 

Braced  or  Braz- 
ed, Her.  Inter- 
laced, as  in  the 
illustration  of  the 
arms  of  Cosmo, 
the  founder  of 
the  Medici  family. 
(Fig.  loo.)  (See 
also  the  illustra- 
tion to  Fret.) 

Bracelet.  Brace- 
lets were,  among 
the  ancients, asym- 
bol  of  marriage. 
(See  Armilla.) 

Bracelets.  (See 
Periscelis.) 
Bracbiale,  R.  {brac/iiuiu,  the  arm).  An 
armlet,  or  piece  of  defensive  armour  covering 
the  hracliiiuii  or  forearm.  It  was  worn  by  gla- 
diators in  the  circus.  Some  beautifully  orna- 
mented specimens  were  found  among  the  excava- 
tions at  Pompeii. 

Brackets,  Arch.,  in  mediceval  architecture,  are 
usually  called  Corbels.      (See  Fig.  5.) 

Braconniere,  O.  E.  A  skirt  of  armour,  worn 
hanging  from  the  breast  and  back  plates  ;  i6th 
centuiy. 

Bractea   or  Brattea,    R.      Leaves  of    metal, 
especially  of  gold,  beaten  out. 
Braga,  Bragse.     (See  Bracc^.) 
Bragamas,  O.  E.  (SeeBRAouEMARD.)  "  Un 
grant  coustel,  que  I'en  dit  bragamas;"  14th  cent. 
Braggers,  O.  E.     An  obsolete  term  for  timber 

BRACKET.S. 

Brake,  O.  E.     A  quern  or  handmill. 
Brand,  A.S.     A  torch;  hence,  from  its  .shin- 
ing appearance,  a  sword.     {Mcyrick. ) 

Brandrate,  O.  E.  An  iron  tripod  fixed  over 
the  fire,  on  which  to  set  a  pot  or  kettle. 

Braquemard, 
O.  E.  A  kind  of 
sabre — "un  grant 
coustel  d'Ale- 

maigne,  nomme 
braquemart ;"  14th 
century. 

Brass,  Gen.  An 
alloy  made  by 
mixing  copper 
with  tin,  or  else 
with  zinc  or  silver. 
Another  name  for 
itisBRONZE(q.v.). 
Corinthian  brass 
is  very  celebrated, 
but  little  is  known 
of  its  composi- 
Fig.  loi.  Brassart.  tion   even   at   the 


present  day.  Mosaic  gold,  pinchbeck,  prince's 
metal,  &c.,  are  varieties  of  brass  differing  in 
the  proportions  of  the  ingredients.  Brass  beaten 
into  very  thin  leaves  is  called  Dutch  Metal. 

Brassart.  Plate  armour  for  the  arm.  (Fig.  loi.) 

Brasses.  Engraved  metal  plates  inlaid  in  the 
pavements  or  walls  of  churches  as  monuments. 
The  material  was  called  cidlcn  (or  Cologne)  plate. 
The  engravings  were  made  black  with  mastic 
or  bitumen,  and  the  field  or  background  was 
coarsely  enamelled  in  various  colours. 

Brattach,  Celtic.   A  standard ;  literally,  a  cloth. 

Braunshid,  O.  E.     Branched. 

Breadth  "  in  painting  is  a  term  which  denotes 
largeness,  space,  vastness,"  <S;c.  (Consult  J.  B. 
Pyne  ^^  On  tlie  Nomenclatin-e  of  Pictorial  Art,^'' 
Art  Union,  18:: 


Fig.  102.  Bridle-device  of  the  Arbusani. 

Breccia,  It.     A    conglomerate  used    by   the 
ancients  in  architecture  and  sculpture. 

Breeches    {breac    Celtic,    bracca:   Lat.).     The 
word  breeches  in  its  present  acceptance  was  first 
used  towards  the  end  of  the  1 6th  century  ;  pre- 
viously, breeches  were  called  hose,  upper  socks, 
and  slop.     (See  Bombards  and  Bracca.) 
Bremen  Green.     (See  Verditer.) 
Breys,  Her.     (See  Barnacles.) 
Bridges,  O.  E.    A  kind  of  satin  manufactured 
at  Bruges. 

A  favourite  Scriptural  emblem  of 
self-restraint  and  self-de- 
nial. The  illustration  is 
the  device  of  Benedetto 
Arbusani  of  Padua  ;  with 
the  motto  which,  according 
to  Epictetus,  contains  every 
essential  to  human  happi- 
ness. (Fig.  102.)  (See 
"  Historic  Devices.") 

Broach  or  Broch,  O.  E. 
A  church  spire,  or  any 
sharp-poijited     object,      was 


Bridle. 


Broad 


frequently  so  called. 


ART    Ax\D    ARCH.EOLOGV. 


47 


Broad  Arrow,  now  used  as  the  Royal  mark 
on  all  Government  stores,  &c.,  was  first  em- 
ployed as  a  regal  badge  by  Richard  I.  (Fig.  103.) 

Brocade.  A  stout  silken  stuff  of  variegated 
pattern.  Strutt  says  it  was  comjiosed  of  silk 
interwoven  with  threads  of  gold  and  silver.  The 
state  or  "  ducal  "  costume  of  the  Uogeressa  of 
Venice,    represented   in    the    illustration,    con- 


and  copper  ;  tlie  vtoJcrn  bronze  contains  also 
zinc  anil  lead,  by  which  liie  fluidity  is  increased, 
and  the  l>rittleness  diminished. 

Bronzes  (ancient  Ciiiuese)  arc  rarely  seen  out 
of  the  province  of  hokien.  The  lines  of  metal 
are  small  and  delicate,  and  are  made  lo  repre- 
sent flowers,  trees,  animals  of  various  kinds, 
and  sometimes  Chinese  characters.  Some  fine 
bronzes,  inlaid  with  gold,  arc  met  with  in  this 
province.  As  a  general  rule,  Chinese  bronzes 
are  more  remarkable  for  their  peculiar  and  cer- 
tainly not  very  handsome  fonn  than  for  anything 
else. 

Bronzing.  The  art  of  laying  a  coating  of  bronze 
powder  on  wood,  gypsum,  or  other  material. 
Another  method  is  the  electrotype  ])rocess.  (Con- 
sult Walker's  Electrotype  Mauiptilation. ) 

Brooch.  (See  Fibula.)  Anglo-Saxon  and  Irish 
specimens  of  magnificent  workmanship  are  de- 


Fig.  104.  Gold  Brocade  State  or  "Ducal"  costume  of  the 
Dogeressa  of  Venice. 

sisted  principally  of  an  ample  robe  of  the  Imest 
gold  brocade,  lined  with  ermine.   (Figs.  88,  104.) 

Broella.  Coarse  cloth  worn  by  monks  in  the 
Middle  Ages. 

Bromias,  Gr.  A  drinking-ves.sel  of  wood,  or 
silver,  resembling  a  large  SCYPH us  (q.v.). 

Bronze.     Antiqiie  bronze  was  composed  of  tm 


Figs.  105  to  112.  Gallic  and  Merovingian  brooches. 


scribed  in  the  Arclucological  All'iini.  In  the 
Middle  Ages  brooches  bore  quaint  inscriptions  : 
Chaucer's  "  prioress  "  wore 

"  a  brocht  of  gold  fill  shene. 

On  which  was  first  y-wTctten  a  crooned  A, 

And  alter,  Amor  vincit  omnia. " 

Leather   brooches    for   hats   are   mentioned    by 


WORDS    USED   IN 


Dekker  in  Satiromastix,   1602.     Figs.  205,  206, 
207     represent    different     brooches     found     in 


Fig.  1 1  J.  Gallic  brooch. 

France  of  the  Gallic  and  Merovingian  periods. 
(Compare  Fibula,  Phalf.r^.) 

Brown,  in  Egyptian  art,  was  the  colour 
consecrated  to  Typhon  ;  in  ancient  times  it  was 
the  sign  of  mourning.  Regarded  as  a  compound 
of  red  and  black,  Bistre,  it  is  the  symbol  of  all 
evil  deeds  and  treason.  In  a  monastic  costume 
it  signifies  renunciation.  With  the  Moors  it  was 
emblematic  of  all  evil.  Christian  symbolism 
appropriates  the  colour  of  the  dead  leaf  for  the 
type  of  "spiritual  deatli,"  &c.  (Consult  Portal, 
Essai siir  Ics  Coiileurs  syinboUgues.) 

Brown  Madder.     (See  Madder.) 

Brown  Ochre.  A  strong,  dark,  yellow,  opaque 
pigment.     (See  Ochres.  ) 

Brown  Pigments  z\-e.usp/ialtu?)i,  lustre,  umber, 
sienna.  Mars  brown,  Cassel  earth,  Cappagh 
brown,  bro-ion  madder,  and  burnt  terra  verde ;  — 
chiefly  calcined  earths.      (See  also  Indigo.) 


Lace 


Brown  Pink  (Fr.  stil  de  grain).  A  vegetable 
yellow  pigment.     (See  Pinks.) 

Brown  Red  is  generally  made  from  burnt 
yellcnu  ochre,  or  Roma)i  ochre,  or  from  calcined 
sulphate  of  iron.     (See  Mars.  ) 

Brunswick  Green.  A  modification  of  Moun- 
tain Green  (q.v.). 

Bruny,  Byrne,  or  Byrnan.  Saxon  for  a 
lireastplate  or  cuirass,  called  by  the  Normans 
"  broigiic.'" 

Brushes.     (See  Hair  Pencils.) 

Brussels  Point  a  I'Aiguille  differs  somewhat 
from  the  lace  usually  known  as  Brussels  Lace 
or  Point  d'Angleterre,  but  resembles  Point 
d'Alenfon  in  the  reseau  ground.  (Fig.  1 14.) 
(See  Point  d'Angleterre.) 

Buccina  (Gr.  BvKavn).  A  kind  of  trumpet 
anciently  made  of  a  conch-shell,  represented  in 
the  hands  of  Tritons. 

Buccula,  R.  {bitcca,  a  cheek).  The  chin-piece 
or  cheek-piece  of  a  helmet,  which  could  be  raised 
or  lowered  by  the  soldier  at  will. 

Bucentaur.  A  monster,  half  man  and  half  ox. 
The  name  of  the  Venetian  state  galley. 

Buckets,  Anglo-Saxon.     (See  Bowls.) 

Buckle,  Her.  The  crest 
of  the  Pelham  family,  now 
repi-esented  by  the  Earls 
of  Chichester.  It  is  a 
common  ornament  of 
ecclesiastical  buildings, 
houses,  and  other  objects 
in  Sussex.     (Fig.  115.) 

Buckler.  (See  Cli- 
I'EUs  and  Scutum.) 

Buckram.  A  cloth 
stiffened  with  gum,  so 
called  from  Bokhara,  where  it  was  originally 
made. 

Bucranium,  R.  (^ovKpaviov).  An  ox's  head 
from  which  the  flesh  has  been  stripped  ;  an 
<ix-skull  employed  in  the  decoration  of  friezes  by 
Greek  and  Roman  architects.  Fig.  116  represents 
a  bucranium  in  the  temple  of  Vespasian  at 
Rome. 

Budge,  O.  E.  Lambskin  with  the  wool 
dressed  outwards.      Mentioned  by  Chaucer. 

Buffett-stoole,  O.  E.    A  stool  with  three  legs. 

Bufiin,  O.  E.  Coarse  cloth  of  Elizabeth's 
time. 

Bugles,  O.  E.  Glass  beads  in  the  hair, 
tejnp.  Elizabeth  and  James  I. 

Buldiellus,  Med.  Lat.     A  baudric. 

Bulga,  R.  A  purse  or  leathern  bag  for  money 
which  was  carried  on  the  arm.  According  to 
Festus  the  word  is  of  Gallic  origin. 

Bulla,  R.  (/W/<?,  to  bubble).  A  term  denoting 
objects  of  various  kinds,  but  all  more  or  less 
approximating  in  shape  to  a  water-bubble.  The 
heads  of  certain  nails  were  called  bitUa;  Fig.  117 
shows  one  of  the  bulhc  decorating;  an  ancient 


Fig.  115.  Heraldic 
buckle. 


ART   AM)   ARCII.EOr.OGV. 


bronze   door   in   the   Pantheon  at  Rome.    The 
bulla  mirea  was  an  ornament  of  globular  shape, 


49 


Fig.  ii6.  Bucranium. 

worn  round  the  neck  by  children  of  patrician 
famil)-.     The   bulla   scortca   was    an    ornament 


Fig.  117.  Rulla  (on  a  door). 

made  of  leather,  worn  by  freedmen  or  individuals 
of  the  lower  orders. 

Bulting-pipe,  O.  E.  A  bolting-cloth  for  sift- 
ing meal. 

Bullula,   R.    {India).     Diminutive  of  BuLL.\ 

(q.V.). 

Bur.  A  term  in  etching  for  tiie  rough  edge 
of  a  line,  commonly  removed,  but  by  Rembrandt 
and  other  great  masters  made  effective. 

Burdalisaunder,  Boarde  de  Elisandre.  Burda, 
a  stuff  for  clothing  (menti<jned  in  the  4th  cen- 
turyj  from  Alexandria.  A  silken  web  in  dif- 
ferent coloured  stripes  ;    14th  century. 


Burgau.      A    univalve    siiuli,      lurho    mar- 
nioraliis,    jiroducing   a   motiier   of  pearl  ;    and 
hence  all  works  in  mother  of  pearl,  of  whatever 
material,  are  called  "  burgau."     (Jaajueinari.) 
Burin.    An  instrument  for  engraving  on  copper. 
Burnisher.      A  steel   instrument   used  by  en- 
gravers to  si)fien  lines  or  efface  them.     An  agate 
is  used  to  !)uiiii>h  gold. 
Burnt  Sienna.     (.See  Sienna.) 
Burnt  Terra  Verde.     (.Sec  Green  Earth  ) 
Burnt  Umber.     (See  Umher.) 
Burr,  O.  K.  ( i )  'jhe  broad  iron  ring  on  a  tilting- 
lance,  just  below  the  gripe,  to  jirevent  the   haiid 
slipping  back.      (2)  Projecting  defences  at    the 
front  of  a  saddle.    {Mcyrick.)      (3)  The  rough 
edge  produced  on  the  metal   by  an   incised  or 
etched  line  in  an  engraving. 
Buskin.    (See  Cothurnus. ) 
Bustum,   R.  {biiro,  to  burn).     An  open  spot 
upon  which  a  pyre  was  raised  for  burning  the 
coq:)se   of  a  person  of  distinction.      When    the 
area  adjoined  the  burying-ground,  it  was  called 
bustum ;  when  it  \\as  separate  from  it,  it  was 
called  tistrina. 

Buttress,  Arch. 
An  abutment  em- 
ployefl  to  increase 
the  solidity  or  sta- 
bility of  a  wall  ; 
it  may  either  im- 
mediately abut  on 
the  wall,  or  be 
connected  with  it 
by  a  flying  or  arch 
buttress(Kig.  iiS). 
In  the  Romano- 
Byzantine  and  lan- 
ceolated  styles 
buttresses  are 

largely  employed 
to  strengthen  the 
walls  of  naves 
which  have  to  sup- 
port high  vaulted 
roofs. 

Buxum,  K. 
(iril^oj).  Bo.\,  an 
evergreen,  the 
wood  of  which 
was  used  for 
various  purposes,  as  with  us.  By  analogy,  the 
term  bitxuin  was  applied  to  objects  made  of 
this  wood,  such  as  combs,  flutes,  children's 
shoes,  and  waxed  tablets  for  writing. 

Buzo,  O.  E.     The  arrow  for  an  arquebus,  or 
cross-bow.     Erench,  boujon  :  "  a  boult,  an  arrow 
with  a  great  or  broad  head."   {Cotgrave.) 
Byrrus.    (See  JSirrus.) 

Byssus,  Gr.  and  R.  (&(iaao%).  The  precise 
meaning  of  this  term  is  unknoM  n  ;  there  is  no 
doubt  it  was  a  texture  made  of  some  very  costly 


Fig.  iiS.  Arch-buttress. 


so 


WORDS   USED   IN 


material,  since  we  learn  from  Pliny  that  the 
byssus  cloth  which  he  calls  linuin  byssiintm  was 
exceedingly  dear.  Everything  leads  us  to  sup- 
pose that  it  was  a  linen  material  of  the  finest 
quality.  This  opinion  would  seem  to  be  con- 
firmed by  Herodotus  and  yEschylus.  The  word 
comes  from  the  Hebrew  hutz. 

Byzantine  Pe- 
riod. Time,  about 
6th  to  1 2th  cen- 
tury A.  D.  {Byzan- 
tium, the  Latin 
name  of  Con- 
stantinople. )  By- 
zantine Archi- 
tecture is  note- 
worthy for  a  bold 
development  of 
the  plan  of  Chris- 
tian places  of  wor- 
ship. It  intro- 
duced the  cupola, 
or  dome,  which 
was     often     sur- 


Fig.  119.  Byzantine  Font. 


m 


rounded  by  semi-domes;  an  almost  square  ground- 
plan  in  place  of  the  long  aisles  of  the  Roman 
church  ;  and  piers  instead  of  columns.  The 
apse  always  formed  part  of  Byzantine  buildings, 
which  were  richly  de^ 
corated,  and  con- 
tained mai-ble  in  great 
profusion.  St.  So- 
phia, Constantinople 
(A.D._  532-537),  is 
the  finest  example  of 
Byzantine  architec- 
ture. St.  Mark's, 
Venice  (a. D.  977),  and 
the  Cathedral  of  Aix- 
la-Chapelle  (a.d.  796 
— 804),  are  also  of 
pure  Byzantine  style. 
Byzantine  Painting 
was  that  which  suc- 
ceeded the  decline  of 
the  early  Christian 
Art  in  the  catacombs 
and  basilicas  of  Rome, 
and  which  preceded 
and  foreshadowed  the 
Renaissance  of  Art  in 
Italy.  In  style  it  was 
based  on  that  of  the 
catacombs,  but  with  a 
reminiscence  of  the 
excellence  of  ancient 
Greece  ;  it  was,  how- 
ever, restrained  and 
kept  within  narrow 
limits  by  the  conven- 
tionalities which  were 
imposed  upon  it  by 
the  Church, and  which 
mechanical  art.  The 
nth  centuries  in   St. 


Fig.  121.  Roman-Byzantine 
Cross  at  Carew. 


Fig.  120.    Byzantine  ornament  on  an  English  font. 


almost  reduced  it  to  a 
mosaics  of  the  loth  and 
Mark's,  Venice,  are  perhaps  the  best  existing 
examples  of  the  Byzantine  period.  Specimens 
are  also  to  be  seen  in  St.  Sophia,  Constanti- 
nople ;  and  at  Ravenna. 


c. 


Caaba,  Arabic  (lit.  square  house).  The  sacred 
mosque  at  Mecca.  The  temple  is  an  almost 
cubical  edifice,  whence  its  name.  It  is  a 
favourite  subject  of  representation  upon  Mussul- 
man works  of  art. 

Caballaria,  Cavallierium,  hevallerie  (Gr. 
K\y](tos  'nrniKhs),  Med.  A  meadow  set  apart  for 
military  exercises. 


Caballerius,  Med.  Lat.  A  cavalier  or 
knight. 

Cabeiri  were  the  personification  of  the  element 
of  fire.  The  precise  nature  attributed  to  them  is 
unknown.  There  were  two  principal  branches 
of  their  worship,  the  Pelasgian  and  the  Phce- 
niciar.  It  is  probable  that  this  religion  originated 
in  Asia  Minor,  and  penetrated  to  the  island  of 


ART    AND    AK(II.i;()l.()(;\-. 


SI 


Smnoihiaco,  in  remote  anliciuity  ;  it  was  very 
popular  throughout  Greece  in  the  I'dasi^ic  period. 
The  iirincipal  temples  were  at  Samolhiace,  Lcm- 
nos,  lailiros,  Anthcdon,  and  other  ph\ees. 

Cabeiria,  (Ir.  {KuBeipia).  Annual  festivals  in 
honour  of  the  Cabeiri.     (See  TiiKoNisMirs.) 

Cabinet  Pictures.  Small,  highly-finished 
pictures,  suited  for  a  small  room. 


Cable  and  tooth-moukiinss. 

Cabling,  or  Cable-moulding.  A  moulding  in 
Roman  architecture,  made  in  imitation  of  a 
thick  rope  or  calile. 

Cabossed,  Her.  Said  of  the 
head  of  an  animal  represented 
full-face,  so  as  to  show  the  face 
only.      (Fig.    123.) 

Cabulusi  Med.  Latin  (Old 
French,  chaahle).  A  machine  for 
hurling  stones  ;  a  large  BAI.I.ISTA. 
Caccabus,  Gr.  and  R.  {kolkku^os 
or  KaKKci^t}).  A  sort  of  pot  or 
vessel  for  cooking  any  kind  of 
food.  It  was  made  of  bronze,  silver, 
or  earthenware,  and  assumed  a  variety  of  forms  ; 
but  the  one  in  ordinary  use  resembled  an  egg 
with  an  opening  at  the  top  which  closed  by  a  lid. 
The  faical'Ks  rested  upon  a  trivet  {lr////s). 

Cadafalsus,  Cadafaudus.    (See  Cagasuttus.) 
Cadas,   O.  E.     An  inferior  silken   stuff  used 
for  wadding;   13th  century. 

Cadency,  Her.  Figm-es  and  devices,  by  which 
<lifferent  members  and  branches  of  a  family  are 
distinguished. 

Cadet,  1 1  cr.     Junior. 
Cadlys-drain,  Welsh.     Chcvaux-de-frise. 
Cadmium  Yellow  is  the  sulphide  of  cadmium, 
the  finest  and  most  permanent  of  all  the  yellow 
pigments  in  use. 

Cadpen,  Welsh.     A  chief  of  battle  ;  captain. 
Cadrelli,  Med.  Lat.   Cross-bow  quarrels.   (See 

<"  AKKK  AIX.) 

Caduceus  or  Caduceum.  A  wand  of  laurel  or 
olive,  given  by  Apollo  to  Mercury  in  exchange 
for  the  lyre  invented  by  tlie  latter.  Mercury,  it 
is  said,  seeing  two  snakes  strugglmg  together, 
separated  them  with  his  wand,  whereupon  the 
snakes  immediately  twined  themselves  round  it. 


'I'liis  was  the  origin  of  the  c.iduceu.s,  as  wc 
know  it  ;  it  was  always  an  attrilmtc  of  Mercury, 
who  thence  obtained  his  name  of  Cadiuiffi;  or 
caduceus-i)carer.  'llic  caduceus  was  an  emblem 
of  peace. 

Uadurcum,  R.  'I'his  tern*  is  applied  to  two  dis- 
tiuct  things  :  (1)  the  fine  linen  coverlets,  and  (2)thc 
earthenware  vases,  manufactured  by  the  Cadurci, 
or  Gauls  inhabiting  the  tlistrict  now  called  Cahors. 

Cadus,  (ir.  and  R.  (from  x'**'8a«'a>,  to  contain)- 
(i)  A  large  earthen  ware  jar,  used  for  the  same  jiur- 
poses  as  the  ami)hora  ;  especially  to  hold  wine. 
An  ordinary  auliis  was  about  three  feet  high,  and 
broad  enough  in  the  mouth  to  allow  of  the  con- 
tents being  baled  out.  (2)  The  ballot-urn  in 
which  the  Athenian  juries  recorded  their  votes 
with  ijcbbles,  at  a  trial. 

Ceelatura  (■•,<//////,  a  chisel).  A  general  term 
for  working  in  metal  by  raised  work  or  intaglio, 
such  as  engraving,  carving,  chasing,  riveting, 
soldering,  smelting,  t\;c.  Greek,  the  toreiitii  vaK.. 
Similar  work  on  wood,  ivory,  marble,  glass,  or 
precious  stones  was  called  Sculi'TI'ra. 

Caementicius,  Ceementicia  (structura).  A  kind 
of  masonry  formed  of  rough  stones.  There  were 
two  methods  of  construction  to  which  this  name 
applied.  The  first,  called  licmenticia  structura 
incerta,  consisted  in  embedding  stones  of  more 
or  less  irregidar  sha]>e  in  mortar,  so  as  to  give 
them  any  architectural  form,  and  then  covering 
the  whole  over  with  cement.  The  second, 
called  Cicmentkij.  structura  aiitiqua,  consisted 
in  laying  rough  stones  one  on  the  top  of 
the  other,  without  mortar,  the  interstices  being 
filled  by  chip])ings  or  smaller  stones. 

Csementum.  Unhewn  stones  emjiloyed  in  the 
erection  of  walls  or  buildings  of  any  kind. 

Caer,  British  (Lat.  castruin ;  Saxon,  cluster'). 
A  camp  or  fortress. 

Caesaries  (akin  to  Sanscrit  kcra,  hair,  or  to 
Cicsius,  bluish-grey).  This  term  is  almost  syno 
nymous  with  CuMA  (ipv,),  but  there  is  also 
implied  in  it  an  idea  of  beauty  antl  profusion, 
not  attaching  to  coma,  which  is  the  expression 
as  well  fi>r  an  ordinary  head  of  hair. 

Csestus,  Cestus.  A  boxing  gauntlet.  It  con- 
sisted of  a  series  of  leather  thongs,  armed  with 
lead  or  metal  bosses,  and  was  fitted  to  the  hands 
and  wrists. 

Csetra.     (Sec  Cetra.) 

Cagasuptus,  Med.  Lat.  .\  ciiAT-FAt;x,  or 
wooden  shed,  under  which  the  soldiers  carried 
on  the  (jperatioirs  of  attack.     {A/ryri,/:.) 

Cailloutage,  Fr.  Fine  earthenware ;  pipe- 
clay ;  a  kiml  of  hard  paste  ;  opacpie  pottery. 
"  Fine  earthenware  is  most  fre<iuently  decorated 
by  the  'muftlc;'  the  oldest  specimens,  those 
made  in  France  in  the  l6th  centur}-,  are  orna- 
mented by  incrustation."     (yoc-i/ue/uart.) 

Cairelli,  Med.  Lat.     (See  Cadrei.i.i.) 

Cairn.     A  lieaj)  of  stones  raised  over  a  grave, 


52 


WORDS   USED   IN 


to  which  friends  as  they  pass  add  a  stone. 
The  custom  still  prevails  in  Scotland  and  Ire- 
land. 

Caisson,  Arch.  A  sunken  panel  in  a  ceiling 
or  soffit.     (See  Coffer.) 

Calamarius  [calamus,  q.v.).  A  case  for 
carrying  writing-reeds  {calami).  Another  name 
for  this  case  was  theca  calamaria. 

Calamister  and  Calamistrum.  A  curling-iron, 
so  named  because  the  interior  was  partly  hollow 
like  a  reed  {calamus),  or  perhaps  because  in  very 
early  times  a  reed  heated  in  the  ashes  was  em- 
ployed for  the  purpose ;  hence,  Calamistratus, 
an    effeminate   man,    or   discourse.     (Compare 

CiNIFLO.) 

Calamus  {KoXaixos,  a  reed  or  cane).  A  haulm, 
reed,  or  cane.  The  term  was  applied  to  a 
variety  of  objects  made  out  of  reeds,  such  as  a 
Pan's  pipe,  a  shepherd's  flute  {tibia),  a  fishing- 
rod  {piscatid),  a  rod  tipped  with  lime,  for  fowl- 
ing, &c.  (See  Arundo.  )  It  was  specially  used, 
however,  to  denote  a  reed  cut  into  proper  shape, 
and  used  as  a  pen  for  writing. 
Calantica.     (See  Calautica.) 

Calash  (Fr.  caliche). 
A  hood  made  like  that 
of  the  carriage  called  in 
France  caliche,  whence 
its  name.  It  is  said  to 
have  been  introduced 
into  England  in  1765  by 
the  Duchess  of  Bedford, 
and  was  used  by  ladies 
to  protect  their  heads 
when  dressed  for  the 
opera  or  other  entertain- 
ments. 

Calathiscus    {KahaBia- 
Kos).     A  small  wicker  basket. 

Calathus  (KaAados,  a  basket  ;  Lat.  qiiahis  or 
quasilhis).  A  basket  made  of  rushes  or  osiers 
plaited,  employed  for  many  purposes,  but  above 
all  as  a  woman's  work-basket.  The  calatlnts 
was  the  emblem  of  the  -yvvaiKilov  or  women's 
apartments,  and  of  the  housewife  who  devoted 
herself  to  domestic  duties.  The  same  term  de- 
noted earthenware  or  metal  vases  of  various 
shapes  ;  among  others  a  drinking-cup. 

Calautica  or  Calvatica,  R.  (Or.  Kp-nSeixvof,  from 
Kpai  and  oeu  ;  fastened  to  the  head).  A  head- 
dress worn  by  women  ;  the  Greek  MITRA  (q.v.). 
Calcar  (ra/jr,  the  heel).  A  spur.  It  was  also 
called  calcis  aculeus  (lit.  heel-goad),  a  term  spe- 
cially applied  to  the  spur  of  a  cock.  The  latter, 
however,  was  just  as  often  called  calcar.  In 
mediaeval  Latin  calcaria  aiirea  are  the  golden,  or 
gilt,  spurs  which  were  a  distinctive  mark  of 
knightliood  ;  calcaria  a7-gentea,  the  silver  spurs 
worn  only  by  esquires.  Calcaria  ampiitai-i,  to 
hack  off  the  spurs,  when  a  knight  was  de- 
graded : — 


Fig.   124.  Calash. 


"  Li  esperons  li  soit  cope  parmi 

Pr^s  del  talon  au  branc  acier  forbi." 

{Roman  dc  Garin  MS.) 

Calcatorium  {calco,  to  tread  under  foot).  A 
raised  platform  of  masonry,  set  up  in  the  cellar 
where  the  wine  was  kept  {cclla  7'i/iaria),  and 
raised  above  the  level  of  the  cellar-floor,  to  a 
height  of  three  or  four  steps.  On  either  side  of 
this  platform  were  ranged  the  casks  (ilolia)  or 
large  earthenware  vessels  in  which  the  wine  was 
made.  The  calcatorium  served  as  a  receptacle 
for  the  grapes  when  crushed  (whence  its  name), 
and  as  a  convenient  place  from  whence  to  super- 
intend the  making  of  the  wine. 

Calceamen.  Synonym  of  Calceus  (q.v.),  a 
term  far  more  frequently  employed. 

Calceamentum.  A  general  term  denoting  any 
description  of  boot  and  shoe.  (Each  will  be 
found  separately  noticed  in  its  place.) 

Calcedony  or  Chalcedony  (from  the  town 
Chalccdon).  A  kind  of  agate,  of  a  milky  colour, 
diversified  with  yellow,  bluish,  or  green  tints. 
The  Babylonians  have  left  us  a  large  number  of 
chalcedony  cylinders,  covered  with  inscriptions. 
(See  also  Agate,  Cameos.) 

Calceolus  (dimin.  of  Calceus,  q.v).  A  small 
.shoe  or  ankle-boot  worn  by  women.  There 
were  three  kinds  :  the  first  had  a  slit  over  the 
instep,  which  was  laced  up  when  the  boot  was 
on.  A  second  shape  had  a  very  wide  opening, 
and  could  be  fastened  above  the  ankle  by  a 
string  passed  through  a  hem  round  the  top.  In 
the  third  description  there  was  neither  cord, 
lace,  nor  slit.  The  shoe  was  always  low  in  the 
heel,  and  was  worn  like  a  slipper. 

Calceus  {calx,  the  heel).  A  shoe  or  boot 
made  sufficiently  high  to  completely  cover  the 
foot.  The  Romans  put  off  their  shoes  at  table  ; 
hence  calccos  posccrc  \\\tM\X.  "to  rise  from  table." 

Calculus  (dimin.  of  calx,  a  small  stone  or 
counter).  A  pebble,  or  small  stone  worn  by 
friction  to  present  the  appearance  of  a  pebble. 
Calculi  were  used  in  antiquity  for  recording 
votes  (for  which  purpose  they  were  thrown  into 
the  urn),  for  reckoning,  and  for  mosaic  paving 
(hence  the  English  word  "calculation  "). 

Caldarium  {calidus,  warm).  The  apartment 
in  a  set  of  Roman  baths  ^^•hich  was  used  as  a 
kind  of  sweating-room.  This  chamber,  which 
is  constructed  nearly  always  on  the  same  plan 
in  the  different  baths  which  have  been  discovered, 
included  a  Laconicum,  a  Larrum,  a  Suda- 
torium, and  an  Alveus.  (See  these  words.) 
Fig.  56  (on  p.  32)  represents  a  portion  of  the 
caldariiiDi  of  Pompeii,  restored. 

Caldas  Porcelain  is  from  the  Portuguese  fac- 
tory of  that  name,  specialized  for  faiences  in 
relief;  the  greater  number  are  covered  with  a 
black  coating ;  the  others  with  the  customary  ena- 
mels of  the  country,  violet,  yellow,  and  green. 

Caldron,  for   domestic    use  of  the  14th  cen- 


ART   A\D   AKCII.i:()1.0(;V. 


53 


tury,    is   depicted  as  a   tripod  with  a  j^lolnilar 
body,  and  broad  mouth  aiul  two  liandles. 

Calibre  (or  Caliper)  Compasses.  Compasses 
made  willi  arclicd  Ici^s. 

Caliga.  A  military  boot  worn  by  Roman 
soldiers  and  officers  of  inferior  rank.  The 
,-(!//i;i!  consisted  of  a  strong:;  sole,  studded  with 
heavy  pointed  nails,  and  l)ound  on  by  a  net- 
work of  leather  thongs,  which  covered  the  lieel 
and  tlie  foot  as  high  as  the  ankle. 

Caliptra.     (See  Calyptra.) 

Caliver.  A  harquebus  of  a  standard  "  calibre," 
introchiced  during  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth. 

Calix.  A  cup-shaped  vase,  used  as  a  drink- 
ing-goblet.  It  was  of  circular  shape,  had  two 
handles,  and  was  mounted  on  a  tolerably  high 
stand.  The  term  also  denotes  a  water-meter, 
or  copper  tube  of  a  specified  diameter,  which 
was  attached  like  a  kind  of  branch-pipe  to  a 
main  one. 

Calliculae.  A  kind  of  very  thin  metal  disk, 
more  or  less  ornamented,  worn  by  rich  Chris- 
tians, and  especially  priests,  as  an  ornament  for 
the  dress.  CallicuUi  were  also  made  of  purple- 
coloured  cloth.  Many  of  the  pictures  in  the  cata- 
combs represent  persons  wearing  c-(?///r«/(t7  on  their 
colobia  and  other  garments.      (See  COLOBIUM.) 

Callisteia  (KaWio-rera).  A  Lesbian  festival 
of  women,  in  which  a  prize  was  awarded  to  the 
most  beautiful. 

Callot.      A  plain  coif  or  skull-cap  (English). 

Calones  (kSAo,  wood),  (i)  Roman  slaves  who 
carried  wood  for  the  soldiers.   (2)  Farm  servants. 

Calote,  Fr.  A  species  of  sabre-proof  skull- 
cap worn  in  the  French  cavalry. 

Calotype.  A  process  of  printing  by  photo- 
grajihy,  called  also  Talbotype. 

Calpis,  Gr.  A  water-jar  with  three  handles, 
two  at  the  shoulders  and  one  at  the  neck. 

Calthrops.     (See  Caltraps.) 

Caltraps  (for  t7;^'<z/-traps).  Spikes 
of  metal  thrown  on  the  ground  to 
resist  a  charge  of  cavalry.  In 
Christian  art,  attributes  of  St.  The- 
mistoclcs. 

Calvary,  Chr.  An  arrangement  of 
small  chapels  or  shrines  in  which  the 
incidents  of  the  progress  to  the 
scene  of  the  crucifixion  are  represented, 
each  such  "station"  appropriate  prayers 
meditations  are  allotted. 

Calvatica.     (See  Calautica.) 

Calyptra  (from  Ka\inrTu,  to  hide).  A 
worn  by  young  Greek  and  Roman  women  over 
the  face.  It  is  also  called  caliptra,  but  this  term 
is  less  used. 

Camail  (for  cap-mail).  A  tippet  of  mail 
attached  to  the  helmet.  In  media-val  Latin 
called  caiiialc,  cainallns,  camelaucum,  calamaucits, 
calantaucum. 

Camara.     (See  Camf.ka.) 


Fig.  125. 
Caltrap. 


To 
and 


reil 


Camayeu.  Monochrome  paintin^j,  i.  c.  in 
sliadcs  of  one  colour,  or  in  convcnlioii.il  iiiinui, 
not  copied  from  nature. 

Camber,  Arch.     A  curve  or  arch. 

Camboge  or  Gamboge.  A  ).;um-rcsin,  lormiii^ 
a  yellow  water-colour.  The  best  gamboj^c  is 
from  Slain,  anil  the  kingdom  of  Camlioja 
(wJience  its  name).  It  sliouM  be  brittle, 
inodorous,  of  conchoidal  fracture,  orange- 
coloured  or  reddish  yellow,  smooth  and  sonie- 
wliat  glistening.  Its  powder  is  briglit  yellow. 
An  artificial  gamboge,  of  little  value,  is  manufac- 
tured with  turmeric  and  other  materials. 

Cambresian  Faience.  The  "  ])oterie  blance  "' 
of  Cambrai  is  mentioned  in  a  Nl.S.  of  the  lOlh 
century.     It  was  an  enamelleil  faience. 

Camella.  An  earthenware  or  wooden  vessel 
employed  in  certain  religious  ceremonies.  It 
probably  served  for  making  libations  of  milk. 

Cameo  (Ital.  lammco).  A  ])recious  stone 
engraved  in  relief  ;  it  is  thus  opjmsed  to  the 
Ini'aglio  (([.v.),  which  is  cut  into  the  stone. 
Cameos  are  generally  carved  from  stones  having 
several  layers.  They  were  employed  in  the 
decoration  of  furniture,  vases,  clasps,  girdles, 
and  to  make  bracelets,  rings,  cVc.  Cameos  were 
largely  made  by  the  Egy|)tians,  Greeks,  and 
Romans  ;  by  the  two  latter  generally  of  sar- 
dony.x  and  onyx.  (See  Intaglio,  SllKl.L 
Cameo,  &c.) 

Cameo-glass.     (See  G'  ass.) 

Camera,  more  rarely  Camara.  The  vault  or 
vaulted  ceiling  of  an  apartment.  Camara  vitrea, 
a  vaulted  ceiling,  the  s\irface  of  which  wxs  lined 
with  plates  of  glass.  The  term  was  also  used  to 
denote  a  chariot  with  an  archeil  cover  formed 
by  hoops  ;  an  underground  passage  ;  a  pirate- 
vessel  with  a  decked  cabin ;  and,  in  short,  any 
chamber  having  an  arched  roof,  as  for  instance 
the  interior  of  a  tomb. 

Camera  Lucida.  An  optical  instrument  for 
reflecting  the  outlines  of  objects  from  a  prism, 
so  that  they  can  be  traced  upon  paper  by  a  per- 
son unac(iiiainted  with  the  art  of  drawing. 

Camera  Obscara.  A  darkened  room  in  which 
the  coloure<l  rellections  of  surrounding  objects 
are  thrown  upon  a  white  groun<l. 

Camfuri,  Camphio,  Med.  Lat.  A  decreed 
duel:  from  the  t  ierman  "  kampf,"  battle  ;  and 
the  L)ani>h  "vug,"  manslaughter.     {AhyrUk.) 

Camies,  O.  E.  A  ligiu  thin  material,  pro- 
bal)ly  of  >ilken  texture. 

Caminus.  Literally,  a  smelting  furnace,  and 
then  an  oven  for  baking  bread  ;  also,  a  hearth  or 
fireplace.  Fig-  126  represents  a  baker's  oven  at 
Pomjieii.  , 

Camisado,  O.  E.  A  sudden  attack  on  a  small 
party  ;  a  Spanish  term. 

"  To  give  camis.idoes  on  troupes  that  are  lodged  a  farre 
off."     (/.>/,/<•  Disanirs.-  0/  Wnrrt. ) 

Camisia  (a  Gallic  word,  whence  prob.   Ital. 


t: 


^ 


54 


WORDS   USED   IX 


licia). 


Fig.  126.  Caminus. 


A  light  linen  tunic  worn  next  the  skin 
(tunica  intiina). 

Camlet  or  Chamlet, 
O.  E.  Originally  a  tissue 
of  goat's  and  camel's  hair 
interwoven.  In  Eliza- 
beth's reign  the  name  was 
given  to  a  cloth  of  mi.xecl 
wool  and  silk,  first  manu- 
factured in  Montgomery- 
shire, on  the  banks  of 
the  river  Camlet. 

Cammaka.  A  cloth  of 
which  church  vestments 
were  made,  fe»ip.  Ed- 
ward III. 

Camoca,  O.  E.,  14th 
century.  A  textile  pro- 
bably of  fine  camel's  hair 
and  silk,  and  of  Asiatic 
workmanship,  much  used  for  church  vestments, 
dress,  and  hangings. 

Campagus  or  Compagus.     A  kind  of  sandal. 
It  was  worn  especially  by  the  Roman  patricians. 
Campana,  It.  A  bell;  hence.  Campanology, 
the  science  or  study  of  bells. 
Campanile.     A  belfry. 

Camp-ceiling.  Where  all  the  sides  are  equally 
inclined  to  meet  the  horizontal  part  in  the  centre 
(as  in  an  attic). 

Campestre,  R.  (from  cavipestei;  i.  e.  pertaining 
to  the  Field  of  Mars).  A  short  kilt  worn  by  gla- 
diators and  soldiers  when  going  through  violent 
exercises  in  public.  The  kilt  fitted  close  to  the 
body,  and  reached  two-thirds  down  the  thigh. 

Campio  Kegis,  Engl.  The  king's  champion, 
who  on  the  day  of  the  coronation  challenges  any 
one  who  disputes  the  title  to  the  crown. 

Campus  Martius  (i.e.  Field  of  Mars).  At 
Rome,  as  in  the  provinces,  this  term  had  the 
same  meaning  which  it  bears  in  some  countries 
at  the  present  day  ;  i.  e.  a  ground  on  which 
soldiers  went  through  their  exercises.  In  an- 
cient times,  however,  the  Field  of  Mars,  or 
simply  the  Field,  served  also  as  a  place  of 
assemblv    for     the 


«£:#>■■ 


,^ 


CO  III  it  ia. 

Canaba,  Gr.  and 
R.  A  Low  Latin 
name  for  the  slight 
stractures  common 
in  country  places, 
such  as  we  should 
now  call  sheds  or 
hovels.  Those  who 
lived  in  them  were 
called  caiiabenses. 
Fig.  127  is  from  a 
terra  -  cotta  vase 
found  near  the  lake 
Albano. 


Canaliculus  (dimin.  of  Canalis,  q.v.).  Asmall 
channel  or  groove  ;  or  a  fluting  carved  on  the 
face  of  a  triglyph.     (Fig.  128.) 


Fig.  128.  Canaliculus. 

Canalis  (akin  to  Sanscrit  root  khan,  to  dig). 
An  artificial  channel  or  conduit  for  water.  The 
term  canalis  is  also  given  to  the  fillet  or  flat  sur- 
face lying  between  the  abacus  and  echinus  of  an 
Ionic  capital.  It  terminates  in  the  eye  of  the 
volute,  which  it  follows  in  such  a  way  as  to  give 
it  the  proper  contour. 

Canathron    (Gr.    K6.va.Qpov).      A   carriage,  of 
which  the  upper  part  was  made  of  basket-work. 
Canberia,  Med.  Lat.  {Vx.  jamhicrcs).   Armour 
for  the  legs. 

Cancelli  (from  canco;  a  lattice).  A  trellis, 
iron  grating,  or  generally  an  ornamental  barrier 
separating  one  place  from  another.  In  some 
amphitheatres  the  podium  (q.v.)  had  cancelli 
at  the  top.  In  a  court  of  law  the  judges  and 
clerks  were  divided  from  the  place  set  apart  for 
the  public  by  cancelli  (hence  "  chancel"). 

Candela.  A 
torch,  made  of 
rope,  coated  with 
tallow,  resin,  or 
pitch.  It  was 
carried  in  funeral 
processions  (hence 
'■^candle  "). 

Candelabrum. 
A  candlestick, 
candelabnim,  or 
generally  any  kind 
of  stand  by  which 
a  light  can  be  sup- 
ported. There 
were  many  difte- 
rent  kinds.  The 
same  term  is  also 
used  to  denote  the 
tall  pedestal  of  a 
port  ab  le  1  amp 
(Fig.  129).  (See 
Candleheam.) 

Candellieri,  It. 
A  style  of  gi-o- 
tesque  ornamenta- 
tion, characteristic 
of  the  Urbino  ma- 
jolica ware. 
C  andlebeam. 
O.  E.     A  chandelier  ol  the  Middle  ."Kges   with 


129.  Candelabrum- 


ART   AND   AKCir.l'OI.OCV 


" I'eHys  of  la/on"    (or    brass   cups)   shint;  l>y  a 
pullc)'  from  tlio  ceiling. 

Candles.  The  A.S.  poets  called  the  sun  "ro- 
dores  candel,"  the  candle  of  the  fnmament, 
"woruld  candel,"  "heofon  candel,"  tVc.  Origi- 
nally, no  doubt,  the  candle  was  a  mere  mass  of  fat 
plastered  round  a  wick  (candel-weoc)  and  stuck 
upon  a  "candel-sticca,"  or  upright  stick;  when 
the  candle-stick  had  several  branches,  it  was  calleil 
a  candle-/nv.  There  were  iron,  bone,  silver- 
gilt,  and  ornamented  candlesticks.  Through 
the  Middle  Ages  candles  were  stuck  on  a  spike, 
not  in  a  socket,  and  a  chandelier  of  the  i6th 
century  shows  the  same  arrangement. 


of      CologlKJ 

(!•■'«•  '3'-) 


and     otiicr    parts     of 


55 
CJcrmany. 


Kig.  130.  Persain  Candys. 

Candys  (koj/ous).  A  Persian  cloak  of  woollen 
cloth,  generally  puiple  in  colour. 

Canephoria.  Greek  festivals  of  Diana  ;  or 
an  incident  of  another  feast,  called  pratelia,  in 
which  virgins  about  to  marry  presented  baskets 
{canca)  to  Minerva.  The  name,  Canephorus,  or 
"basket-bearer,"  was  common  to  the  virgins 
who  attended  processions  of  Ceres,  Miner\-a, 
and  Bacchus,  with  the  consecrated  cakes,  in- 
cense, and  other  sacrificial  accessories,  in  the 
fiat  baskets  called  caiiea. 

Canette.  A  conic-shaped  German  drinking- 
mug,  resembling  the  modern  "schoppen,"  of 
which  highly  ornamented  examples  in  white 
stone-ware  have  been  produced  by  the  potter> 


Fig.  131.  Canette   of  white 
■    stone-ware,  iS74- 


Caniple,  O.  i:.     A 

small  knife  ur  dagger. 
Canis  (akin  lo  San- 
scrit VVAN,  (Jr.  KUIDV). 

A  thjg.  This  term 
lias  numcrtjus  dimi- 
nutives: tiidilits,  cald- 
Ills,  itiniiiila.  How- 
ever ancient  any  civi- 
lization, the  dog  is 
always  met  with  as 
the  com])anioii  of 
man,  and  in  each  na- 
tion it  follows  a  par- 
ticular type.  Thus  a 
tlistinct  difference  is 
]iercei)tible  in  the  dogs 
of  the  Etruscans, 
(J  recks,  Romans, 

Eg)ptians,  Indians, 
and  Gauls.  The 
I'".gy|)lians  had  ter- 
riers and  greyhounds, 
wolf-dogs,  and  others 
for  hunting  or  watch- 
dogs. All  these  breeds 
are  met  with  on  the 
bas-reliefs  of  Egyptian 
monuments.  The 

Egyptian  name  for  a 


dog,  70011,  7cwi7i'o/i,  is  evidently  onomatopoietic 
or  imitative.     (See  also  Dm;. ) 

Canistrum,  Canister,  or  Canenm  (KaftaTpov, 
from  KavT),  a  reed).  A  wide  shallow  basket  for 
carrying  the  instruments  of  sacrifice  and  offer- 
ings for  the  gods.  It  was  generally  carried  on 
the  head  by  young  girls,  who  were  called  Cam- 
fhofic  {Kavr)<p6f>ai.,  i.  e.  basket-bearers),  q.  v. 

Canon  («a»'(l);',  from  Ki.vr\,  i.  e.  anything 
straight  like  a  reed).  A  fi.xcd  rule  or  standaril 
which  is  supposed  to  have  served,  in  antiquity, 
as  a  basis  or  model  in  forming  statues,  the 
various  members  of  which  bore  a  definite  pro- 
portion one  to  the  other.  The  Greeks  had 
some  such  canon.  The  Sopv(p6pot  (spearman) 
of  Polycletus  was,  it  is  said,  looked  upon  as 
afftjrding  a  standard  for  the  i'>ro])ortions  of  the 
human  body.  The  Egyptians  arc  also  supposed 
to  have  had  a  canon,  in  which  the  middle  finger 
formed  the  unit  of  measurement. 

Canopea  or  Canopic  Vases.  An  Eg)'ptian 
vase,  made  of  clay,  and  so  named  from  its  being 
manufactured  at  Canopus,  a  town  of  Lower 
Eg)pt,  the  present  Aboukir.  The  same  name 
was  given  to  funereal  urns  made  in  the  shape  of 
the  god  Canopus,  who  is  descrilnrd  by  Russin  as 
fedihiis  exii^uis,  attracto  tollo,  -•entrc  tuinido  in 
mod II m  hydriir,  cutn  dorso  icqualiUr  Urtti  (i.  c. 
having  small  feet,  a  short  neck,  a  belly  as  round 


56 


WORDS    USED   IN 


and  swelling  as  a  water-jar,  and  a  back  to 
match).  Canopean  vases  were  made  of  earthen- 
ware, alabaster,  and  limestone.  They  were 
placed  at  the  four  corners  of  tombs  or  sarco- 
phagi containing  mummies.  In  them  were  de- 
posited the  viscera  of  the  dead,  which  were 
placed  under  the  protection  of  the  four  genii, 
symbolized  each  by  the  head  of  some  animal 
which  served  at  the  same  time  for  the  lid  of  the 
canopea. 

Cant,  Arch,  (i)  To  truncate.  (2)  To  turn 
anything  over  on  its  angle. 

Cantabrarii,  Med.  Lat.  Standard-bearers : 
from  Cantabrum,  a  kind  of  standard  used  by 
the  Roman  emperors.     (Consult  Meyrick.) 

Canted  Column,  Arch.  A  column  polygonal 
in  section. 

Cantellus,  Med.  Lat.  (Fr.  chanteau  and  cantel; 
Lat.  qitantilliis).  (i)  A  cut  with  a  weapon,  or 
the  portion  cut  away.  (2)  Heraldic  for  the  fourth 
part  of  a  shield,  since  called  a  canton.  (3)  The 
hind  part  of  a  saddle. 

Canteriolus  (dimin.  of  canterius,  a  prop). 
A  painter's  easel.  The  term,  which  is  of  doubt- 
ful Latinity,  corresponds  to  the  Greek  oKpilSas. 

Canterius,  R.  This  tenn  has  numerous 
meanings  ;  it  serves  to  denote  a  gelding,  a  prop, 
the  rafters  forming  part  of  the  woodwork  of  a 
roof,  and  a  surgical  contrivance,  of  which  the 
form  is  unknown,  but  which  was  used  for  sus- 
pending horses  whose  legs  chanced  to  be  broken, 
in  such  a  way  as  to  allow  the  bone  to  set. 


Fig.  1  ,j.    C.iiitliaius  (Greek). 

Cantharus  (Kdfdapos,    a  kind  of  beetle).     A 
two-handled  vase  or  drinking-cup,  of  Greek  in- 


vention. It  was  particularly  consecrated  to 
Bacchus,  and  accordingly,  in  representations  of 
the  festivals  of  that  god,  it  figures  constantly 
in  the  hands  of  satyrs  and  other  personages. 
(Fig.  132.) 

Cantherius.     (See  Canterius.) 

Canthus  (KavObs,  the  felloe  of  a  wheel).  A 
hoop  of  iron  or  bronze  forming  the  f/re  of  a 
wheel.  The  Greeks  called  this  tire  iTrlaairpov 
(i.  e.  that  which  is  fastened  to  the  felloe). 

Canticum.  An  mterludeof  musicin  a  Roman 
play. 

Cantilevers  or  Cantalivers,  Arch.  Blocks 
framed  into  a  wall  under  the  eaves,  projecting  so 
as  to  carry  a  moulding.     (See  MODILLION.) 

Cant-moulding,  Arch.  Any  moulding  with  a 
bevelled  face. 

Canum.  A  Greek  basket,  more  generally 
called  Canistrum  (q.v.). 

Canvas  prepared  for  painting  is  kept  stretched 
upon  frames  of  various  sizes  :  e.  g.  kit-cat,  28  or 
29  inches  by  36  ;  three-quai-ters,  25  by  30  ;  half- 
length,  40  by  50  ;  bishop's  half-length,  44  or  45 
by  56  ;  bishofs  whole-length,  58  by  94. 

Cap-a-pie  (Fr.).  In  full  armour,  from  head  to 
foot. 

Caparison.  The  complete  trappings  of  a  war- 
horse. 

Capellina,  Med.  Lat.  The  chapeline  or  small 
Chapel  de  Fer. 

Capellum,  Med.  Lat.  A  scabbard  {not  the 
hilt  of  a  sword). 

Capellus  ferreus.     (See  Chapel  de  Fer.) 

Capillamentum,  R.  A  wig  of  false  hair,  in 
which  the  hair  was  long  and  abundant.  (See 
Co.MA.) 

Capillus  (from  caput,  the  head).  Hair ;  the 
hair  of  the  head  in  general.      (.See  CoSLV.) 

Capis,  R.  A  kind  of  earthenware  jug,  with  a 
handle.  Vessels  of  this  kind  were  used  in 
sacrifices,  and  the  capis  is  often  found  repre- 
sented on  medals.  Other  names  for  it  were 
capedo,  capednncula,  and  capiila. 

Capisterium  (deriv.  from  (TKafrj  or  aKd<pos, 
i.  e.  that  which  is  scooped  out).  A  vessel 
resembling  the  alveus,  or  wooden  trough,  and 
which  was  employed  for  cleansing  the  ears 
of  corn  after  they  had  been  threshed  and 
winnowed. 

Capistrum  (from  capio,  i.  e.  that  which  takes 
or  holds),  (i)  A  halter  or  head-stall.  (2)  A 
rope  employed  for  suspending  the  end  of  the 
beam  in  a  wine-press.  (3)  A  muzzle  made  to 
prevent  young  animals  from  sucking  after  they 
have  been  weaned.  (4)  A  broad  leather  band 
or  cheek-piece  worn  by  flute-players.  It  had  an 
opening  for  the  mouth  to  blow  through. 

Capita  aut  Navia  (lit.  heads  or  ships  ;  of  coins 
having  the  head  oifaniis  on  one  side  and  a  ship 
on  the  reverse).  A  game  of  "  heads  or  tails  " 
played  by  the  Romans  and  Greeks. 


ART   AND   ARCII.i:()I.O(;V. 


57 


Capital  {caput,  a  head).  A  strip  of  clotli 
worn  round  the  head,  in  primitive  times,  by 
Roman  women,  to  keep  in  their  hair.  Later  on 
it  was  worn  only  by  women  attached  to  the 
service  of  religion.  (See  CvriTULUM.) 
Capitellum.  (See  Cai'itulum.) 
Capitium.  An  article  of  female  dress  ;  a 
kind  of  corset  or  bodice. 

Capitolium  (i.  e.  the  place  of  the  caput ;  be- 
cause a  human  head  was  supposed  to  have  been 
discovered  in  digging  the  foundations).  Tlie 
Capitol,  or  enclosure  containing  the  temple 
raised  in  honour  of  Jupiter.  The  first  Capitol 
of  Rome  was  built  on  the  jMoiis  Capitoliitus  or 
Capitolium.  The  chief  cities  of  Italy  possessed 
each  its  Capitolium. 

Capital.  A  term 
which  denotes  the 
member  of  architec- 
ture crowning  the 
top  of  a  column, 
pillar,  or  pilaster. 
Figs.  133  and  134 
represent  cushion  capi- 
tals of  the  Romano- 
Byzantine  epoch. 
Orders  of  Architecture 
are  known  by  their 
Capitals.  (See  CoM- 
rosiTE,  Corinthian, 
Doric,  Ionic,  and 
Tuscan.) 

Capo  di  Monte, 
Naples.  \  manufac- 
tory of  faience,  estab- 
lished l)y  Charles  III. 
Cappagh  Browns, 
Light  and  Dark. 
Rich  brown  pigments, 
made  of  a  bituminous 
'^'  '3*'  earth     from     Ireland. 

Called  also  Mineral  or  Manganese  Brozvn. 

Capreolus,  R.  (lit.  a  wild  goat  or  roebuck). 
A  fork  for  digging,  with  two  prongs  converging 
together  like  the  horns  of  a  roebuck.  The  term 
is  also  used  for  a  strut  or  brace.  The  tie-beams 
and  king-posts  in  the  frame  of  a  roof  are  often 
connected  by  capreoli. 

Capriccio,  It.  Caprice  in  art. 
Capricornas.  The  zodiacal  sign  of  September 
employed  by  Augustus  CcXisar  in  commemoration 
of  his  victory  at  Actium  on  the  day  when  the 
sun  enters  that  sign.  The  same  device  was  used 
by  Cosmo  de'  Medici,  and  by  the  Emperor 
Rodolph  II.  of  German)',  with  the  motto, 
"Fulget  Civsaris  Astrum."     (P'ig.  135.) 

Caprimulgus,  Lat.  A  goat-milker,  a  common 
device  on  antique  gems  and  bas-reliefs,  repre- 
senting a  man  or  a  faun  milking  a  goat. 

Capronae,  R.  (from  caput  ami  proiius,  i.e.  that 
which  hangs  down  tlie  forehead).      The  forelock 


of  a  horse,  and  by  analogy,  a  lock  of  curling 
hair  falling  down  over  the  centre  of  the  forclicad, 
in  a  man  or  woman. 


Fig.  135.  Capricornus.    The  device  of  Cosmo  de' Medici. 

Capsa  or  Scrinium,  R.  A  box  or  case  of 
cylindrical  form,  used  for  .several  purposes,  but 
more  ])articularly  for  the  transport  of  rolls  or 
volumes  {volumiita).  The  capsic  were  generally 
provided  with  straps  and  locks,  the  former  serv- 
ing as  a  handle. 

Capsella  and  Capsula,  R.  (dimin.  of  Capsa, 
q.v. ).     A  case  or  casket  for  jewels,  &c. 

Capuchon.  A  hood  with  neck-piece  and 
mantle.  The  engraving  (Fig.  136)  is  a  portrait 
of  Cimabue. 

Capula.     Dimin.  of  Caims  (q.v.). 

Capularis,  R.  The  straight  handle  or  hilt 
of  any  kind  of  instrument  or  weajion,  in  con- 
tradistinction to  ansa,  which  signifies  a  curved 
haft  or  handle.  The  term  capularis  was  ap- 
plied indifferently  to  the  handle  of  a  sword,  a 
sceptre,  &c. 

Car,  Chariot,  or  Carriage.     (See  Carrus  and 

CUKRCS.) 

Carabaga,  Med.  Lat.  Also  Cai.aura.  A 
kind  of  catapult  or  balista. 

Carabine.     (See  Carhine.) 

Carabus  (Kctpa/Sos).  A  small  boat  made  of 
wicker-work  ;  a  kind  of  shallop  covered  with 
raw  hides.  It  was  either  propelled  1)y  itself  or 
attached  to  the  stem  of  a  larger  vessel.  Similar 
to  the  coracle. 

Caracalla  (a  Celtic  word).  A  military  gar- 
ment introduced  from  Gaul  into  Rome  by  the 
Emperor  Antonine,  who  obtained  thus  his  sur- 
name of  Caracalla. 

Caracole,  .\rch.     A  sjiiral  staircase. 

Carbassus  or  Carbassum  {Kapitaaos,  fine  Spa- 
nish flax).  Tiiis  term  was  used  indifferently 
to  denote  all  textures  made  of  the  fine  Spanish 
flax.  Thus  any  knul  of  linen  garment,  the  sails 
of  a  shiji,  the  awning  of  a  theatre  or  amphi-- 
theatre,  all  came  under  the  term  oi  carbassus. 

Carbatinee  {Kap^anvai).  A  rough  kind  of 
boot  in  common  use,  made  of  a  single  piece  of 
leather,  and  woni  by  peasants. 


WORDS    USED   IN 


Carbine,  or  Carabine,  or  Caraben.  A  short 
gun  with  a  wheel  lock  and  a  wide  bore,  intro- 
duced in  the  i6th  century. 


Fig.  136.   Capuchon  and  mantle. 
From  an  I  talian  painting  of  the  i-itk  century. 

Carbonate  of  Lead,  or  ivhite  lead,  is  the  prin- 
cipal V  liite  pigment.  It  is  prepared  by  exposing 
sheets  of  lead  to  the  action  of  acetic  and  carbonic 
acids.  It  is  called  also  Cenisc,  Flake  white, 
Krems  (or  Vienna)  white,  Nottinghatti  white.  It 
is  also  known,  under  different  modifications  of 
colour,  as  Venice,  or  as  Hamburg,  or  as  Diitc/i 
white.  It  is  a  pigment  very  liable  to  injury  from 
exposure  to  certain  gases.  (.See  Dxide  ok 
ZiN-c.) 

Carbonates  of  Copper  yield  blue  and  green 
pigments,  known  from  the  earliest  times,  and 
under  many  names,  as  Mountain  blue  and  gi-een, 
blue  and  green  Ash,  or  Saunders'  (for  cend/W) 
blue  and  green.  These  names  are  also  applied 
to  the  manufactured  imitations  of  the  native  car- 
bonates of  copper.  Powdered  Malachite  is  a 
form  of  the  native  gi-een  carbonate.  The  colours 


called  Emerald  Green  and  Paul  I  'eroncsc  Green 
are  artificial. 

Carbuncle  (Lat.  carbnncnlns).  A  gem  of  a 
deep  red  colour.  A  jewel  shining  in  the  dark. 
{Milton.) 

Carcaissnm,  Med.  Lat.  (Fr.  carqiwis ;  It. 
carcasso  ;   Mod.  Gx. '^apKacnov).     A  quiver. 

Carcamousse,  Med.  A  battering-ram.  The 
name  i>  onomatopoetic. 

Carcanet,  O.  E.  A  necklace  set  with  stones,  or 
strung  with  pearls. 

Carcass,  Arch.  The  unfinishea  frame  or 
skeleton  of  a  building. 

Career  (akin  to  arceo,  \.  e.  an  enclosure  [Gr. 
epKos]).  (i)  A  prison.  {2)  The  circus.  At  Rome 
the  prisons  were  divided  into  three  stages  :  the 
first,  which  formed  a  story  above  ground  {career 


Fis.  137.  Carceres.     Roman  prisons. 

superior),  was  for  prisoners  who  had  only  com- 
mitted  slight    offences  ;  the    career  interior,  or 


Fig.  138.  Carceres.    Stables  in  the  circus  at  Rome. 


ART  AND   ARC-Il.i:OI.O(;V. 


59 


stage  on  a  level  with  the  gvound,  served  as  a  place 
of  confinement  in  which  criminals  were  jilaced  to 
await  the  execution  of  their  sentence ;  lastly 
there  was  the  aiircr  inferior,  or  subterranean 
dungeon  called  rolnir,  for  criminals  condcnmed 
to  death.  Fig.  137  represents  the  career  built  at 
Rome  by  Ancus  Martins  and  Servius  Tullius  ; 
Fig.  13S  the  eareeres  of  the  circus. 

Carchesium  (kopx^''"''"')-  (i)  A  drinking-cup 
of  Greek  invention,  and  having  slender  handles 
rising  high  over  the  edge,  ami  reaching  to  the 
foot.  It  was  an  attribute  of  liacchus,  and  was 
used  in  the  religious  ceremonies.  (2)  A  scaffold- 
ing in  the  shape  of  the  carclicsiiim  at  the  mast- 
heail  of  a  ship.     (Anglice,  "crow's-nest.") 

Cardinalis.    (.See  Scapus.) 

Cardo.  A  pivot  and  socket  used  for  the  hinge 
of  a  door.  The  term  was  also  used  in  carpentry 
to  denote  a  dove-tailed  tenon  ;  this  was  called 
cardo  secni-i-cidatiis,  i.  e.  a  tenon  in  the  shape  of 
an  axe,  the  dove-tail  bearing  some  resemblance  to 
the  blade  of  that  tool. 

Care-clotb,  O.  E.  A  cloth  held  over  the 
bride  and  bridegroom's  heads  at  a  wedding. 

Carellus  (Fr.  carreau).  A  quarrel  or  arrow 
for  cross-bows,  the  head  of  which  was  either 
four-sided  or  had  four  projections. 

Carillon,  Fr.  A  set  of  large  bells,  arranged  to 
perform  tunes  by  machinery,  or  by  a  set  of  keys 
touched  by  a  musician.  Antwerp,  Bruges,  and 
Ghent  are  celebrated  for  the  carillons  in  their 
steeples. 

Caristia  (from  x°-9'-^i  favour  or  gratitude).  A 
Roman  feast,  at  which  the  members  of  a  family 
came  together.  It  lasted  three  days  :  on  the 
first,  sacrifices  were  offered  to  the  gods ;  the 
second  W'as  consecrated  to  the  worship  of  deceased 
relations  ;  and  on  the  third  the  surviving  mem- 
bers of  the  family  met  at  a  banquet.  .Strangers 
were  not  allowed  in  these  gatherings. 

Carminated  Lakes.  Also  called  Lake  of 
Florence,  Paris^  or  Vicuna.  Pigments  made  from 
the  liquor  in  which  cochineal  and  the  other  in- 
gredients have  been  boiled  to  make  carmine. 
(See  Madder.) 

Carmine.  A  beautiful  pigment  prepared  from 
the  insect,  cochineal.  Carmine  is  the  richest 
and  purest  portion  of  the  colouring  matter  of 
cochineal.  The  various  kinds  of  carmine  are 
distinguished  by  numbers,  and  possess  a  value 
corresponding  thereto  ;  the  difference  depending 
either  on  the  proportion  of  the  alumina  added, 
or  on  the  presence  of  vermilion  added  for  the 
purpose  of  diluting  and  increasing  the  quantity 
of  the  colour:  the  alumina  produces  a  paler  tint, 
and  the  vemiilion  a  tint  different  to  that  of 
genuine  cannine.  The  amount  of  adulteration 
can  always  l)e  detected  by  the  use  of  liquor 
ammonire,  which  dissolves  the  whole  of  the  car- 
mine, but  leaves  the  adulterating  matter  un- 
touched.    Carmine  is  chietly  used    in   miniature 


painting  and  in  water-colours.  It  is  made  in 
large  ciuantities  in  I'aris. 

Carmine-madder.     uSec  Maddku.) 

Carnarium,  R.  (earo,  flesh),  (i)  A  larder  for 
fresh  or  salted  provisions.  (2)  The  iron  hooks  on 
which  they  were  hung. 

Carnificia  or  Carnificina,  R.  {carnife.x,  exe- 
cutioner). Subterranean  dungeons,  in  which 
criminals  were  put  to  the  torture,  and,  in  many 
cases,  executed. 

Carnix  or  Carnyx  (Celtic  and  Gaulish  word). 
A  trumpet  in  the  form  of  a  long  horn,  of  which 
the  mouth  was  curved  so  as  to  resemble  the 
mouth  of  an  animal.  This  instrument  gave  out 
a  peculiarly  loud  strident  sound,  and  was  used 
more  particularly  by  the  Celtic  nations,  notably 
the  Gauls.  It  is  constantly  found  represented  on 
the  coins  of  these  nations,  and  on  bas-reliefs. 
Some  archceologists  have  mistaken  the  carnices 
on  medals  for  cornncopicc. 

Carol,  Chr.  An  enclosed  place  ;  a  circular 
gallery.  In  old  French,  carole  signified  a  round 
dance,  or  a  circle  of  stone.  In  the  last  century 
the  term  was  applied  to  the  ambulatory,  or  cir- 
cular gallery,  behind  the  choir  in  churches. 

Carpentum,  R.  A  two-wheeled  carriage  of 
Gaulish  invention  ;  it  was  often  covered  with  an 
awning,  resembling  in  form  that  of  the  Camaka 
(q.v.).  The  carpentum  funebre  or  potnpaticum 
was  a  hearse.  It  was  made  to  resemble  a 
shrine  or  small  temple.  Lastly,  the  term  car- 
pentum was  used  to  denote  a  cart,  with  two 
wheels,  employed  for  agricultural  purposes. 

Carrago  (i.  e.  formed  of  carri  or  carts).  A 
kind  of  intrenchment  peculiar  to  certain  bar- 
barous nations.  It  was  constnicted  by  drawing 
up  waggons  and  war-chariots  in  a  curved  line, 
approaching  a  circle  as  nearly  as  the  nature  of 
the  ground  permitted.  It  formed  a  first  line  of 
defence,  behind  which  the  combatants  sheltered 
themselves  in  order  to  defend  the  camp  proper, 
which  lay  in  the  centre  of  the  carrago. 

Carreaux,  Med.  Fr.  Quarrels  for  cross-bows, 
so  called  from  their  square  form. 

Carriolum.     (See  Carkocium.) 

Carroballista  or  Carrobalista  {carriis,  a  car). 
A  ballista  mounted  upon  a  carriage,  to  be  trans- 
ported from  place  to  place.     (See  1!allist.\.) 

Carrocium,  Carrocerum,  Med.  Lat.  A  stan- 
dard fixed  on  a  carriage. 

Carrotus.     A  quarrel.     (.See  Carellis,  &c.) 

Carruca,  Carrucha,  or  Carncha.  A  carriage 
of  costly  description,  richly  ornamented  with 
bronze  and  ivory  carvings  and  chased  gold.  It 
differed  widely  from  the  FsSEOO  and  the  RHEDA 
(q.v.). 

Carrus  or  Carrum  (Celtic  root).  A  cart  or 
chariot  of  Gaulish  invention,  on  two  wheels,  used 
in  the  army  as  a  commissariat  waggon.  A  carrus 
occurs  among  the  sculptures  on  the  column  of 
Trajan. 


60 


WORDS    USED   IN 


Cartamera  (Gaulish  word).  A  Gaulish  girdle 
made  of  metal,  and  used  to  support  the  bracccc, 
or  trousers.  It  was  made  sometimes  in  the  form 
of  a  serpent  with  its  tail  in  its  mouth,  but  more 
generally  resembled  a  fringe  of  twisted  hemp, 
like  the  torques,  by  which  name  accordingly  it 
was  known  among  the  Romans.   (See  Torques.) 

Cartibulum,  R.  (corrupted  from  gertibulum, 
i.  e.  that  which  bears  or  carries).  A  side-board, 
consisting  of  a  square  slab  of  stone  or  marble, 
supported  in  the  middle  by  a  pedestal  or  stem. 
The  cartibulum  always  stood  against  a  wall. 


Fig.  139.  Egyptian  Cartouche. 

Cartouche,  Egyp.  An  elliptical  tablet  of 
scroll-like  form,  containing  the  names  of  the 
Pharaohs.  Fig.  139  re- 
presents the  cartouche  of 
King  Artaxerxes.  Car- 
touches were  applied  to 
decorate  columns,  an  il- 
lustration of  which  may 
be  seen  on  the  abacus 
and  capital  of  the  column 
in  Fig.  140. 

Caryatides  (Kapi/ariSes, 
i.e.  women  of  Caryae). 
Female  figures,  in  an 
upright  posture,  which 
were  employed  in  lieu 
of  columns  to  support 
entablatures  or  any  other 
members  of  architecture. 
One  of  the  finest  in- 
stances of  the  applica- 
tion of  caryatides  to  this 
purpose  is  to  be  found  in 
the  portico  of  the  temple 
of  Pandrosos,  at  Athens. 
Caryatis.  A  festival 
in  honour  of  Artem.is 
Caryatis,  which  was  cele- 
brated at  Carya?,  in 
^Laconia. 

Case  Bags,  Arch.    The 
Fig.  140.  Egyptian      Joi^^s      framed     between 
Column  with  Cartouche,   a  pair  of  guders,  m  naked 
flooring. 
Cash.     A  Chinese  coin. 

Casque,  P"r.  Helmets  of  every  description, 
from  those  of  classical  times  to  the  present,  have 
been  called  casques  by  the  poets  ;  but  the  head- 
piece specially  so  designated  is  first  seen  in 
English    armour  of  the    reign  of  Henry  VIII. 


The  casque  was  generally  without  a 
worn   more  for  parade  than  warfare. 


visor,  and 
The  en- 


Fig.   141.  Casque. 


Fig.  142.  Casque. 


graving  Fig.  141  represents  a  Gaulish  and  Fig. 
142  an  Oriental  casque. 

Casquetel.  A  small  open  helmet  without 
beaver  or  visor,  having  a  projecting  umbril,  and 
flexible  plates  to  protect  the  neck  behind. 

Cassel  Black.     (See  Black.) 

Cassel  Earth.     A  brown  pigment. 

Cassel  Yellow.     (See  Turner's  Yellow.) 

Cassida.     (See  Cassis.) 

Cassilden,  O.  E.     Chalcedony. 

Cassis  or,  rarely,  Cassida  (perhaps  an  Etruscan 
word).  A  casque  or  helmet  made  of  metal, 
and  so  distinguished  from  Galea  (q.v.),  a 
helmet  made  of  leather.  Figs.  141  and  142  re- 
present respectively  a  Gaulish  and  an  Eastern 
cassis  (the  latter,  however,  is  considered  by  some 
antiquaries  to  be  Gaulish).  The  war-casque  of 
the  Egyptian  kings,  although  of  metal,  was 
covered  with  a  panther's  skin ;  it  was  ornamented 
with  the  URy-EUS  (q.v.;. 

Cassock  signifies  a  horseman's  loose  coat, 
and  is  used  in  that  sense  by  the  writers  of  the 
age  of  Shakspeare.  It  likewise  appears  to  have 
been  part  of  the  dress  of  rustics.  {Stee^'cnsJ)  It 
was  called  a  "vest"  in  the  time  of  Charles  II. 
Later  on  it  became  the  distinguishing  dress  of 
the  clergy. 

Cassolette,  Fr.  A  perfume  box  with  a  per- 
forated lid  ;  the  perforations  in  a  censer. 

Cassoue.  An  Italian  chest,  richly  carved 
and  gilt,  and  often  decorated  with  paintings, 
which  frequently  held  the  trousseau  of  a  bride. 

Castanets.  Various  peoples  have  employed 
flat  pieces  of  wood  to  produce  a  certain  kind  of 
noise  during  religious  ceremonies.  The  Egyptians 
seem  to  have  had  for  this  purpose  "hands  "  of 
^\•ood  or  ivory,  which  were  struck  one  against 
the  other  to  form  an  accompaniment  to  chants  or 
rhythmic  dances.      (See  Crotala,  &c.  ) 

Castel  Durante.  An  ancient  manufactory  of 
Urbino  ware,  established  in  the  14th  century. 
Fig.  143,  from  a  cup  in  the  Louvre,  is  a  fine 
specimen  of  Castel  Durante  majolica  of  the 
1 6th  century. 


ART   AND   ARCH^'.OLOGY 


6i 


Castellum  (dimin.  of  Castrum,  q.v. ;  i.e. 
a  small  castle).  A  small  fortified  place  or  citadel ; 
also  a  reservoir  for  water.  The  ruins  of  castella 
still  existing  are  very  few  in  number  ;  one  of  tlic 


[4^;.    Cup  of  Castel  Durante  (1525),  in  the  Museum 
of  the  Louvre. 

most  perfect,  as  far  as  the  basin  is  concerned,  is 
that  of  the  castdhdn  divisoriuni  or  deversoriuni, 
at  Nismes. 

Casteria.  A  storehouse  in  which  the  rudder, 
oars,  and  movable  tackle  of  a  vessel  were  kept. 

Castor.  The  beaver  ;  hence  applied  to  beaver 
hats. 

Castorese,  R.  Costly  fabrics  and  dresses  made 
of  the  fur  of  beavers. 

Castra,  R.  (plur.  oi  casfrniii,  which,  like  crr.w, 
=  the  covering  thing).  This  term  was  applied 
solely  to  an  encampment,  a  fortified  or  intrenched 
camp,  while  the  singular  castriim,  an  augmenta- 
tive of  Casa  (q.v.),  denotes  a  hut,  or  strongly- 
constructed  post,  and  consequently  a  fort,  or 
fortress  ;  but  for  this  last  the  Romans  preferred 
to  use  the  diminutive  castelhiiii. 

Castula  or  Caltula,  R.  A  short  petticoat 
worn  by  Roman  women,  held  up  by  braces. 

Casula,  R.  (dimin.  ol  casa).  (i)  A  small  hut 
or  cabin.    (2)  A  hooded  cloak,  or  capote. 

Cat.  The  Egyptian  name  for  the  cat  {vtaaoii) 
is  evidently  onomatopoetic.  As  a  symbol,  this 
animal  plaj-ed  a  part  which  has  hitherto  not 
been  clearly  deteiTnined.  Certain  papyri  show 
us  the  cat  severing  the  serpent's  head  from  its 
body,  a  symbol  which  would  seem  to  point  out 
the  cat  as  the  destroyer  of  the  enemies  of  the 
daylight  and  the  sun.  Again,  the  goddess  Basl 
is  represented  with  a  cat's  head,  the  animal 
being  sacred  to  her. 

Cat  (Med.  Tat.  catfiis  or  ga(tus).     A  covering 


under  which  soldiers  lay  for  shelter,  w  hilc  sap- 
ping the  walls  of  a  fortress,  &c. 

Cataclista,  R.  A  closc-filUng  garment  worn 
by  Roman  ladies,  bearing  a  great  resemblance  to 
tho.-c  wliich  are  to  he  seen  on  ICgyplian  statues. 

Catacombs,  Chr.  This  term,  the  etymology 
of  which  is  uncertain,  serves  to  denote  disused 
stone  quarries,  made  use  of  by  the  early  Chris- 
tians for  their  meetings,  and  as  subterranean 
cemeteries.  We  meet  with  catacombs  in  several 
cities,  but  the  most  celebrated  are  unquestionably 
those  of  Rome.  Catacombs  also  exist  at  Syra- 
cuse, Catana,  Palermo,  Naples,  and  Paris. 

Catadromus,  R.  (from  Kara  and  Sp6fxos,  i.  e.  a 
running  down).  A  tight-rope  for  acrobats  in  a 
circus  or  amphitheatre.  The  catadnomis  was 
stretched  in  a  slanting  direction  from  a  point  in 
the  arena  to  the  top  of  the  building. 

Catafaltus,  Med.  Lat.     (See  Cagasuptus.) 

Catagrapha,  Cr.  and  R.  (KaTo-7po0^,  i.e.  a 
drawing  or  marking  down).  A  painting  in  per- 
spective (rarely  met  with  in  the  works  of  the 
ancient  painters). 

Cataphracta,  Gr.  and  R.  (KaTa-<t>pdKT7js,  i.  e. 
that  which  covers  up).  A  general  term  to 
denote  any  kind  of  breastjilate  worn  by  the 
Roman  infantry.  [Cataphracti  were  heavy- 
armed  cavalry,  with  the  horses  in  armour.] 

Cataphracti.  Decked  vessels,  in  opposition 
to  aphriiiii,  cipen  boats. 

Catapirates,  Gr.  and  R.  (koto- ire ipoTT^y,  i.  c. 
that  which  makes  trial  downwards).  A  sound- 
ing-lead, of  an  ovoid  form,  with  tallow  or  a  kind 
of  glue  at  the  end,  by  means  of  which  sailors 
were  able  to  ascertain  the  nature  of  the  bottom. 

Catapulta,  CJr.  and  R.  (Karo-TrfATTjy,  i.e.  that 
which  hurls).  A  military  engine  for  discharging 
heavy  missiles.  The  hallista  projected  stones  ; 
the  catapult,  darts  ;  the  jr<?;'//'c  (uncertain).  They 
were  all  called  tormenta,  from  the  t^oistiiiq  of 
the  ropes  of  hairs  or  fibres  which  supplied  the 
propelling  force. 

Catascbpium,  Gr.  and  R.  (dimin.  of  Cata- 
scopus,  q.v.).  A  post  of  observation  or  sentry 
tower. 

Catascopus,  Gr.  and  R.  {KariffKoiros,  i.  e.  that 
which  explores  or  spies),  (i)  A  post  of  obser- 
vation. (2)  A  vessel  employed  as  a  spy-shi]i  ; 
and  by  analogy  (3)  a  scout,  i.  e.  a  soldier 
whose  duty  is  to  act  as  a  spy  on  the  enemy. 

Catasta  (from  KaTacnacn^,  i.  e.  a  place  of  pre- 
sentation). A  jilatforni  iqion  which  slaves  were 
placed  to  be  publicly  sold.  Some  scaffolds  of 
this  kind  were  made  to  revolve,  so  that  the  pur- 
chaser might  thoroughly  inspect  every  part  of  the 
slave  at  his  leisure.  Catasta  arcatia  was  the 
name  given  to  a  gridiron,  or  iron  bed,  upon 
which  criminals  were  laid  to  undergo  torture. 
(See  CiRiDiuoN.) 

Cateja  (Celtic  word).  A  missile  made  of 
wood  hardened  in  the  fire.     It  was  employed  by 


62 


WORDS    USED   IN 


the  Gauls,  Germans,  and  other  barbarians  in  the 
way  of  a  harpoon,  a  rope  being  fastened  to  one 
end  of  the  weapon,  by  means  of  which  it  could 
be  recovered  after  it  had  been  launched. 

Catella  (dimin.  of  Catena,  q.v.).  A  term 
specially  used  to  denote  the  finer  sorts  of  chains 
made  of  bronze,  silver,  and  gold.  Chains  made 
of  the  precious  metals  were  worn  as  trinkets. 
[The  use  of  the  diminutive  indicates  elegance 
and  delicacy.] 

Catellus,  R.  (dimin.  of  Catena,  q.v.).  A 
chain  used  to  shackle  slaves,  or  perhaps  merely 
attached  to  them  in  the  way  of  a  clog. 

Catena,  R.  (i)  A  chain,  especially  (2)  a 
chain  of  gold  or  silver  worn  as  an  ornament 
round  the  body,  like  a  balteiis  (shoulder-belt), 
by  certain  goddesses,  dancing-girls,  bacchantes, 
or  courtezans. 

Catenarius.  The  chained  dog  kept  at  the 
entrance  of  their  houses  by  the  Romans. 

Catharmata  (/ca9dp^aTa,  from  K-aSa/po),  i.e. that 
which  is  thrown  away  in  cleansing).  Sacrifices 
in  which  human  victims  were  offered  up,  in 
order  to  avert  the  plague  or  similar  visitations. 
[They  were  thrown  into  the  sea.  ] 

Cathedra  (KadeSpa,  from  Kara  and  eSpa,  i.  e. 
a  place  for  sitting  down).  A  chair  having  a  back, 
but  without  arms.  There  were  various  kinds  of 
cathedra::  the  cathedra  strata  was  a  chair  fur- 
nished with  cushions  ;  cathedra  supina,  a  chair 
with  long  sloping  back  ;  cathedra  longa,  a  chair 
with  long  deep  seat.  The  cathedra  philosophoriiin 
was  the  equivalent  of  our  modern  term,  a  pro- 
fessor's chair. 

Catherine  "Wheel.  In  Gothic  architecture,  a 
large  circular  window,  filled  with  radiating 
divisions  ;  called  also  rose  window. 

Cathetus,  Arch,  (i)  The  axle  of  a  cylinder. 
(2)  The  centre  of  the  Ionic  volute. 

Catillus  and  Catillum   (dimin.   of  Catinus, 


Fig.  144.  Catillus  for  grinding  corn. 

q.  V. ;  i.  e.  a  small  bowl).  ( i )  The  upper  part  of  a 
mill  for  grinding  corn,  which  served  botli  as 
grindstone  and  hopper  or  bowl.  Fig.  144  re- 
presents an    ancient    mill,    a  fourth  part   of  the 


catillus  being  suppressed  in  order  to  show  the 
reader  the  mechanism.  (2)  A  small  dish  having 
much  resemblance  to  the  catinus,  and  so  by 
analogy  (3)  a  flat  circular  ornament  employed  to 
decorate  the  scabbard  of  a  sword. 

Catinus  and  Catinum,  R.  (akin  to  Sicilian 
Ka.Tivov).  Dishes  used  for  cooking,  and  for  the 
table.  Catina  might  be  of  earthenware  or 
metal,  of  glass  or  other  precious  material,  and 
were  employed  as  sacrificial  vessels  to  hold 
incense,  &c. 

Catty.     A  Chinese  weight  =:  ig-lb. 

Catulus,  R.  When  a  slave  ran  away  from  his 
master,  and  was  retaken,  he  was  led  back  in 
chains,  the  catulus  being  the  chain  ■which  was 
attached  to  an  iron  collar  passing  round  his  neck. 
A  slave  was  thus  said  to  Idc  led  liack  cum  manicis, 
catulo,  collarique,  i.  e.  with  manacles,  leading 
chain,  and  neck-collar. 

Caudez.     (See  Codex.) 

Caudicarius,  Codicarius,  R.  (from  caudex,  a 
tree-trunk).  A  wide  flat  barge  employed  in  river 
transport.  It  was  of  rough  construction,  and 
was  broken  up  on  arriving  at  its  destination. 

Caudicius,  R.  A  vessel  of  the  same  kind  as 
the  caudicarius,  employed  on  the  Moselle. 

Caughley-ware  (Shropshire).  A  soft  porce- 
lain ;   1 8th  century. 

Caul,  O.  E.  A  cap  or  network  enclosing  the 
hair. 

Cauliculi  or  Caulicoli,  R.  (dimin.  of  caulis,  a 
stalk).  Acanthus  leaves  springing  from  the 
capital  of  a  Corinthian  column. 

Caupolus.     (See  Caupulus.) 

Caupona,  R.  {caupo,  an  innkeeper).  An  inn  or 
hostel  for  the  accommodation  of  travellers.  The 
caupoiue  bore  a  general  resemblance  to  our  road- 
side inns.     [Also,  a  cooked-meat  shop.] 

Cauponula,  R.  (dimin.  oi  caupotia).  A  small 
tavern ,  or  low  wine-shop  of  mean  appearance. 

Caupulus,  R.  A  kind  of  boat,  classed  by 
authors  among  the  leiiilu  and  cyvibce. 

Caurus,  R.  An  impersonation  of  the  North- 
West  wind  ;  represented  under  the  form  of  an 
old  man  with  a  beard,  pouring  down  rain  from 
an  urn. 

Causia,  Gr.  and  R.  (icautria,  from  KaCo-ir,  i.  e. 
that  which  keeps  off  heat).  A  broad-brimmed 
felt  hat,  of  Macedonian  invention,  and  adopted 
by  the  Romans.  It  was  especially  worn  by 
fishermen  and  sailors. 

Cauter  {kuvt^p,  i.  e.  that  which  burns).  A 
cautery  or  branding-iron.  The  cauter  was  (l)  an 
instrument  used  by  surgeons  ;  it  was  also  used 
for  branding  cattle  and  slaves.  (2)  An  instru- 
ment em]-)loyed  to  burn  in  the  colours  in  an 
encaustic  painting. 

Cauterium  =  Cauter  (q.v.). 

Cavsedium,  R.  (from  cavwii  and  ades,  i.  e.  the 
hollow  part  of  a  house).  An  open  courtyard. 
In    early    times   the    Romans   had    an    external 


ART    AND    ARCILKOl.OCV 


63 


courtyard  to  their  houses.  In  course  of  time, 
however,  the  increase  of  hixury  and  comfort 
lirought  about  a  chantje  in  the  Ciuurdiuni,  wliicli 
was  partially  covered  in  with  a  roof  supported  by 
columns,  a  partial  opening  being  left  in  the 
centre,  which  was  calletl  the  ccinpliiviion  When 
thus  altered,  the  i\n\cdimit  went  under  tiie  name 
of  Atrium  (ipv.). 

Cavalherium.     (See  Cabali.akia.) 

Cavallerius  or  Cavallero,  Med.  Lat.  A 
knight  or  cavalier. 

Cavea,  R.  (from  cants,  i.  e.  a  hollow  place  or 
cavity).  (l)  A  wooden  cage  with  ojien  bars,  of 
wood  or,  more  generally,  of  iron,  used  for  the 
transport  and  exhibition  of  the  wild  beasts  of  a 
menagerie.  (2)  A  bird-cage.  (3)  A  frame  of 
wicker-work  emi:)loyed  by  fullers  and  dyers. 
(4)  A  palisade  to  protect  young  trees  when 
gi-owing  up,  and  (5)  the  vast  reversed  cone 
formed  by  the  successive  stages  of  a  theatre  or 
amphitheatre.  This  might  be  divided,  according 
to  the  size  of  the  building,  into  one,  two,  or 
three  distinct  tiers,  called  respectively  upper, 
lower,  and  middle  [suDima,  inta,  viedia  cavea). 
(6)  A  warlike  machine  used  in  attacking  cities. 

Cavetto,  Arch,  (deriv.  from  Ital.  ca7'd).  A 
concave  moulding  formed  of  a  segment  of  a  circle. 

Cavo-relievo.  Intaglio-sculj^ture  cut  into  the 
stone,  as  in  Egyptian  art. 

Ceadas  or  Cseadas  (/cfctSas  or  /caiaSas).  A 
deep  cave  into  which  the  Spartans  thrust  con- 
demned prisoners. 

Ceinture  or  Ceint.    A  girdle.    (See  Cinctus.) 

Celadon.  A  peculiar  tinted  porcelain,  de- 
scribed by  Jacquemart  as  the  earliest  tint  of 
Chinese  pottery. 

Celebe  (KeAe'^Tj).  A  vase  of  ovoid  form  and 
with  two  handles.  The  lower  part  is  shaped 
elegantly,  like  an  amphora,  but  the  upper  part 
resembles  a  pitcher  with  a  sort  of  projecting  lip. 
Its  peculiarity  is  in  the  handles,  which  are 
"pillared  "  and  "  reeded." 

Celes,  R.  A  racing  or  saddle  horse,  as  opposed 
to     a    draught    horse.     The 

nl  same  term  was  also  applied 
!  to  a  vessel  or  boat  of  a 
peculiar  form,  propelled  by 
oars,  in  which  each  rower 
handled  only  a  single  oar. 
It  was  also  called  celox. 
Cella,  R.  (from  cclo,  to 
hide).  The  interior  of  a  tem- 
ple, i.  e.  the  part  comprised 
within  the  four  walls.  In 
Fig.  145  a  represents  the 
portico,  b  the  cella.  The 
term  is  also  used  to  denote 
a  niche,  store- room,  or,  in 
general,  any  kind  of  cellar  ; 
e.  g.  cella  vinaria,  cella  olea- 
lia,    and    even    a    tavern    situated    in   a    cellar. 


Tile  term  was  also  apjilied  to  slaves'  dormi- 
tories, the  parts  of  the  public  baths,  &c. 

Cellatio.  A  suite  ol  apartments  in  a  Roman 
house  set  apart  for  various  purposes,  but  espe- 
cially as  (juarters  for  slaves. 

Cellula  (dimin.  of  Cki.i.a,  q.v.).  A  small 
sanctuary,  i.e.  the  interior  of  a  small  temple,  and 
by  analogy  any  kind  of  small  chamber. 

Celox.     (See  Cklks.) 

Celt.  A  variety  of  chisels  and  adzes  of  the 
flint  and  bronze  periods. 

Celtic  (Monuments)  were  usually  const nictcd 
of  huge  stones,  and  are  known,  for  that  reason, 
as  megalithic  monuments.  Such  are  Standing 
STONE.S,  Dolmens,  Menhirs  or  Peulvans, 
Cromlechs,  Covered  Alleys,  Tu.muli,  &c. 
(See  these  words.) 

Cembel.     A  kind  of  joust  or  hastilude. 

Cendal,  Sandal,  tVc,  O.  K.  The  name, 
variously  s]ielt,  of  a  silken  stuff  used  for  vest- 
ments, and  for  banners,  &c. ;  13th  century.  We 
now  call  this  stuff  j-(?;r;v/f/. 

Cenotapli  {Kivo-Ta.(piov,  i.e.  an  emjity  tomb). 
A  monument  raised  to  a  Roman  citizen  who 
had  been  drowned  at  sea,  or  who,  from  any 
other  cause,  failed  to  receive  burial. 

Censer.  A  sacred  vessel  used  for  burning 
perfumes. 

Centaur  (Kffravpos,  according  to  some,  from 


Fig.  145.  Plan  of 

temple  showing 

the  Cella. 


146.  Centaur. 

KfVTfu  and  Tor.fjos,  i.  e.  herdsman  ;  but  proh. 
simply  from  Kfvriu),  i.  e.  Piercer  or  S])earman). 
The    Centaurs    are    rei)rescnte<l    with  the    body 


64 


WORDS    USED   IN 


of  a  horse,  and  bust,  head,  and  arms  of  a  man. 
(Fig.  146.)  In  Christian  archaeology,  the  Centaur 
is  a  symbol  of  the  swift  passage  of  life,  the  force 
of  the  instincts,  and  in  a  special  sense,  of  adul- 


Fig.  147.  Centaur  and  young. 

tery.  The  war  of  the  Centaurs  and  the  Lapithee 
is  the  subject  of  the  frieze  at  the  British  Museum, 
from  a  temple  of  Apollo  in  Arcadia.  Hippo- 
centaurs  were  half-horse  ;  O no-centaurs,  half-ass  ; 
and  Biicentanrs  or  Tatiro-centaiirs,  half-ox. 

Cento  {KevTpcuv,  patchwork).  A  covering 
made  of  different  scraps  of  cloth,  and  used  as 
clothing  for  slaves.  The  same  term  denotes  a 
coarse  cloth  which  was  placed  beneath  the  saddle 
of  a  beast  of  burden,  to  keep  the  back  of  the 
animal  from  being  galled  by  the  saddle.  In 
Christian  archaeology  the  term  was  used  to 
denote  a  coarse  patchwork  garment,  and,  by 
analogy,  a  poem  composed  of  verses  taken  from 
various  authors,  like  the  Ce7tto  niiptialis  of 
Ausonius. 

Centunculus  (diniin.  of  Cento,  q.v. ).  A 
motley  garment  of  various  colours,  like  that  of 
our  harlequin.  It  was  worn,  according  to 
Apuleius,  by  the  actors  who  played  in  burlesques, 
and  there  are  certain  vases  on  which  Bacchus  is 
represented,  arrayed  in  a  similar  costume. 

Cepotaphium  (K^jTro-ra^io^).  A  tomb  situated 
in  a  garden. 

Cera  (akin  to  i<r)p6s).  Wax,  and,  by  analogy, 
any  objects  made  of  wax,  such  as  images  of  the 
family  ancestors  {imagines  majornm)  ;  or  the 
wax  tablets  for  writing  on  with  the  stylus.  These 
were  called  respectively  cerce  duplices,  triplices, 
qiiintuplices,  according  as  they  had  two,  three,  or 
five  leaves.  The  first,  second,  third,  and  last 
tablet  were  called  respectively  prima,  secunda, 
tertia,  tdtima  or  extrema  cera. 

Ceramic.     Appertaining  to  Pottery  (q.v.). 

Cerberus.  The  three-headed  dog  who  guarded 
the  gates  of  hell. 

Cercurus  (KepKovpos,  perhaps  from  KepKvpa, 
the  island  Corcyra).  A  Cyprian  vessel  propelled 
by  oars.      Its  form  is  unknown. 

Cerebrerium.  An  iron  skull-cap,  temp. 
Edward  I. 

Cere-cloth  (cera,  wax).  Cloth  saturated  with 
wax,  used  for  enveloping  a  consecrated  altar- 
stone,  or  a  dead  body. 


Cereus  (cera,  wax).  A  wax  candle,  made 
either  with  the  fibres  of  cyperus  or  papyrus 
twisted  together  and  dipped  in  wax,  or  with  the 
pith  of  elder,  or  rush,  covered  with  the  same 
material. 

Ceriolare  (cera,  wax).  A  stand,  holder,  or 
candelabnnn  for  wax  candles.  There  were  a 
great  variety  of  this  kind  of  vessel.  (See 
Candelabrum.) 

Cernuus  (from  cer  =  ndpa,  and  meo,  i.  e.  with 
head  inclined  to  the  gi^ound).  A  tumbler  who 
walks  upon  his  hands  with  his  feet  in  the  air. 
Women  even  used  to  turn  series  of  summersaults, 
resting  alternately  on  the  feet  and  hands,  among 
a  number  of  swords  or  knives  stuck  in  the  ground. 
This  exhibition  was  called  by  the  Greeks  els 
fxaxoLipas  KvfiiaTuu,  i.  e.  lit.  to  tumble  head  over 
heels  between  knives). 

Ceroma  (Kripcc/aa,  a  wax-salve).  A  room 
in  \\liich  wrestlers  rubbed  themselves  over  with 
oil  and  fine  sand.  The  room  was  so  named 
from  the  unguent  employed,  which  consisted  of 
wax  mixed  with  oil  [which  was  also  called 
ceru/na^. 

Cere  -  plastic.  The  art  of  modelling  in 
wax. 

Cero-strotum  or  Cestrotum,  Lat.  A  kind  of 
encaustic  painting  upon  ivory  or  hom,  in  which 
the  lines  were  burnt  in  with  the  cestrum,  and 
the  furrows  filled  with  wax. 

Certosina  Work.  Florence,  15th  century. 
Ivory  inlaid  into  solid  cypress-wood  and  walnut. 
The  style  is  Indian  in  character,  and  consists  in 
geometric  arrangements  of  stars  made  of  diamond- 
shaped  pieces,  varied  with  conventional  flowers 
in  pots,  &c. 

Certyl.     Old  English  for  kirtle. 

Ceruse.  A  name  for  white  lead.  (See  Car- 
bonate OF  Lead.) 

Cervelliere.    (See  Cerebrerium.) 

Cervi  (lit.  stags).  Large  branches  of  trees 
with  the  forks  still  left  upon  them,  but  cut  down 
close  to  the  stock,  so  that  the  whole  presented 
the  appearance  of  a  stag's  antlers.  Cejvi  were 
employed  to  strengthen  a  palisade,  so  as  to 
impede  the  advance  of  infantry,  or  resist  attacks 
of  cavalry. 

Cervical  (from  cervix,  a  neck).  A  cushion  or 
pillow  for  supporting  the  back  of  the  head  on  a 
bed  or  dining-couch.     (See  PULVINAR. ) 

Cervus.    (See  Stag.) 

Ceryceum  (K-npvKeiov,  a  herald's  staff).  It  is 
a  synonym  of  Caduceus  (q.  v.). 

Cesticillus  (dimin.  of  Cestus,  q.v.).  A  cir- 
cular pad  used  as  a  rest  by  persons  who  had  to 
carry  burdens  on  their  heads. 

Cestra.    (See  Cestrosphendone.) 

Cestrosphendone,  Or.  (a  dart-sling.)  A  dart 
fixed  to  a  wooden  stock  with  three  short  wooden 
wings,  discharged  from  a  sling. 

Cestrotum.     (See  Cerostrotum.) 


ART  AND  ARCH.EOLOGY. 


Cestrnm  or  Viriculum  (Kta-rpov,  i.  e.  that 
which  pricks  or  pierces).  A  graver  used  in  the 
process  of  encaustic  painting  on  ivory.  It  was 
made  of  ivory,  pointed  at  one  end  and  flat  at  the 
other.     (See  Cerostrotum,  Rhabdion.) 

Cestus  {Keffrhs,  embroidered).  (l)  In  general 
any  kind  of  band  or  tie  ;  but  specially  the  em- 
broidered girdle  of  Venus.  (2)  A  boxing  gauntlet. 
(See  CyESTUS.) 

Cetra  (prob.  a  .Spanish  word).  A  small 
round  shield  in  use  among  several  barbarous 
nations,  but  never  by  the  Romans. 

Chaable,  Old  Fr.  A  large  ballista.  (See 
Cabulus.)  Trees  blown  down  by  the  wind  are 
still  called  "  caables"  in  France.     {Meyrick.) 

Chabasite  {xo-^^s,  narrow,  compressed).  A 
crystal  of  a  white  colour. 

Chaconne,  Fr.  (Sp.  chacona  ;  It.  ciacona).  A 
modification  of  the  dance  chica  (q.v.). 

Chadfarthing,  O.  E.  A  farthing  formerly 
paid  among  the  Easter  dues,  for  the  purpose  of 
hallowing  the  font  for  christenings.  {Halli- 
well.) 

Chafer,  O.  E.  (i)  A  beetle  or  May-bug.  (2) 
A  saucepan. 

Chafer-house,  O.  E.     An  ale-house. 

Chafery,  U.  E.     A  furnace. 


65 
of 


Fig.    148. 


Chaffagiolo    ware.      Sweetmeat    plate,    with 
arabesques,  about  1509. 


Chaffagiolo,  or  Caffagiolo,  is  the  place  where 
Cosmo  the  Great  established  the  first  Tuscan 
manufactory  of  majolica,  and  where  Luca  della 
Robbia  acquired  his  knowledge  of  the  stanni- 


ferous   enamel.     Fig.    148    is    a    specimen 
Chaffagiolo  ware  of  the  1 5th  century. 

Chain-moulding,  Arch.  An  ornament  of  the 
Norman  period,  sculptured  in  imitation  of  a 
chain. 

Chain-timbers,    Arch.      Bond     timbers,    the 
thickness    of    a  brick,    introduced   to   tie    and 
strengthen  a  wall. 
Chair.     (See  Sella.) 

Chair  de  Poule  (chicken's  flesh).  An  orna- 
mentation of  the  surface  of  pottery  with  little 
hemispheric  points  ;  a  Chinese  method. 

Chaisel,  Old  Fr.  (i)  An  upjier  garment. 
(2)  A  kind  ot  fine  linen,  of  which  smocks  were 
often  made. 

Chalameau,  Fr.  Stem  or  straw-pipe.  The 
lower  notes  of  the  clarionet  are  called  the  chala- 
meau tone,  from  the  ancient  shawm. 

Chalcanthum  (xaAK-offloi',  i.  e.  that  which  is 
thrown  off  by  copper).  Shoemaker's  black  or 
cop])eras,  used  for  imparting  a  dark  colour  to 
boot-leather.  (See  Atrame.ntum.) 
Chalcedony.  (See  Calcedony.) 
Chalcidicum  (XaAKiSiKbi/,  i.  e.  pertaining  to 
the  city  of  Chalcis).  The  exact  meaning  of  this 
term  is  unknowm.  According  to  some,  it  was  a 
portico  ;  according  to  others,  a  kind  of  long  hall 
or  transept. 

Chalcioecia  (xa\Ki-of/cio,  brazen  house).  A 
Spartan  festival  in  honour  of  Athena  under 
that  designation. 

Chalcography  (xa\K?>r,  copper).  Engraving 
on  copper.  Chalcography  was  discovered  in 
Florence,  in  the  15th  century,  and  early  in- 
troduced into  England.  Caxton's  "Golden 
Legend,"  containing  copper-plate  prints,  was 
published  in  14S3.  The  process  is  as  follows  : — 
A  perfectly  smooth  plate  of  copper,  having  been 
ghly  polished,  is  heated  in  an  oven,  and  then 
w  iiite  wax  rubbed  over  it  until  the  whole  surface 
is  covered  with  a  thin  layer.  A  tracing  is  laid 
over  the  wax,  with  the  black-lead  lines  down- 
wards, which  transfers  the  design  to  the  wax. 
Then  the  tracing-paper  is  removed,  and  the 
engraver  goes  over  the  lines  lightly  with  a  fine 
steel  point,  so  as  just  to  penetrate  the  wax,  and 
scratch  a  delicate  outline  upon  the  copper.  The 
wax  is  then  melted  off,  and  the  engraving  finished 
with  the  graver,  or  luniit,  a  steel  instniment  with 
a  peculiar  pyramidal  point.  Should  the  lines  be 
cut  too  deeply,  a  smooth  tool,  about  three  inches 
long,  called  a  buniisher,  is  used  to  soften  them 
down,  and  to  burnish  out  scratches  in  the  copper. 
The  ritlges  or  burrs  that  rise  on  each  side  of  the 
engraved  lines  are  scraped  off  by  a  tool  about  six 
inches  long,  called  a  scraper,  made  of  steel,  with 
three  sharp  edges.  This  method  has  for  printing 
purposes  been  generally  superseded  by  other 
processes,  principally  etching. 

Chalcus  (xaXKovi).  A  Greek  copper  coin, 
somewhat  less  than  a  farthing. 


66 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Chalice,   Chr.  (deriv.  from  ca/ix,  a  cup).     A 
sacred  vessel  used  in  the  celebration  of  the  mass. 


Fig.  149.   Chalice,  silver-gill — 14th  century. 

There  were  many  different  kinds,  called  nwtis- 
teriales,  offertorii,  niajm-es,  and  minores.  The 
ministeriales  served  to  distribute  the  wine  ;  the 
offertorii  were  employed  by  the  deacons  to  hold 
the  wine  offered  by  the  faithful.  Lastly,  they 
were  distinguished  according  to  their  size,  as 
large  or  small  {inajores  and  minores).  Vessels 
called  caliccs  were  also  frequently  suspended 
from  the  arches  of  the  ciborium,  and  other  parts 
of  the  church,  as  ornaments.  In  Christian 
symbolism  the  chalice  and  serpent  issuing  from 
it  are  an  attribute  of  St.  John  the  Evangelist. 
Chalon,  O.  E.  A  coverlet.  ( Chaucer. ) 
Chamade,  Fr.  A  beat  of  drum  or  trumpet 
inviting  the  enemy  to  a  parley. 

Chamber  Music,  as  opposed  to  concert  music. 
Madrigals  were  probably  the  earliest  specimens 
of  chamber  music. 

Chambers,  O.  E.  Small  cannon  for  firing  on 
festive  occasions. 

Chamberyngs,  O.  E.  Bedroom  furniture. 
Chameleon  (xa/^ai,  on  the  ground,  and  A.e'wi', 
a  lion).  In  Christian  symbolism,  the  emblem 
of  inconstancy  ;  in  Chemistry,  manganate  of 
potass  is  called  chameleon  from  the  changes 
of  colour  which  its  solution  undergoes.  The 
chameleon  with  a  dolphin  on  its  back  (Fig. 
1501  was  the  device  of  Pope  Paul  III. 

Chamfer,  Arch,  (i)  The  angle  of  obliquity  (of 
the    sides    of  a   steeple,    «S;c. ).      (2)    A    hollow 


channel    or   gutter,    such    as    the    fluting  ol    a 
column. 


Fig.  150.  Chameleon  and  Dolphin. 

Chamfron,  O.  E.  nvied.  Lat. 
cliaiufrcnum ;  Fr.  chanip-freiii). 
A  frontal  of  leather  or  steel 
to  a  horse's  bridle.  (Fig.  151.) 
Chamlet,  O.  E.  (See  Cam- 
let.) 

Chammer,  O.  E.  (Fr.  cha- 
marre).  A  gown  worn  by  per- 
sons of  rank,  temp.  Henry  VIII. 
Champ,  Arch.  A  flat  surface. 
Champ-leve.  A  form  of  ena- 
melling in  which  the  pattern 
is  cut  out  of  the  metal  to  be 
ornamented. 

Chamulcus,  R.  and  Gr.  A 
heavy  dray  for  the  transport  of 
building  materials,  such  as 
blocks  of  marble,  columns,  obelisks,  &c. 
Chance,  O.  E.  The  game  of  hazard. 
Chancel,  Chr.  (from  cancelli,  a  lattice).  A 
term  anciently  used  to  denote  the  choir.  It 
derived  its  name  from  the  cancelli  or  stone 
screen  by  which  it  was  enclosed. 

Chandaras  (Sanscrit,  chanda-rasa,  lit.  moon- 
juice).     An  ancient  name  for  copal. 
Chandeleuse,  Fr.     Candlemas  Day. 
Chandi    (from    chand,    the    moon).     Indian 
name  for  silver. 

Chand-tara  (lit.  moon  and  stars)  is  the  name 
of  an  Indian  brocade,  figured  all  over  with  re- 
presentations of  the  heavenly  bodies. 

Changeable  Silk,  O.  E.,  was  woven  of  two 
colours,  so  that  one  of  them  showed  itself  un- 
mixed and  quite  distinct  on  one  side,  and  the 
second  appeared  equally  clear  on  the  other ; 
mentioned  a.d.  1327,  1543,  &c. 

Changes.  The  altered  melodies  produced  by 
varying  the  sounds  of  a  peal  of  bells. 


ART  AND  AKCH/EOLOGY. 


Cbante-pleure,    Fr.     A   water-pot,    made   of 
earthenware,  about  a  foot  high,  the  orifice  at  the 


67 


Fig.  152.  Chante-pleure. 

top  the  size  of  a  pea,  and  the  bottom  full  of 
small  holes.  Immersed  in  water,  it  quickly  fills. 
If  the  opening  at  the  top  be  then  closed  with  the 
thumb,  the  vessel  may  be  carried,  and  the  water 
distributed  as  required.  The  widow  of  Louis  I., 
Duke  of  Orleans,  adopted  this  as  her  device, 
after  the  murder  of  her  husband,  in  1407. 

Chantlate,  Arch.  A  piece  of  wood  under  the 
eaves  of  a  roof,  by  which  two  or  three  rows  of 
overhanging  slates  or  tiles  are  supported. 

Chantry,  Chr.  (Fr.  chanter,  to  sing).  A 
chapel  to  which  is  attached  a  revenue  as  pro- 
vision for  a  priest,  whose  duty  it  is  to  sing 
masses  for  the  repose  of  the  founder's  soul. 

Chape,  O.  E.  (Spanish  chapa,  a  thin  plate 
of  metal),  (i)  The  transverse  guard  of  a 
sword.  (2)  A  metal  plate  at  the  end  of  a  scab- 
bard. (3)  A  catch  by  which  a  thing  is  held  in  its 
place. 
Chapeaa,  Her.  Also  called  a  ca/^/'^//f,'7«V_j', 
of  maintenance, 
or  of  estate.  An 
early  symbol  of 
high  dignity. 

Chapeau  CM- 
nois,  Fr.  A  set 
of  small  bells  ar- 
ranged in  the  form 
of  a  Chinese  hat. 
Chapel  or  Chapelle  de  Fer.     Iron  helrnct  of 


Fig-  153-   Chapeau. 


knights  of  the  12th  century.  I'lie  diminutive  i.s 
c/i,i/>cliiit: 

Chaperon,  I'r.  .\  li.md  or  small  cap  for  the 
head. 

Chapiter,  .\vc\\.     Tiie  upper  part  of  a  caiiitai. 

Chaplet.  Arch.  (Fr.  chafclct).  (i)  A  small  cylin- 
drical nimilding,  carved  into  beads  and  the  like. 


Fig.  154.  Chaplet  Moulding. 

(.'^ee  Fig.  154.)  (2)  ChapUts  of  Jlmvers,  which 
were  worn  in  England,  by  both  sexes,  on  festive 
occasions,  during  the  Middle  Ages,  and  chaplets 
of  jewels  in  earlier  times.  (3)  Chr.  It  was 
anciently  the  custom  to  crown  the  newly  bap- 
tized with  a  chaplet  or  garland  of  flowers.  (4) 
Chr.  A  succession  of  prayers  recited  in  a  cer- 
tain order,  regulated  by  beads,  &c.  (5)  In 
Heraldry.     A  garland  or  wreath.     (See  Cran- 

CEI.IX.) 

Chapter,  Chr.  (Lat.  capitulum).  The  body 
of  the  clergy  of  a  cathedral,  united  under  the 
bishop. 

Chapter-house,  Chr.  A  place  of  assemblage 
for  a  CilAi'TKR  of  the  clergy.  That  of  West- 
minster contains  some  fine  wall-paintings  of  the 
middle  of  the  14th  century. 

Chaptrel,  Arch.  The  capital  of  a  column 
su]i]iorting  an  arch  ;  an  impost. 

Character,  Gr.  and  R.  Generally,  any  sign 
or  mark  impressed,  painted,  or  engraved  on  any 
object.  In  a  more  restricted  sense,  it  denotes 
the  instnnnent  of  iron  or  bronze  with  which  such 
marks  were  made.  In  Art,  the  expression  means 
a  faithful  adherence  to  the  peculiarities  of  ob- 
jects rejiresented. 

Charbokull,  O.  E.     A  carbuncle. 

Charcoal  Blacks  are  made  of  ivor)*,  bones, 
vine- twigs,  smoke  of  resin,  &c. ,  burned  in  a 
crucible  excluded  from  the  air.  The  l)est  char- 
coal crayons  are  made  of  box  and  willow  ;  the 
fonner  produces  a  dense  hard  crayon,  the  latter 
a  soft  friable  one.  (Fair/wit.)  (See  Blue 
Black.) 

Chare  Thursday,  O.  E.     Maundy  Thursday. 

Charge,  Ilcr.  Any  heraldic  figure  or  de- 
vice. 

Charisia,  Gr.  {Xapnts,  the  (iraces).  Noc- 
turnal festivals  held  in  honour  of  the  Graces,  at 
which  cakes  and  honey  were  distributed  to  those 
present. 

Charisteria,  Gr.  (xapir,  gratitude).     Festivals 


K  2 


68 


WORDS  USED  IN 


celebrated  yearly  at  Athens,  in  remembrance  of 
the  Athenian  general  Thrasybulus,  the  saviour 
of  his  country. 

Charistia.     (See  Caristia.  ) 

Charistion.  An  instrument  of  Archimedes  for 
weighing.  Whether  it  bore  most  resemblance  to 
the  balance  (libra),  or  the  steelyard  [statera],  is 
uncertain,  as  its  form  is  entirely  unknown. 

Charles's  Wain  (Anglo-Saxon,  carles ■'cuac7i, 
the  churl's  waggon).  The  seven  stars  forming 
the  constellation  generally  called  the  Great 
Bear. 

Chamel,  O.  E.     Apex  of  the  basinet. 

Charnel-house.  A  small  building  attached  to 
a  cemetery,  for  a  receptacle  for  the  human  bones 
disinterred  when  fresh  graves  were  dug. 

Charta,  Gr.  and  R.  Writing-paper  in  use 
among  the  ancients.  There  were  eight  diff  rent 
kinds,  which  were  classed  as  follows  in  the  oi^der 
of  their  quality:  (i)  Charta  Auguslana  or 
Clatidiana  ;  (2)  Liviana  ;  (3)  hieratica  ;  (4)  am- 
phitheatrka ;  {^)  Saitka  ;  {6)  lateotka ;  {"])  fan- 
niaiia;  (8)  dentata.  The  last  was  so  called 
from  being  polished  by  means  of  the  tooth 
{dens)  of  some  animal,  or  a  piece  of  ivory. 
There  was  also  a  charta  tmporetka  or  packing- 
paper,  and  lastly  a  chartahibula.  It  is  uncertain 
whether  this  last  was  blotting-paper,  or  a  kind 
of  transparent  paper  which  had  been  steeped  in 
oil  or  some  other  fatty  substance. 

Charter-room  or  Charter-house.  A  place  in 
which  the  charters  of  a  particular  family  or 
house  were  preserved. 

Chartophylax,  Chr.  A  man  who  had  charge 
of  the  charters  of  a 
church. 

Chasing.     (See  C^la- 

TURA.  ) 

Chasse,  Chr.,  Fr.  A 
reliquary  in  the  form  of  a 
box  with  a  ridged  top. 

Chastelain,  O.  E.  The 
lord  of  a  castle. 

Chastons,  O.  E.  Breech- 
es of  mail ;  13th  to  i6th 
century. 

Chasuble  (Lat.  casitla, 
a  cottage).  Part  of  an- 
cient ecclesiastical  cos- 
tume common  to  all  the 
Roman  Catholic  clergy, 
from  the  priest  to  the 
Archbishop.  It  was  ori- 
ginally made  of  wool,  and 
in  one  piece  throughout, 
without  sleeves,  and  with- 
out slit  or  opening  in 
front,  and  perfectly  cir- 
cular ;  but  the  shape 
Fig.  155.  Chasuble.  varied  with  the  material  ; 
and    from   the    6th    cen- 


tury do\\mwards  we  hear  of  chasubles  of  brilliant 
colour  and  costly  materials,  such  as  silk  or 
thickly-embroidered  cloth  of  gold,  and  oval  in 
form,  hanging  no  longer  in  graceful  folds  as  in 
the  ilth  century.  The  engraving  (Fig.  155)  shows 
a  chasuble  of  the  year  1387.  (Compare  P^nula, 
Planeta.) 

Chatai,  Hindoo.  Mats,  a  common  manufac- 
ture all  over  India.  Those  of  Midnapore,  near 
Calcutta,  are  remarkable  for  their  fineness  and 
classical  design  of  the  mosaic,  like  patterns  of 
stained  glass. 

Chat-faux,  Med.  A  wooden  shed — modern 
scaffold.     (See  Cagasuptus.) 

Chatrang  (Sanscrit  chatur-anga,  the  four 
angas  or  soldiers  ;  or  chatiiraji,  the  four  kings). 
The  Persian  name  for  a  very  ancient  game  of 
the  "  Four  Kings,"  supposed  to  be  the  origin 
of  the  four  suits  of  playing-cards.  {Rev.  E.  S. 
Taylor,  "  History  of  Playitig-cards.'") 

Chatzozerah,  Heb.  A  Jewish  trumpet  men- 
tioned by  Moses,  used  chiefly  for  religious  and 
warlike  occasions. 

ChaufFault,  Old  Fr.     A  tower  of  wood. 

Chausses.  O.  E.  i)  Pantaloons  of  mail  used 
by  the  Danes.  (2)  Tight  pantaloons  worn  by 
the  Normans  and  medieval  English. 

Chaussetrap.     (See  Caltraps.) 

Cbaussons,  O.  E.  Breeches  of  mail  (or  of 
cloth). 

Chavarina,  Med.  Lat.     A  carbine. 

Checkere,  O.  E.     A  chess-board. 

Checkstone,  O.  E.  A  game  played  by 
children  with  small  round  pebbles. 

Cheeky,  Her.     (See  Chequ^e.) 

Cheese,  Chr.  St.  Augustine  says  that  a  sect 
called  the  Artotyrites  offered  bread  and  cheese 
in  the  Eucharist,  saying  "that  the  first  ol)la- 
tions  which  were  offered  by  men,  in  the  infancy 
of  the  world,  were  of  the  fruits  of  the  earth  and 
of  sheep."     i^^a;-  de  //teres,  c.  xlviii.) 

Chef-d'oeuvre,  Fr.  A  work  of  the  highest  ex- 
cellence. 

Chekelatoun.     (See  Ciclatoun.) 

Chekere,  O.  E.     Chess  (q.v.). 

Chele  (xv^V,  prob.  from  a  root  x"'-)  meaning 
cloven).  This  term  is  applied  to  a  great  variety 
of  objects ;  it  s  gnifies  a  cloven  foot,  a  hooked 
claw,  or  anything  presenting  a  notched  or 
serrated  appearance.  Thus  a  breakwater,  the 
irregular  projections  of  which  bore  some  resem- 
blance to  the  teeth  of  an  immense  saw,  was 
also  called  chele.  There  were,  besides,  various 
engines  and  machines  which  went  under  this 
name. 

ChpliSoniacus,  sc.  gladius  (from  the  Greek 
Xf'^'Sdii,  a  swallow).  A  broad-bladed  sword  with 
a  double  point  like  a  swallow's  tail. 

Chelidonize,  Gr.  (lit.  to  twitter  like  a  swal- 
low). Singing  the  "  Swallow  Song"  (xfAiSo- 
ynTjuo),  a  popular  song  sung  by  the  Rhodian  boys 


ART  AND  ARCII.KOI.OCV. 


69 


in  the  month  Boedromion,  on  the  return  of  the 
swallows,  and  made  into  an  ojiportunity  for 
ti^gging-  A  similar  song  is  still  popular  in 
Greece.  {Fauriel,''- Chants  dc  la  Grhe.'^)  (See 
CORONIZE. ) 

Cheliform  {xn^h,  a,  claw).  In  the  form  of  a 
claw. 

Cbelonium  (a  tortoise-shell,  from  xi\ii>v(\,  a 
tortoise).  (l)  A  kind  of  cramp  or  collar  placed 
at  the  extremities  of  the  uprights  of  certain 
machines.  (2)  A  part  of  a  catapult,  also  called 
piih'iiius.    (See  Catapui.ta.  ) 

.  Chelys  (xe'^fs,  a  tortoise),  (i)  The  lyre  of 
Mercury,  formed  of  strings  stretched  across  a 
tortoise-shell.  (2)  In  the  i6th  antl  17th  centuries, 
a  bass-viol  and  division-viol  were  each  called 
chelys.     (See  also  Testuho.) 

Chemise  de  Chartres,  Fr.  A  kind  of  armour 
mentioned  among  the  habiliments  proper  for 
knights  who  should  engage  in  single  combat. 
{iMeyrick) 

Chenbele.     (See  Cembel  [hastilude].) 

Cheng,  Chinese.  A  musical  instrument,  con- 
sisting of  a  box  or  bowl,  into  which  a  series  of 
tubes  of  different  length  and  pitch  are  inserted  ; 
the  tubes  have  holes  in  them  to  be  played  upon 
with  the  fingers. 

Cheniscus  (xV,  a  goose).  An  ornament 
placed  at  the  bow,  and  sometimes  the  stern 
of  ships.  In  shape  it  resembled  the  neck  of  a 
swan  or  goose. 

Chequee,  Cheeky,  Her.  Having  the  field 
divided  into  contiguous  rows  of  small  squares ; 
alternately  of  a  metal  (or  fur)  and  a  colour. 

Chequers,  O.  E.     (See  CHiiCKSTONE.) 

Cherub,  pi.  Cherubim,  Heb.  According  to 
the  classification  of  Dionysius,  the  first  hierarchy 
of  Angels  consists  of  three  choirs  called  .Sera- 
phim, Cherubim,  and  Thrones,  and,  receiv- 
ing their  glory  immediately  from  Deity,  transmit 
it  to  the  second  hierarchy.  The  first  hierarchy 
are  as  councillors  ;  the  second  as  governors  ; 
the  third  as  ministers.  The  Sekai'HIM  are 
absorbed  in  perpetual  love  and  worship  round 
the  throne  ;  the  Cherubim  knov.-  and  wor- 
ship ;  the  Thrones  sustain  the  throne.  The 
Seraphim  and  Cherubim  are  in  general 
represented  as  heads  merely  with  two  or  four 
or  six  wings,  and  of  a  bright  red  or  blue 
colour,  &c.  (Cf.  Mrs.  Jameson's  Legendary 
Art.)  (See  Angels,  Seraphim.  Dominions, 
&c.) 

Cherubic  Hymn,  Chr.  A  hymn  sung  in  tlic 
Greek  Church  before  the  great  entrance  (see 
Entrance")  ;    so    called   from   its   first   words, 

01   TO.   X^pft^ySljU  IXVtniKOlS   flKOvi^DVTfS,    K.T.\. 

Chesible,  for  Chasuble  (q.v.). 

Chesnut  Brown.  A  brown  lake  pigment  pre- 
pared from  tlie  horse  chesnut  ;  very  durable  for 
oils  and  water-colour  painting. 

Chess.   Writers  immediately  after  the  Conquest 


speak  of  the  .Saxons  as  playing  at  chess,  which, 
they  .say,  they  learned  from  the  Danes.  The 
game  of  chess  is  very  prominent  in  the  romances 
of  the  Middle  Ages.  Tlie  Scandinavian  navigators 
introduced  some  remarkable  elaborately  carved 
chessmen,  of  walrus  ivory,  from  Iceland,  in  the 
1 2th  century.  The  castles  are  replaced  by 
warriors  on  foot,  called  hrohr,  from  the  .Saracen 
roc,  Persian  7vkh,  our  roo/:.  In  the  Saracen 
game  the  7'izier  represented  our  queen,  and  the 
elephaut  our  bisho]i,  the  roc,  or  hero,  as  afore- 
said, our  rook.  Beautifully  carved  chessmen  in 
the  costumes  of  the  13th  and  14th  century  exist 
in  England.  They  were  all  very  large,  a  king 
being  four  inches  in  height  and  seven  in  circum- 
ference. The  chess-boards  were  of  corresponding 
size,  and  made  of  all  materials,  including  the 
precious  metals,  ciystal,  sapphires,  and  topazes. 
The  pieces  varied  in  form  :  the  medireval  rook 
had  a  head  like  a  fleur-de-lis,  the  knight  was 
representeil  by  a  small  upright  column  with  the 
upper  part  bent  on  one  side.  The  aiifin  or 
bishop  was  of  the  same  shape,  but  the  bent  end 
was  cleft  to  indicate  a  mitre.  The  figures  of  the 
1 6th  century  much  more  nearly  resemble  those 
now  in  vogue. 

Chesse,  O.  E.  (Fr.  chasse).  A  border,  a  cir- 
clet. 

Chest  ofViols,  O.  E.  A  set  of  instruments 
complete  for  a  "consort"  of  viols,  i.e.  two 
trebles,  two  tenors,  and  two  basses. 

Chester,  O.  E.  A  person  who  places  corpses 
in  their  coffins. 

Chests  antl  Coffers,  in  Xorman  times,  were 
adorned  with  elaborate  carving  and  richly  inlaid. 
They  were  still  the  general  depositories  for 
clothes  and  treasures.  Cupboards  (armoires) 
were  introduced  by  the  Normans,  and  filled  with 
household  utensils. 

Chevalet,  Fr.  The  bridge  of  a  violin  or 
other  stringed  instrument. 

Cheval-iraps.     (See  Caltraps.) 

Chevaucheurs.  Anglo-Norman  horsemen,  or 
running  messengers. 

Chevaux-de-frize.  An  arrangement  of  iron 
spikes  for  the  defence  of  a  battlement  against 
assault. 

Cheveril,  O.  E.  Kid  leather,  proverbially 
elastic ;  hence,  a  cheveril  conscience  (that  will 
stretch). 

Chevesaile,  Old  Fr.     A  necklace. 

Chevetaine,  Old  Fr.  A  captain  ;  hence  the 
medieval  cheupliinus. 

Chevron,  (i)  Arch.  One  of  the  mouldings 
frequently  used  in  Norman  architecture,  usually 
called  zigzag  (ipv. ).  (2)  A  badge  on  the  coat- 
sleeve  of  a  nonciimmissioned  ofTicer.  (3)  Her. 
One  of  the  ordinaries;  the  lower  half  of  a 
Sai.tikk  (q.v.). 

Clievronel,  Her.  A  diminutive  of  the  Chev- 
ron, of  half  the  size. 


70 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Chevroter,  Fr.  A  musical  term :  "to  skip, 
quiver,  to  sing  with  uncertain  tone,  after  the 
manner  of  goats,"  alia  I'ibrato. 

Chiaroscuro,  It.  ichiaiv,  hght,  and  osciiro, 
dark).     Light  and  shade. 

Chiave  of  Pavia.  One  of  the  Itahan  literary 
academies,  composed  entirely  of  noble  and  il- 
lustrious persons,  -who  wore  a  golden  key  sus- 
pended round  the  neck,  and  had  for  a  motto, 
Claiidifiir  ct  apcritnr  libcris,  and  the  te.xt  from 
Rev.  iii.  7. 

Chica.  A  dance  popular  in  Spanish  South 
America,  of  a  jig-\\\i^  character  ;  the  origin  of 
the  Fandango.     (See  Chaconne.) 

Chief,  Her.  One  of  the  ordinaries  ;  the 
chief  bounded  by  a  horizontal  line  contains  the 
uppermost  third  of  the  field  of  a  shield.  In 
chief,  arranged  horizontally  across  the  upper 
part  of  the  field. 

Childermas,  O.  E.     Innocents'  Day. 
Chilled  (Fr.  chancissure).     Said  of  a  moisture 
on  the  varnish  of  a  picture  by  which  the  defect 
of  cloudiness  called  Blooming  is  caused. 

Chimaera,  Gr.  A  monster  described  by  Homer, 
with  a  lion's  head,  a  goat's  body,  and  a  dragon's 
tail.  In  Christian  art  it  is  a  symbol  of  cunning. 
(See  also  Dog  of  Fo.) 

Chime.  (i)  To  play  bells  by  swinging 
the  hammeis,  opposed  to  ringing  by  swinging 
the  bells.  (2)  A  chime  of  bells  is  a  Caril- 
lon. 

Chimera,  Chr.  The  outer  dress  of  a  Protes- 
tant bishop.  It  is  made  of  black  satin,  without 
sleeves. 

Chimneys  (Gr.  x^f^^^V,  Avinter),  carried  up  in 
the  massive  walls  of  the  castles,  were  first  intro- 
duced into  England  by  the  Normans.  The  fire 
was  still  piled  up  in  the  middle  of  the  hall,  but 
fireplaces  were  built  against  the  side  walls  in 
the  more  private  apartments — the  original  of  the 
well-known  mediix-val  fireplace  and  "  chymene." 
Leland,  in  his  account  of  Bolton  Castle,  which 
was  "  finiched  or  Kynge  Richard  the  2  dyed," 
notices  the  chimneys:  "One  thynge  I  muche 
notyd  in  the  hawle  of  Bolton,  how  chimeneys 
were  conveyed  by  tunnells  made  on  the  syds  of 
the  walls,  betwyxt  the  lights  in  the  hawle,  and 
by  this  means,  and  by  no  covers,  is  the  smoke 
ol  the  harthe  in  the  hawle  wonder  strangely 
conveyed." 

Chin-band,  Chin-cloth.  A  muffler  of  lace  worn 
by  ladies,  te7np.  Charles  I. 
China.     (See  Pottery.) 
China    (or     Chinese)    Ink.      (See     Indian 
Ink.) 

Chinese  Paper.  A  fine  absorbent  paper 
of  a  yellowish  tint,  used  for  proofs  of  engrav- 
ings, &c.  Japanese  paper  is  now  frequently 
preferred. 

Chinese  White.  Oxide  of  Zinc  (q.v.).  It 
is  more  constant  than  \\hite  lead. 


Chinny-mnmps.  A  Yorkshire  music  made 
by  rapping  tlie  cliin  with  the  knuckles. 

Chints  or  Chintz  (Hindoo,  chhint,  spotted  cot- 
ton cloth).  Cotton  cloth  printed  in  more  than 
two  colours. 

Chiramaxium,  Gr.  and  R.  (xeip-a^alior,  i.  e. 
hand-cart).  An  invalid's  chair  mounted  upon 
two  wheels,  and  drawn  or  pushed  by  slaves. 

Chiridota,  Gr.  and  R.  (from  adj.  x^'P'^curbs, 
i.  e.  lit.  having  sleeves').  Tunics  with  long 
sleeves,  worn  in  especial  by  the  Asiatic  races 
and  by  the  Celts.  The  early  Britons,  before 
the  Roman  invasion,  wore  close  coats  checkered 
with  various  colours  in  divisions,  open  before 
and  with  long  close  sleeves  to  the  tvrist. 

Chirimia,  Sp.  (from  chiritnoya,  a  pear).  An 
oboe. 

Chirography.  The  art  of  writing  with  the 
hands. 

Chirology.   The  art  of  calking  with  the  hands. 
Chiromancy  (/j.dvTis,  a  soothsayer).     Divina- 
tion from  the  lines  of  the  palms  of  the  hands. 


Fig.  157.  Diana  wearing  the  Greek  chiton. 


ART  AND  ARCH/EOLOGV. 


71 


Chironomia,  Gr.  and  R.  (xftpo-voixla,  i.  e. 
measured  motion  of  the  hands).  The  mimetic 
art.  ]iy  tliis  term  is  expressed  not  only  the  art 
of  speakin;^  witlr  gestures  and  by  means  of  the 
hands,  but  also  the  action  of  speaking  combined 
with  gesticulation.  This  art  dates  from  a  high 
antiquity.  It  was  originally  part  of  the  art  of 
dancing, — clapping  the  hands  in  rhythm  ;  also 
a  gjannastic  e.\ercise,  for  pugilists  and  others. 

Chiroplast.  An  instrument  for  teaching  fin- 
gering of  musical  instruments,  invented  by 
Logier  in  iSlo. 

Chirothecse  (Gr.  x^'podvKri  ;  Lat.  gaiitiis). 
Gloves  were  unknown  to  the  early  Greeks  and 
Romans,  but  in  use  among  the  ancient  Per- 
sians. In  Christian  archaeology  they  are  first 
met  with  in  the  I2th  centur)-.     (See  Gloves.) 

Chisleu,  Heb.  The  ninth  month  of  the 
Jewish  year.  It  begins  with  the  new  moon  of 
our  December. 

Chiton  (xiTcci/).    The  Greek  tunic.    (Fig.  157.) 

Chitte,  O.  E.     A  sheet. 

CMvacMrs  (Chevaucheurs).  Old  Fr.  Run- 
ning messengers. 

Chlaina  (Lat.  hnia).  A  kind  of  cloak,  of  ample 
size,  worn  bythe  Greeks  in  campaigning.   In  time 


Fig.  I5Q. 


Fig.  158.  Apollo  wearing  the  chlamys  folded  round  his 
arm. 


of  peace  it  served  as  a  bed  coverlet.  Tiic  diminii 
live  xAoj'^Sioi'  appears  to  have  been  a  woman's 
mantle. 

Chlamyda.  (.See  Chla.mys.) 
Chlamys,  Cir.  A  short  light  mantle,  which 
was  worn  by  Greek  youths  (not  by  RomansI 
until  they  arrived  at  manhood.  It  was  the 
regular  equestrian  costume, 
and  was  of  an  oblong  scpiare 
shape.  (Fig.  I59-)  The 
chlamys  is  seen  in  re])re- 
sentations  of  men  hunting  or 
figliting  with  beasts,  as  a 
shield  wrapped  round  the 
left  arm,  the  right  poising  the 
spear.  (Fig.  158.)  In  Botany, 
the  floral  envelope. 
Choenix  {xolvii,).  A  Greek  measure  of  capa- 
city, variously  valued  from  a  pint  and  half  to  two 
quarts. 

Choir,  Quire,  or  ftuere,  Arch.  The  part  of 
the  church  for  the  singers  and  clerks,  i.  e.  the 
space  between  the  nave  (for  the  people),  and 
the  BEMA,  or  presbytery,  for  the  celebrating 
clergy.  But  in  mediaeval  writings  the  term  in- 
cludes the  BF.MA.     (See  Chancel.) 

Choir  Wall  or  Choir  Screen  (Fr.  cloture). 
The  ^\•aU  or  screen  between  the  side-aisles  and 
the  choir. 

Choosing-stick  (a  Somersetshire  provincial- 
ism).    A  divining-rod. 

Chopines,  It.  Clogs  or  high  shoes,  of  Asiatic 
origin,  introduced  from  Venice  in  the  i6th 
century. 

Choragic  Monuments.  Small  pedestals  or 
shrines  erected  by  the  winner  of  a  choral  con- 
test to  display  the  tripod  which  was  his  prize. 
At  Athens  there  w.as  a  street  lined  with  such 
monuments,  called  the  "  Street  of  the  Tripods." 
The  Choragic  Monument  of  Lysicrates,  still 
existing  in  Athens,  is  one  of  the  most  valuable 
remains  of  Greek  architecture. 

Choragium,  Gr.  and  R.  {xopi^y^s,  or  chorus- 
leader).  A  large  space  in  a  theatre,  situated 
behind  the  stage.  It  was  here  that  the  "pro- 
perties" were  kept  and  the  rehearsals  of  the 
chorus  took  place.  The  term  is  also  used  to 
denote  the  furniture,  costumes,  decorations,  and, 
in  a  word,  all  the  accessories  required  in  the 
production  of  a  piece. 

Chordaulodion.  A  self-acting  musical  in- 
strument invented  by  Kauffmann  of  Dresden  in 
1S12. 

Chorea,  Gr.  and  R.  {x°P^^<  q-v-).  A  choral 
dance,  in  which  the  ilanccrs  took  each  other  by 
the  hand  and  danced  tt)  the  sound  of  their  own 
voices. 

Chorus,  Gr.  and  R.  {xophs,  i.  e.  prop,  a 
circle),  li)  A  choir  of  singers  in  a  dramatic 
entertainment.  (2)  A  band  of  dancers  who  went 
through  their  movements  to  the  sound  of  their 


72 


WORDS  USED  IN 


own  singing.  (3)  A  round  choral  dance  ;  in  this 
last  signification  chorea  may  equally  well  be 
used. 

Chorus  or  Choron,  O.  E.  An  instrument 
somewhat  resembling  a  bagpipe  ;  the  name  was 
also  applied  to  certain  stringed  instruments. 
The  word  choron  originally  designated  a  horn. 
(Hebrew,  Keren.) 

Chous,  Gr.  and  R.  (x^o^j  contr.  x^^^^)  '•  e. 
that  from  M'hich  one  pours).  An  amphora,  form- 
ing a  measure  of  exact  capacity.  Another  name 
for  it  was  CoNGius  (q.v.).  It  held  twelve 
CoTYL.«  (q-v.). 

Choutara,  Hindoo.  A  kind  of  guitar  with 
four  wire  strings. 

Chrism,  Chr.  (from  XP'V  to  smear).  A 
composition  of  balsam  and  oil  of  olives  used 
by  Christians  of  various  denominations  at  the 
administration  of  the  sacraments. 

Chrismal,  Chrismatory,  Chr.  (i)  The  vessel 
made  to  contain  the  consecrated  oil.  (See 
Labarum.)  (2)  A  vessel  for  the  reservation 
of  the  consecrated  Host.  (3)  A  cloth  used  to 
cover  relics.  (4)  Old  English  chrisom,  a  white 
linen  cloth  put  upon  the  child's  head  in  baptism. 
(See  Font-cloth.) 

Chrismarium,  Chr.     (See  Chrismal,  i.) 

Chrisom,  O.  E.  (i)  See  Chrismal,  4.  (2)  A 
child  that  dies  within  a  month  after  birth. 

Christ-cross,  O.  E.  (i)  The  Alphabet;  so 
named  from  a  school  lesson  beginning  ' '  Christe 
Crosse  me  spede  in  alle  my  worke."  (2)  The 
mark  made  for  his  signature  by  a  person  who 
cannot  write. 

Christemporeia,  Chr.  Literally,  the  selling  of 
Christ,  simony. 

Christian  Horses,  O.  E.  Bearers  of  sedan 
chairs. 

Christmas-boxes.  So  called  from  the  old 
practice  of  collecting  them  in  boxes. 

Chromatic  Scale  (xp'i'/ua,  colour).  In  Music, 
the  scale  that  jMoceeds  by  semi-tones  ;  so 
called  from  the  practice  of  printing  the  in- 
termediate notes  in  vaiious  colours. 

Chromatics     The  science  of  colours. 

Chromatrope.  An  optical  instnunent  for  as- 
sisting the  invention  of  combinations  of  colours. 

Chrome,  Chromium.  An  important  mineral, 
the  green  oxide  of  \\hich  furnishes  the  Chrotne 
Green. 

Chrome  Green.  A  dark-green  pigment  pre- 
pared from  oxide  of  chromium  ;  mixed  with 
Prussian  blue  and  chrome  yellow  it  is  called 
Green  Cinnabar. 

Chrome  Ochre.  Oxide  of  chromium  of  a  fine 
yellowish  green. 

Chrome  Ked.  A  chromate  of  lead  ;  a  durable 
pigment  used  in  oil  painting.  (See  Red  Lead.) 

Chrome  Yellow.  A  cliromate  of  lead,  which 
makes  a  bad  pigment  for  oil  painting.  It  is 
very  poisonous    and  not   durable  ;  when  mixed 


with  white  lead  it  turns  to  a  dirty  grey.  As 
a  water-colour  pigment  it  is  less  objection- 
able. 

Chromite.  Chromate  of  iron  ;  a  mineral 
consisting  of  protoxide  of  iron  and  oxide  of 
chromium,  used  in  the  preparation  of  various 
pigments. 

Chronogram  (xpt^^oy,  time).  An  inscription 
which  includes  in  it  the  date  of  an  event. 

Chryselephantine  Statues  of  ivorj'  and  gold. 
The  most  celebrated  were  that  of  Minerva, 
by  Pheidias,  which  stood  in  the  Acropolis  at 
Athens,  and  was  40  English  feet  in  height ; 
and  that  of  Zeus,  45  feet  high,  likewise  by 
Pheidias,  in  the  temple  of  Olympia.  A  re- 
production of  this  statue  was  shown  in  the 
Paris  Exhibition  of  1S55. 

Chrysendeta,  R.  (xpyceVSeTa,  i.  e.  set  or 
inlaid  with  gold).  A  very  costly  description 
of  plate-service  employed  by  wealthy  Romans. 
Of  its  precise  character  nothing  unfortunately 
is  known,  but  to  judge  from  the  epigrams  of 
certain  authors,  it  must  have  been  chased  and 
embossed . 

Chrysoberyl  {$ripv\\os,  a  beryl).  A  gem  of 
a  yellowish-green  colour  ;  a  species  of  corunduvt 
(q.v.). 

Chryso-clavus  (Lat.  golden  nail-head).  All 
rich  purple  silks,  woven  or  embroidered  with 
the  claims  in  gold,  were  so  named.  They  were 
used  for  altar  frontals,  and  the  clavi  were  some- 
times made  so  large  that  a  subject  was  em- 
broidered upon  them  ;  they  were  then  called 
sigillata  or  sealed.     (See  Clavlts.  ) 

Chrysocolla  or  Gold  Green  (xpvcroKoKXos, 
inlaid  or  soldered  with  gold),  (i)  Native  ver- 
digris. Its  principal  use  was  for  the  preparation 
of  a  solder  for  gold.  (See  Santerna.  )  (2)  The 
Greek  term  for  Green  Verditer  and  Armenian 
Green  (Latin,  Arnieninnt)  ;  a  pigment  obtained 
from  malachite  and  green  carbonate  of  copper. 
It  was  also  czWcd  pea  green  or  grass  green. 

Chthonia,  Gr.  and  R.  (x^"^",  the  earth).  Fes- 
tivals held  every  spring  at  Argos  in  honour 
of  Ceres,  o.t  which  four  aged  women  sacrificed 
heifers. 

Church,  in  Christian  art,  is  the  attribute  of  a 
founder  thereof,  who  is  frequently  represented 
holding  it  in  his  hand.  The  most  ancient  symbol 
of  the  Church  is  the  ark  of  Noah,  subsequently 
a  ship,  often  covered  with  the  waves,  &c.,  very 
frequent  in  the  catacombs.  On  tombs  it  is  held 
to  imply  that  the  dead  expired  in  full  communion 
with  tile  Church. 

Churcheard,  Church-haw,  Church-litten. 
Old  English  provincialisms  for  a  churchyard  or 
burial-ground. 

Church-stile,  O.  E.     A  pulpit. 

Chymbe,  O.  E.     A  cymbal  : — 

"  As  a  chynnbe  or  a  brazen  belle. 
That  nouther  can  undirstonde  ray  telle." 


ART  AND  AKCII.KOLOGV 


73 


Chymol,  Gemell,  O.  E.     A  hinge,  still  callcil 

tlie  eastern  counties  a  "gimmer." 

Chytra,  Clr.  and  R.  (from  x*'*.  to  pour). 
A  common  kind  of  pot,  of  Greek  origin,  made 
with  red  clay.      It  was  used  for  cooking. 

Chytria,  tJr.  An  Atiienian  festival,  which 
derived  its  name  from  the  xi^Tpct,  or  common  pot 
in  which  were  cooked  the  vegetables  or  otlicr 
provisions  offered  to  Bacchus  and  Mercury  in 
memory  of  the  dead. 

Chytropus,  Chytropous,  Cr.  {xvTp6-wov^,  lit. 
a  pot-fool).     A  chytra  with  three  or  four  feet. 

Cibilla.     (See  Cili.ida.) 

Ciborium,  Gr.,  R.,  and  Chr.  (KtBupiov,  the  pod 
of  the  KaXoKaaia,  or  Egyptian  bean).  ( I )  A 
drinking  vessel  so  called  because  it  resembled 
the  Egyptian  bean  in  shape.  (2)  In  Christian 
archaeology  a  kind  of  baldachino  or  canopy, 
supported  by  a  varying  number  of  columns, 
which  forms  the  covering  of  the  high  altar  in  a 
church.  Called  also  the  TabcniacU,  Sacranteiit 
house,  God's  house,  ox  holy  roof.  (See  Severey.) 
(3)  Ciborium  also  signifies  a  vessel  in  which  the 
consecrated  wafer  is  "reserved." 

Ciclatoun  or  Siklatoun.  The  Persian  name, 
adopted  in  England,  for  a  textile  of  real  gold 
thread  ;   1 2th  century. 

Ciconia,  R.  (lit.  a  stork),  (i)  A  sign  made  in 
dumb  show  by  bending  the  forefinger  into  the 
form  of  a  stork's  neck.  (2)  An  instrument,  in 
shape  like  an  inverted  T,  employed  by  farmers 
to  make  sure  that  trenches  dug  by  the  spade 
were  of  uniform  depth.  (3)  Ciconia  coniposita 
was  the  name  given  to  a  more  elaborate  instru- 
ment of  the  same  kind  invented  by  Columella. 

Cicuta,  R.  (i.  e.  lit.  the  hemlock).  A  term 
used  by  analogy  to  denote  anything  made  out  of 
the  hemlock  plant,  especially  the  PaiCs pipes. 

Cidaris,  Gen.  (Ki5apis  or  Kirapis,  a  Persian 
tiara).  A  sort  of  diadem  or  royal  bonnet  worn 
by  Eastern  princes.  It  was  tall,  straight  and 
stiff  in  shape,  and  was  ornamented  with  pearls 
or  precious  stones.  The  same  name  was  also 
applied  to  the  bonnet  worn  at  ceremonies  by  the 
high  priest  of  the  Jews.     (See  Ti.VRA.) 

Cilery,  Arch.  Drapery  or  foliage  carved  on 
the  heads  of  columns. 

Cilibantum,  R.  (See  Cillib.\.)  A  stand  or 
table  with  three  legs. 

Ciliciura,  R.  (i)  A  coarse  cloth  made  of 
goat's  hair,  and  manufactured  in  Cilicia.  It  was 
much  used  in  the  army  and  navy  :  in  the  former 
for  making  the  soldiers'  tents  ;  in  the  latter  for 
clothes  for  the  sailors  or  for  sails.  (2)  During 
the  time  of  mourning,  or  when  suffering  under 
any  calamity,  the  Jews  put  on  a  kind  of  ci/icium 
made  of  coarse  canvas.  (3)  A  cloth  mattress 
stuffed  with  sea-weed  or  cow-hair,  which  was 
placed  outside  the  walls  of  besieged  cities  to 
deaden  the  blows  of  the  battering-ram  or  of 
projectiles.     (4)   In    Christian    archaeology    the 


ci/iciut/t  or  hair-shirt  is  a  sleeveless  jacket  made 
with  a  material  of  horse-hair  and  coarse  hemp. 
The  Dominicans,  l-'ranciscans,  and  certain  Car- 
thusians wear  the  riliciuin  t>i  mortify  the  flesh. 

Cilliba,  Gr.  and  R.  (ki'aAoj,  an  ass)  A  trestle, 
and  by  analogy  a  dining-taiile  supported  by 
trestles.  This  form  of  table,  which  was  com- 
monly used  by  the  early  Romans,  was  replaced 
later  on  by  the  circular  table. 

Cirabal.     An   old  name   for  the   Dulcimer 

(q.v.). 

Cimeter,  Cymetar,  Scimeter,  &c.  A  short 
curved  sword  used  by  the  Persians  or  Turks, 
mentioned  by  Mcyrick  as  udoptcd  by  the 
Hussars,  A;///.  Elizabeth. 

Cincinnus,  R.  A  long  ringlet  or  corkscrew 
curl  of  hair  jnodueed  with  the  curling-irons. 
(See  Hair.) 

Cincticulus,  R.  (dimin.  of  CiNcrus,  q.v.). 
A  kind  of  short  petticoat  worn  by  youths. 

Cinctorium,  R.  (hoxnciiictns,  a  girdle),  (i)  A 
sword-belt  worn  round  the  waist,  and  thus 
distinguished  from  the  Balteus  or  baldric, 
which  passed  over  the  shoulder.  The  balteus 
wasworn  by  private  soldiers,  \\Y\\\e\he  cinctorium 
was  the  distinctive  badge  of  an  officer.  (2)  The 
dagger,  so  called  because  it  was  suspended  from 
or  ]Hit  into  the  girdle. 

Cincture,  Arch.  The  fillet,  at  each  end  of 
the  shaft  of  a  classical  column  (q.v.). 

Cinctus,  R.  (from  cingo,  i.  e.  a  girding).  A 
short  petticoat  (or  kilt)  worn  by  men  ;  also  in 
the  same  sense  as  cingula  and  ciiiLiulu?/i,  a  girdle. 
Cinctus  galnnus  was  a  particular  manner  of 
arranging  the  topra,  by  throwing  one  end  over  the 
head,  and  fastening  the  other  round  the  waist  like 
a  girdle.  As  an  adjective,  cinctus  was  applied 
to  any  individual  of  either  sex  who  wore  any 
kind  of  belt  or  girdle.     (See  DisciNCTUS.) 

Cinerarium,  R.  (i.  e.  a  place  of  ashes).  A 
niche  in  a  tomb,  sufficiently  roomy  to  hold  an 
urn  of  large  size,  or  a  sarcophagus.  The  follow- 
ing was  the  disposition  of  one,  or  in  many  cases, 
three  sides  in  a   Roman  tond)  :  in  the  centre  of 


Kig.  160.   Ciiicr.irU. 


74 


WORDS  USED  IN 


the  wall  was  a  large  niche  {cinerarium  medianmn) 
for  a  sarcophagus,  and  on  each  side  of  this  two 
small  niches  {columbaria),  and  above  each  of 
the  latter  was  a  much  larger  recess  for  large 
urns.     (See  also  Columbarium,  Cubiculum, 

CUPELLA.  ) 

Cinerarius.  A  hair-dresser  (who  heated  his 
tongs  in  the  cinders). 

Cingulum,  R.  A  girdle  or  other  fastening 
round  the  waist.  In  modern  archceology,  cingulo 
viiliiari  decorare  •i\'g\\\'n<t%  to  create  a  knight,  from 
the  practice  of  investing  him  with  the  military 
girdle  ;  and  cingulum  militarc  aiiferre  is  to 
degrade  a  knight.     (See  DisciNCTUS.) 

Cinifllo,  R.  A  synonym  for  CiNERARIus 
(q.v.). 

Cinnabar.  Sulphide  of  mercury  ;  an  ancient 
red  pigment  used  for  sacred  and  imperial  pur- 
poses. (See  Chrome  Green,  Dragon's 
Blood,  Vermilion.) 

Cinnamon-stone.  A  variety  of  lime-garnet 
of  a  clear  cinnamon-brown  tint. 

Cinque-cento  (literally,  500).  The  Italian 
art  of  the  i6th  century. 

Cinque-foil,  Arch. 
(Fr.  cinque  andy^^- 
ille,  a  leaf).  An  or- 
namental foliation  or 
feathering  of  the  lan- 
ceolated  style,  con- 
sisting of  five  pro- 
jecting points  or 
cusps.  (Fig.  161.) 
Cinta,  Med.  Lat. 
(Fr.  enceinte).  The 
outside  wall  of  a  for- 
tress. 

Cinyra.  An  old 
term  for  a  harp. 
Cippus,  R.  (i)  A  short  stone  pillar  of 
cylindrical  fonn,  employed  to  mark  the  boun- 
daries between  adjoining  estates  or  nations. 
(2)  A  pillar  of  cylindrical  or  rectangular  form, 
and  sometimes  perfectly  plain,  sometimes  richly 
ornamented,  erected  for  a 
tomb-stone.  (Fig.  162.) 
In  some  instances  the  cip- 
jnis  enclosed  a  cavity  in 
which  the  urn  containing 
the  ashes  of  the  dead  per- 
son might  be  placed.  A 
cippus  was  placed  at  the 
corner  of  a  cemeteiy,  and 
the  measurements  of  the 
burying-ground  were  re- 
corded upon  it.  In  Med. 
Lat.  the  word  is  used  for 
tiie  keep  of  the  castle. 

CircensesLudi,  R.  Games 
in  the   circus.     (See  CoN- 
Cippub  (lomb-btone).      SUALIA.) 


Fig.  161.   Heraldic  Cinque-foil. 


Circinate.  Curled  in  the  manner  of  the  Ionic 
volute,  or  like  the  fronds  of  young  ferns  rolled 
inwards  from  the  summit  to  the  base. 

Circinus,  R.  A  compass  ;  an  instrument 
employed,  as  now,  by  architects,  sculptors, 
masons,  and  vai-ious  other  trades.  The  Romans 
weie  also  acquainted  with  reduction  compasses. 

Circle.     The  emblem  of  Heaven  and  eternity. 

Circumlitio.  An  ancient  Greek  vamish,  with 
which  the  statues  of  the  Greeks  were  tinted. 
{East  lake.) 

Circumpotatio,  R.  (from  circum  and  poto, 
i.  e.  a  drinking-around ).  A  funeral  feast  in 
which  the  guests  passed  round  the  wine  from 
hand  to  hand.  It  took  place  at  the  tomb  of 
the  person  in  whose  memory  it  was  held,  and 
on  the  anniversary  of  his  death. 

Circumvallation.  A  fortification  made  round 
a  blockaded  place  by  a  besieging  army. 

Circus,  Gr.  and  R.  (i.  e.  a  circle).  A  flat 
open  space  near  a  city,  round  which  were  raised 
scaffoldings  for  the  accommodation  of  the 
spectators.  This  was  the  form  of  the  earliest 
circuses  ;  but  as  civilization  advanced,  they  were 
regidarly  constructed  of  stone.  The  arena  was 
in  the  form  of  a  vast  rectangle  terminating  at 
one  extremity  in  a  semicircle,   and  suiTOunded 


Fu 


Fig.  163.  Model  of  a  Roman  Circus. 

by  tiers  of  seats  for  the  spectators.  At  the  end 
fronting  the  semicircular  part  was  a  rectangular 
pile  of  buildings,  underneath  which  were  the 
carceres  or  stalls  for  the  horses,  and  down  the 
centre  of  the  circus  ran  a  long  low  wall  called 
the  spitia,  adorned  with  statues,  obelisks,  &c. 
This  spina  formed  a  barrier  by  which  the  circus 
was  divided  into  two  distinct  parts,  and  at  each 
end  of  it  was  a  tneta  or  goal,  round  which  the 
chariots  turned.  (See  Meta  and  Ovum.)  The 
Romans  constructed  circuses  in  England,  wher- 
ever they  had  a  large  encampment.  The  ruins 
exist  at  Dorchester,  Silchester,  Richborough, 
and  other  places. 

Cirrus,  R.  (i)  A  lock  of  hair ;  a  ringlet 
curling  naturally,  and  so  distinguished  from  the 
cincinnus,  a  curl  produced  by  means  of  the 
curling-iron.  (2)  A  tuft;  the  forelock  of  a 
horse  when  tied  up  above  its  ears.  (3)  A  tuft 
of  flowers   forming  a   bunch   or  head,    such   as 


phlox,  calceolaria,  &c.    (4)  Liglit  curUd  clouds  in 
the  sky,  portondinc;  wind,  are  hence  called  cirri. 

Ciselure,  Fr.  Chasinn;.  (See  C/i:i.atura.) 
Cissibium  01  Cissybium,  Gr.  and  R.  ((ci^- 
a-v^ioy,  i.  e.  ni:ule  or  \\  rcathcil  with  ivy).  A 
drinking-vessel,  so  called  because  the  handle 
was  niatle  of  i\7-wood,  or  more  probably  be- 
cause it  had  an  ivy-wreath  carved  upon  it. 

Cissoid  (lit.  ivy-shaped  j.  A  celebrated  curve, 
apj-ilicd  in  the  trisection  of  an  angle,  invented 
by  Diodes  the  geometer. 

Cissotomiae,  Gr.  (/ckto-o-toVoi,  sc.  vt^tpai, 
i.  c.  the  days  of  ivy-cutting).  A  festival  held  in 
Cireeco,  in  honour  of  Hebe,  goddess  of  youth, 
and  a  youth  called  Cissos,  who,  when  dancing 
with  Bacchus,  had  fallen  down  and  been  changed 
into  ivy.  Accordingly  at  this  festival  youths  and 
girls  danced  with  their  heads  wreathed  with  ivy. 

Cista,  Cistella,  Sitella,  R,  (k^o-tt),  a 
chest).  (i)  A  large  wicker-work  basket  in 
which  the  voters  depositeil  their  voting-tablets 
at  the  comitia.  It  was  of  a  cylindrical  shape,  and 
aliout  four  or  five  feet  high.  (2)  A  smaller 
basket  into  which  the  judges  cast  the  tablets 
recording  their  sentence.  (3)  A  wicker-work 
basket  in  which  children  carried  about  their 
playthings.  (4)  The  cist  which  was  carried  in 
procession  at  the  Eleusinian  festival,  and  which 
might  be  either  a  wicker  basket  or  a  box  of 
metal.  It  was  filled  with  corn,  rice,  sesame, 
salt,  and  pomegranates.  Richly  ornamented 
chests  or  boxes,  with  bronze  minors  in  them, 
found  among  Etruscan  ruins,  are  called  cistee 
mysticiE.  The  sitcUa,  or  situla,  was  a  different 
vessel  ;  viz.  a  Imcket  of  water,  into  which  the 
lots  {sortes)  were  thrown.  The  situla  had  a 
narrow  neck,  so  that  only  one  lot  could  come 
to  the  surface  when  it  was  shaken.  It  was  also 
called  Urita  or  Orca. 

Cistella,  R.  A  dulcimer  ;  ///.  a  little  box. 
(See  Cista.) 

Cistellula,  R.  (dimin.  of  Cista,  q.v.).  A  very 
small  cista. 

Cistophorus,  Eg}-p.,  Gr.,  and  R.  (kktto- 
(pnpos,  i.  e.  bearing  a  cisla  or  cis(iis).  A  silver  coin, 
current  in  Asia,  and  worth  about  four  drachmae. 
It  was  so  called  from  bearing  the  impression  of 
a  cista  (chest),  or,  more  probably,  of  the  shrub 
cisttis.     [Value  four  francs  of  French  money.] 

Cistula,  R.     Dimin.  of  Cista  (q.v.). 

Citadel  (It.  cittadclla,  a  little  town).  A  for- 
tress within  a  city. 

Cithara,  Cither,  Gr.  and  R.  (KtBapa).  A 
stringed  instrument  of  great  antiquity,  resem- 
bling our  modem  guitar.  It  was  played  with  a 
plectrii?n.  The  name  was  afterwards  applied  to 
many  stringed  instnmients  of  varied  form,  power 
of  sound,  and  compass.  The  medix'val  Rotta 
was  called  C.  teutonica ;  the  harp  was  called 
C.  Arti^lica. 

Cithara  Bijnga.     A  guitar  with  a  double  neck. 


ART  AND  ARCH/EOLOGV 
Citole 


75 


O.  E.      \  kind  of  guitar. 
"  A  citol,-  in  liir  riRht  h.in<l  h.-id  schc."     (Chaiicrr.) 

Cittern.  A  stringed  instnmient,  like  a  guitar, 
strung  with  wire  instead  of  gut.  The  citUnt 
was  at  one  time  a  |>art  of  the  furniture  of  every 
barber's  shop,  and  customers  played  un  it  wliile 
waiting  for  their  turns.  (Niche  I  of  Exeter 
Clallery.     See  Clarion.) 

Civery,  Arch.  (See  Sf.vkrf.y.)  A  bay  or 
compartment  of  a  vaulted  ceiling. 

Civic  Crown,  Her.  A  wreath  of  oak-leaves 
and  acorns.     (See  Corona.) 

Ckuicui,  Peruvian.  One  of  the  divisions  of 
the  temple  of  the  Sun  (/«//),  so  named  as  being 
dedicated  to  the  rainbow  {Ckiiiclii).    (See  Inti.) 

Clabulare.      (See  Clavulare.) 

Clack  ur  Clap-dish,  O.  E.  A  box  with  a 
movable  lid  used  and  rattled  by  beggars  to 
attract  attention  : — 

"  His  tongue  moves  like  a  beggar's  cla/>(iis/t." 

Cladeuteria.  A  Greek  festival  held  in  honour 
of  Bacchus,  at  the  time  when  the  pruning  of  the 
vines  took  place. 


Fig. 


164.  Clerestory  and  Triforiiim  in  Worcester 
Cathcdr.jl. 


Claire- voie  (Anglice,  Clerestory),  Arch.  (i.  e. 
clear-storey).      A  row  of  large  windows,  forming 


76 


WORDS  USED  IN 


the  upper  storey  of  the  nave  of  a  church,  rising 
clear  above  the  adjoining  parts  of  the  building. 

Clan  (Gaelic,  klann,  children).  A  tribe  of 
persons  of  one  common  family,  united  under  a 
chieftain. 

Clap-bene,  O.  E.  Bene  signifies  a  prayer, 
and  children  were  invited  by  this  phrase  to 
clap  their  hands  together,  as  their  only  means 
of  expressing  their  prayers. 

Clapdish.     (See  Clackdish.) 

Clappe  or  Clapper,  O.  E.  A  wooden  rattle 
used  to  summon  people  to  church  on  the  last 
three  days  of  Passion  Week,  when  the  bells  were 
not  rung. 

Clarenceux,  Her.  The  title  of  one  of  the 
three  kings  of  arms  at  Heralds'  College.  The 
others  are  called  Garter  and  Norroy. 

Clarichord,  O.  E.  A  stringed  instalment,  in 
the  form  of  a  spinet,  of  mediaeval  times.  At 
the  marriage  of  James  of  Scotland  with  the 
Princess  Margaret,  A.D.  1503,  "  the  king  began 
before  hyr  to  play  of  the  clarycJiordes,  and  after 
of  the  lute.  And  upon  the  said  claiychorde 
Sir  Edward  Stanley  played  a  ballad,  and  sange 
therewith."  {IVhaiion,  ^^ History  of  English 
Poetry.")  It  is  identical  with  the  clavicho)-d,  the 
origin  of  the  spinet,  harpsichord,  and  pianoforte. 
Clarion,      O.     E. 

TJT=n  I  Q>  0  O  I   A      small     trumpet, 

with  a  shrill  sound. 
(Represented  in  the 
third  niche  of  the 
' '  Minstrels'  Gallery  " 

Fig.  165,  i65.  Clarions(heraldic).  "^  Exeter  Cathedral, 
of  which  there  is  a 
cast  in  the  South  Kensington  Museum.) 

Classic  Orders  of  Architecture.     The  Grecian : 


Doric,  Ionic,  and  Corinthian  ; — and  the  Rotnati  : 
Tuscan,  Doric,  Ionic,  Corinthian,    and   Compo- 
site orders  (q.  v.)  are  generally  thus  distinguished. 
Clathrate.     Latticed  like  a  grating  {clathri). 


Fig.  167.  Clathri  over  bronze  doors. 

Clathri,  R.  A  grating  or  trellis  formed  of 
wooden  or  metal  bars  ;  clathri  were  employed 
to  form  the  imposts  over  hyprethral  doors,  and 
to  light  the  stables  {carceres)  under  the  circus, 
&c.  Fig.  167  represents  one  of  the  bronze  doors 
of  the  Pantheon  at  Rome  with  the  grating  above. 

Claude  Glass.  A  dark  convex  glass  for 
studying  the  effect  of  a  landscape  in  reverse. 


Fig.  168.  Clavichord — i8th  century. 


ART  AND  ARCHy^LOLOGY. 


Its  name  is  supposed  to  be  derived  from  the 
similarity  of  the  eflects  it  gives,  to  those  of  a 
picture  by  Claude  Lorraiu. 

Clausula,  R.  Tlie  handle  of  any  instrument 
whatsoever,  M-hen  made  in  such  a  way  that  the 
hand  can  be  inserted  into  it,  as  for  instance  wiili 
a  ring  or  sword-hilt.  The  Stkigii.is  (q.v.)  had  a 
handle  of  this  description.  Clausula  is  thus  to 
be  distinguished  from  <vz/«//cj  (a  straight  handle), 
and  ansa  (a  handle  affixed  to  another  object). 

Clava,  R.  (i)  A  stout  knotty  stick,  growing 
much  thicker  towards  one  end.  (2)  A  very 
heavy  club  with  which  young  recruits  went 
through  their  exercises.  (3)  A  club  like  that  of 
Hercules,  or  a  mace  or  war-club  with  an  iron 
head,  and  studded  with  nails  or  (more  com- 
monlv)  sharp  spikes. 

Clavate.  Club-shaped  ;  tapering  down  from 
the  top. 

Clavesignati,  Med.  Lat.  The  Papal  troops 
were  so  called,  who  had  the  keys  of  St.  Peter  on 
their  standards  and  uniforms. 

Claviary.     In  Music,  an  index  of  keys. 

Clavichord.  A  stringed  instrument  in  the 
form  of  a  spinet.  (Fig.  168.)  (See  Clarichord.) 

Clavicula.     Dimin.  of  Clavis  (q.v.). 

Clavier.  Of  a  musical  instrament,  the  key- 
board. 

Clavis,  R.  A  key.  The  clavis  clausa  was 
a  small  key  without  a  neck  or  lever;  clavis 
lacoiiica,  a  key  of  Egyptian  invention,  having 
three  teeth  ;  clavis  adtiltera,  a  false  key  ;  clavis 
trochi,  a  curved  stick  made  of  iron  and  having  a 
hook  at  the  end,  which  was  used  by  Greek  and 
Roman  boys  for  trundling  their  hoops. 

Clavius.  A  walled  plain  in  the  moon,  more 
than  a  hundred  miles  in  diameter. 

Clavulare  or  Clabulare,  R.  A  large  open 
cart  used  for  carrying  provisions,  especially  dolia 
(casks)  filled  with  wine.  The  body  of  the  car- 
riage was  formed  by  a  wooden  trellis-work 
{claviila) — whence  its  name— and  was  of  a  semi- 
cylindrical  shape,  adapted  to  accommodate 
wine  barrels. 

Clavus,  R.  A  nail.  In  Christian  archeology, 
a  purple  hem  or  band  applied  as  an  ornament  to 
X  dress,  which  was  then  called  vestis  clavata. 
(See  Chryso-clavus.) 

Claymore  (Gaelic,  claidhcamb,  a  sword,  and 
vto)\  great).     The  highland  broadsword. 

Clechee,  Her.  (See  Undine.)  A  variety  of 
the  heraldic  cross. 

Clef  or  Cliff,  Music.  A  figure  indicating  the 
pitch  to  be  adopted  for  the  key-note  of  a  piece 
of  music  ;  an  invention  of  the  13th  century. 

Clepsydra,  Gen.  (KAf»//-u5pa,  i.  e.  a  stealing- 
away  of  water).  A  water-clock,  and  by  analogy 
an  hour-glass  or  sand-c\ock.  The  clepsydra  was 
used  as  an  hour-glass  in  the  courts  of  justice  at 
Athens,  to  measure  out  the  time  allowed  to  each 
orator. 


77 


Clerestory.     (Sec  Ci.airk-voie.) 

Cleyataffe,  O.  K.      A  pastoral  staff. 

Clibanus.  R.  (i)  A  imsket  used  for  baking 
bread  ;  the  l)read  itself,  when  thus  baked,  l)eing 
called  clihanicius.  (2)  Med.  Lat.  A  short 
hauberk,  which  the  later  Greeks  called  KKifiavof, 
because  it  covered  the  breast.  (AAyncl.:)  (3) 
Med.  Lat.      A  tower. 

Clicket,  O.  E.     A  key. 


"  With  his  f//VXr/ 
Damian  hath  opcneit  this  wicket." 


{CAaucer.) 


Cliff.     (See  Clef.) 

Clipeolum.     Dimiii.  of  Clipeus  ((|.v.). 

Clipeus  and  Clipeum,   R.   (akin  to  Ka\inrru, 


to  cover  or  conceal).  A  large  broad  shield  of 
circular  shape  and  concave  on  the  inside.  It 
was  of  great  weight,  and  formed  part  of  the 
special  equipment  of  the  cavalry.  The  original 
clipeits  Argolicus  was  circular,  and  often  likened 


Fig.  170.  Ornamcnt.il  Clipcu!>. 


78 


WORDS    USED   IN 


to  the  sun  :  in  Roman  sculpture  it  is  often  oval. 
The  outer  rim  was  termed  antyx ;  the  doss 
in  the  centre,  omphalos,  or  umbo;  a  leather  strap 
for  the  arm,  telamon.  It  was  replaced,  subse- 
quently, l:)y  the  Scutum  (q.v. ).  Fitj.  169  is  an 
ornamented  bronze  clipeus,  thought  to  be  Gaulish. 
This  term  also  serves  to  denote  (i)  a  shield 
of  metal  or  marble  which  was  employed  as 
an  ornament  ( Fig.  1 70  represents  an  ornamental 
shield,  such  as  was  placed  on  the  frieze  of  a 
building,  and  especially  in  the  metopes  of  the 
Doric  entablature)  ;  and  (2)  an  apparatus  em- 
ployed in  the  laconicitm  (q.v.)  to  regulate  the 
temperature.  In  the  illustration  to  Caldarium 
a  slave  may  be  seen  pulling  the  chains  of 
the  clipcus. 

Cloaca,  R.  (from  duo,  i.  e.  the  cleanser). 
A  subterranean  sewer  or  canal  constructed  of 
masonry.     The  Cloaca  Maxima,  or  Main  Sewer 


Fig.  171.  Cloaca  Maxima  at  Rome. 

of  Rome,  was  constructed  by  the  elder  Tarquin 
to  drain  a  marsh  lying  at  the  foot  of  the  Palatine 
and  Capitoline  Hills.  Fig.  171  represents  one 
of  its  mouths.  It  was  formed  of  three  tiers 
of  arches,  the  innermost  being  fourteen  feet 
in  diameter. 

Clocks,  O.  E.,  "are  the  gores  of  a  niff,  the 
laying  in  of  the  cloth  to  make  it  round,  the 
plaites  ;"  also  ornaments  on  stockings  and  on 
hoods. 

Clog-almanacks.  The  Anglo-Saxons  calcu- 
lated by  the  phases  of  the  moon,  set  down  on 
square  pieces  of  wood,  a  foot  or  two  long.  These 
clo,s;s  are  still  common  in  Staffordshire.  (QLPlott' s 
History  of  Staffordshire;  Cough's  Camden's 
Britannia,  ii.  379.) 

Cloish,  or  Closh,  O.  E.  A  kind  of  nine-pins 
played  with  a  ball.    {Striitt,  p.  202.)     Cf.  Club- 

KAYLES. 

Cloisonne.     A  form  of  enamelling  by  incrus- 


tation, in  which  the  pattern  is  raised  by  strips  of 
metal  or  wire  welded  on. 

Cloister,  Chr.  (from  Lat.  c/aiistrum,  (\.\'.). 
A  kind  of  court  or  quadrangle  surrounded  by  a 
covered  way,  and  having  much  analogy  to  the 
atrium  of  a  Roman  house.  The  cloister  was  an 
essential  appendage  to  an  abbey.  One  of  its 
sides  was  usually  bounded  by  the  church,  with 
which  it  easily  communicated.  The  walls  of  the 
cloisters  were  often  adorned  with  frescoes,  and 
the  court  was  occasionally  planted  with  trees,  the 
centre  being  occupied  by  a  fountain.  A  monas- 
tery was  often  called  a  cloister.  The  sides  of  the 
cloister  were  anciently  termed  the  Panes  of  it, 
and  the  walks  its  alleys  or  deambulatories.  (Fig. 
1 73-) 


Fig.  172.  Clustered  column  in  Nave  of  Wells 
Cathedral. 

Cloister  Garth.  The  quadrangular  space 
enclosed  by  the  cloisters.  The  cloister  garth  at 
Chichester  is  still  called  the  Paradise,  and  that 
at  Chester  the  Sprise  garden.  (See  Paradise, 
Sprise.) 

Close,  Her.     With  closed  wings. 

Close-gauntlets.  Gauntlets  with  immovable 
fingers. 

Closet,  Her.  A  diminution  of  the  b.vr,  one- 
half  its  width. 

Cloths  of  Estate.  Costly  embroidered  hang- 
ings for  the  canopy  of  a  throne. 

Clouee,  Her.  Fastened  with  nails,  and  showing 
the  nail-heads. 

Clouts.     Old  name  for  kerchiefs. 

Clown,  in  pantomime.  Ila'-lequin  is  Mercury, 
the  Clown  Momus,  and  the  painted  face  and 
wide  mouth  taken  from  the  ancient  masks ; 
Pantaloon  is  Charon,  and  Columbine  Psyche. 
[Clarke's  Travels,  viii.  104-7-) 

Club,  Gr.  and  R.  (Gr.  (pakay^).  This  weapon 
being  used  in  close  fight  gave  its  name  to  the 
compact  body  of  troops  so  called.  The  Scy- 
thians united  it  with  the  mace,  both  being 
spiked.  Duca7iae  mentions  the  vulgastus,  a 
crooked  club  ;  the  plumhata,  loaded  with  lead, 


ART  AND  ARCILKOI.OCIV 


79 


Fig.  173.  Cloisters  in  the  Church  of  Mont  St.  Michel 


the  spontonus  with  iron.  In  the  army  of 
Charles  I.  rustics  untrained  were  called  clubmen. 
(See  Clava.) 

Club-kayles,   O.  E.     Skittles  played  with  a 
club,  instead  of  a  ball.     (See  Cloish.) 

Clubs,  at    cards,  are  the   ancient  trifles,  the 
trefoil  or  clover-plant.     (See  Trefi.e.) 

Cluden,  Gr.  and  R.     A  sword,  the  blade  of 
which  was  contrived  to  recede  into  the  handle. 
It  was  used  for  thea- 
trical      representa- 
tions. 

Clunaculum,  R. 
(i)  A  dafTger  so 
called  because  it  was 
worn  at  the  back  ; 
"  quia  ad  chines 
pendet,"  as  Festus 
says.  (2)Thesacri- 
Clunaculum.  ficial      knife      with 


which  the  victim  was  ripped  up.  The  dagger 
represented  in  Fig.  174,  taken  from  the  arch  of 
Carpentras,  was  probably  a  Gaulish  clunaculum. 

Clustered  Column,  Arch.  A  pier  formed  of  a 
congeries  of  columns  or  shnfts  clustered  together, 
either  attached  or  detached.  It  is  also  called  a 
Co.MPOU.Ni)  Pier.  Fig.  172  is  a  specimen  from 
Wells  Cathedral. 

Clypeate.     Shaped  like  a  shield. 

Cnopstara.  A  weapon  used  by  the  Cale- 
donians; a  ball  filled  with  jiieces  of  metal 
swung  at  the  heads  of  their  lances,  to  frighten 
cavalry. 

Coa  Vestis,  or  simply  Coa  (i.  e.  the  Coan  robe). 
A  very  fine  robe  [made  of  silk,  spun  in  Cos\,  of 
such  light  texture  as  to  be  almost  transparent. 
It  was  worn  by  hetairai  and  singing  and  dancing 
girls,  &c. 

Coactilis,  sc.  lana  (from  ccs^o,  i.  e.  that  which 
is    forced    together).      A    kind    of  felted    cloth 


8o 


WORDS  USED  IN 


made  of  wool  closely  pressed  together.  It 
formed  a  texture  analogous  to  our  felt.  Another 
name  for  it  was  coactus. 

Coal  as  an  ancient  pigment  was  used  both  in 
water-colours  and  in  oil ;  it  furnishes  a  brownish 
tint.  '■  The  shadows  of  flesh  are  well  rendered 
by  pit-coal,  which  should  not  be  burnt."  {Dc 
Mayertic. ) 

Co:'.ssatio  (from  coasso,  to  join  planks  together). 
A  general  term  for  planks  joined  together,  such 
as  the  flooring  of  a  room,  the  top  of  a  table,  the 
deck  of  a  ship,  the  road-way  of  a  wooden  bridge, 

&C.       (See  CONSTRATUM.) 

Coat    Armour, 

Med.  Embroidery 
of  heraldic  devices 
upon  costume ; 
hence  a  term  for 
heraldry  in  general. 
(Figs.  175  and 
176.) 

CoatCards,O.E. 
Court  cards  and 
tens,so  named  from 
the  coat  armour 
worn  by  the  figures. 
Cob.  Irish  name 
of  a  Spanish  coin 
formerly  current  in 
Ireland  ;  value 
about  4^^.  8^/. 

Cobalt.  A  metal 
found  in  various 
combinations, 
from  which  vari- 
ous colouring  mat- 
ters are  obtained 
of  great  use  in  the 
arts.  Cobalt  blue, 
a  beautiful  blue 
pigment,  is  ob- 
tained by  mixing  a  salt  of  pure  cobalt  with  a 
solution  of  pure  alum,  precipitating  the  liquid 
by  an  alkaline  carbonate,  washing  the  preci- 
pitate with  care,  drying  and  igniting  it  strongly. 
A  fine  green,  known  as  Hini/iaiiii's  green,  is 
similarly  prepared.  The  chloride,  the  nitrate, 
and  the  sulphate  of  cobalt  form  sympathetic  inks, 
which  only  become  visible  when  the  moisture  is 
absorbed  by  the  application  of  heat.  From 
phosphate  of  cobalt  a  beautiful  blue  pigment 
is  produced,  called  Thoiard's  blue.  It  is  said 
to  have  all  the  characters  of  ultramarine.  Oxide 
of  coljalt  has  the  property  of  colouring  glass 
blue  ;  hence  a  glass  formed  of  this  oxide  under 
the  name  of  s?)ialt  is  the  blue  colouring  matter 
used  for  ornamenting  porcelain  and  earthen- 
ware, for  staining  glass,  for  painting  on  enamel, 
&c. 

Cobalt-bloom.     (See  Erythrine.) 
Cobbards,  O.  E.     The  irons  supporting  a  spit. 


Fig.  176.   Coat  Armour. 
Devices  on  shield. 


Cob-wall,  Arch.  A  wall  formed  of  unbumed 
clay  mixed  with  straw. 

Cochineal.     (See  Carmine.) 

Cochineal  Lakes.  (See  Carminated 
Lakes.) 

Cochlea  (KoxA.ias,  i.  e.  a  snail  with  spiral 
shell).  Any  object  of  spiral  shape,  like  a 
screw  ;  and  so  a  worm  and  screw  as  a  mecha- 
nical power  in  oil-,  wine-,  &c.  presses  ;  the 
"Archimedean  Screw,"  or  "water-snail"  for 
raising  water  ;  the  revolving  door  through 
which  the  wild  beasts  were  let  out  into  the 
amphitheatre  ;  and  other  contrivances  similar 
to  the  Italian  riiota,  by  which  persons  can  be 
introduced  through  a  wall  without  opening  a 
door  ;  also  a  spiral  staircase,  (S;c. 

Cochlear,  Cochleare  (from  k6x>^o%,  a  shell- 
fish), (i)  A  spoon  having  at  one  extremity  a 
sharp  point,  and  at  the  other  a  sort  of  small  bowl. 
(2)  A  measure  of  capacity  of  very  small  size. 

Cochlearium,  R.  A  pond  or  nursery  for 
fattening  snails  for  the  table.  (English  "cockles.") 

Cochlis,  sc.  columna  (/cox^lj,  i-  e.  lit.  a  snail). 
A  hollow  monumental  column,  the  interior  of 
which  was  fitted  with  a  cockle  or  spiral  stair- 
case, like  the  "Monument"  of  London. 

Cock.  In  Christian  art,  the  emblem  of  St. 
Peter,  and  of  watchfulness. 

Cockatrice.  In  Christian  art,  the  emblem  of 
sin;  attribute  of  St.  Vitus.  (Her.:  see  the 
illustration  to  Basilisk.) 

Cock-bead,  Arch.  A  bead  which  projects 
from  the  surface  of  the  timber  on  both  sides. 

Cockers,  O.  E.     Ploughmen's  laced  boots. 

Cocket,  O.  E.  A  seal  formerly  attached  to 
goods  which  had  paid  customs  dues.  Ancient 
cockcts  hezix  such  inscriptions  on  them  as  ''^  God 
willing^''  ^^  If  God  please,"  &c. 

Cockle-stairs,  O.  E.  Winding  stairs.  (Cf. 
Cochlea.) 

Coctilis,  Cocta,  Coctus,  R.  (prepared  by  fire). 
Later  coctilis  was  a  brick  hardened  artificially  by 
fire,  in  contradistinction  to  one  dried  in  the  sun  ; 
mums  coctilis,  a  wall  built  of  hardened  bricks. 
(See  AcAPNA.) 

Cocurra,  Med.  Lat.     A  quiver. 

Cocytia  (from  KcD/curb?,  the  river  of  weep- 
ing). A  festival  held  in  honour  of  Proserpine, 
who  had  been  carried  off  by  Pluto.  The  latter, 
as  king  of  the  infernal  regions,  included  in  his 
sway  the  river  Cocytus.  The  Cocytus  and 
Acheron,  two  rivers  of  Epirus,  remarkable  for 
unwholesome  and  muddy  water,  and  subter- 
ranean currents,  were  hence  called  the  rivers  of 
Hell.  "  Cocytia  virgo  "  was  Alecto,  one  of  the 
Furies. 

Cod,  Scotch.     A  pillow  (also/«/). 

Codex  (cii/zti'tu-,  the  trunk  of  a  tree),  (i)  A  blank 
book  for  writing  in,  consisting  of  thin  tablets  of 
wood  covered  with  wax  ;  the  term  thus  came  to 
mean  code,  that  is,  a  book  containing  laws,  since 


ART  AND  AKCir.KOI,()c;V. 


8i 


these  were  inscribcil  in  a  book,  the  leaves  of 
which  were  composed  of  thin  leaves  of  wood. 
When  parchment  or  paper  was  introduced,  the 
terni  was  still  applied ;  and  hence,  later,  became 
appropriate  to  any  code  of  laws,  e.  g.  the 
Gregorian,  Theodosian,  Justinian,  &c.  (2)  An 
early  manuscript  book,  such  as  the  Codex  of 
the  Greek  New  Testament  and  of  "  Virgil " 
in  the  Vatican.  (3)  The  term  was  also  applied 
to  the  heavy  logs  attached  to  the  feet  of  slaves; 
these  were  of  various  shapes,  sometimes  even 
serving  the  purpose  of  a  seat. 

Codicillus  (dimin.  of  Codex,  q.v.).  A  small 
book,  or  small  leaves  of  wood  covered  with  wax. 
The  plural  codicilli  denoted  a  number  of  such 
sheets  ]Hit  together  so  as  to  form  a  sort  of 
memorandum-book  for  taking  rough  notes. 
Any  su]5plemental  note  made  on  the  margin  of 
the  leaves  composing  a  will,  or  added  to  them, 
was  also  called  codicillits  (codicil). 

Codon  (Gr.  kcoScov).  A  bell ;  the  bell  of  a 
trumpet  ;  a  trumpet  with  a  bell-mouth. 

Cod-piece  (from  O.  E.  "cod,"  a  pillow  or 
stuffed  cushion  ;  ¥r.  bragiiette);  introduced /c'w/. 
Henry  VIII.  An  appendage  to  the  taces  over 
the  OS  pubis,  copied  in  the  armour  of  the 
period.  It  continued  in  use  to  the  end  of 
Elizabeth's  reign. 

Coelum.  In  Architecture,  that  part  of  a 
building  which  was  placed  over  any  other  part, 
and  so  a  ceiling,  or  soffit. 

Coemeterium,  Cemetery,  Chr.  {Koitx-qrripwv, 
from  Koifidct),  i.  e.  a  sleeping-place ;  Lat  dormi- 
toriuni).  This  term  is  an  exclusively  Christian 
one  ;  it  signifies  a  field  of  rest  or  refuge ;  the 
last  resting-place  of  man.     (See  HypOG.^UM.) 

Coena  (from  Sanscr.  k/iad-,  to  eat).  The 
principal  meal  among  the  Romans,  consisting  of 
several  courses  termed  respectively  prima,  altera 
or  sc'ciuida,  iertia,  qicarta  ca-iia.  The  hour  at 
which  the  ca-na  took  place  varied  with  the  habits 
of  the  master  of  the  house,  but  it  was  usually 
about  four  or  five  o'clock.  It  was  the  third  meal 
of  the  day,  being  preceded  by  the  jentacidiiin 
(breakfast),  and  the  merenda  or  praiidium 
(luncheon  or  early  dinner).  The  corresponding 
Greek  meal  was  called  dcipnon,  which  closed 
with  a  libation  to  Zeus ;  after  which  the  drink- 
ing party  that  remained  was  called  Symposium. 
(See  Last  Supper.) 

Coenaculum.  In  early  times  this  term  was 
used  for  the  Tricliniu.m  (q.v.);  later  on  it 
came  to  mean  the  upper  stories  of  houses 
inhabited  by  the  poor,  our  attic  or  garret.  In 
the  plural,  cwnacula  denotes  the  whole  suite  of 
rooms  on  the  upper  story  of  a  house,  and  ca:- 
naciila  mcritoria  such  apartments  let  out  on  hire. 
Coenatio,  like  canacidiim,  a  dining-room 
situated  upstairs.  It  thus  differed  from  the 
Triclinium  (q.v.),  which  was  a  dining-room 
on  the  ground  floor ;    the  former  was  used  in 


winter,  the  latter  in  summer.  The  rtviui/io,  or 
diic/a,  was  a  very  magnificent  apartment.  Nero 
had  one  in  his  golden  jialace,  constructed  like  a 
theatre,  with  a  liiange  of  scenery  for  every  course. 

Coenatoria,  Coenatorise  Veste's.  The  garments 
worn  by  the  Romans  at  the  dinner-table. 

Coenobium  {koiv6-^iov,  i.  e.  a  life  in  common). 
A  monastery  ;  a  convent  of  monks  who  lived  in 
common. 

Coeur,  Carreau,  Pique,  and  Trefle.  The 
four  French  suits  of  cards,  corresponding  w  ith 
our  Hearts,  Diamonds,  Spades,  and  Clubs,  pro- 
bably introduced  in  the  reign  of  Charles  VII.  of 
France  (15th  century).  {Taylor.)  Coeur  is  some- 
times derived  from  Cluvur.  (See  COPPE  and 
Chatrang.) 

"  The  hearts  are  the  ecclesiastics,  whose  place  is  in  the 
choir;  the  pike  the  military,  &c."  (.'ilencstricr.) 

Coifer.     (See  Arca.)    (i)  In  Architecture,  a 
sunken  panel  in  a  ceiling  or  soffit.      {2)  A  chest. 
Cognizance,  Her.     Synonym  for  Bad^v. 
Cogware,  O.  E.     A  coarse  narrow  cloth  like 
frieze  ;   i6th  centuiy. 

Cohors,  Cohort,  R.  A  body  of  infantry  forming 
the  tenth  part  of  a  legion.  The  number  of  men 
composing  a  cohort  varied  at  different  periods 
between  300  and  600  men,  according  to  the 
numerical  strength  of  the  legion.  The  first 
cohort  of  a  legion  was  called  a  military  cohort  ; 
the  prretorian  cohort  fornicd  the  general's  body- 
guard, while  to  the  city  cohort  was  entnisted  the 
protection  of  the  city.  The  term  was  sometimes, 
though  very  rarely,  applied  to  a  squadron  ofcavalry. 
Coif  or  Quoif.  A  close  hood. 
Coif  de  Fer,  CoifFette.  A  skull-cap  of  iron  of 
the  1 2th  and  13th  centuries. 

Coif  de  Mailles.  A  hood  of  mail  worn  by 
knights  in  the  1 2th  century. 

Coiflfe,  Arch.  A  term  employed  during  the 
1 6th  and  17th  centuries  to  denote  the  vaulted 
ceiling  of  an  apse. 

Coillon.     (See  Coin.') 

Coin  or  Coigne,  Arch. 
The  comer  of  a  building. 
(See  OtToiN. ) 

Coin-stones,  .\rch.  Cor- 
ner-stones. 

Cointise  or  Quintise.  (i) 
A  scarf  wrapped  round  the 
body,  and  sometimes  attached 
to  the  helmet.  (2)  Quaintly- 
cut  coverings  for  the  helmet. 
Fig.  177  represents  a  helmet 
decorated  with  PANACHE, 
CORONET,  and  cciulisf.  This 
is  the  origin  of  ninntlittj^  in 
heraldry.  (3)  A  garment 
worn  over  armour,  temp.  Ed- 
ward II.,  was  so  termed.  (4)  Horses'  caparisons. 
Colatorium.      A    colander.      (See    Collum 

ViNARIUM.) 


Fig.  177.  Helmet 
with  Cointise  behind. 


8o 


WORDS  USED  IN 


made  of  wool  closely  pressed  together.  It 
formed  a  texture  analogous  to  our  felt.  Another 
name  for  it  was  coachis. 

Coal  as  an  ancient  pigment  was  used  both  in 
water-colours  and  in  oil ;  it  furnishes  a  brownish 
tint.  '  The  shadows  of  flesh  are  well  rendered 
by  pit-coal,  which  should  not  be  burnt."  {De 
Mayertic. ) 

Coassatio  (from  coasso,  to  join  planks  together). 
A  general  term  for  planks  joined  together,  such 
as  the  flooring  of  a  room,  the  top  of  a  table,  the 
deck  of  a  ship,  the  road- way  of  a  wooden  bridge, 

&C.       (See  CONSTRATUM.) 

Coat  Armour, 
Med.  Embroidery 
of  heraldic  devices 
upon  costume ; 
hence  a  term  for 
heraldry  in  general. 
(Figs.  175  and 
176.) 

CoatCards.O.E. 
Court  cards  and 
tens,so  named  from 
the  coat  armour 
worn  by  the  figures. 
Cob.  Irish  name 
of  a  Spanish  coin 
formerly  current  in 
Ireland  ;  value 
about  \s.  8d. 

Cobalt.  A  metal 
found  in  various 
combinations, 
from  which  vari- 
ous colouring  mat- 
ters are  obtained 
of  great  use  in  the 
arts.  Cobalt  blue, 
a  beautiful  blue 
pigment,  is  ob- 
tained by  mixing  a  salt  of  pure  cobalt  with  a 
solution  of  pure  alum,  precipitating  the  liquid 
by  an  alkaline  carbonate,  washing  the  preci- 
pitate with  care,  drying  and  igniting  it  strongly. 
A  fine  green,  known  as  Riiuna)uis  green,  is 
similarly  prepared.  The  chloride,  the  nitrate, 
and  the  sulphate  of  cobalt  form  sympathetic  inks, 
which  only  become  visible  when  the  moisture  is 
absorbed  by  the  application  of  heat.  From 
phosphate  of  cobalt  a  beautiful  blue  pigment 
is  produced,  called  Thenai-d's  blue.  It  is  said 
to  have  all  the  characters  of  ultramarine.  Oxide 
of  cobalt  has  the  property  of  colouring  glass 
blue  ;  hence  a  glass  formed  of  this  oxide  under 
the  name  oi  smalt  is  the  blue  colouring  matter 
used  for  ornamenting  porcelain  and  earthen- 
ware, for  staining  glass,  for  painting  on  enamel, 
&c. 

Cobalt-bloom.     (See  Erythrine.) 
Cobbards,  O.  E.     The  irons  supporting  a  spit. 


Fig.  176.   Coat  Armour. 
Devices  on  shield. 


Cob-wall,  Arch.  A  wall  formed  of  unbumed 
clay  mixed  with  straw. 

Cochineal.     (See  Carmine.) 

Cochineal  Lakes.  (See  Car.minated 
Lakes.) 

Cochlea  (koxA-ios,  i.  e.  a  snail  with  spiral 
shell).  Any  object  of  spiral  shape,  like  a 
screw  ;  and  so  a  worm  and  screw  as  a  mecha- 
nical power  in  oil-,  wine-,  &c.  presses  ;  the 
"Archimedean  Screw,"  or  "water-snail"  for 
raising  water  ;  the  revolving  door  through 
which  the  wild  beasts  were  let  out  into  the 
amphitheatre  ;  and  other  contrivances  similar 
to  the  Italian  ruota,  by  which  persons  can  be 
introduced  through  a  wall  without  opening  a 
door  ;  also  a  spiral  staircase,  &c. 

Cochlear,  Cochleare  (from  k6x^os,  a  shell- 
fish), (i)  A  spoon  having  at  one  extremity  a 
shaq^  point,  and  at  the  other  a  sort  of  small  bowl. 
(2)  A  measure  of  capacity  of  very  small  size. 

Cochlearium,  R.  A  pond  or  nursery  for 
fattening  snails  for  the  table.  (English  "cockles.") 

Cochlis,  sc.  columna  (/coxAls,  i.  e.  lit.  a  snail). 
A  hollow  monumental  column,  the  interior  of 
which  was  fitted  with  a  cockle  or  spiral  stair- 
case, like  the  "Monument"  of  London. 

Cock.  In  Christian  art,  the  emblem  of  St. 
Peter,  and  of  watchfulness. 

Cockatrice.  In  Christian  art,  the  emblem  of 
sin  ;  attribute  of  St.  Vitus.  (Her. :  see  the 
illustration  to  Basilisk.) 

Cock-bead,  Arch.  A  bead  which  projects 
from  the  surface  of  the  timber  on  both  sides. 

Cockers,  O,  E.     Ploughmen's  laced  boots. 

Cocket,  O.  E.  A  seal  formerly  attached  to 
goods  which  had  paid  customs  dues.  Ancient 
cockets  bear  such  inscriptions  on  them  as  "  God 
willino,"  'Wf  God  please,"  &c. 

Cockle-stairs,  O.  E.  Winding  stairs.  (Cf. 
Cochlea.) 

Coctilis,  Cocta,  Coctus,  R.  (prepared  by  fire). 
Later  coctilis  was  a  brick  hardened  artificially  by 
fire,  in  contradistinction  to  one  dried  in  the  sun  ; 
mnriis  coctilis,  a  wall  built  of  hardened  bricks. 
(See  AcAPNA.) 

Cocurra,  Med.  Lat.     A  quiver. 

Cocytia  (from  Kcokut^s,  the  river  of  weep- 
ing). A  festival  held  in  honour  of  Proserpine, 
who  had  been  carried  off  by  Pluto.  The  latter, 
as  king  of  the  infernal  regions,  included  in  his 
sway  the  river  Cocytus.  The  Cocytus  and 
Acheron,  two  rivers  of  Epirus,  remarkable  for 
unwholesome  and  muddy  water,  and  subter- 
ranean currents,  were  hence  called  the  rivers  of 
Hell.  "  Cocytia  virgo  "  was  Alecto,  one  of  the 
Furies. 

Cod,  Scotch.     A  pillow  (also/^^). 

Codex  (fa«i/tu-,  the  trunk  of  a  tree),  (i)  A  blank 

book  for  writing  in,  consisting  of  thin  tablets  of 

wood  covered  with  wax  ;  the  term  thus  came  to 

mean  code,  that  is,  a  book  containing  laws,  since 


ART  AND  ARCII.EOLOGY. 


8 1 


these  were  inscribed  in  a  book,  the  leaves  of 
wliich  were  composed  of  thin  leaves  of  wood. 
When  parchment  or  paper  was  introduced,  the 
term  was  still  applied ;  and  hence,  later,  became 
appropriate  to  any  code  of  laws,  e.  g.  the 
Gregorian,  Theodosian,  Justinian,  &c.  (2)  An 
early  manuscript  book,  such  as  the  Codex  of 
the  Greek  New  Testament  and  of  "  Virgil  " 
in  the  Watican.  (3)  The  term  was  also  applied 
to  the  heavy  logs  attached  to  the  feet  of  slaves; 
these  were  of  various  shapes,  sometimes  even 
serving  the  purpose  of  a  seat. 

Codicillus  (dimin.  of  Codex,  q.v.).  A  small 
book,  or  small  leaves  of  wood  covered  with  wax. 
The  plural  codicilli  denoted  a  number  of  such 
sheets  put  together  so  as  to  form  a  sort  of 
memorandum-book  for  taking  rough  notes. 
Any  supplemental  note  made  on  the  margin  of 
the  leaves  composing  a  will,  or  added  to  them, 
was  also  called  codicillus  (codicil). 

Codon  (Gr.  rewScor).  A  bell ;  the  bell  of  a 
trumj^et  ;  a  trumpet  with  a  bell-mouth. 

Cod-piece  (from  O.  E.  "cod,"  a  pillow  or 
stuffed  cushion  ;  Yx.  bragi(ette);  introduced /"t'w/^. 
Henry  VIII.  An  appendage  to  the  taces  over 
the  OS  pubis,  copied  in  the  armour  of  the 
period.  It  continued  in  use  to  the  end  of 
Elizabeth's  reign. 

Coelum.  In  Architecture,  that  part  of  a 
building  which  was  placed  over  any  other  part, 
and  so  a  ceiling,  or  soffit. 

CoBmeterium,  Cemetery,  Chr.  (Kot/MtiT-npiov, 
from  Koifiaco,  i.e.  a  sleeping-place ;  Lat  dormi- 
torinDi).  This  term  is  an  exclusively  Christian 
one ;  it  signifies  a  field  of  rest  or  refuge ;  the 
last  resting-place  of  man.     (See  Hypog.^um.) 

Coena  (from  Sanscr.  khad-^  to  eat).  The 
princijjal  meal  among  the  Romans,  consisting  of 
several  courses  termed  respectively /r/wrt',  altera 
or  seciinda,  fertia,  quarta  ccxna.  The  hour  at 
which  the  ccena  took  place  varied  with  the  habits 
of  the  master  of  the  house,  but  it  was  usually 
about  four  or  five  o'clock.  It  was  the  third  meal 
of  the  day,  being  preceded  by  the  jentaculuui 
(breakfast),  and  the  lucrenda  or  praudium 
(luncheon  or  early  dinner).  The  corresponding 
Greek  meal  was  called  dcipiioii,  which  closed 
with  a  libation  to  Zeus ;  after  which  the  drink- 
ing party  that  remained  was  called  Syinposiiiiit. 
(See  Last  Supper.) 

Coenaculum.  In  early  times  this  term  was 
used  for  the  Triclinium  (q.v.);  later  on  it 
came  to  mean  the  upper  stories  of  houses 
inhabited  by  the  poor,  our  attic  or  garret.  In 
the  plural,  caviaciila  denotes  the  whole  suite  of 
rooms  on  the  upper  story  of  a  house,  and  cce- 
nacula  meritoria  such  apartments  let  out  on  hire. 

Coenatio,  like  ca:iiaciihim,  a  dining-room 
situated  upstairs.  It  thus  differed  from  the 
Triclinium  (q.v.),  which  was  a  dining-room 
on  the  ground  floor ;    the  former  was  used  in 


winter,  the  latter  in  summer.  The  ca-itatio,  or 
diiCia,  was  a  very  magnificent  apartment.  Nero 
hail  one  in  his  golden  ])alace,  constructed  like  a 
theatre,  with  a  change  of  scenery  for  every  course. 

Ccenatoria.  Coenatorise  Vestes.  The  garments 
worn  by  tlie  Romans  at  the  dinner-table. 

Coenobium  (Kawi-^inv,  i.e.  a  life  in  common). 
A  monastery  ;  a  convent  of  monks  who  lived  in 
common. 

Coeur,  Carreau,  Pique,  and  Trefle.  'J'lic 
four  French  suits  of  cards,  corresponding  with 
our  Hearts,  Diamonds,  Spades,  and  Clubs,  pro- 
bably introduced  in  the  reign  of  Charles  VII.  of 
France  (15th  century).  {Tciylor.)  Cccur  is  some- 
times  derived   from   Chaur.     (See  COPl'E   and 

CirATR.\NG.) 

"  The  hearts  are  the  ecclesiastics,  whose  place  is  in  the 
choir;  the  pike  the  military,  &c."  {Mencstricr.) 

Coffer.     (See  Arca.)    (i)  In  Architecture,  a 
sunken  panel  in  a  ceiling  or  soffit.      f2)  A  chest. 
Cognizance,  Her.     Synonym  for  Bad^c. 
Cogware,  O.  E.     A  coarse  narrow  cloth  like 
frieze  ;   i6th  centuiy. 

Cohors,  Cohort,  R.  A  body  of  infantry  forming 
the  tenth  part  of  a  legion.  The  number  of  men 
composing  a  cohort  varied  at  different  periods 
between  300  and  600  men,  according  to  the 
numerical  strength  of  the  legion.  The  first 
cohort  of  a  legion  was  called  a  military  cohort  ; 
the  pra;torian  cohort  formed  the  general's  body- 
guard, while  to  the  city  cohort  was  entrusted  the 
protection  of  the  city.  The  term  was  sometimes, 
though  very  rarely,  applied  to  a  squadron  of  cavalry. 
Coif  or  Quoif.  A  close  hood. 
Coif  de  Fer.  CoifFette.  A  skull-cap  of  iron  of 
the  1 2th  anrl  i^tli  centuries. 

Coif  de  Mailles.  A  hood  of  mail  worn  by 
kniglits  in  the  12th  centurj'. 

CoifFe,   Arch.     A  term  employed  during  the 
l6th  and  17th  centuries  to  denote  the  vaulted 
ceiling  of  an  apse. 
Coillon.     (See  Coin.) 

Coin  or  Coigne,  Arch. 
The  comer  of  a  building. 
(See  Quoin.) 

Coin-stones,  Arch.  Cor- 
ner-stones. 

Cointise  or  Quintise.  (i) 
A  scarf  wrapped  round  the 
body,  and  sometimes  attached 
to  the  helmet.  (2)  Quaintly- 
cut  coverings  for  the  helmet. 
Fig.  177  represents  a  helmet 
dccjrated  with  PANACHE, 
CORONET,  and  cointise.  This 
is  the  origin  of  tiiautlim;  in 
heraldry.  (3)  A  garment 
woni  over  armour,  temp.  Ed- 
ward II.,  was  so  termed.  (4)  Horses'  caparisons. 
Colatoriam.      \    colander.      (See    Collum 

ViNARUM.) 


Fig.  177.   Helmet 
with  Cointise  behind 


82 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Fig.  178.  Collar  of  Lancaster. 


Colayn  Riban,  O.  E.  An  ecclesiastical  textile, 
or  orphrey  zoeb,  for  the  manufacture  of  which 
Cologne  was  famous  in  the  15th  century. 

Colcothar  ofVitriol.  A  red  pigment  formerly 
called  caput  inoiiiiiini. 

Cold-harbour.     This  common  topical  name  is 

the  Anglo- 
Saxon  ceald- 
herberga,  cold 
'■'  herherge^''ox 
shelter,  and 
probably  in- 
dicates a  place 
where  the 
ruins  of  a 
Roman  villa 
or  station 
were  the  only 
available  shel- 
ter for  travel- 
lers, in  the 
ancient  scar- 
citv  of  inns. 

Collar  (of 
a  shaft),  Arch. 
The  Annulet  (q.v.).  (See  also  Collar-keam.) 
Collar,  Med.  (i)  A  defence  of  mail  or  plate 
for  the  neck.  (2)  Generally.  An  ornament  for 
the  neck.  The  Egj'ptians,  Persians,  Greeks, 
Romans,  and  Gauls  wore  collars,  which  were 
named  variously  streptos  {crTp^irThs),  torquis, 
torques,  &c.  Collars  were  ornamented  with 
heraldic  badges  in  the  Middle  Ages.  (3) 
Heraldic.  One  of  the  insignia  of  the  orders  of 
knighthood.      (See  Fig.  17S.) 

Collar  of  S.S.  Origi- 
nally adopted  by  Henry 
IV.,  on  the  canopy  of 
whose  tomb  it  is  em- 
ployed as  decoration  over 
the  arms  of  himself  and 
his  queen.  Its  signifi- 
cance is  doubtful.  Cam- 
den says  the  letters  are  the  initials  of  Sanctus 
Simo  Simplicius,  an  eminent  Roman  lawyer, 
and  that  it  was  particularly  worn  by  persons  of 
the  legal  profession. 

Collar-beam,  Arch.  A  horizontal  tie,  con- 
necting a  pair  of  rafters  together,  across  the 
vault  of  a  roof. 

CoUare,  R.  {colluvi,  neck).  A  collar  made  of 
iron  or  leather,  and  studded  with  spikes.  It 
was  used  both  to  confine  slaves,  and  as  a  dog- 
collar.  When  a  slave  ran  away  from  his  master, 
an  iron  collar,  with  a  leading-chain  attached  to 
it,  was  put  round  his  neck. 

Collarium,  Med.     Armour  for  the  neck. 
Collegium,  R.      A  religious  or  industrial  cor- 
poration in  ancient  Rome.     The  corresponding 
Greek    institutions    were    the    Hetairiai.      The 
collegia  included  trade  companies  or  guilds. 


Fig.  179.  Collar  of  S.S. 


Collet.  The  setting  which  surrounds  the  stone 
of  a  ring.     (See  Crampon.  ) 

Colliciae,  CoUiquiae.  (i)  Broad  open  drains 
through  fields.  (2)  Gutters  of  hollow  tiles 
[itfibrices]  placed  beneath  the  roof  of  a  house  to 
receive  the  rain-water,  and  convey  it  into  the 
Impluvium. 

Colliciaris  (sc.  teguld).  A  hollow  tile  em- 
ployed in  the  construction  oi  colliciic. 

Collodion.  A  solution  of  gim  cotton  in 
ether,  used  in  photography. 

Collum  Vinarium  (from  collum,  a  neck).  A 
colander  or  wine-strainer.  The  custom  of 
straining  wine  dates  back  beyond  our  ei^a,  and 
Christ  made  an  allusion  to  it  when  he  told  the 
Pharisees  that  their  colla  allowed  a  camel  to 
pass,  while  they  kept  back  a  gnat.  Snow  was 
put  into  a  strainer  or  a  bag,  called  respectively 
collum  nivarium,  saccus  nivarius,  through  which 
the  wine  was  allowed  to  filter,  not  only  to  cool 
it,  but  because  the  intense  cold  cleared  the  wine, 
and  rendered  it  sparkling  and  transparent ;  it 
was  then  called  vviiun  saccatiim.  The  Christian 
Church  from  the  first  adopted  this  instrument  in 
its  liturgy  ;  another  name  for  it  was  colatoriuin. 
(See  Nassa.  )  The  colander  for  wine  was  made 
of  silver,  or  bronze,  or  other  metal.  The  linen 
cloth  called  saccus  was  not  used  for  wine  of  any 
delicacy,  as  it  spoiled  its  flavour. 

Colluviarium,  R.  An  opening  made  at  regu- 
lar intervals  in  the  channel  of  an  aqueduct,  for 
ventilation.  As  this  opening  formed  a  kind  of 
well,  it  was  also  called  Puteus  (q.v.). 

Collyra,  Gr.  and  R.  A  kind  of  bread  made 
in  a  special  manner,  which  was  eaten  with  soup 
or  sauce  ;  there  was  also  a  cake  so  called. 

CoUyris  {KoWvpls,  synonym  of  KoWvpa,  q.v.). 


180.  Collyrium  or  unguent  Vase  :  Egyptian. 
Museum  of  the  Louvre. 


ART  AXD  ARCII/EOLOGV. 


S3 


A  head-dress  worn  by  Roman  ladies,  resembling 
in  shape  the  bread  called  KoWvpa;  the  latter  was 
called  KoWvpls  as  well. 

Collyrium.  {KoWvpiof,  dimin.  of  KoWvpa,  q.v.). 
(l)  A  term  denoting  anything  we  shoidd  now  call 
an  unguent,  but  especially  the  salve  collyrium, 
which  was  a  liquid  medicament.  (2)  Collyria 
was  a  term  applied  to  Egyptian  vases  of  terra- 
cotta, with  or  without  enamel ;  to  small  quad- 
rangular boxes  of  wood  or  pottery;  and,  lastly,  to 
small  cylindrical  cases  of  wood  or  bronze  divided 
into  compartments.  There  were  three  prevail- 
ing forms  of  the  vases.  The  Egyptians  used 
antimony  to  make  their  eyes  look  larger,  and 
had   some  medicament   for   the  relief  of  tooth- 


Fig.  iSi.  Roman  Plebeian  wearing  the  Colobiuni 


ache ;  and  inscriptions  indicating  these  uses 
may  be  read  upon  vessels  of  this  kind.  (Fig.  180). 

Colne,  ( ).  E.     A  basket  or  coop. 

Colobiuni  (from  KoKo^bs,  docked  or  curtailed). 
A  tunic  with  short  sleeves,  which  scarcely 
covered  the  upper  part  of  the  arm.  At  Rome 
it  was  worn  by  men  of  free  birth.  The  colohitDn 
appears  to  have  been  tlie  first  dress  adopted  by 
Christian  deacons,  and  in  the  liturgical  writings 
it  is  often  met  with  under  the  name  of  levito- 
narium ;  when  it  was  of  fine  linen,  it  was  also 
caWeAldntono^ndleliitoiiarinin.  (Fig.  1 8 1.)  Later 
on  the  sleeves  were  lengthened,  and  it  became 
known  as  the  Dalmatic  (q.v.). 

Cologne  Black.     (See  15i.ack.) 

Cologne  Earth.  A  bituminous  earth  of  a 
violet-brown  hue,  transparent  and  durable  in 
water-colour  painting. 

Colonica.  Synonym,  oi  vi//a  rusika.  A  farm- 
house. 

Color,  Lat.  (i)  The  term  is  used  in  several 
senses  in  mediaeval  treatises  upon  music,  with  a 
general  idea  of  a  quality  of  tone  obtained  by 
striking  variations.  (2)  The  coloured  lines  used 
in  transcribing  music.     (See  Neltmes.) 

Colores     Austeri.      Ancient     pigments,     not 

Colores  Floridi.  Ancient  expensive  and 
brilliant  pigments.  They  were  chrysocollum, 
indicum  (or  indigo),  cx'ruleum  (smalt),  and 
cinnabar. 

Colossus  (KoXocTffSs).  The  word  was  used 
for  all  statues  larger  than  life  ;  that  at  Rhodes 
was  ninety  feet  high.  The  Minerva  and  Jupiter 
Olympus  of  Pheidias,  the  Famese  Hercules, 
and  the  Flora  of  the  Belvidere,  were  all  colossal. 

Colours,  in  Heraldry,  are  five  :  Blue  or 
Azure,  Red  or  Gules,  Black  or  Sable,  Green 
or  Vert,  Purple  or  Purpure.  In  French 
heraldry  Green  is  Sinope.  The  uses  and 
general  symbolism  of  each  colour  are  described 
under  its  own  heading.  The  best  work  on  sy/n- 
bolic  colours  is  the  "Essay  "  of  M.  Portal.  One  of 
the  best  on  ihtthcory  o/colours  is  that  of  Chevreuil. 

Colubrina,  Med.  Lat.  (from  coluber,  a  snake). 
A  culverin. 

Columbar,  R.  A  kind  of  pillory  used  for  pun- 
ishing slaves.  The  instrument  derived  its  name 
from  the  holes  in  it,  which  bore  some  resem- 
blance to  jiigeon-holes. 

Columbarium.  A  dove-cote  or  pigeon-house, 
often  constructed  to  hold  as  many  as  4000  or 
5000  birds.  In  the  plural  the  term  has  many 
meanings.  (l)  It  denotes  the  pigeon-holes  or 
cells  for  the  nests  in  a  pigeon-house.  (2)  In  a 
sepulchral  chamber,  the  niches  for  holding  the 
cinerary  ums  (olLc).  Fig.  1S2  represents  the 
numerous  columbaria  in  the  tomb  of  the  freed- 
men  of  Octavia.  In  the  sepulchral  architecture 
of  the  Jews,  the  rock-hewn  walls  forming  the 
vestibules  of  certain  tombs  were  honey-combed 


G  2 


WORDS  USED  IN 


with  minute  columbaria,  in  which  only  lamps 
were  placed.  Fig.  183  represents  cells  of  this 
character  taken  from  the  tomb  of  Quoubkt-el- 


\  ^,^^;^yjX£i^M. 


Fig.  182.  Columbarium. 

Endeh.     (3)  The  openings  in  the  side  of  a  ship 
through  which  the  oars  passed.     (4)   The  holes 


Fig.  1S3.  Columbaria  in  rock-hewn  walls. 

made  in  a  wall  to  receive  the  head  of  a  tie-beam. 
(S)  The  openings  of  the  scoops  in  a  particular 
kind  of  hydraulic  wheel  called  Tympanum  (q.  v.). 


Fig.  184.   Ionic  column. 


Columella.      Di- 

min.     of     colmnna. 
(See  Column,  Cip- 

PUS.) 

Columen,  Gr.  and 
R.  The  highest 
timber  in  the  frame- 
work of  a  roof, 
forming  what  is  now 
called  the  ridge- 
piece. 

Column,  Arch.  A 
column  consists  of 
three  principal  parts: 
the  base  (a),  the 
shaft  {b),  and  the 
capital  {c).  In  the 
Doric,  or  most  an- 
cient style,  the  co- 
lumns in  a  row  rest 
upon  a  common 
base  {podium).  In 
the  Ionic  and  Co- 
rinthian, each  co- 
lumn has  its  own 
base  {spira).  The 
shaft  of  all  columns 
^'(i'/d'rj' gradually  from 
the  base  to  the 
capital.  Any  swell- 
ing introduced  to 
modify  the  straight- 
ness  of  the  line  was 
called  entasis.  On 
the  summit  of  a 
row  of  columns  rests 
the  architrave,  or 
chief  beam  {d) ; 
above  this  the 
frieze  {e\  and  the 
cornice  (f)  projects 
above  the  frieze. 
These  three  together 
are  called  the  en- 
iablat/ur.  The  tri- 
angidar  gable-end  of 
the  roof,  above  the 
entablature,  is  called 
the /cdi/i/ent.  A  cir- 
cuit of  columns,  en- 
closing an  open 
space  in  the  interior 
of  a  building,  was 
called  a  peristyle. 
A  temple  of  two 
stories,  with  one 
peristyle  upon  an- 
other (Ionic  or  Co- 
rinthian columns 
over  the  heavier 
Doric),    was    called 


ART    AND    ARCHEOLOGY. 


85 


hyp^rthral.  Tn  Christian  archrcology  the  column 
is  a  symbol  of  the  Church,  which  was  called,  so 
early  as  St.  Paul,  colunuta  el  firmitattim  veritatis 
(the  column  and  support  of  truth). 

Colnres.  In  Astronomy,  the  two  circles  which 
pass  through  the  four  cardinal  points  of  the 
ecliptic — the  equinoctial  and  solstitial  points. 

Coluria,  Arch.  Circular  segments  of  stone, 
in  the  construction  of  a  column,  such  as  are 
now  called  tambours  or  disks. 

Colu8.  A  distaff.  With  the  Romans  it  con- 
sisted of  a  thick  cane  (iiriniJo,  lioinix),  split  at 
the  end  in  such  a  way  that  the  opening  formed  a 
basket.  Com/'tij,  pUiia,  or  Uiita  amicta  were  the 
epithets  applied  to  a  colus  when  tilled  with  wool. 
The  thread  obtained  from  it  wxs  called  stamen. 
The  ball  of  loose  wool  at  one  end,  prepared  for 
spinning,  was  called  glomus.  The  lower  end  of 
the  distaff  rested  under  the  left  arm  ;  the  right 
hand  spun  and  wound  the  thrcid  on  to  the 
spindles  (c.alledy}/j-«.f).     (See  Distaff.) 

Colymbion,  Chr.,  Med.  A  vessel  for  holy 
water  at  the  entrance  of  a  church. 

Colymbus,  Gr.  and  R.  A  basin  or  reser\'oir 
used  either  as  a  swimming-bath  or  for  washing 
linen  in. 

Coma  («<{;u?j).  (i)  The  hair;  hair  of  the  head. 
(2)  The  mane  of  animals.  (See  C.esaries, 
CiNciNNUs,  IIaik,  Otc.) 

Comatcrius  or  Comatoria  (sc.  acus).  A  long 
pin  or  bodkin  of  gold,  silver,  bronze,  or  ivory, 
used  by  the  Roman  ladies  to  keep  up  their 
hair  when  plaited.  It  was  also  called  Acus 
Crinalis  (q.v.).    (Compare  Discekmculum.) 

Combattant,  Her.  Said  of  lions,  or  other 
animals  of  prey,  rampant  and  face  to  face. 

Combs   (Lat.  pecte)t,  Gr.   kt^Is),  as    used  for 


especially  splendid.  Greek  and  Roman  combs 
were  of  boxwood ;  Egyptian  combs  were  of 
ivory.  Uncombed  hair  was  a  general  sign  of 
mourning.     (See  DiscERNicuLUM.) 

Commentaculam  (from  commento,  to  strike 
on  the  face).  .V  staff  or  wand  carried  in 
sacred  processicjns  by  the  Roman  priests  to 
assist  them  in  clearing  a  way  and  preventing  the 
people  from  pressing  in  on  them  too  closely. 
CoiinuotiUiiliim  was  also  used. 

Commissatio  (from  commissar,  to  revel).  A 
revelling  or  fe.isting  which  began  alter  the 
CtENA  (q.v.),  and  lasted  far  on  into  the  night. 
(See  SvMPOSii'M.) 

Commistio  nr  Commixtio,  Chr.  The  placing 
of  a  portion  of  the  bread  into  the  chalice  of  wine, 
during  the  ceremony  of  consecration. 

Common-house.  The  part  of  a  monastery  in 
which  a  tire  was  kept  for  the  monksduringwinter. 

Communicales,  Chr.  Communion  vessels, 
made  especially  to  be  carried  in  procession  in 
Rome. 

Compass.  In  Music,  the  whole  range  of 
sounds  capable  of  being  produced  by  a  voice  or 
instrament. 

Compass-headed,  Arch.     A  semicircular  arch. 

Compass  Roof,  Arch.     An  open  timber  roof. 

Compass  Window,  Arch.  A  b.ay-window 
on  a  circular  plan. 

Compes.  (I)  A  ring  of  goV\  or  silver  worn 
by  the  Romans  round  the  leg,  just  above  the 
ankle.  (2)  The  chains  or  shackles  worn  round 
the  ankle  by  slaves  or  prisoners. 

Compitalia,  Compitales.  A  festival  held  by 
the  Romans  in  honour  of  the  Lares  compitales, 
celebrated  in  the  cross-roads,  i-<7w//V/(7,  where  the 
images  of  those  deities  were  often  placed  in  niches. 


\g:^m^.k3  ■■ 


.^. 


V        \ 


II 


lUl 


ll 


Fig.  1S5.  .Ancient  Carved  Ivory  Comb. 


combing  the  hair,  but  not  for  wearing  upon 
the  head,  are  found  in  Pompeian  and  i:g>ptian 
tombs,  and  in  the  early  British,  Roman,  and 
Saxon  barrows.  In  the  Middle  Ages  ivory 
combs  were  richly  caned,  and  the  ceremonial 
combs   for  use  in   ecclesiastical   ceremonies  are 


Complement,  Her.  Applied  to  the  moon, 
when  full. 

Complement.  In  Music,  the  interval  to  be 
added  to  another  interval  to  make  an  octave  ; 
e.g.  a  third  to  a  sixth  ;  a  fourth  to  a  fifth,  i:c. 

CompIemenUry  Colours.     If  the  whole  of  the 


86 


WORDS  USED  IN 


light  M-hich  is  absorbed  by  a  coloured  body 
were  reunited  with  the  whole  of  the  light  which 
it  reflects,  white  light  would  result  ;  in  this  case 
the  absorbed  colours  are  complementary  to  those 
which  are  reflected.  The  colour  given  by  a 
mixture  of  the  colours  of  any  portion  of  a  spec- 
trum is  the  compkincnt  of  the  remaining  portion. 
Red  is  complementai"y  to  Green,  Orange  to 
Blue,  Greenish  Yel/inv  to  Violet,  Itidigo  to  Orange 
Yellcnv,  and,  in  each  case,  vice  versd. 

Completorium,  Chr.  The  last  of  the  Hours 
of  Prayer. 

Compline,  Chr.  Short  evening  prayers  com- 
pleting the  daily  round  of  devotion  prescribed  by 
the  Hours  of  Prayer. 

Compluvium,  R.  An  opening  in  the  roof  of  the 
atrium,  furnished  with  gutters  all  round,  which 
collected  the  rain-water  from  the  roof,  and  con- 
veyed it  into  the  basin  {impluvium)  in  the 
middle  of  the  atrium. 

Compon-covert,  O.  E.     A  kind  of  lace. 


Fig.  i86.  Capital  of  the  Composite  Order. 

Composite  Order  of  Architecture.  The  last 
of  the  five  Roman  orders,  composed  of  the 
Ionic  grafted  upon  the  Corinthian  order.  The 
examples  at  Rome  are  in  the  arch  of  Septimus 
Severus,  the  arch  of  the  Goldsmiths,  the  arch 
of  Titus,  tlie  temple  of  Bacchus,  and  the  baths 
of  Diocletian. 

Compound  Arch,  Arch.  A  usual  form  of 
mediii-val  arch,  which  "  may  be  resolved  into  a 
number  of  concentric  archways,  successively 
placed  within  and  behind  each  other."  {Prof. 
Willis.) 

Compound  Pier,  Arch.     A  clustered  Column 

(q.V.). 

Compounded  Arms,  Her.  Bearings  of  two  or 
more  distinct  coats  combined,  to  produce  a 
single  comjiound  coat. 

Comus  (Gr.  kcS^oj).  (i)  A  revel,  or  carousal 
which  usually  ended  in  tlie  guests  parading  the 
streets  crowned  willi  garlands,  &c.  (2)  Festal 
processions  instituted  in  hunour.of  Bacchus  and 


other  gods,  and  of  the  victors  at  the  games.  (3) 
Odes  written  to  be  sung  at  such  processions,  e.  g. 
those  of  Pindar. 

Comus  (Gr.   KOfi/xhs,   from  kottto),  to  strike). 

(1)  A  beating  of  the  head  and  breast  in  lamen- 
tation ;  a  dirge.  (2)  A  mournful  song  sung  in 
alternate  verses  by  an  actor  and  a  chorus  in  the 
Attic  drama. 

Concaedes.  A  barricade  constructed  of  trees 
which  have  been  cut  down  and  placed  across 
the  road  (to  impede  the  enemy's  march). 

Concamerate,  Arch.  To  arch  over ;  to 
vault. 

Concave.  Hollowed  in  ;  opposed  to  convex, 
bulging  out. 

Concha  (lit.  a  muscle  or  cockle),  (i)  A 
shell  or  shell-fish.  (2)  A  Triton's  conch.  In 
works  of  art,  the  Triton,  or  sea-god,  has  for  a 
trumpet  the  buccina,  remarkable  for  a  spiral 
twist,  long  and  straight ;  or  the  murex,  equally 
twisted,  but  short  and  wide-mouthed.  (3) 
The  term  was  applied,  by  analogy,  to  various 
objects  having  the  shape  of  a  shell,  such  as  cups 
or  vases  used  for  holding  perfumes  or  for  other 
purposes.  (4)  In  Architecture,  an  apse,  or  a 
plain  concave  of  a  dome,  is  so  called. 

Conchoid.  A  mathematical  curve  in  the  form 
of  the  outline  of  a  shell. 

Conclave  (with  a  key),  Chr.  (i)  A  meeting  of 
cardinals  assembled  to  elect  a  pope  ;  and  (2)  the 
hall  or  apartment  in  which  such  meeting  is  held. 
The  institution  of  the  conclave  dates  from 
Gregory  X. 

Concrete,  Arch.  A  mixture  of  gravel,  peb- 
bles, or  broken  stone  with  cement. 

Condalium  (/cocSuA.ioi',  dimin.  of  Ko'c5t;Xoj, 
a  knob  or  joint).  A  ring  generally  worn  upon 
the  first  joint  of  the  forefinger  on  the  right  hand. 

Conditivium,  Conditorium.  (i)  An  under- 
ground vault  in  which  were  chests  or  coffins  for 
holding  bodies  which  had  not  been  reduced  to 
ashes.  (2)  A  sarcophagus  in  which  the  body  was 
placed.  (3)  A  kind  of  arsenal  or  magazine  in 
which  military  engines  were  kept. 

Condrak,  O.  E.     A  kind  of  lace. 

Condyle.  A  knuckle  ;  the  rounded  end  of  a 
bone  ;  hence — 

Condyloid.     Shaped  like  a  condyle  ;  and 

Condylus.     Synonym  of  Condalium  (q.v.). 

Cone.  A  figure  broad  and  round  at  the  base, 
tapering  upwards  regularly  towards  a  point. 

Coney,  Cony,  O.  E.    (i)  A  variety  of  the  rabbit. 

(2)  A  beehive. 

Confessio,  Chr.  Originally  the  place  where  a 
saint  or  martyr  was  buried  ;  thence  the  altar 
raised  over  his  grave  ;  and  subsequently  the 
chapel  or  basilica  built  there. 

Conge,  Arch.  The  cavetto  (hollow  mould- 
ing) which  unites  the /^(^j'c' and  ca/Z/rt/ of  a  column 
to  its  sliafc. 

Congius  (deriv.  doubtful).  A  Roman  measure 


ART  AND  ARCILEOLOGY. 


87 


containing  six  scwiar/i  or  twelve  Itcntiiui:.  It  was 
used  especially  for  measuring  liquids.  Atigl.  a 
pint  and  a  lialf. 

Conic  Sections.  Curves  formed  by  the  inter- 
section of  a  iiv/t-  and  a  plane;  the  circle,  the 
ellipse,  the  hyperbola,  and  the  parabola. 

Conisierium,  Gr.  and  R.  A  room  in  which 
wresllcrh,  after  having  had  oil  applied  to  their 
bodies,  were  rubbed  over  with  fine  sand  {k6vis). 
The  conistcriiini  was  an  appendage  to  a  pakxastrum, 
gymnasium,  &c. 

Conopeum,  Canopium,  Gr.  and  R.  (from 
Kwvic^,  a  gnat).  A  musquito-net,  of  very  light 
material,  introduced  into  Rome  from  Egypt. 
[This  is  the  origin  of  the  English  word 
canopy.'] 

Consecratio,  R.  A  kind  of  apotheosis  or 
deification  by  which  a  mortal  was  enrolled  in  the 
number  of  the  gods.  It  was  unknown  under  the 
republic,  and  was  only  instituted  in  the  tmie  and 
on  behalf  of  the  emperors.  The  ceremony  was 
solemnized   in   the   Field    of    Mars,    and   with 


Fig.  187.  Consecrated  pyre  on  Roman  medal. 

the  greatest  splendour.  A  magnificent  pyre  was 
raised,  from  the  top  of  which,  when  kindled,  an 
eagle  A\-as  let  fly,  which  was  supposed  to  carry 
up^  to  the  skies  the  soul  of  the  deified  emperor. 
Fig.  187,  taken  from  a  medal,  represents  one 
of  these  pyres. 

Consentise,  Gr.  and  R.  Festivals  held  in 
honour  of  the  twelve  principal  divinities  of  Rome 
or  Greece. 

Consignatorium  Ablutoram,  Chr.  In  early 
times  there  were  baptisteries  near  churches,  with 
a  place  closely  adjoining  in  which  to  administer 
the  rite  of  confirmation  ;  it  was  the  place  specially 
set  apart  for  the  administration  of  this  rite  that 
was  called  consignatorium  abliitorum. 

Console.  A  projecting  ornament,  in  wood  or 
stone,  used  as  a  bracket. 

Constant  White.     Sulphate  of  B.^rytes 

Constellations.      Groups    of    stars,     mostly 


with  classical  names.  Ancient  C,  forty-cigiit 
formed  by  Ptolemy  in  a.  i).  150,  with  two  others 
added  by  Tyclio  15ralie  ;  Modern  C,  fifty-nine 
others  since  formed,  many  by  Ilelvetius  at  the 
end  of  the  lyih  century.     {Rossiter.) 

Constratum,  R.  A  flooring  constructed  of 
planks.     (See  CoASSATio.) 

Consualia,  R.  A  festival  of  ancient  Rome 
held  in  honour  of  the  god  Consus.  It  was  from 
this  festival  that  the  games  of  the  circus  took 
their  rise.  Livy  calls  the  god  Neptunus  Eques- 
tris.  The  feast  was  held  witli  horse  and  chariot 
races.  Horses  and  mules  did  no  work,  and 
were  crowned  with  garlands  during  its  celebra- 
tion. The  Rape  of  the  Sabines  took  place  at  the 
first  Consualia. 

Contabulatio,  R.  The  long  parallel  folds 
formed  in  any  garment  of  ample  size,  such  as  the 
toga,  palla,  and  pal/inni. 

Contignatio,  R.  (a  joining  together  of  beams). 
The  woodwork  of  beams  and  joists  supporting 
the  flooring  in  a  building  of  several  stories.  The 
term  is  also  used  to  denote  the  flooring  and 
sometimes  the  story  itself. 

Continuous  Impost,  Arch.  In  Gothic  archi- 
tecture, the  mouldings  of  an  arch,  when  carried 
down  to  the  ground  without  interruption,  or 
anything  to  mark  the  impost-joint.  [N'ew- 
lands.') 

Contoise,  Fr.  A  flowing  scarf  worn  attached 
to  the  helmet  before  1350.      (See  Cointise.) 

Contomonobolum,  R.  A  game  which  con- 
sisted in  leaiHUg  over  a  wide  space  by  aid  of  a 
pole  {contiis)  which  was  used  as  a  fulcrum. 

Contorniate.  A  class  of  antique  medals 
having  the  contotir,  or  edge,  marked  with  a  deep 
cut.  They  generally  have  monograms  on  the 
obverse,  and  scenes  of  mythology  on  the  re- 
verse. 

Contour,  Fr.     Outline. 
Contournee,  Her.     Facing  to  the  sinister. 
Contra,  in  compound   words    in   music,  sig- 
nifies  an  octave  belo-o  :  contra-basso,    a   double 
bass,  &c.  , 

Contra  Votum,  Chr.  (i.e.  agamst  ones  de- 
sires). A  formula  of  grief,  placed  by  the  ancients 
on  tombs,  columns,  and  other  sepulchral  monu- 
ments, and  adopted  by  Christians  in  the  5th 
century.     (See  Acclamations.) 

Contractura,  R.  The  tapering  of  the  column, 
which  begins  from  the  upper  part  of  the  shaft, 
and  gradually  widens  as  it  reaches  the  base. 
(See  Entasis.)  _  .       ., 

Contralto,  It.  In  Music,  the  voice  of  deepest 
tone  in  females,  allied  to  the  tenor  in  men. 

Contrapuntal,  Mus.  Relating  to  Counter- 
point (q.v.).  _ 

Contre  -  imbrications.  An  ornament  cut  in 
the  form  of  fishes'  scales  overlapping  one 
another,  the  scales  being  indented.  In  the  imbri- 
cations they  stand  out. 


WORDS   USED   IN 


Contrepoint,  O.  E.     (See  Pourpoixt.) 

Contubernium,  R.  (i)  A  tent  capable  of 
accommodating  ten  soldiers  and  their  corporal 
{deca7iiis).  (2)  A  dwelling-place,  especially  for 
slaves.  Hence  contubcrnalcs  came  to  mean  com- 
rades, and  generally  persons  living  in  intimacy 
under  one  roof  together. 

Contus  (Kovrh'i),  Gr.  and  R.  (i)  A  punt- 
ing-pole,  used  also  for  taking  soundings  ;  each 
trireme  was  furnished  wth  three  poles  of 
different  lengths.     (2)  A  cavalry  pike  or  lance. 

Conus,  Gen.  {kwvos,  a  cone).  (l)  In  general, 
any  object  of  a  conical  form.  (2)  A  kind  of 
sun-dial  described  upon  a  hollow  cone.  (3)  The 
metal  ridge  at  the  top  of  a  helmet,  to  which  the 
plume  was  attached.     (See  Fig.  252.) 

Convivium,  R.  A  banquet  which  generally 
took  place  at  about  the  same  hour  as  the  C(X)ia, 
but  which  was  never  followed  by  a  conimissatio. 

(See  CCKNA,   COMMISSATIO.) 

Coopertorium,  R.  (that  which  covers).  A  rug 
of  coarse  cloth  ;  a  kind  of  blanket. 

Cop,  O.E.  Generally  the  top  of  anything;  a 
mound  or  heap.     (See  Battlement.) 


Copal.  A  hard  resin,  which,  dissolved  in 
boiling  linseed  oil,  forms  an  excellent  varnish 
for  pictures.  It  is  also  used  as  a  vehicle  for 
painting.  The  South  African  copal  is  the  finest 
in  quality.     (See  Varnish.) 

Copatain,  O.  E.  A  sugar-loaf  hat ;  "  a  copped- 
crown  hat." 

Cope,  Chr.  A  sacerdotal  garment,  also  called 
a  pluvial,  because  it  was  originally  worn  by 
priests  in  processions  as  a  protection  against  the 
rain.  It  was  open  in  the  front,  and  fastened  on 
the  breast  by  a  "  morse  "  or  clasp.  In  the 
primitive  Church  the  cope  was  furnished  with 
a  hood,  and  hence  mentioned  as  CucuLLA. 

Cope,  Arch.  To  top  a  wall  with  thin  bricks 
or  stone. 

Coperone,  O.  E.,  Arch.     A  pinnacle. 

Cop-halfpenny,  O.  E.  The  game  of  "heads 
and  tails." 

Cop-head,  O.  E.  A  crest  of  feathers  or  hair 
on  an  animal's  head. 

Coping,  Arch.  The  capping  or  covering 
of    a    wall,    generally    sloping    to     throw     off 


In 


^WPffic/ll^l^^ii^ftJ^i 


"^5"*^^    "-A^"*"^ 

^\i^(^\ 


Ewer  and  basin  of  cnanielled  ct^pper  (Turkish). 


Fig.    77   two    of  the    merlons   are 
coped. 

Cophinus.  Gr.  and  R.  A  large 
shallow  wicker  basket  used  for  agri- 
cultural purposes.  Cophinus  et 
fanum,  "a  basket  of  hay,"  is 
Juvenal's  word  fo>-  the  poor 
man's  bed.  Compare  English 
coj/iii. 

Coppa  Puerpera,  It.    Caudle-cup. 

Coppe  (It.),  Cups(Sp.  copa).  The 
early  Italian  suit  of  playing  cards 
corresponding  to  heai'ts.  The  Rev. 
E.  S.  Taylor  suggests,  ' '  The  notion 
of  hearts,  as  the  seat  of  the  affec- 
tions, &c.,  is  in  connexion  with  the 
office  of  the  clergy  ,•"  hence  the 
chalices.     (See  CcEUR. ) 

Copped,  O.  E.  Crested.  (For 
Cop-head,  q.v.) 

Copperas  (white)  is  considered 
the  safest  metallic  (/;vVv- for  pigments 
and  varnish. 

Copper-enamelling.     (Fig. 
(See  Enamels.) 

Copper-plate  Engraving. 
Chalcugraphy.) 

Coppet,  O.  E.     Saucy. 

Coppid,    O.    E.      Peaked  ; 
ring    to    the   fashion    of    the  _ 

peaked  toe. 

Copple-crowned,  O.  E.  With  a 
head  high  and  rising  up,  said  of  a 
boy  "  with  his  hair  on  end." 

Coppull,  O.  E.  A  hen's  name 
(in  the  Turnament  of  Tottenham). 

Cops  or  Merlons,  Arch.  The  raised 
parts  of  a  battlement.    (See  Fig.  77.) 


iSS.) 
(See 


refer- 
lon<r 


ART  AND  ARCHEOLOGY. 


89 


bracket  support - 

into   which    the 
also 


Coracle,  O.  E.  A  boat  of  wicker-work 
covered  with  hides. 

Coracoid  (Kupa|,  a  crow).  In  the  form  of  a 
crow's  beak,  e.g.  a  bone  in  the  shouldcr-bkade. 

Coral  (see  A  Mi"  lets)  is  mentioned  in  tlie 
Lapidarium  of  Marbodus  .as  a  very  favourite  and 
potent  amulet. 

"  Wondrous  its  power,  so  Zoro.ister  sings. 
And  to  the  we.irer  sure  protection  brings. 
-And,  lest  they  h.irni  ship,  land,  or  house,  it  binds 
The  scorching  hghtning  and  the  furious  winds. 
Sprinkled  'mid  climbing  vines  or  olives'  rows. 
Or  with  the  seed  the  patient  rustic  sows, 
'Twill  from  thy  crops  avert  the  arrowy  hail, 
And  with  abundance  bless  the  smiling  vale." 

(King,  Antique  Gems.) 

Coranach,  Coronach,  Gaelic  [corah- raiuach, 
a  crying  together).     A  dirge. 

Coranto,  It.  An  Italian  form  of  the  country 
dance  or  jig. 

Corazza,  O.  E.     A  cuirass. 

Corbel,  Arch.     A  projecting 
ing  a  pier,  cornice,  or  column. 

Corbel   Steps,   Arch.     Steps 
outlines  of  a  gable  are  sometimes  broken 
called  CoKi!iK  Steps. 

Corbel  Table.  A  term  in  medieval  archi- 
tecture, applied  to  a  projecting  course  and  the 
row  of  corbels  which  support  it. 

Corbie,  Scotch.  A  raven  ;  hence  a  "corbie 
messenger,"'  one  that  is  long  upon  his  errand, 
like  the  raven  sent  from  the  ark,  who  returned 
not  again. 

Corbie  Steps.     (See  Corbel  Steps.) 

Corbis,  R.  A  wicker  basket  of  conical  shape, 
used  especially  for  agricultural  purposes.  A 
similar  basket  in  every-day  use  in  parts  of  Italy 
is  still  called  "la  corbella."  Cf.  the  German 
"  Korb." 

Corbita,  R.  A  merchantman  of  the  larger  class, 
so  called  because  it  hung  out  a  basket  at  the  mast- 
head.    These  vessels  were  also  called  oneraruc. 

Corbona  Ecclesise,  Chr.  The  treasure  of  a 
church,  accumulated  from  the  offerings  of  com- 
municants at  the  Sacrament.  The  Greek  synonym 
for  this  term  is  i^azophyhicium. 

Corbula.     Dimin.  of  Corbis  (q.v.). 

Corce,  O.  E.     The  body,  stomach. 

"  He  start  to  hym  with  gret  force, 
And  hyt  hym  egurly  on  the  corcf '." 

(Old  MS. 

Cordate.  Cordiform.      Heart-shaped. 

Cordax,  Gr.  and  R.  A  dance  of  the  ancient 
Greek  comedy  of  a  ridiculous  and  indecent 
character.  Fauns  and  satyrs  are  constantly  re- 
presented dancing  the  con/ax. 

Cordeliers,  Fr.  The  Franciscan  friars  are  so 
called  from  the  rope  girdles  they  wear. 

Cordevan,  O.  E.  A  leather  of  goat-skin, 
originally  from  Cordova  in  Spain.  Spelt  also 
Cordcioaync ;  hence  cordwaiuer  or  cordiitcr,  a 
shoemaker. 


Cordigard,  Med.  (from  the  French  cor/>s 
dc  gardt').  A  detachment  of  troops  appointed 
for  a  particular  service. 

Corean  Porcelain,  from  a  country  intermediate 
between  China  and  Japan,  combines  the.qualities 


Fig.  189.  Corean  tea-pot.     (About  a.d.  1562.) 

of  the  most  ancient  art  of  each.  The  tea-pot  re- 
presented in  Fig.  1S9  is  covered  with  gravings  in 
the  paste  imitating  the  waves  of  the  ocean,  and 
shows  four  times  repeated  an  imperial  Japanese 
device,  by  which  it  appears  that  the  piece  was 
destined  for  the  Mikado. 

Corinthian  Order  of  Architecture.  This  order 
originated  in  Greece,  and  the  capital  is  said  to 
have  been  suggested  by  observing  a  tile  placed 


Fig.  igo.  Capit.il  of  the  Corinthian  Order. 


90 


WORDS  USED  IN 


on  a  basket  left  in  a  garden,  and  an  acanthus 
growing  round  it.  Tiie  principal  distinction  of 
this  order  is  its  capital,  richly  ornamented  with 
leaves  and  flowers.  Among  the  principal  Corin- 
thian examples  are  the  temple  of  Vesta,  the 
basilica  of  Antoninus,  and  the  temples  of  Jupiter 
Tonans  and  Jupiter  Stator  ;  all  at  Rome. 

Corium,  R.  Leathern  body-armour  cut  into 
scale  fijrm. 

Cork  burned  forms  the  pigment  called  Spanish 
Black. 

Corn.  In  pagan  art,  the  attribute  of  Ceres  and 
Justitia  and  Juno  Martialis. 

Comal.     The  head  of  a   tilting-lance.     (See 

CORONKL.) 

Cornelian,  Carnelian,  Gen.  A  variety  of  chal- 
cedony of  a  horny  transparency  and  a  more  or 
less  deep  red.  Engraved  cornelians  have  per- 
petuated much  information  about  the  manners 
and  customs  of  the  ancient  Greeks  and  Romans. 
(See  Sards.) 

Cornemuse.     A  French  form  of  the  bagpipe. 

Cornet,      (i)    A    kind    of    heraldic    banner. 

(2)  The    bearer    of  the   colours  of  a  regiment. 

(3)  Square    caps    worn    in    the    Universities. 

(4)  Any  object  having  co7'ners,  or  angular 
extremities.  (5)  An  obsolete  musical  instru- 
ment, once  in  common  use  in  Germany  and  in 
England,  something  like  a  Hautboy,  but  larger 
and  of  a  coarser  tone.     (See  Waits.) 

Cornice.     (See  Coronis. ) 
Cornichon,   Fr.   A  kind  of  game  at  "  quoits." 

Comic  ulum, 
R.  (dimin.  of 
cornu,  and  so  a 
small  horn).  It 
was  a  mark  of 
distinction  con- 
ferred on  a  sol- 
dier who  had 
distinguished 
himself  by  his 
conduct  or  courage,  and  was  worn  on  his  helmet. 
On  Thracian  and  other  coins  we  find  represen- 
tations of  this  horn  as  part  of  the  royal  head- 
dress. 

Cornish,  O.  E.  The  ring  placed  at  the  mouth 
of  a  cannon. 

Cornlaiters,  O.  E.  Newly-married  peasants 
begging  corn  to  sow  their  first  crop  with. 

Cornu,  Cornus,  and  Cornum,  R.  (i)  The 
horn  of  an  animal.  (2)  Any  object  made  of 
horn  or  of  a  horn-like  shape.  The  musical 
cornu  was  curved  ;  the  straight  horn  was  called 
tuba. 

Cornu  Altaris  (horn  of  the  altar),  in  Chris- 
tian archjeology,  means  merely  the  corner  or 
angle  thereof.  Cornu  Evangelii  is  the  angle  to 
the  left,  c.  Epistohe  that  to  the  right,  of  the 
celebrating  priest. 

Cornu-copiae,  R.    Horn  of  abundance,  a  symbol 


Fia 


igi.  Coin  showing  the 
Corniculum. 


of  concord,  prosperity,  and  good  fortune.  It 
was  represented  as  a  wreathed  horn,  filled  to 
overflowing  with  corn  and  fruit. 

Corolla,  R,  (dimin.  of  Corona,  q.v.).  The 
corolla  denoted  in  a  general  sense  a  small  crown 
or  even  a  garland  ;  in  a  more  restricted  accepta- 
tion it  was  a  garland  of  artificial  flowers  made 
of  horn  shavings  and  painted  various  colours. 
Women  used  to  wear  this  kind  of  wreath  during 
winter. 

CoroUarium,  R.  (dimin.  of  Corona,  q.v.). 
It  denoted  especially  a  wreath  made  out  of  thin 
metal  leaves,  which  the  audience  in  a  theatre 
presented  to  their  favourite  actors. 

Corona  (Kopwi/rj),  R.  A  crown  or  garland 
made  with  natural  or  artificial  leaves  and 
flowers  (of  horn,  parchment,  <S:c.,  or  metal). 
There  were  many  different  kinds  of  coromr,  of 
which  the  principal  were  the  following  :  corona 
civica ;  corona  classica,  tiavalis,  or  rostrata ; 
corona  castrensis  or  vallaris ;  corona  longa ; 
corona  vmralis ;  corona  obsidionalis ;  corona 
natalitia ;  corona  oleagina ;  corona  ovalis ; 
corotia  pactilis,  plectilis,  or  plexilis ;  corona 
truimphalis ;  corona  sutilis,  &c.  The  most 
honourable  was  the  c.  obsidionalis,  presented 
by  a  beleaguered  army,  after  its  liberation, 
to  the  general  who  raised  the  siege.  It  was 
made  of  grass,  or  wild  flowers  plucked  on  the 
site.  The  c.  civica  was  presented  to  a  Roman 
soldier  who  had  saved  the  life  of  a  citizen  in 
battle.  It  was  made  of 
oak  leaves.  The  c.  na- 
valis  was  made  of  gold. 
The  c.  nmralis,  pre- 
sented to  the  first  man 
over  the  wall  of  a  be- 
sieged city,  was  also 
made  of  gold,  and  it 
was  ornamented  with 
turrets.  The  c.  cas- 
trensis, presented  to 
the  first  soldier  who 
forced  an  entrance  into 
an  enemy's  camp,  was 
of  gold  ornamented 
with  palisades.  Of  the 
c.  triituiphalis  there 
were  three  kinds  :  one 
of  laurel  or  bay  leaves, 
worn  by  the  command- 
ing officer  during  his 
triumph  ;  one  of  mas- 
sive gold  held  over  his 
head  ;  and  a  third  of 
still  greater  value,  also  of  gold.  The  c.  ovalis, 
to  commemorate  an  ovation  to  an  officer,  was 
made  of  myrtle  leaves.  The  c.  oleagina,  of  olive 
leaves,  was  given  to  common  soldiers.  Besides 
these,  there  were  the  various  sacerdotal  coronce, 
emblematical    of    their   functions  :    the    funereal 


Fig.  192.   Mural  crown. 


Fig.  193.  Naval  crown. 


Fig.  194.  Celestial  crown. 


AKl    A.M)   AKCH/LULOUV. 


91 


chaplcts  of  leaves  and  llowers  for  the  dead, 
called  c.  fiinehrcs  or  scpiilchrales ;  the  wreaths 
of  roses,  violets,  myrtles,  ivy,  &c. ,  worn  at 
con\-ivial  meetings,  c.  convivialis ;  and  the 
hritlal  wreath,  of  Greek  origin,  matle  of  flowers 
not  bought,  but  plucked  by  the  bride  herself, 
the  verbena  being  the  chosen  flower  among  the 
Romans,  c.  iiuptialis ;  and  finally  the  c. 
natalitia  suspended  over  the  door  of  a  house 
where  a  child  was  born.  At  Athens  this  was 
of  olive  for  a  boy,  and  of  wool  for  a  girl.  At 
Rome  the  wreath  was  made  of  laurel,  ivy,  or 
parsley.  The  various  crowns  used  in  heraldry 
are  described  under  their  respective  headings. 
(See  Crown.) 

Corona  or  Drip-stone,  Clen.  A  moulding 
forming  part  of  a  cornice,  the  lower  part  or 
drip  of  which  is  grooved,  so  as  to  throw  off  the 
rain-water  from  the  structure.  Drip-stones  are 
sometimes  plain,  sometimes  decorated  with  rich 
sculptures. 

Corona  Lucis,  Chr.  A  lamp  or  chandelier 
suspended  above  the  altar  of  a  church,  from 
which  usually  depended  a  jewelled  cross. 
Coronach,  .Scotch.  A  dirge. 
Coronarium  (aureum),  R.  The  gold  for  a 
triumphal  crown  {corona  trhimpkalis)  :  it  was 
sent  by  the  provinces  to  a  victorious  chief  or 
general. 

Coronarium  (opus),  R.  Stucco-work  applied 
to  the  decoration  of  a  cornice  or  projecting 
moulding. 

Coronal,  Med.  The  head  of  a  jousting-lance, 
so  called  from  its  resemblance  to  a  little  crown. 
Twelve  were  allowed  to  a  filter  in  the  time  of 
Henry  VI.     (Meyrick.) 

Coronell,  O.  E.     A  colonel. 

Coronets.  Ensigns 
of  nobility  worn  upon 
the  head,  introduced 
into  England  about 
the  middle  of  the 
14th  century.  (See 
Baron, Duke.Earl, 
(S;c.)  Ladies  also 
wore  them  surmount- 
ing the  horned  head- 
dress of  the  reign  of 
Henry  V.  The  engraving  (Fig.  196)  represents 
Beatrice,  Countess  of  Arundel,  with  coronet. 

Coronis  {Kopaivls).  Anything  curved ;  the 
cornice  of  an  entablature. 

Coronize  (Gr.  Koooivi^us,  from /copoJf rj,  a  crow). 
To  beg  for  the  crow  ;  said  of  strollers  who  went 
about  beggmg  with  a  crow,  singing  begging 
songs.     (See  Chelidonize.) 

Corporal,  O.  E.  The  fine  linen  cloth  or  veil 
for  the  pyx,  sometimes  embroidered  with  golden 
thread  and  coloured  silks.  With  such  a  "cor- 
poral" Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,  bandaged  her 
eyes  for  her  execution. 


Fig.  195.   Prince  of  Wales's 
coronet. 


Coronet  of  Countess  of  Arundel,  temp. 
Henry  V 


Corpse-candle,   O.  E. 
formerlv  nt  lakc-wak-s. 


A    thick  candle  used 


>?^ 


Corpse-gate 
or  Lich-gate. 
A  shed  over 
the  gate  of  a 
churchyard  to 
rest  the  corpse 
under.       (Eig. 

I97-) 
Corr  agis, 

R.       {corriigo, 

\  to      wrinkle). 

■"'^'  '"^   Literally, 

b'    wrinkled  ;      a 

loose  garment 

Fig.  197.  Corpse  or  Lich-gate.         which         was 
wrapped  round 
the  body,  and  fell  into  numerous  folds,  so  as  to 
present  the  appearance  of  a  wrinkled  surface. 
Cors,  Arch.     The  shaft  of  a  pinnacle. 
Corsae,    R.      The   mouldings   decorating   the 
surface  of  a  marble  door-post. 
Corse,  O.  E.     (See  Corce.) 
Corse  of  Silk,  O.  E.     Probably  a  silk  ribbon. 
Corselet,  Fr.     A  light  breastplate ;  i6th  and 
17th  centuries. 

Corspresant,  Med.     A  mortuary. 

Cortina,  R.  (i)  A  deep  cir- 
cular vessel  in  the  shape  of  a 
saucepan,  used  for  various  pur- 
poses. (2)  The  snake's  skin 
spread  over  the  tripod  of  the 
Pythoness  at  Delphi.  (3)  An 
altar  of  marble,  bronze,  or  the 
precious  metals,  in  the  form  of 
a  tripod.  (4)  The  vault  over, 
the  stage  in  a  theatre  was  called 
corlina,  from  its  resemblance 
to    the    lid    of    a    tripod.      (5) 

,.     .        Tables   of   marble   or   bronze, 
Cortina. 


92 


WORDS  USED  IN 


made  to  imitate  the  slab  upon  which  the  Delphic 
priestess  sat,  were  also  called  cortince  Delphicse. 
(See  Fig.  199.) 


Fig.  199.  Cortina  (Etruscan). 

Cortinale,  R.  A  cellar  in  which  wine  was 
boiled  in  caldrons  [cortince)  to  preserve  it. 

Corundum.  The  Indian  name  for  a  very  hard 
mineral  called  adamantine  spar.  The  ruby  and 
sapphire  are  varieties  of  corundiiiii. 

Corven.     O.  E.  for  carven,  cut. 

"  Corvette  wyndows  of  glase. 
With  joly  bandis  of  brase." 

{Littcoin  MS.) 

Corvus,  R.  (lit.  crow).  A  crane  or  gi'ap- 
pling-iron,  used  in  naval  warfare.  It  was  a 
strong  piece  of  iron  with  a  spike  at  the  end, 
which,  being  violently  let  down  upon  a  ship 
from  the  yard-arm,  or  a  special  mast  made  for 
the  purpose,  went  through  the  bottom  and  sank 
it,  or  at  any  rate  grappled  it  fast.  A  variety  of 
corvus  was  also  made  use  of  in  the  assault  of 
fortified  places. 

Corybautica,  Gr.  and  R.  Festivals  celebrated 
at  Cnossus,  in  Crete,  by  the  Corj'bantes,  in 
honour  of  Atys  and  his  mother  Cybele.  The 
priests  ran  through  town  and  country  can7ing 
torches  and  uttering  savage  cries  to  the  accom- 
paniment of  drums  and  cymbals.  They  per- 
formed frenzied  dances  known  under  the  name 
of  Coryhantic  dances. 

Corycaeum,  Gr.  and  R.  A  large  apartment 
in  a  gymnasium  or  a  large  bathing  establishment, 
for  the  CORYCOBOLIA  or  sack-throwing,  a  game 
which  consisted  in  suspending  from  the  ceiling 
of  the  C07yacu/n,  at  the  height  of  about  a 
yard  from  the  ground,  a  sack  filled  with  sand, 
bran,  or  seeds,  to  be  thrust  away  with  blows  of  the 
fist,  and  when  it  was  in  full  swing  to  be  stopped 
with  the  hands,  back,  or  breast.  The  exercise 
was  also  called  Corycomachia. 

Corymbus,  R.  ((copuMflo?,  a  cluster),  (i)  A 
bunch  of  any  fruit  tliat   grows  in  clusters,  such 


as  ivy-berries.  (2)  A  head-dress  or  wig  ar- 
ranged in  the  form  of  corymbi,  in  a  knot  at  the 
top  of  the  head,  as  that  of  Venus  is  repre- 
sented in  the  Medici  statue.  (3)  The  tenn  is 
also  sometimes  used  as  a  synonym  of  Aplustre 
(q.v.). 

Corynalle,  Arch.     (See  Cornal.) 

"  The  schafte  was  strong  over  alle. 
And  a  well-shaped  corynalle." 

Coryphaeus,  Gr.  (lit.  at  the  head),  (i)  Any 
leader.  (2)  Esp.  the  leader  of  the  chonis  of 
the  Attic  drama.  {3)  An  epithet  of  Jupiter 
Capitolinus. 

Corytus,  Gr.  and  R.  A  bow-case.  The 
quiver  for  arrows  was  called  pharetra. 


Fig.  200.  Cos — a  Roman  Grindstone. 

Cos,  R.  A  hone,  whetstone,  or  grindstone. 
Fig.  200  is  taken  from  an  engraved  gem. 

Cosmi  (K($cr/uo().  The  supreme  magistrates  in 
Crete. 

Costanti.  One  of  the  Italian  literai7 
academies.  They  had  for  their  device  the  sun 
shining  on  a  column,  with  the  motto  TatiHim 
volvihir  timbra  (the  shadow  only  revolves). 

Cote,  O.  E.     A  woman's  gown  ;  15th  century. 

Cote  Armour.  (See  Coat  Armour,  Tabard.) 

Cote-hardie.  A  tight-fitting  gown  ;  14th 
century. 

Cothurnus,  Gr.  and  R.  The  Buskin  ;  a 
high  boot  of  Greek  invention,  met  with  on 
representations  of  certain  divinities  and  of  some 
of  the  emperors  covered  with  rich  ornamentation. 
It  is  an  attribute  of  the  huntress  Diana.  The 
sole  was  thickened  with  cork  for  tragic  actors, 
to  make  them  taller.  Horsemen  wore  it  as 
high  as  the  knee. 

Cotillion  (Fr.  cotte,  an  under-petticoat).  A 
dance  introduced  from  France,  where  it  usually 
terminated  a  ball. 

Cotise,  Her.  A  diminutive  of  the  Bend, 
being  one-fourth  of  its  width. 


ART  AND  ARCILIiOLOGY. 


93 


Cotta.  A  sliort  surplice. 
Cottabus,  Cottabe,  Cotabos,  Gr.  and  R.  A 
game  of  Greek  origin,  played  in  various  manners, 
by  throwing  wine  into  empty  cups  swimming 
on  a  basin  of  water,  or  into  scales  suspended 
above  a  bronze  ornament.  The  man  who 
drowned  most  cups  won  a  prize,  or  he  who 
made  the  best  sound  had  a  good  omen.  There 
were  other  methods. 

Cotyla,  (!r.  and  R.  A  measure  of  capacity 
equal  to  half  a  pint  English. 

Cotyttia  (KOTTVTia).  Nocturnal  festivals  cele- 
brated by  the  Edonians  of  Thrace  in  honour  of 
a  goddess  called  Cotytto  (Cybele). 

Couchant  or  Dor- 
mant, Her.  In  repose. 
The  illustration  gives 
the  device  of  King 
Richard  II.,  a  white 
hart  coiichaiit  on  a 
mount,  &c.  (Fig.  201.) 
Coucher,  O.  E.  A 
book  kept  couched  or 
lying  on  a  desk,  e.  g. 
^.  ,,  ,     ^     books    of    the    church 

^  services     left     m     the 

places  where  they  were  used. 
Coudieres.     (See  Coutere.) 
Coufic.     (See  CuFic.) 

Coulisse,  Tech.  A  piece  of  timber  with  a 
channel  or  groove  in  it,  such  as  that  in  which 
the  side-scenes  of  a  theatre  move. 

Counter,  Her.  Reversed  or  opposite. 
Counterfort,  Arch.  A  buttress. 
Counterpoint,  Music.  The  art  of  combining 
melodies,  or  rather  of  adding  to  a  melody 
harmonious  parts.  Double  Counterpoint  is  "  a 
kind  of  artificial  composition,  where  the  parts 
are  inverted  in  such  a  manner  that  the  upper- 
most becomes  the  lowermost,  and  vice  versa.'' 
(See  Staincr  and  Barrett,  Die.  of  Musical 
Terms.) 

Counter-proof.  An  impression  of  an  engraving 
printed  from  a  wet  proof. 

Counter-seal  or  Secretum.  A  seal  on  the 
reverse  or  back  of  another  seal.  Early  seals 
were  generally  impressed  on  both  sides. 

Countess,  Arch.  A  roofing  slate,  20  inches 
by  10  inches. 

Couped,  Her.  Cut  off  smoothly.  The  reverse 
of  erased. 

Coupled  (columns).  Gen.  Two  columns  are 
said  to  be  coupled  when  they  are  placed  quite 
close  to  each  other  without  touching.  Coupled 
heads  is  the  term  applied  to  two  heads  placed 
back  to  back  upon  the  same  pedestal  or  the 
same  trunk.  Many  pedestals  ornamented  with 
Herm.'E  (q.v.)  are  surmounted  by  coupled 
heads. 

Courant,  Her.     Running. 

Course,    Arch.     One   range,   or   stratum,    of 


bricks,  stones,  or  other  material  in  the  construc- 
tion of  a  wall. 

Court  Cards.  The  king,  cpieen,  and  knave  of 
a  suit.  They  were  originally  named  in  France  ; 
e.  g.  the  four  kint^s  were  Charlemagne,  Casar, 
Alexander,  and  David  ;  the  four  queens,  ]\x<S\\\\, 
Rachel,  Argine,  antl  Pallas  ;  and  the  valets, 
Lahire,  Hector,  Lancelot,  and  Ilogicr.  Of 
these  the  kini^s  were  said  to  represent  the  four 
ancient  monarchiesof  the  Jews, Greeks,  Romans, 
and  Franks ;  and  the  queens,  wisdom,  birth, 
beauty,  and  fortitude.     {Taylor.)     (See  Chat- 

KANC.) 

Court  Cupboards,  O.  E.  Richly  carved  and 
large  cupboards  for  plate  and  other  valuables, 
tenif^.  Charles  1 . 

Court  Dish,  O.  E.     A  kind  of  drinking  cup. 

Courtepy  (Teutonic).     Short  cloak  or  gown. 

Coussinet,  Arch.  The  crowning  stone  of  a 
pier,  lying  immediately  under  the  arch. 

Coutel,  Fr.  A  short  knife  or  dagger  in  use  in 
the  Middle  Ages. 

Coutere  or  Coutes.  The  elbow-jjiece  in  armour. 


Fig.  202.  Couvre-feu  (Curfew). 

Couvre-feu,  Angl.  Curfew.  A  screen  used,  as 
its  name  implies,  for  covering  the  fire  ;  intro- 
duced with  the  famous  Curfew-bcU,  temp. 
William  Rufus.     (Fig.  202.) 

Cove,  Arch.  A  name  for  concave  mouldings 
or  other  concavities. 

Coved  Ceiling,  Arch.  A  ceiling  springing 
from  the  walls  with  a  cove. 

Coventry  Blue.  A  celebrated  "blew  threde  "' 
made  at  Coventry,  temp.  Elizabeth. 

Covert,  Her.      Partly  covered. 

Covinus,  R.  (Celtic,  koicain).  A  war- 
chariot.  The  spokes  of  its  wheels  were  armed 
with    scythes.     [It    was   used    by  the   ancient 


94 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Britons.  The  Romans  gave  the  name  to  a  close 
travelling  carriage  covered  in  all  round.]  (Com- 
pare CURRUS,  Carpf.ntum.) 

Coward  or  Cowed,  Her.  An  animal  with  its 
tail  between  its  legs. 

Cow-lady,  O.  E.     The  lady-bird. 

"  A  paire  of  buskins  they  did  bring 
Of  the  coiv-ladye's  corall  wyng." 

(Mitsariiin  Delicits.) 

Cowl,  Mod.  (from  ciuulla,  Cucullus,  q.v.). 
A  priest's  hood. 

Cox  or  Cokes,  O.  E.  A  fool ;  hence  Cox- 
comb, for  the  top  of  a  fool's  cap. 

Crackle  Porcelain  or  Cracklin.  A  kind  of 
china,  the  glaze  of  which  has  been  purposely 
cracked  all  over  in  the  kiln.  The  Chinese  have 
many  kinds  of  this  manufacture,  some  of  which 
are  extremely  rare  and  valuable.  White  and 
grey  are  the  common  colours  amongst  modem 
crackle.  The  yellow  and  cream-coloured  speci- 
mens are  much  prized  :  these  are  seldom  seen  in 
Europe.  The  greens,  light  and  dark,  turquoise, 
and  reds  are  generally  finely  glazed,  and  have 
the  crackle  lines  small  and  minute.  In  colour- 
ing, these  examples  are  exquisite,   and  in  this 


Fig.  203.  Silver  Crater  (Roman).     Found  at  Hildesheim. 


respect  they  throw  our  finest  specimens  of 
European  porcelain  quite  into  the  shade.  The 
green  and  turquoise  crackle  made  in  China  at 
the  present  day  are  veiy  inferior  to  the  old 
kinds.  Perhaps  the  rarest  and  most  expensive 
of  all  ancient  crackles  is  a  yellowish  stone- 
colour.  {Fortune.) 
Crackled  Glass.  (See  Glass.) 
Cracowes.  Long-toed  boots  and  shoes,  in- 
troduced in  1384. 

Cradle  Vault,  Arch.     A  cylindrical  vault. 
Cradling.     A  builder's  term  for  a  timber  frame 
for  a  ceiling,  &c. 

Craig,  Scotch,    (i)  A  rock.     (2)  The  neck; 
throat. 

Crampet.     The  decorated  end  of  a  scabbard. 
Crampon.     The  border  of  gold  which  keeps  a 
stone  in  a  ring.     (See  Collet.) 

Cramp-ring,   O.  E.     A  ring   consecrated  on 
Good  Friday,  an  amulet  against  cramp. 

Crancelin,  Her.[(from  the  German  A';'(7;;cA'?«, 
a  small  wreath).  The  chaplet  that  crosses  the 
shield  of  Saxony.  It  is  said  to  be  an  augmenta- 
tion conferred  by  the  Emperor  Barbarossa,  who 
took  from  his  head  his  own  chaplet  of  rue,  and 
threw  it  across  the  shield  of  the  Duke  of 
Saxony.    {Boittcll.) 

Crane's-bills.  Geraniums,  so  called 
from  the  shape  of  their  seed-vessels. 

Crannogs,  Irish.  Lake  fortresses 
constructed  on  artificial  islands. 

Crapaudine  Doors.  A  technical  name 
for  doors  that  turn  on  pivots  at  top  and 
bottom, or  are  hung  with  so-called  centre- 
pin  hinges. 

Crash.  The  grey  linen  used  for 
the  kind  of  embroidery  called  c?-etucl- 
work. 

Crater,  Gr.  and  R.  (Kparrjp,  from 
Kspavvv/xi,  to  mix).  (i)  A  large  and 
beautiful  vase  with  a  wide  open  mouth, 
in  which  the  wine  and  water  \\as  mixed 
which  was  handed  round  at  banquets 
and  sacrifices.  It  was  into  vases  of  this 
description  that  slaves  dipped  a  ladle 
{cyathiis),  with  which  they  filled  the 
cups.  The  beautiful  silver  crater 
shown  in  the  illustration  (Fig.  203), 
of  a  date  not  later  than  the  ist  cen- 
tury, was  found  with  other  treasures 
of  a  similar  kind  at  Hildesheim, 
near  Flanover,  in  1869.  It  is  now  in 
the  Berlin  Museum.  (2)  The  mouth 
of  a  volcano  is  named  from  its  re- 
semblance to  the  Greek  crater.  (3)  A 
small  constellation  of  the  southern 
hemisphere  called  the  Cup. 

Crates,  R.  A  frame  or  basket  made 
of  hurdles,  and  so  a  hurdle  itself 
(English,  *'  cj-ate.") 

Craticula,  R.    (dimin.   of  crates).     A 


ART   AND   ARCII/EOLOGY. 


95 


small  hurdle,  nnd  by  analogy,  a  gridiron,  which 
looks  like  a  small  hurdle. 

Creag,  O.  E.    The  game  of  ninepins. 

Creagra.  Gr.  {Kpdyfja,  from  Kptas  and  ayptu, 
i.  e.  a  flesh-hook).  A  synonym  of  the  Latin 
term  IIarpago  (q.v.). 

Creasing.  A  builder's  word  for  a  row  of 
tiles  uutler  the  coping  of  a  wall. 

Credence  Tabfe.  The  small  table  beside 
an  altar,  on  which  the  communion  was  placed 
before  consecration. 

Creme-box,  O.  E.     A  chrismatory  (q.v.). 

Cremesyn,  O.  E.     Crimson  velvet. 

Cremium,  R.  [crcmo,  to  bum).  Small  wood, 
made  up  into  bundles,  used  l)y  bakers,  and  for 
lighting  the  hypocausts  under  the  baths. 

Crenel.     The  peak  at  the  top  of  a  helmet. 

Crenellated,  Her.  Embattled.  (See  Battle- 
ment.) 

Crenelle,  Fr.  A  cutting  or  indentation  of  the 
walls  of  a  fortress  or  tower,  &c.  The  spaces 
between  the  solid  masonry  are  called  embrasures, 
and  the  solid  portions  themselves  merloiis ; 
usually  the  tops  of  the  merlons  are  coped  to 
throw  off  rain.    (See  CoPiNG.)     Fig.  204  shows 


Fig.  204    Crenellated  walls  at  Pompeii. 

a  portion  of  the  crenellated  walls  of  Pompeii 
restored.      (See  Fig.  77.) 

Crepida,  Gr.  and  R.  (KpTjiris).  A  slipper 
made  of  a  strong  leather  sole,  to  the  edges  of 
which  was  fixed  a  piece  of  leather  with  eyelet- 
holes  [ansa:)  for  the  laces  [corriifitr)  or  a  strap 
(amenfum).  This  shoe  was  of  Greek  origin. 
Crepida  carhatina  was  the  name  given  to  a  shoe 
of  the  simplest  and  plainest  description.  (See 
Carbatina.)  [This  shoe  is  only  found  repre- 
sented on  figures  clothed  with  the  falliiivt,  not 
the  to!:;a.'\ 

Crepido,  Gr.  and  R.  (Kprjiris).  In  a  general 
sense,  any  kind  of  base  or  stand  upon  which 
another   object  rests,  and  by  analogy  the  em- 


bankment of  a  quay,  a  dike,  or  jetty.  The 
term  is  also  applied  to  the  raised  causeway 
for  foot  passengers  at  the  side  of  a  road  or  street. 
Fig.  204  represents  a  cre/u/o  on  a  higli  road  near 


Fig.  205.    Crepido  in  a  street  in  Pompeii. 

Pompeii,  and  Fig.  205  a  crepido  in  the  streets  ot 
the  same  town. 

Crepitaculum,  R.  (rr^/^,  to  creak).  A  child's 
rattle,  made  in  the  form  of  a  circle  to  which  bells 
were  attached.  These  rattles  have  been  found 
in  the  excavations  of  Pompeii.  Some  authors 
apply  the  termto  theSiSTRUM  of  the  Egyptians. 
Crepitus  (sc.  digitoruni),  R.  A  snapping  of 
the  fingers  made  by  pressing  the  tip  of  the 
thumb  firmly  against  the  tip  of  the  middle  finger. 
Crepundia,  R.  A  general  term  for  playthings 
for  children,  as  well  as  for  necklaces  of  various 
ornaments,  or  amulets.  These  were  in  some 
instances  of  great  length,  and  were  worn  by  the 
children  like  shoulder-belts. 

Crequier,  Her.  The  wild  plum-tree :  the 
device  of  the  Crequy  family. 

Crescent,  Her.  The  difference  of 
the  second  son.  The  moon  is  a 
crescent  when  she  appears  as  in 
Fig.  206.  (Compare  Decrescent, 
Increscent.) 

Cresolite,  O.  E.     Crystal. 
Crespine,  Fr.     A  network  to  con- 
fine the  hair  of  ladies  ;    the   ealaii- 
iica  of  the  ancients.     It  is  found  in  mediaeval 
monuments  in  a  variety  of  forms. 

Cressets.  A  small  pan  or  portable  fireplace, 
fdled  with  combustibles,  used  for  illuminating 
purposes  ;  1 6th  century.     Her.,  a  beacon.     (See 

Fig.  54-) 

Crest,  Arch,  {crista).  A  ninning  ornament, 
more  or  less  incised  and  perforated,   which  is 


Fig.   206 
Crescent. 


96 


WORDS  USED  IN 


207.  Royal  crest  of 
England. 


placed  on  the  ridge  of  roofs.  Many  monuments 
of  antiquity  have  been  adorned  with  terra- cotta 
crests  ;  in  the  Romano-Byzantine  architecture 
examples  occur  which  are  made  of  stone,  while 
in  Pointed  or  Renaissance  art  they  were  made  of 
lead. 

Crest,  Her.  (Lat.  cris- 
ia).  This  word,  familiar 
to  us  as  the  name  of  an 
ornament  surmounting 
the  helmet  and  the  in- 
signia of  a  gentleman  of 
coat  armour,  signified 
in  classic  times  a  comb 
terminating  in  a  peak 
in  front  of  the  casque 
decorated  with  horse- 
hair or  plumes.  (See 
CRisiAjFig. 252.)  The 
earliest  appearance  of 
a  crest  in  England  is 
on  the  second  seal  of 
Richard  I.  Fig.  207 
illustrates  the  manner 
in  which  the  crest  is 
worn  upon  the  royal 
crown  of  England. 
Crests  are  not  worn  by 
ladies,  excepting  by  the 
Sovereign.  (See 
Panache.) 
Crest-coronet,  Crest-wreath,  or  Orle,  Her. 
A  coronet  or  wreath  to  support  a  crest.  (Fig. 
208  and  209.) 

Crest-tiles.  Tiles 
used  for  covering  the 
ridge  of  a  roof. 

Greta  Lsevis.  A 
crayon  of  permanent 
colour  for  chalk 
drawing. 

Cr  e  wel-w  or  k. 
(See  Crash.) 

Crewels.  A  wor- 
sted   of    two     plies 


Fig.  2o8.  Crest-coronet. 


Fig.  209.  Crest-wreaths. 


adapted  for  embroidery. 

Crewetts.  Small  vessels  used  at  the  altar,  to 
hold  the  wine  and  water  for  consecration. 

Crimson  (Arab,  cremisi,  the  cochineal  insect). 
A  deep  tone  of  red,  tinged  with  blue. 

Crinale,  R.  (crinis,  the  hair).  A  large  con- 
vex comb  worn  by  women  and  children  at  the 
back  of  the  head. 

Crined,  Her.     Having  a  mane  or  hair. 

Crinetts,  O.  E.  The  long  small  black  feathers 
on  a  liawk's  head.     {_H.) 

Crinze,  O.  E.     A  drinking  cup.     (//.) 

Criobole,  Gr.  {Kpio&6xt\).  A  sacrifice  to 
Cybcle,  so  called  because  the  victim  was  a 
ram  (/cpirfs). 

Crista,   R.     The  crest  of  the  helmet,   which 


was  attached  to  an  elevated  ridge  (generally 
of  horsehair).  A  fine  example  is  given  in  the 
head  of  "Rome,"  on  the  Tazza  of  Diruta. 
(Fig.  252.)     (See  Crest.) 

Cristatus,  R.  {crista).  Having  a  ridge  and  a 
crest.      (Fig.  252.) 

Cristendom,  O.  E.     Baptism. 

"And  that  bastard  that  to  the  ys  dere. 
Crystyndoiiie  sctialle  he  none  have  here."  (//.) 

Cristygrey.  A  kind  of  fur  much  used  in  the 
15th  century. 

"  Of  no  devyse  embroudid  hath  hire  wede, 
Ne  furrid  with  errayn  ne  with  cristygrey." 

Crites  {Kpir-ns).  A  judge  in  cgnity,  as  opposed 
to  rjiKASTES,  a  judge  in  lazv. 

Croakumshire.  An  ancient  name  for  the 
county  of  Northumberland.      (//.) 

Crobbe,  O.  E.  Knops  of  buds  hung  as  orna- 
ments from  a  roof 

Crobylus,  Gr.  and  R.  (/cpco/SuAos).  A  method 
of  arranging  the  hair  peculiar  to  the  inhabitants 
of  Athens.  The  hair,  rolled  up  in  a  knot  on  the 
top  of  the  head,  was  fastened  with  golden  clasps 
in  the  shape  of  grasshoppers.  The  name  applies 
only  to  men's  hair ;  the  same  fashion  for  women 
was  called  Coiyinlnts. 

Croc  or  Crook.     A  curved  mace. 
Crocea.     A  cardinal's  cloak. 
Crochet.      Knitting  done  with    linen   thread, 
and  used  under  the  name  of  null's  lace  from  the 
1 6th   century  for  bordering  altar-cloths,    albs, 
&c. 

Crocket,  (i)  An 
architectural  en- 
richment, gene- 
rally of  leaves  or 
flowers  ;  an  orna- 
mentation pecu- 
liar to  the  pointed 
style  of  architec- 
ture. (Fig.  210.) 
(2)  A  large  roll  of 
^^'•K^^  hair,   much    worn 

Edward  I. 

"  His  croclcet  kembt, 
and  thereon  set 
A    nouche   with    a 
chapelet." 

Crocota,Gr.  and 

R.    (from   Kp6Kus, 

crocus).     A    veiy 

rich  robe  of  saffron  colour,  whence  its  name.      It 

was  worn  by  Greek  and  Roman  women  as  a  gala 

dress,  especially  at  the  Dionysia. 

Cromlec'h,  Celtic  (from  cromtn,  curved, 
and  hx'k,  place).  An  enclosure  formed  by 
menhirs,  or  huge  stones  planted  in  the  ground 
in  a  circle  or  semicircle.  These  enclosures  (Fig. 
211)  were   consecrated  places  used  as    burying- 


10.  Crocket. 


ART   AND   ARCILEOLOGV. 


grounds.    (See   Standing-stonks,    Dolmkns, 
Menhirs,  &c.) 


Fig.  212.  Cross 
Recercelie. 


Fig.  213.  St.  Andrew's 
Cross  {Saltire). 


Fig.  211.  Cromlech. 

Cross,  Chr.  {Crux).  The 
symbol  of  the  Christian 
religion.  The  ordinary  or 
pnmiti\e  type  of  cross  has  no 
summit.  It  is  called  coiii- 
niissa  or  fatihtlata,  and  some- 
times the  Tan  cross,  from 
its  resemblance  to  the  Greek 
letter  so  named  (T).  Fig.  121 
represents  a  stone  cross 
of  the  Romano  -  Byzantine 
period,  at  Carew,  in  Eng- 
land. The  St.  Andrew's 
cross  has  the  form  of  an  X. 
The  Greek  cross  is  of  four 
equal  parts.  The  Latin  cross 
has  the  foot  longer  than  the 
summit  or  amis.  The  ^lal- 
tese  cross  and  the  cross  of 
Jerusalem  are  varieties  of 
the  Greek  cross.  The  Patri- 
archal cross  (heraldic)  has 
two  cross  pieces,  the  triple 
cross  has  three,  &c.  Per 
Cross,  in  heraldry,  is  the 
division  of  a  shield  quarterly 
(a  combination  of  pale  and 
fesse).     (Figs.  212  to  215.) 

Cross  and  Pile,  O.  E.   The 
game  of  "  lieads  and  tails." 

Cross-aisled,  Arch.     Hav- 
ing TRANSETTS. 

Cross-bows  were  brought  to  England  by  the 
Crusaders.  They  were  frequently  richly  carved 
and  inlaid. 

Cross-days,    O. 
Ascension  Day. 

Cross-gartered, 
on  the  leg.  (//.) 

Cross-hatching.  A  temi  in  cngi-aving  applied 
to  lines  which  intersect  at  regular  angles,  to  in- 
crease depth  of  sliadow. 

Crossos,  Gr.  (Kpaxnros).  A  wide-bodied  vessel 
narrowing  towards  the  mouth  ;  it  is  fumi.shed 
with  a  stand  and  two  handles  or  ears  (Si'toroi). 

Cross,  row,  O.  E.  The  alphabet.  (See 
Chkist-cross.) 


Fig.  214.    St.  George' 
CTO^Jimbriatcd. 


E.     The    three   days    before 
Havinij  the  carters  crossed 


Fisr.  215.  Victoria  Cross. 


97 

C  r  08  8-springer, 
.\rch.  In  vaulting, 
tlie  diagonal  rib  of  a 

GROIN. 

Cross  -  vaulting, 

Arch.  Tlial  which  is 
formed  l)y  the  iiUcr- 
section  of  two  or  more 
simple  vaults.  When 
the  vaults  spring  at 
the  same  level,  and 
rise  to  the  same 
height,  the  cross  vault 
is  termed  a  groin. 
The  illustration  (Fig. 
173),  the  cloisters  of 
the  church  of  Mont 
St.  Michel  in  France, 
shows  the  cross-vault- 


Fig.  216.  Crutalia.  Greek  necklace. 


Crotalium, 
Gr.  and  R. 
(from  KpoTfw, 
to  rattle).  A 
small  rattle. 
The  Greek  and 
Roman  ladies 
gave  this  name 
to  their  pend- 
ants formed  of 
two  or  four 
pear  -  shaped 
])earls(c'A';/(r///), 
wliich  rattled 
softly  as  the 
wearer  moved 
about.  (Fig. 
216.) 

Crotalum 
Gr.  and  R.  {KpSraKov).  Castanets  made  of 
slit  cane,  used  by  dancers  in  the  worship 
of  Cybele.  The  Middle  Ages  also  had  their 
croiala,  which  consisted  of  a  metal  rod,  in  which 
were  inserted  rings,  which  sounded  when  tlie 
instrument  was 
shaken. 

Crow  or  Baven. 
The  attribute  of 
St.  \'inccnt. 
Crowde  or  Croud, 
().  K.  (I)  The 
cryi>t  of  a  church. 
(2)    A  fiddle. 

Crown.  (See 
Corona.  See  also 
MiKAL  Crown, 
Naval  Crown, 
Crest,  &c.) 

Crown     (of     a 
bell).       The    top 
of    the   inside   of 
u 


Fig.  217.  Crown  of  Her 
Majesty  the  Queen. 


WORDS    USED   IN 


a  bell,  in  which  the  ring  is  fixed  from  which  the 
clapper  is  suspended.  In  architecture  the  spire 
of  a  steeple  is  said  to  crown  the  tower,  or  a 
fleuron  to  crown  a  gable,  &c. 

Crown.     An  old  English  coin,  the  value  of 
which    has  varied   at   different   periods.       The 


Fig.  218.  Crown  of  the  Rose. 

illustration  represents  the  gold  crown  of  Heniy 
VIII.,  dated  1462,  called  a  crown  of  the  Rose, 
value  4^.  dd.  Other  crown  pieces  were  called, 
from  the  mint-mark,  crowns  of  the  Sun. 

Croyle,  O.  E.  Crewel ;  tightly-twisted 
worsted. 

Crozier,  Chr.  The  name  is  often  improperly 
applied  to  the  bishop's  crooked  pastoral  staff ;  it 
belongs  to  the  staff  surmounted  by  a  cross  which 
is  borne  before  an  archbishop.  The  Byzantine 
crozier  was  that  of  the  T-shaped  cross  ;  it  had 
sometimes  curved  serpents  on  both  sides. 

Crucifix.  The  representation  of  the  Saviour 
on  the  Cross  was  first  introduced  in  the  time  of 
Constantine.  It  has  undergone  considerable 
variation  at  different  periods. 


Fig.  219.  Porcelain  Cruciform  Box  (Egyptian). 

Cruciform.  Shaped  to  foim  a  cross.  The 
illustration  represents  a  specimen  of  ancient 
Egyptian  porcelain,  of  this  shape,  ornamented 
with  the  lotus.     (See  Egyptian  Pottery.) 

Crumata.     (See  Crusmata.) 

Crumena,  R.  A  leather  pouch  for  carrying 
money.  The  balantioji  of  the  Greeks  was  worn 
suspended  from  the  neck  by  a  strap. 

Crumenal,  O.  E.    A  purse. 

Crupezia,  Gr.  {Kpovw,  to  strike).  A  kind  of 
sandal  M'itli  a  double  sole,  in  the  middle  of  which 
were  castanets  with  springs.  (.See  Crotalum.) 
Greek  flute-players  used  them  in  the  theatre 
to  beat  time  to  the  singing  and  declamation  of 
the  chorus. 

Crusca,  Accademia  della.  A  literary  aca- 
demy established  in  Florence  in  the  15th  century 


by  Cosmo  de'   Medici ;   their  device,  a  bolting- 
mill,  represented  in  Fig.  220,  was  symbolical  of 


Fig.  220.  Device  of  the  Delia  Cruscan  Academy. 

their  object  to  cultivate  the  Italian  language  by 
winnowing  the  flour  from  the  bran  ;  and  in  allu- 
sion to  it,  the  members  called  themselves  by 
appropriate  names,  as  Infarinato,  Rimenato, 
Gramolato,  Insaccato,  &c.  On  the  top  of  the 
shield  is  the  Marzocco,  or  Lion  of  Florence,  the 
emblem  of  the  city. 

Crusilee,  Crusily,  Her.  Having  the  field 
semee  of  small  crosses. 

Cruske,  O.  E.  An  earthen  vessel ;  cf.  the 
Irish  criiishkeai. 

Crusmata,  Crumata,  Gr.  and  R.  {Kpovu,  to 
strike).     Castanets. 

Crustae,  R.  In  the  finest  works  of  the  chaser, 
the  ornamental  pattern  was  frequently  distinct 
from  the  vessel,  to  which  it  was  either  fastened 
pennanently,  or  so  that  it  could  be  removed  at 
pleasure,  the  vessel  being  of  silver,  and  the  orna- 
ments of  gold,  which  were  called  frusta:  or  et>i- 
blej)iata  (Dr.  Smith).  Of  these  the  former  were 
the  figures  embossed  in  low  relief,  and  the  e7n- 
hlemata  were  those  in  high  relief.  (See  Damas- 
cening, Emblemata.) 

Crustulum,    R.    (dimin.    of  crustum).     Any- 


ART  AM)  ARCHAEOLOGY. 


99 


llung  baked  ;  plaster  mouldings  ;  a  cheap  kind 
ol  decoration  in  bas-relief. 

Crutch.  An  attribute  of  St.  Anthony,  to 
denote  his  age  and  feebleness. 

Crux.  The  Latin  equivalent  for  Cross 
(q.v.). 

Crwth  (A.S.  crudh,  Eng.  crmvd).  A  Welsh 
instrument,  a  sort  of  violin,  similar  to  the  rcl'ck 
of  the  liretons. 

Crypta,  Crypt,  Chr.  (kputttoj,  to  bury).  Li 
ancient  times  the  crypt  was  really  a  cloister  ;  it 
formed,  in  fact,  a  long  and  narrow  gallery  sur- 
rounded by  buildings,  and  itself  surrounding  a 
building,  garden,  or  court.  The  courtyards  of 
vilhc  were  surrounded  by  ci7pts  ;  the  ruins  of 
Diomed's    villa,    at   Pompeii,    afford   a   curious 


Fig.   221.   Crypt  at  Laumeur  (France). 

instance  of  the  kind.  In  modern  archaeology 
the  term  crj'pt  is  applied  to  a  subterranean 
chapel  underneath  a  church.  (Figs.  221  and  222.) 


Fig.  222.  Crypt  of  St.  Mary's  Church,  Warwick. 

Among   the   Romans    the   word    meant  (i)    a 
covered  portico,  or  arcade,  called  crypto-portkus. 


(2)  A  grotto,  or  more  accinately  a  tunnel.  (3) 
A  subterranean  vault  used  for  secret  worsliip.  (4) 
\\\  the  catacombs,  a  tomb  in  whicii  a  number  of 
bodies  were  interred  togetiier. 

Crypteia  {«pu7rTe/a).  A  systematic  massacre 
of  Helots  at  night,  by  young  Spartans,  who  hid 
themselves  dining  the  day. 

Crystal.  Rock  crystals  are  frequently  found 
large  enough  to  make  vessels  of  The  Romans 
hatl  crystal  drinking-cups  of  extraordinary  size 
and  beauty.  Crystal  ornaments  were  especially 
chosen  for  ecclesiastical  purposes,  and  for 
mediaeval  bookbinding,  <S:c.,  and  are  freiiucntly 
found  in  early  Dritish  graves. 

Crystalolype.  A  sun-picture  taken  and  fixed 
on  glass  by  tile  collodioTi  jirocess. 

Cubiculum,  R.  and  Chr.  (a^/'o,  to  recline),  (i) 
A  bedroom.  (2)  The  emperor's  ]\avilion  or  tent 
at  the  amphitheatre  or  circus.  (3)  In  Christian 
archeology,  the  sepulchral  chambers  of  the  cata- 
combs.      (See  ClNKR.'VKU'.M.) 

Cubile,  R.  [ciibo').  A  bed,  or  chamber  con- 
taining a  bed. 

Cubit  (Gr.  it^xvs,  Lat.  nibilits,  an  elbow). 
A  measure  of  length  among  the  Egyptians, 
Greeks,  and  Romans.  In  Egypt  there  were 
two  cubits ;  the  natural  cubit,  or  small 
cubit,  was  equal  to  18  inches  (6  palms  or 
24  fingers)  ;  the  royal  cubit  to  21  inches  (7  palms 
or  28  fingers).  Each  of  the  subdivisions  of  the 
cubit  was  consecrated  to  a  divinity.  The  Greek 
cubit  was  equal  to  about  iSj  inches  ;  the  Roman 
cubit  to  very  nearly  iji  inches. 

Cubital,  R.  A  bolster  or  cushion  used  by 
the  Romans  to  rest  the  elbow  on  when  re- 
clining. 

Cubit-arm,  Her.  A  human  arm  couped  at  the 
elbow. 

Cubitoria,   — ae  (sc.  vcstimenta,  vestcs).      (See 

CCKNATORIA.) 

Cucullus,  R.  Literally,  a  piece  of  paper 
rolled  into  the  shape  of  a  funnel,  used  at  Rome 
by  apothecaries  and  other  tradespeople  for 
wrapping  up  certain  kinds  of  goods  ;  and  hence, 
by  analogy,  the  hood  affi.\ecl  to  certain  garments, 
such  as  the  lacerna,  pcenula,  sagum,  &c.  (See 
Cowl.) 

Cucuma,  R.  A  term  applied  to  various 
earthenware  or  metal  vessels,  when  they  were 
used  to  heat  water  or  any  other  liquid. 

Cucurbita,  R.  A  pumpkin  or  gourd,  and 
thence  a  cupping-glass. 

Cudo.  Cudon,  R.  A  skull-cap  made  of  soft 
leather  or  furs. 

Cuerpo  (Span.).  Body  clothing,  i.  e.  a 
jacket. 

Cufic  (characters),  .\rab.  The  Cufic  is  the 
most  ancient  form  of  Arabian  writing,  and  bears 
a  great  resemblance  to  the  .Syriac  writing  called 
estraug/uio ;  it  appears  to  have  originated  in  the 
city  of  Cufa  or  Coufa,  whence  I  lie  name. 


H  2 


^UNIVERSITY  ) 


WORDS    USED   IN 


Fig.  223.  Cuisse. 


Cuirass.  (See  Cingulum,  Lorica,  Pec- 
tor  ale.  Thorax.) 

Cuir-boulli,  Fr.  Boiled  leather,  frequently 
mentioned  by  medieval  writers.  It  has  lately 
been  revived  under  the  name  of  impressed  leather, 
and  brought  to  a  hi^h  state  of  perfection,  [fair- 
holt.)     Hence  : — 

Cuirbouly,  O.  E.     Tanned  leather. 

Cuisses,  Fr. 
Amroiir  for 
the  thighs,  in- 
troduced a- 
bout  the  mid- 
dle of  the  14th 
century.  In 
earlyexamples 
they  consisted 
of  one,  two, 
or  three  pieces 
of  plate  over- 
lapping ;  later 
on  they  were 
formed  of  one 
piece  only,and 
finally  were 
finished  with 
a  back  piece, 
enclosing  the 
whole  of  the 
thigh  in  armour. 

Cuitikins,  Cutikins,  Scotch.    Guetres,  gaiters. 
Cuker,  O.  E.    Part  of  a  woman's  horned  head- 
dress, "  furred  with  a  cat's  skin." 

Culcita,  R.  A  mattress  of  horsehair,  wool, 
wadding,  or  feathers. 

Culettes,  Fr.  Plates  of  armour  protecting  the 
back,  from  the  waist  to  the  saddle. 

Culeus  or  Culleus,  R.  The  largest  liquid 
measure  of  capacity  used  by  the  Romans,  con- 
taining 20  amphorte,  or  about  1 19  gallons.  The 
same  name  was  also  applied  to  a  very  large  sack, 
of  skin  or  leather,  used  for  oil  or  wine.  It  was 
in  the  culei  that  parricides  were  sewed  up. 

Culigna,   R.     A  vessel  for  holding  wine.     It 
was  a  kind  of  amphora  of  a   broader   form,  its 
width  exceeding  its  height. 
Culina,  R.     A  kitchen. 
Cullis,  Arch.     Same  as  Coulisse  (q. v.). 
Culme,  O.  E.     The  summit. 
Cultellus,  R.  (dimin.  of  Culter,  q.v.).     A 
knife.      Ciiltelliis  lignetis,  a  wedge  of  wood. 

Culter  or  Culta,  R.  A  knife.  Culter  eoqtiiiiaris 
was  a  kitchen-knife;  culter  venatoriiis,2,  hunting- 
knife  ;  culter  tonsorius,  a  razor  ;  culter  vinitorius, 
or  falx  vinitoria,  a  vine-dresser's  pruning-knife. 
The  term  denoted  as  well  (i)  the  knife  with 
which  the  officiating  priest  cut  the  victim's 
throat  ;  (2)  a  knife  for  carving,  also  called 
cultellus;  (3)  the  coulter  of  a  plough  fixed  in 
front  of  the  plough-share. 

Culullus,      R.     {culeus,     q.v.).       Generally, 


any  drinking-vessel,  and  more  particularly  any 
earthenware  vessel  used  by  priests  and  vestals  at 
sacrifices. 

Culver,  A.S.     A  dove. 

Culver-house.     A  pigeon-house. 

Cumera,  R.  A  kind  of  large  box  or  basket 
employed  by  country  people  for  keeping  their 
seed-wheat  in. 

Cumerum,  R.  A  bridal  basket  containing  the 
presents  of  the  bride  and  bridegroom  ;  it  was 
carried  by  a  cainilhis  in  the  bridal  procession. 

Cumpi-coptra,  Peruv.  One  of  the  divisions 
in  the  royal  arsenals  of  the  ancient  Peruvians. 
It  contained  lama-wool,  and  textures  of  alpaca, 
embroidered  in  the  college  of  the  Virgins  of  the 
Sun  (Pasua-Huasi,  (q.v.). 

Cunabula,  R.  Literally,  a  child's  cradle,  and 
thence  a  bird's  nest,  a  beehive,  a  native  city  ; 
any  place,  in  short,  in  which  a  living  thing  is 
born.  A  synonym  for  this  term  is  CuN^iL. 
Bibliologists  call  early  specimens  of  printing  by 
this  name,  or  Incunabula  (q.v.). 

Cuneiform  (characters).  (Oriental  characters 
formed  by  a  single  symbol,  which  is  in  the  shape 
of  a  wedge  {cuneus).  This  kind  of  writing  has 
been  in  use  among  many  nations  ;  more  particu- 
larly the  ancient  Persians,  Persepolitans,  Baby- 


Fig.  224.  Cuneiform  characters. 

lonians,  and  Ninevites.  Fig.  224  represents  the 
first  cuneiform  characters  which  found  their  way 
to  Europe. 

Cuneus,  R.  (i)  A  wedge  of  wood,  iron,  or 
any  other  metal.  (2)  In  a  theatre  or  amphi- 
theatre, a  set  of  tiers  comprised  within  two 
staircases  (scales),  so  called  from  its  wedge-like 
form.  (3)  A  body  of  soldiers  drawn  up  in  the 
form  of  a  wedge  to  break  through  the  enemy's 
line.  The  common  soldiers  called  the  forma- 
tion caput  porcimini,  a  pig's  head. 

Cuniculus,  R.  {cuneus).  An  underground 
passage  to  a  fortified  place. 

Cupa,  R.  A  barrel  or  hogshead.  Vi/ium  de 
cupd  was  wine  which  had  not  been  drawn  oft 
in  amphorae  ;  it  was  wine  from  the  cask,  new 
wine.  The  cupa  was  sometimes  made  of  earthen- 
ware like  the  dolium.  It  was  used  for  many 
purposes  besides  that  of  a  winevat.  (See 
Cupella.) 

Cupel.     A  melting-pot  for  gold. 

Cupella,  R.  and  Chr.  (dimin.  of  Cup.\, 
q.v.).  In  Christian  archeology,  a  tomb. 
The  word  occurs   on    a  catacomb   marble,    in- 


AK  I    AND   ARCII.F.OLOGV. 


1  ■.,■ 


scribed  with  grotesque  Latin  : 
"I,  Secumla,  erocleil  this 
cupdla  to  my  two  children," 
&c.  [The  cupa  was  some- 
times used  by  the  Romans  as 
a  sarcophagus.]  (See  Cine- 
rarium.) 

Cupola,  It.  A  concave 
roof,  circular  or  polygonal. 

Cups.     (See  CorrA.) 

Curb  Roof,  Arch.  A  Man- 
sard roof;  a  roof  with  a 
double  set  of  rafters  on  each 
side,  of  peculiar  construction. 

Curch,  Gael.     A  kerchief. 

Curfew.  (See  Couvke- 
FEU,  Fig.  202.) 

Curia,  Curiae,  R.  (i)  A 
building  in  which  the  people 
met  together  to  offer  sacri- 
fices and  take  part  in  the 
festivities  on  certain  days  of 
festival.  (2)  The  senatorial 
cur'ur  were  buildings  in  which 
the  senate  usually  assembled. 
(3)  The  Saliaii  curia  was  a  placa  situated  on 
the  Palatine  Hill,  which  formed  the  place  of 
assembly  for  the  Saltan  priests  who  guarded  the 
ancilcs  or  sacred  shields.  (4)  Curia  calabra  was 
a  small  temple  founded,  almost  simultaneously 
with  the  building  of  Rome,  on  the  Palatine  ;  it 
formed  the  observatory  for  the  petty  pontiffs 
whose  duty  it  was  to  watch  the  appearance  of  the 
new  moon.  In  Christian  archaeology  the  Noinaii 
curia  denotes  the  pontifical  tribunals  collectively. 

Curliewurlies,  Scotch.  Fantastical  circular 
ornaments. 

Currach,  Scotch.  A  coracle  or  small  skiff ; 
a  boat  of  wicker-work  covered  with  hides. 

Currus,  Chariot  (Gr.  ap/na).  A  two-wheeled 
car  or  carriage  in  use  among  nearly  all  the 
nations  of  antiquity.  There  were  racing-chariots, 
riding-chariots,  and  triumphal  chariots.  Some  of 
these  were  profusely  decorated  with  ivory  {currus 
ehnrnei).  War-chariots  armed  with  scythes  or 
sharp  blades  were  called yir/c;?//.  (See  CoviNUS.) 
The  illustration  (Fig.  225),  a  device  of  Philip  II. 
of  Spain,  represents  Apollo  driving  the  chariot 
of  the  Sun. 

Cursores.  "  Runners  "  before  their  masters' 
carriages  ;  messengers  generally. 

Curtail  Dog,  O.  E.  A  dog  belonging  to  a 
person  not  (lualified  to  hunt  game,  which,  by  the 
forest  laws,  nnist  have  its  tail  cropped. 

Curtail  Step,  Arch.  The  first  step  of  a  stair, 
when  its  outer  end  is  finished  in  the  form  of  a 
scroll  ;  when  it  has  a  circular  end,  it  is  called 
a  roimd-ended  step. 

Cushat,  Scotch.     A  wood-pigeon. 

Cushion-capital,  Arch,  (i)  .V  capital  resem- 
bling a  cushion  pressed  by  a   weight.      (2)  A 


cube  rounded  off  at  its  lower  angles ;  the 
capital  most  prevalent  in  the  Norman  style. 

Cusp.  In  Astrology,  the  "entrance"  of  a 
"  house." 

Cuspis,    R.     A  point,   more  particularly    the 


Figs.  228,  229,  230.  Cuspides— 
Roman  lances. 


WORDS  USED  IN 


point  of  a  lance,  or  javelin,  since  these  were  not 
barbed.  Fig.  226  represents  a  javelin-head  which 
gives  a  complete  idea  of  the  character  of  the 
point  called  cuspis  ;  Fig.  227  shows  a  flint  lance  ; 
and  Figs.  228  to  230  the  lance-headed  ciispides 
affixed  to  the  top  of  the  Roman  ensigns.  (See 
Spicdlum.) 

Cusps.  The  foliations  of  architectural  tracery, 
such  as  are  formed  by  the  points  of  a  trefoil. 

Custodia.  The  shrine  or  receptacle  for  the  host 
in  Spanish  churches. 

Cutlass,  Coutel-hache,  or  Coutel-axe,  O.  E. 
This  weapon  was  introduced  at  the  end  of  the 
15th  century. 

Cut-work.  Also  called  "opus  consutum  ;" 
Ital.  "  di  commesso."  Open-work  embroidery 
came  into  universal  use  in  England  in  the  16th 
century.  In  the  reign  of  Richard  II.,  however, 
we  are  told, — 

"  Cut  werke  was  greate  both  in  court  and  townes, 
Bothe  in  mene's  hoddies,  and  also  in  their  gownes." 

(See  Appliqu£.  ) 

Cyanogen.  A  gaseous  compound  of  carbon  and  ni- 
trogen, necessary  to  the  formation  oi Prussian  blue. 

^athus,  Gr.  and  R.  A  vase  or  ladle 
with  one  handle,  used  for  taking  wine  from 
the  crater  (Kparrip),  in  order  to  fill  the  cups 
(pocu/a,  ca/ices)  of  the  guests,  at  feasts  and 
banquets.  The  term  was  also  used  to  de- 
note a  small  measure  containing  the  twelfth 
part  of  the  sextaritts,  or  "0825  of  a  pint.  The 
cyathus  was  used  in  medicine  to  measure  drugs 
with  accuracy.  [It  is  often  represented,  on  vases, 
m  the  hands  of  Bacchus,  in  place  of  his  proper 
goblet  the  Cantharus.] 

Cybistic  (dance),  R.  {kv^kxtclo),  to  tumble). 
A  part  of  the  military  exercises  in  which  the  per- 
former threw  himself  at  intervals  on  his  hands, 
so  as  to  rebound  on  his  feet. 

Cyclas,  R.  {kvkKcls,  circular).  A  long  and 
loose  piece  of  drapery,  of  a  very  fine  texture  ;  it 
was  hemmed  with  purple  or  gold  embroideiy. 
The  cyclas  formed  part  of  a  woman's  costume, 
but  it  was  also  worn  by  men  of  an  effeminate  or 
dissolute  character ;  hence^ 

Cyclas,  O.  E.  The  name  of  a  long  .sleeveless 
gown  worn  by  knights  over  their  armour  (from 
cic/afoiDi,  q.v. ,  of  which  it  was  made). 

Cyclopean  (masonry,  monuments),  Gr.  and  R. 


as  Pelasgian,  as  being  the  work  of  Pelasgians 
who  had  learned  in  the  school  of  Phcenician 
workmen  called  Cyclopes.  These  ancient 
structures  are  formed  of  enormous  irregidarly- 
shaped  stones  (Fig.  231),  placed  one  above 
the  other  without  cement  or  mortar.  Remains 
of  them  are  found  in  Asia  Minor,  Greece,  and 
Italy;  they  consist  chiefly  of  the  walls  of  acropoles. 
Cylix,  Gr.  and  R.  A  vase  also  known  as  a 
calix  or  cup.     It  was   a  wide  flat  drinking-cup, 


IIIIIII- 


Fig.  232.  Cylix.    A  Gallic  drinking-cup. 

very  shallow,  of  a  circular  form,  with  two 
handles,  and  mounted  on  a  tolerably  tall  foot. 
Fig.  232  shows  a  silver  cylix  or  Gaulish  cup, 
found  in  the  ruins  of  Alisia. 

Cyma,  Cymatium  (Eng.  Ogee,  Gr.  Kv/jLanov). 
An  architectural  moulding,  named  from  the 
Greek  Kvfjta  (wave  or  billow),  the  moulding 
consisting  of  an  undulation.  A  cyma,  the  out- 
line of  which  is  convex  at  the  top  and  concave 
below,  is  called  cj/ma  rcfersa  ;  when  it  is  hollow 
in  the  upper  part,  it  is  called  a  cr///a  recta.  (Fig. 
233-) 


Pig.  231.  Cyclopean  Masonry. 
(KVK\cl>Tretov).     Ancient   structures,   also  known 


Decorated  Cyma. 


Cymatile,  R.  (kC/xo).  A  Roman  female  dress, 
of  a  changing  sea-green  colour,  like  the  waves. 

Cymba,  R.  (kv/ji^os,  a  hollow),  (i)  A  small 
boat.  (2)  A  vase  of  metal  or  clay  in  the  form 
of  a  small  boat.    (See  Cymbium.  ) 

Cymbals,  O.  E.  A  contrivance  of  a  number 
of  metal  plates,  or  bells,  suspended  on  cords. 

Cymbalum,  R.  (from  kv/x^os).  The  cymbals  ; 
a  musical  instrument  made  of  two  disks  of  bronze 
or  l)rass.     (See  Cro'ialum,  Flagellum.) 

Cymbe,  Gr.  An  ointment-pot,  similar  in 
shape  to  the  AmpitUa  (q  v.). 


Cymbium,  R.  (kvi^^Ioi').  A  lu.al-sliai.c.l 
(Irinkini^-cup  with  two  handles.     (See  Cymha.) 

Cynocephalus,  Egyp.  An  ape  witli  a  dog's 
bead  ;  a  sacred  animal,  representing  Anubis  in 
the  Egyptian  mytliology. 


Fig.  234.  Branch  of  Cypress  and  of  Myrtle.     Device  of 
M.  A.  Colonna. 

Cynophontis  (sc.  4opTii),  Gr.  (derived  from 
the  Greek  kvwv,  dog,  and  (p6vos,  slaughter). 
Festivals  held  at  Argos  during  the  dog-days, 
when  dogs  found  straying  in  the  city  were 
killed. 


Cynopolites,  Egyi".  {kwottoKItt^s).  a  nome 
uf  Upper  Egypt. 

Cypress.  In  Persian  art,  this  tree  is  tlic  frc- 
{|uently-occurring  eiuMcni  of  the  religion  of 
Zoroaster,  and  of  the  soul  aspiring  to  Heaven. 
In  Christian  antl  modern  symbolism  it  is  the 
emblem  of  mourning.  The  device  of  cypress 
and  ntyrtU  assumed  by  Marc  Antonio  Colonna 
on  the  occasion  of  the  defence  of  Ravenna  is  cm- 
1  ilematic  of  "  daxth  or  victory. "  The  wood  of  the 
cypress-tree  was  much  used  for  statuary  by  tht 
ancients.  Carved  chests  of  cypress  were  espe- 
cially used,  in  the  .Middle  Ages,  for  keeping 
clothes  and  tapestry  ;  its  aromatic  properties 
were  considered  a  specific  against  moth.     (Fig. 

234.) 

Cyprus.  i  hin  stuff  of  which  women's  veils 
were  made. 

Cyprus  or  Verona  Green.  A  pigment  men- 
tioned by  Pliny  as  Appian  Green  :  it  is  prepared 
from  green  earths  found  at  Cyprus  or  Verona, 
which  are  coloured  by  oxide  of  copper.     (See 

Al'l'I.ANt'M.) 

Cysts  or  Cists,  Etrus.  (kictttj,  a  chest).  Offer- 
ings dedicated  by  women  in  the  temple  of  Venus, 
of  cylindrical  caskets  of  enchased  bronze.  The 
handles  of  these  caskets  represent  small  figures, 
and  the  feet  the  claws  of  animals.  Those 
which  have  been  found  in  Etruscan  tombs, 
chiefly  at  Prreneste,  are  in  many  cases  decorated 
with  a  graffito  designs. 

Cyzicense,  Gr.  (KufiKTji'ai)-  Large  and  richly- 
decorated  apartments,  built  for  the  first  time  at 
Cyzicus,  which  had  their  principal  fronts  to  the 
north,  and  were  situated  in  a  garden. 


D. 


Dabber.  A  tool  used  in  etching  to  distribute 
the  etching-ground  over  a  plate  of  metal  in  the 
first  process  of  engraving,  and,  in  printing  from 
copper-plate  engraving  and  woodcuts,  to  spread 
the  ink. 

Dactyliography  or  Dactyliology,  Gen.  (5a(c- 
Tt'Aioy,  a  ring).      The  stutly  of  rings. 

Dactyliotheca,  Gr.  {5a.KTv\io-dr]Kr],  a  ring- 
1  ox),  (i)  A  glass  case  or  casket  containing 
rings.  (2)  A  collection  of  rings,  engraved  stones, 
or  precious  stones.    (See  Glyptotheca.) 

Dactylus,  Gr.  (SdKTv\os,  a  finger).  The  Roman 
digitus;  a  finger-breadth,  the  i6th  part  of  a  foot. 

Dado,  Arch,  (i)  The  part  of  a  pedestal 
between  the  base  and  the  cornice.  (2)  In 
apartments,  an  arrangement  of  moulding,  <S;c., 
round  the  lower  part  of  the  wall. 

Daedal.  A  fanciful  word  coined  by  the  poet 
Spen.ser,  for  "variegated  in  design." 


Dsedala,  Gr.  Ancient  images  preserved  in 
sanctuaries  in  memory  of  Daedalus,  to  whom 
were  attributed  the  greater  number  of  those 
works  of  art  the  origin  of  which  was  unknown. 
Hence  the  name  was  especially  attributed  to 
certain  wooden  statues,  ornamented  with  gilding, 
bright  colours,  and  real  drapery,  which  were  the 
earliest  known  form  of  images  of  the  gods. 

Deedala,  Gr.  (5ai'5o\o).  P'cstivals  in  honour 
of  Hera,  celebrated  in  Bccotia. 

Dsemon,  Daimon,  Gr.  (Saiucof).  The  good 
genius  who  watched  over  an  individual  during  his 
whole  life,  like  the  Latin  Lur  and  Genius.  It 
was  the  belief  of  Socrates  that  he  was  guided 
by  his  Daimon  in  every  important  act  and 
thought  of  his  life.  The  word  has  a  general 
meaning  of  "  Divinity." 

Da  J  or  Dagge.  ( )ld  English  name  of  a 
pistol. 


I04 


WORDS  USED  IN 


O.  E.  Ornamental  cutting  of  the 
edges  of  garments,  introduced  into  England 
about  1346.  (See  the  illustration  to  Coi.ntise, 
Fig.  177). 

Dagob,  Hindoo.  A  conical  tumulus  or  shrine 
in  which  relics  and  images  of  Buddha  were 
woi-shipped. 

Dag-swain,  O.  E.  A  sort  of  rough  material 
of  which  coverlets  for  beds,  tables,  or  floors  were 
made. 

Daguerreotype.  A  kind  of  photography  on 
plates  of  silver,  named  after  M.  Daguerre,  the 
inventor. 

Daidies,  Gr.  (from  Saicv,  to  kindle).  A  festival 
held  at  Athens,  during  which  torches  were  lit ; 
it  lasted  three  days. 

Dais,  Chr. 
An  architec- 
tural structure, 
decorated  with 
sculptures  and 
ornaments, 
which  serves 
as  a  canopy 
for  an  altar, 
throne,  pulpit, 
chair  {cathe- 
dra) ,  statue, 
or  group.  Fig. 
-35  represents 
a  stone  dais  of 
the  St.  Anne 
door  in  the 
cathedral  of 
Paris. 

Dais.  In  Anglo-Saxon  houses,  and  generally  ; 
a  covered  seat  of  honour,  at  the  upper  end  of  the 
hall,  on  a  raised  floor.  ("  In  all  the  houses  of 
the  wealthy  /;/  China  there  are  two  raised  seats 
at  the  end  of  the  reception-room,  with  a  table 
between  them."  Fortune.)     (See  Deas.) 

Dalmahoy,  O.  E.  A  kind  of  bushy  bob-wig, 
worn  especially  by  chemists  ;   iSth  century. 

Dalmatic.  A  long  robe  or  upper  tunic  partly 
opening  at  the  sides,  so  named  from  its  being 
ot  Dalmatian  origin  ;  an  ecclesiastical  vest- 
ment ;  also  a  portion  of  the  coronation  robes  of 
sovereign  princes.  It  was  usually  made  of 
white  silk  with  purple  stripes,  occasionally  of 
other  colours,  the  left  sleeve  only  being  orna- 
mented ;  the  right  was  plain  for  convenience.  As 
early  as  the  reign  of  Richard  I.,  the  dalmatic  is 
mentioned  amongst  the  coronation  robes.  (Fig. 
236.)     (See  CoLOBiuM,  Deacon.) 

Damara  or  Dammar.  A  resin  used  for  var- 
nishes.     It  is  a  valuable  substitute  for  mastic. 

Damaretion.     A    Sicilian   coin,   supposed  to 

have  been  of  gold,  equal  in  value  to  a  hsM-stater. 

Damas   (or  Damascus)  Pottery  Ware.      The 

commercial  name  in  the  i6th  century  for  a  large 

class  of  wares,  now  generally  known  as  Persian. 


Damascening,  or   Damaskeening,  is  the   art 

of  inciiisting  one  metal  on  another,  not  in  crusta. 


Fig.  235.  Dais. 


Fig.  236.  Ecclesiastical  Dalmatic. 

but  in  the  form  of  wire,  which  by  undercutting 
and  hammering  is  thoroughly  incorporated  with 
the  metal  it  is  intendecl  to  ornament.  (See 
Damask,  Damascus  Blades.)  The  process 
of  etching  slight  ornaments  on  polished  steel 
wares  is  also  called  Damascening.     (Fig.  237.) 

Damascus  Blades  are  prepared  of  a  cast  steel 
highly  charged  with  carbon,  which,  being  tem- 
pered by  a  peculiar  process,  assumes  the  many- 
coloured  watered  appearance  by  which  they  are 
known.  The  process  is  called  Damascening 
(q.v.). 

Damask.  A  rich  fabric,  woven  with  large 
patterns,  in  silk,  linen,  wool,  or  even  cotton, 
originally  made  at  Damascus.     (See  Fig.  88.) 

Dames,  O.  E.  The  old  name  for  the  game 
of  draughts,  represented  early  in  the  14th 
century.     The  pieces  were  originally  square. 

Danace  (5ai/aK-7j).  The  obolits  whicli  was  placed 
in  the  mouth  of  the  dead  to  pay  the  passage  of 
the  Styx. 


Dance  of  the  Corybantes.    (SeeCoRVUANTiCA.) 
Dance  of  Death, Danse  Macabre,  Chr.  Paintin"s, 


Fig.  237-  Specimen  of  Arabic  Damascening  (full  size). 

illuminations,  or  sculptures  in  bas-relief,  repre- 
senting men  dancing  under  the  eye  of  Death,  -who 
presides  at  this  dance.  In  some  instances  the 
performers  are  skeletons  and  corpses.  The 
most  celebrated  Dance  of  Death  was  that  painted 
in  fresco  by  Holbein  in  the  cloister  of  the 
Dominicans  at  Basle.  It  has  been  destroyed 
by  fire,  but  the  etching-needle  has  preserved 
it  for  us.  Other  examples  that  may  be  named 
are,  that  in  the  new  church  at  Strasburg,  that 
of  Lucerne,  that  in  the  palace  at  Dresden,  and 
— most  ancient  of  all — that  at  JNIinden,  in  West- 
phalia, which  dates  from  13S0. 

Dancette,  Arch.  The  chevron  or  zigzag 
moulding  peculiar  to  Norman  architecture. 
(See  Chevron.) 

Dangu  Faience.  Pottery  from  a  manufactory 
near  Gisors  in  France,  established  in  1753. 

Daphnephoria  {Sd<l)i-n,  a  laurel).  A  festival 
held  in  honour  of  Apollo  every  ninth  year  at 
Thebes,  in  which  the  assistants  carried  laurel 
branches. 

Dara,  Ind.     A  kind  of  tambourine. 

Darabukkeh.  An  Egyptian  drum,  unaltered 
from  ancient  times. 

Daric  Money.  A  Persian  gold  coin,  stamped 
on  one  side  with  the  figure  of  an  archer  kneel- 
ing, and  on  the  other  with  a  deep  cleft,  and  to 
which  the  name  of  Daric  money  has  been  given 
by  numismatists.  Its  proper  name  is  the  Stater 
of  Dareius  I.,  king  of  Persia.    Its  value  is  about 

l/.  \S.   \od. 

Darned  Netting  (needlework).     (See  Lacis.) 
Datatim  ludere,    R.     To   play   witli   a   ball 
['' calih-bair'). 

Davenport  Pottery  is  the  produce  of  a  manu- 
factory of  fine  faience  established  at  Longport  in 
England  by  John  Davenport  in  1793. 


Day,  Arcli.     Part  of  a 
Bay. 

Deacon,  Chr. 
deacon's  vestment 

Dead-boot,    O. 
dead. 

Dealbatus,    R. 
Covered    with    a 


wmdow  : 


the 


V  dalmatic,  or  an  alb  ; 
E.,    Chr.     Prayers    fo 


'"i 


the 


{deall>o,  to  whiten  over). 
coating  of  stucco  {albarium 
opus).  The  builders  of  antiquity  made  great  use 
of  stucco,  both  in  the  interior  and  exterior  of 
buildings.  All  the  buildings  of  Pompeii  are 
stuccoed. 

Deambulatory,  Arch,  {dcamlmlo,  to  walk 
about).  The  lateral  nave  which  surrounds  the 
choir  of  a  church ;  it  is  usually  separated  from 
the  aisles  by  a  grating  (cancelli). 

Deas,  Dais,  Dees,  Scotch,  (i)  A  table,  es- 
pecially the  great  hall  table.  (2)  A  pew  in  a 
church.  (3)  A  turf  seat  erected  at  the  door  of  a 
cottage.     (See  Dais.) 

Death's-man,  O.  E.  The  executioner. 
Debased,  Her.  Reversed. 
Decadence.  The  term  in  ancient  art  is  applied 
to  the  period  after  the  fall  of  Rome,  and 
before  the  Henaissance  in  the  141)1  century ;  in 
modern  art  to  the  period  of  the  rococo  style  of 
Louis  XV. 

Decaduchi  (Se/ca-SoDxoi),  Gr.  A  council  of 
ten,  who  ruled  Athens  from  B.C.  403  until  the 
restoration  of  democracy. 

Decan,  Egyp.  A  period  of  ten  days,  which 
was  nded  by  a  star  called  its  Decan.  The  month 
was  divided  into  three  decans,  and  the  year  into 
thirty-six,  each  being  presided  over  by  its  owi: 
inferior  divinity.  On  zodiacs  they  are  arranged 
in  groups  of  three  above  the  twelve  superior 
gods.  The  decans  were  the  tutelary  genii  of  the 
horoscope. 

Decarchia  (Sed-apx'")-  A  council  of  the 
Lacedivmonians. 

Decastellare,  Med.  Lat.     To  dismantle. 
Decastylos,    Arch.      jV    building    of    which 
the    portico    has    ten    columns  ;     a    decastylic 
pediment     is    a    pediment    supported    by    ten 
columns. 

Decemjugus  (sc.  ciirrus),  R.  A  chariot 
drawn  l)y  ten  horses  abreast;  represented  on  the 
medals  of  the  later  emperors. 

Decempeda,  R.  A  ten-foot  measuring-rod 
used  by  architects  and  surveyors. 

Decemremis,  R.  (renins,  an  oar).  A  vessel 
with  ten  banks  of  oars.  It  is  certain  that  the 
different  ranks  of  rowers,  who  had  each  his  own 
seat,  sat  one  above  the  other  ;  the  lowest  row 
was  called  thalamos,  tiie  middle  zuga,  and  the 
uppermost  thranos;  but  it  is  very  difficult  to  under- 
stand in  what  manner  so  many  ranks  could  have 
been  arranged,  and  the  question  lias  been  the 
subject  of  infmite  discussion. 

Decennalia  or  Decennia.  A  festival  at  Rome 
in  commemoration  of  tiie  refusal  of  Autiustus  to 


io6 


WORDS  USED  IN 


become  emperor  for  a  longer  period  than  ten 
years  at  a  time. 

Decollation  (=  beheading).  An  ecclesiastical 
expression  applied  to  St.  John  the  Baptist  and 
other  martyrs. 

Decorated  Style  of  ArcMtecture.  The  second 
of  the  Pointed  or  Gothic  styles  of  architecture 
used  in  England.  It  was  developed  from  the 
Early  English  at  the  end  of  the  13th  century, 


Delf.  Common  pottery  from  Delft  in  Hol- 
land. 

Delft  Faiences  are  remarkable  for  the  beauty 
of  their  paste  and  of  their  enamel,  but  spurious 


Fig. '238.  Decorated  window. 

and  gradually  merged  into  the  Perpendicular 
during  the  latter  part  of  the  14th.  Its  most 
characteristic  feature  is  the  geometrical  traceries 
of  the  windows. 

Decrescent,  In  Detriment,  Her. 
A  half-moon  having  its  horns  to  the 
sinister. 

Decursio,   R.   (decurro,    to   run  or 
march).     Military  manoeuvres  ;  a  re- 
view, sham  fight,  or  any  exercise  for 
training  soldiers  ;  the  term  decursus 
was  also  used. 
Decussis,  R.  {decern,  ten,  and  as).     A  piece  of 
money  marked  with    the  numeral  X  (lo),  and 
which  was  worth  ten   asses  (post- Augustan ;  see 
Denarius). 

De  Fundato  or  Netted.  A  name  given  to 
certain  silks,  which  were  dyed  of  the  richest 
purple,  and  figured  with  gold  in  the  pattern  of 
netting. 

De-gamboys,  O.  E.  A  musical  instrument. 
(See  Viol  de  Gambo.) 

Degradation,  Gen.  The  diminishing  of  the 
tones  of  colour,  light,  and  shade,  according  to 
the  different  degrees  of  distance.  (A  term  used 
especially  in  reference  to  glass  painting.) 

Degreed,  Degraded,  Her.      Placed  on  steps. 
Deice,  Deas,  or  Deis,  O.  E.     (See  Dais.) 
Deinos,    Gr.     A   vessel   with  a  wide   mouth 
and  semi-spherical   body,    something    like    the 
cacahus. 


Fig.  240.   Oil  cruet,  Delft  ware. 

imitations  are  said  to  be  abundant.  Fig.  240  is 
a  representative  specimen  of  the  real  Delft  ware. 
The  date  of  the  establishment  of  this  manu- 
facture is  uncertain,  but  eaidier  than  1614;  the 
ornamentation  is  inspired  by  Japanese  art. 
(Consult  Jacqiiemari' s  History  of  the  Ceramic 
Art.) 

Delia,  Gr.     Festivals  and  games  at  Delos. 

DelpMca  (sc.  cortina),  R.  A  table  of  a  very 
costly  description,  made  of  white  marble  or 
bronze.  It  was  used  as  a  drinking-table,  and 
had  only  three  feet  richly  ornamented.  [Ex- 
plained under  the  heading  Cortina.] 

Delphinia.  A  Greek  festival  in  honour  of 
Apollo. 

Delphinorum  Columnae,  R.  The  two  columns 
at  one  end  of  the  spina  of  a  circus,  on  which 
marble  figures  of  dolphins  were  placed.  The 
seven  ova  (eggs)  on  similar  columns  at  the  end 
of  the  spina  opposite  to  these  dolphins,  served 
to  indicate  the  number  of  turns  made  by  the 
chariots  round  the  goal.  (See  OvuM.)  [The 
figure  of  the  dolphin  was  selected  in  honour  of 
Neptune.]     (Cf  CiRcus.) 

DelpMnus,  Dolphin,  Gen.  {^e\<piv).  The 
dolphin  was  often  used  as  an  ornament,  and 
especially  as  a   hand-rest    or    banister    to    the 


.VKl     iV.Nl*    .'VK>.  11/ll.Ui.VJl.j  \ 


loniitoria  or  entrances  of  tlie  theatres  and  amphi- 
theatres.    Fig.  241  reineseuts  a  dolpliin  utilized 


Fig, 


242.  Dolphin.     Medal 
of  Syracuse. 


Fig.  241.  Dolphin.     Used  as  an  ornament. 

in  this  manner  at  the  theatre  of  Puzzoli.  Many 
medals,  as  for  instance 
those  of  Syracuse  (Fig. 
242),  are  stamped  with 
a  dolphin.  (See  also 
Dolphin.) 

DelpMs,  R.  A  heavy 
mass  of  iron  or  lead 
used  in  naval  warfare, 
to  drop  on  board  of  a 
hostile  ship  and  sink 
it.  (Compare  CORVUS.) 
Delubrum,  R.  {deluo, 
to  cleanse).  A  shrine; 
the  part  of  a  temple 
which  contains  the  altar  or  statue  of  the  deity, 
and  thence  a  temple  containing  an  altar. 

Dememhered,  Dismembered,  Her.  Cut  into 
pieces,  but  without  any  alteration  in  the  form  of 
the  original  figure. 

Demi,  Her.  The  half  ;  the 
upper,  front,  or  dexter  half, 
unless  the  contrary  is  specified. 
Demi-brassarts,  Vambraces, 
or  Avant-braces.  Half-armour 
for  the  arm. 

Demi-culverin.     A    cannon 
of  four  inches'  bore.  {Jlhyi'tck.) 
Demi-hag.     A  smaller  kind 
of  hackbut  (arquebus). 
Demi-haque,  O.  E.    A  fire-arm,  smaller  than 
the  arquebus  ;   i6th  century. 

Demi-jambes.     Armour  for  the  shins. 
Demi-placcate.     The  lower  part  of  a  breast- 
plate. 

Demi-relievo.     Sculpture  in  relief,   in  which 

one-half  of  the  figure  projects;  generally  called 

Mczzo-irlu-7'o.      (See  B.^sso-kelif.vo.) 

Demiurgi  {^rtyn-ovpyoi).     Popular   magistrates. 

Demosii.  Slaves  belonging  to  the  state,  at  Athens. 


Fig. 


Demi- 


lion,  rampant. 


Demotic  (writing),  I'-gyp-  (St/^uoti/co,  sc. 
ypafiixara,  i.e.  jiopular  writing).  A  mode  of 
writing  among  the  ancient  Egyptians,  differing 
from  the  hieroglyphic  or  sacred  wrilmg.  This 
writing,  which  was  employed  for  civil  records, 
was  introduced  under  the  twenty-fifth  dynasty, 
being  derived  from  the  /litialic  7>.'riliug,  the  first 
al)breviation  of  the  hieroglyphics. 

Demster,  O.  E.     A  judge. 

Demyt,  O.  E.  An  old  [word  for  dimity  ;  a 
kind  of  fustian.  Perhaps  so  called  because  first 
manufactured  at  Damietta. 

Denarius,  R.  {deiii,  by  tens).  The  silver  coin 
]nincii)ally  in  use  among  the  Romans.  Until 
the  reign  of  Augustus  the  denarius  was  worth 
ten  asses,  and  afterwards  si.xteen.  Demirms 
aureus  was  a  gold  denarius,  ecjual  in  value  to 
twenty-five  silver  denarii. 

Denia.  A  city  of  Valencia  in  Spain,  which 
disputes  with  Alcora  the  production  of  a  remark- 
able kind  of  pottery,  of  which  Jacquemart  men- 
tions a  vase  with  two  handles  of -Vrab  form,  re- 
sembling the  alcarazas,  upon  a  smooth  white 
enamel  decorated  with  birds  and  flowers  coarsely 
painted. 

Dens,  R.  Literally,  a  tooth;  hence  the  prongs 
of  a  fork,  the  tlukes  of  an  anchor,  the  barbs  of  a 
lance,  the  teeth  of  a  saw  or  rake. 

Dentale,  R.  (dens,  a  tooth).  The  piece  of 
wood  in  a  plough  on  which  the  plough-share 
{vomer)  is  fastened. 

Dentatus,  R.     Armed  with  teeth. 

Dentelle  Decoration.  Of  French  pottery,  a 
light  lace  pattern,  more  delicate  than  the  "/(?/«- 
breqiiin." 

Dentels,  Fr.     (Sec  Dentile.) 

Dentile,  Dentils  (Latin,  dciiticuli),  Arch. 
Ornaments  in  the  form  of  small  cubes  or  teeth, 
used  in  the  moulding  of  cornices,  in  the  lONlC, 
Corinthian,  and  Composite  orders.  (See 
Tooth-ornament,  Dog's-tooth.) 

Depas,  R.  A  bowl  with  two  handles,  the 
foot  of  which  is  made  of  a  low  flat  moulding 
like  the  Doric  fillet. 

Depressed,  Her.  Surmounted,  placed  over 
another. 

Derby  Porcelain.  Manufactory  cstalilished  in 
1750.  Jacquemart  says,  "  Derby  has  made  fine 
porcelains  and  statuettes  which  have  nothing 
to  fear  by  comparison  with  the  groups  of 
Saxony  or  Sevres." 

Dere,  O.  E.     Noble,  honourable. 

"  Syr  Cadore  with  his  dri-c  knyghttes." 

Derring  do,  O.  E.     Deeds  of  arms. 

Deruncinatus,  R.  Smoothed  and  polished 
with  the  rniiiiiia  or  carpenter's  plane. 

Desca,  Lai.      A  stall  <>r  desk  in  a  church. 

Descobinatus,  R.  Rapped  with  the  Scoiuna 
or  carpenter's  rasp. 

Destrere,  Anglo-Norman.     A  war-horse. 


WORDS  USED  IN 


linen  cloth  made  at  Ypres,  is  spoken  of  as  early 
as  the  13th  century. 

"  Of  cloth  making  she  had  such  a  haunt. 
She  passed  hem  of  Ypres  and  of  Gaunte." 

{Prologiie  of  Canterbury  Tales.) 

The  peculiarity  of  this  cloth,  as  of  that  of  Damas- 
cus, was  in  the  pattern.  "  To  diaper''^  is,  in 
heraldry,  to  cover  the  field  of  an  escutcheon 
with  devices  independent  of  the  armorial  bear- 
ings. The  engraving  shows  a  surcoat  dia- 
pered, on  which  are  embroidered  armorial 
bearings.      (Fig.  248.) 

Diasia,  Gr.  Festivals  in  honour  of  Zeus,  held 
at  Athens,  outside  of  the  walls  of  the  city,  for  tlie 
purpose  of  averting  epidemics  and  other  ills  {aa-q). 

Diastyle,  Arch.  An  intercolumniation,  in 
which  the  columns  are  separated  from  each 
other  by  a  space  of  three  diametei^s. 

Diathyrum,  Gr.  A  passage  leading  at  one  end 
to  the  street-door  of  a  house,  and  at  the  other 
to  the  door  of  the  courtyard.  The  Romans 
called  this  space  Prothyrum  (q.v.). 

Diatoni,  Diatonoi,  Gr.  and  R.  (SiareiVoi, 
to  extend  through).  Long  stones  extending 
from  one  face  of  a  wall  to  the  other  (to  which 
modern  architects  give  the  name  of  pcrpenders 
or  perpeud-stones),  and  which  were  employed  in 
the  method  of  construction  called  Emplecton 
(q.v.).  In  Fig.  249  one  is  represented  by  the 
stone  placed  between  b  and  c. 


|i((r,iiiflllliiii,iliiliMiiii'lllliiiifo^1iillliiilliliililHiiilii^ihiln! 

iig     49    UiaioiKi 

Diatreta,  Gr.  (StoTpTjra,  i.  e.  bored  through). 
A  drinking-cup  made  of  glass,  cut  in  such  a 
way  that  the  designs  or  ornaments  upon  it 
stand  out  completely  from  the  body  of  the  vase, 
and  form  a  tracery,  which  is  only  united  to  the 
vase  itself  by  small  ties  or  pins  left  for  the 
purpose. 

Diatriba,  Gr.  and  R.  (Siarpi^ui,  to  spend 
time).  Places  in  which  learned  discussions 
were  held,  such  as  lecture  or  assembly  rooms. 

Diaulos,  Gr.  The  double  flute.  (See  Aui.os, 
Flute.)  One  in  the  British  Museum,  found  in 
a  tomb  at  Athens,  is  of  cedar- wood,  with  tubes 
fifteen  inches  in  length. 

Diazoma,  Gr.  (Sid^wixa,  that  which  girdles). 
A  Greek  synonym  of  the  Latin  term  Pr^e- 
CINCTIO  (q.v.). 

DicasterioD,  Dicastery,  Gr.  (SiKaarijpwv  ; 
SiK-rj,  justice).  A  tribunal  at  Athens  in  which 
the  people  themselves  administered  justice  with- 
out the  intervention  of  tlie  magistrates. 


Dicastes.  A  judge,  or  rather  juryman,  chosen 
annually  from  the  citizens  at  Athens. 

Dicerion,  Chr.  {Si-Kspaiov,  with  two  horns). 
A  candlestick  with  two  laranches,  holding  which 
in  their  hands  the  Greek  priests  bless  the  people. 
The  dicerion  is  symbolical  of  the  two-fold  nature 
of  Christ.     (See  Tricerion.) 

Dichalcon,  Gr.  (5ixaA.K:os,  i.  e.  double- 
chalcos).  A  small  Greek  copper  coin  worth 
only  one-fourth  or  one-fifth  of  an  obolus. 

Dichoria,  Gr.  (St-xopia,  i.  e.  division  of 
chorus).  When  the  ancient  choruses  divided 
into  two,  to  recite  in  turn  a  part  of  the  action 
of  a  play,  or  mutually  to  interchange  sentiments, 
this  action  was  called  ^/c//(;r/a;  each  half  of  the 
chorus  was  called  Iiemichoria  (r]ij.ixopia),  and 
each  stanza  antichoria  {avrixopia). 

Dicken,  O.  E.    The  devil.    "  Odds  dickens  !  " 

Dicker,  O.  E.     Half  a  score. 

Dicomos,  Gr.  (ku/llos,  a  feast).  A  banquet- 
ing-song,  which  was  sung  at  tlie  second  course 
of  the  feast  at  the  festivals  of  Bacchus. 

Dicrotos,  Dicrotus,  Gr.  (Si-KpoTos,  lit.  double- 
beating).  The  Greek  name  for  a  vessel  with  two 
banks  of  oars,  the  Roman  bireniis. 

Dictynnia  (Si'/cTuc/r,  a  hunter's  net).  A  Cretan 
festival  in  honour  of  Artemis. 

Dictyotheton,  Gr.  (from  Hktvov,  a  net).  A 
kind  of  masonry  composed  of  regularly-cut 
square  stones,  forming,  in  a  wall  so  constructed. 


Fig.  250.  Dictyotheton. 


a  net-work  or  chess-board  pattern.  It  answered 
to  the  opus  reticitlatitnt  of  the  Romans. 

Didrachma,  Didrachmum,  Gr.  (5i -Spax/uo^). 
A  double  silver  draclima  of  tlie  Greek  coinage, 
which  was  worth  about  two  shillings. 

Die.  In  Architecture,  for  dado,  or  the  part  of 
a  pedestal  that  would  correspond  to  the  dado 
(q.v.). 


.Alxl     :\.\l)    i\l\\^ll/lA)i.{)(,\ 


Die -sinking.  The  art  of  cngiaving  on  slccl 
niouhls,  nicilals,  coins,  an<l  inscriptions. 

Difference,  DiiFerencing,  Her.  An  acklition 
to, or  some  change  in,  a  coat-of-arms,  introduced 
for  the  purpose  of  distinguishing  coats  wliicli  in 
tlieir  ]iriniary  qualities  are  the  same.  Differ- 
encing is  sometimes  used  in  the  same  sense  as 
Cadency;  but,  strictly,  it  is  distinct,  having  refer- 
ence to  alliance  and  dependency,  without  blood- 
relationship,  or  to  the  system  adopted  for  distin- 
gnisliing  similar  coats-of-arms.  {Botitci/.) 

Digitale,  R.  (digitus,  a  finger).  A  kind  of 
glove  worn  by  the  Sarmatians,  an  example  of 
which  may  be  seen  on  Trajan's  Ci>lumn. 

Diglypb,  Gr.  and  R.  (h'i.-y\v(f)os,  doubly 
indented).  An  ornament  consisting  of  two 
g/y/'/ur  (yAvcpal)  or  grooves  chaimelled  out  on 
consoles.     (See  Triglyph.) 

Diipoleia  {noKievs,  of  the  city).  A  very  ancient 
Athenian  festival,  celebrated  annually  on  the 
Acropolis,  in  hononr  of  Zeus  Polieus. 

Dimidiated,  Iler. 
Cut  in  half  per  pale, 
and  one  half  removed. 
Fig.  251  is  a  device 
placed  by  James  I.  on 
some  of  his  coins,  in 
which  the  thistle  and 
rose  are  respectively 
dimidiated.  The  legend 
was,  "  Fait  eos  in  gen- 
tem  unam." 

Diocleia.  A  festi- 
val of  the  Megarians, 
held  about  the  grave 
of  an  ancient  Athenian 
hero.  Diodes.  There 
was  a  prize  for  kissing. 
Dionysia.  The  cele- 
brated orgies  of  Dio- 
nysus or  Bacchus,  sup- 
pressed B.C.  186,  and 
substituted  by  the 
Liberalia.     (See  Bacchanalia.) 

Dioptra,  Gr.  and  R.  (SfoTrrpa  ;  Siopatw,  to  see 
through).  An  instrument  used  in  surveying  to 
measure  distances  and  to  take  levels. 

Dioscuria,  Gr.  and  R.  {AiotTKovpia).  Games 
instituted  at  Rome  in  honour  of  the  Dioscuri 
(Castor  and  Pollux),  who,  at  the  battle  of  Lake 
Regillus  against  the  Latins  (496  n.c. ',  were 
supposed  to  have  fought  on  the  side  of  the 
Romans. 

Diospolites,  Egyp.  One  of  the  nomes  or 
divisions  of  Lower  Egypt. 

Diota,  Gr.  (Si-cora,  with  two  ears).  A  name 
applied  indifferently  to  any  kind  of  vase  furnished 
with  two  handles,  such  as  /ngc/.-w,  amphora,  can- 
thari,  <S;c. 

Diplinthns,  R.  (TrAiVeoj,  a  brick).  Masonry 
two  bricks  thick. 


Fig.  251.  Rose  dimidiated. 
Device  of  James  I. 


Diplois,  Gr.  and  R.  l-dided  iiUwu  ;  .m  upper 
garment  wliich  was  doubled  in  the  same  manner 
as  a  woman's  siiawl  at  the  i)resent  day;  it  was 
nuKJi  worn  among  the  Greeks. 

Diploma,  Gr.  and  R.  {I'mKuy^a,  j.  c.  double- 
folded).  A  jiassport  consisting  of  two  leaves 
(whence  its  name).  The  term  is  also  used  to 
denote  a  diploma  by  which  any  right  or  privilege 
is  confcrreil. 

Dipteral.  Arch.  A  building  having  d(nible 
wings.  The  term  is  applied  to  any  i)uilding 
having  a  double  intcrcolumniation  all  round  it. 

Diptheree,  Gr.  and  R.  (ln(^6ipo.i ;  5t>tD,  to 
make  supple),  (i)  Prepared  skins  for  writing 
on.  (2)  A  kind  of  garment ;  an  overcoat  of  skin 
or  leather  which  Greek  slaves  put  on  over  their 
tunic. 

Diptych,  Gr.  (5i'-7rTuxa,  i.e.  double-folded). 
Double  tablets  united  by  means  of  strings 
or  hinges.  Diptycha  coiisiilaria,  irdililia,  pnr- 
toria  had  engraved  on  them  portraits  of  con- 
suls, asdiles,  pra'tors,  and  other  magistrates. 
These  consular  diptychs  were  a  part  of  the 
presents  sent  by  new  consuls  on  their  appoint- 
ment to  very  eminent  persons.  The  series  of 
them  is  a  very  valuable  record  of  the  progress  of 
the  art  of  ivory  carving.  In  Christian  archa-o- 
logy  diptychs  were  decorated  with  scenes  from 
biblical  history.  There  were  also  diptychs  of 
tiie  baptized  ;  of  the  bishops  and  benefactors  of 
a  church,  living  or  dead  ;  of  saints  and  martyrs  ; 
and,  lastly,  of  deceased  members  of  the  congre- 
gation, whose  souls  were  to  be  remembered  at 
mass.     (See  Trii'TVcii.) 

Directors,  or  Triangular  Compasses.  A 
mathematical  instrument  adapted  for  taking  three 
angular  points  at  once. 

Diribitorium,  R.  {diribco,  to  sort  or  separate). 
A  place  or  building  in  which  a  public  officer 
inspected  the  troops,  distributed  the  pay,  and 
enrolled  the  conscripts  in  their  respective  regi- 
ments. 

Dirige,  Chr.  A  psalm  forming  part  of  the 
burial  service,  "Dirige  gressus  meos,"  \c. ; 
hence  Dirge,  for  funereal  music  or  hynms  in 
general. 

Dirk.     A  Scotch  dagger. 

Diruta.  An  impcjrtant  porcelain  mamifactory 
in  the  Papal  States,  established  by  a  pupil  of 
Luca  dcUa  Kobbia  in  1461. 

Discerniculum,  K.  {disci-i-iio,  to  divide).  A 
bodkin  used  l>y  Roman  women  in  the  toilet  to 
part  their  hair.     (See  Comks.) 

Discharging  Arch.  An  arch  built  into  the 
structure  of  a  wall,  to  relieve  the  parts  below  it 
of  the  pressure  of  those  above  it  ;  such  arches 
are  connnon  over  flat-headed  doors  or  other 
openings. 

Discinctus,  Gr.  and  R.  {disciiiqo,  to  ungird). 
A  man  who  is  iingirt,  that  is,  who  docs  not  wear 
a  girdle  round  the  waist  of  his  tunic  ;  for  a  man, 


WORDS  USED  IN 


linen  cloth  made  at  Ypres,  is  spoken  of  as  early 
as  the  13th  century. 

"  Of  cloth  making  she  had  such  a  haunt, 
She  passed  hem  of  Ypres  and  of  Gaunte." 

(Prologue  of  Canterbury  Tales.) 

The  peculiarity  of  this  cloth,  as  of  that  of  Damas- 
cus, was  in  the  pattern.  "  To  diaper"  is,  in 
heraldry,  to  cover  the  field  of  an  escutcheon 
with  devices  independent  of  the  armorial  bear- 
ings. The  engraving  shows  a  surcoat  dia- 
pered, on  which  are  embroidered  armorial 
bearings.      (Fig.  248.) 

Diasia,  Gr.  Festivals  in  honour  of  Zeus,  held 
at  Athens,  outside  of  the  walls  of  the  city,  for  the 
purpose  of  averting  epidemics  and  other  ills  {aa-q). 

Diastyle,  Arch.  An  intercolumniation,  in 
which  the  columns  are  separated  from  each 
other  by  a  space  of  three  diameters. 

Diathyrum,  Gr.  A  passage  leading  at  one  end 
to  the  street-door  of  a  house,  and  at  the  other 
to  the  door  of  the  courtyard.  The  Romans 
called  this  space  PkothykUM  (q.v.). 

Diatoni,  Diatonoi,  Gr.  and  R.  (SiareiVoi, 
to  extend  through).  Long  stones  extending 
from  one  face  of  a  wall  to  the  other  (to  which 
modern  architects  give  the  name  of  pcrpendcrs 
or  pcrpend-sioiies),  and  which  were  employed  in 
the  method  of  construction  called  Emplectox 
(q.v.).  In  Fig.  249  one  is  represented  by  the 
stone  placed  between  b  and  c. 


Fig.  249    Diatonoi. 

Diatreta,  Gr.  (SiaTprjTa,  i.  e.  bored  through). 
A  drinking-cup  made  of  glass,  cut  in  such  a 
way  that  the  designs  or  ornaments  upon  it 
stand  out  completely  from  the  body  of  the  vase, 
and  form  a  tracery,  which  is  only  united  to  the 
vase  itself  by  small  ties  or  pins  left  for  the 
purpose. 

Diatriba,  Gr.  and  R.  (SiaTplPu,  to  spend 
time).  Places  in  which  learned  discussions 
were  held,  such  as  lecture  or  assembly  rooms. 

Diaulos,  Gr.  The  double  flute.  (See  Aui.os, 
Flute.)  One  in  the  British  Museum,  found  in 
a  tomb  at  Athens,  is  of  cedar- wood,  with  tubes 
fifteen  inches  in  length. 

Diazoma,  Gr.  (Sia^'oi^a,  that  which  girdles). 
A  Greek  synonym  of  the  Latin  term  PR.-li- 
CINCTIO  (q.v.). 

Dicasterioo,  Dicastery,  Gr.  (SiKaar'fipLou ; 
SiKTj,  justice).  A  tribunal  at  Athens  in  which 
the  people  themselves  administered  justice  with- 
out the  intervention  of  the  magistrates. 


Dicastes.  A  judge,  or  rather  juryman,  chosen 
annually  from  the  citizens  at  Athens. 

Dicerion,  Chr.  (Si-Kepawv,  with  two  horns). 
A  candlestick  with  two  branches,  holding  which 
in  their  hands  the  Greek  priests  bless  the  people. 
The  dicerion  is  symbolical  of  the  two-fold  nature 
of  Christ.     (See  Tricerion.) 

Dichalcon,  Gr.  (Si'xaA/coj,  i.  e.  double- 
chalcos).  A  small  Greek  copper  coin  worth 
only  one-fourth  or  one-fifth  of  an  obolus. 

Dichoria,  Gr.  {li-xopia,  i.  e.  division  of 
chorus).  When  the  ancient  choruses  divided 
into  two,  to  recite  in  turn  a  part  of  the  action 
of  a  play,  or  mutually  to  interchange  sentiments, 
this  action  was  cvM^A  dichoria ;  each  half  of  the 
chorus  was  called  hemichoria  {i]/Mixopia),  and 
each  stanza  antichoria  {avTixopia). 

Dicken,  O.  E.    The  devil.    "  Odds  dickens  !  " 

Dicker,  O.  E.     Haifa  score. 

Dicomos,  Gr.  {ku/xos,  a  feast).  A  banquet- 
ing-song,  which  was  sung  at  the  second  course 
of  the  feast  at  the  festivals  of  Bacciius. 

Dicrotos,  Dicrotus,  Gr.  (5i-KpoTos,  lit.  double- 
beating).  The  Greek  name  for  a  vessel  with  two 
banks  of  oars,  the  Roman  diremis. 

Dictynnia  (SIktvov,  a  hunter's  net).  A  Cretan 
festival  in  honour  of  Artemis. 

Dictyotheton,  Gr.  (from  SiKTvov,  a  net).  A 
kind  of  masonry  composed  of  regularly-cut 
square  stones,  forming,  in  a  wall  so  constructed, 


Fig.  250.  Dictyotheton. 


a  net-work  or  chess-board  pattern.  It  answered 
to  the  opus  reticulatiiiii  of  the  Romans. 

Didrachma,  Didrachmum,  Gr.  (Zi-Zpaxinov). 
A  double  silver  drachma  of  the  Greelc  coinage, 
wliich  was  worth  about  two  shillings. 

Die.  In  Architecture,  for  dado,  or  the  part  of 
a  pedestal  that  would  correspond  to  the  dado 
(q.v.). 


AKl     AAi;   AK(^ll/L(JLt)L.\. 


Die -sinking.  Tlie  art  of  engraving  on  steel 
moulds,  medals,  coins,  and  inscriptions. 

Difference,  Differencing,  Her.  An  addition 
to, or  some  change  in,  a  coat-of-arms,  introduced 
for  the  purpose  of  distinguishing  coats  which  in 
their  primary  qualities  are  the  same.  Differ- 
encing is  sometimes  used  in  the  same  sense  as 
Cadency;  but,  strictly,  it  is  distinct,  having  refer- 
ence to  alliance  and  dependency,  without  lilood- 
relationshiji,  or  to  the  system  adopted  for  distin- 
guishing similar  coats-of-arnis.  {BouteiL) 

Digitale,  R.  (digitus,  a  finger).  A  kind  of 
glove  worn  by  the  Sarmatians,  an  example  of 
which  may  be  seen  on  Trajan's  Column. 

Diglyph,  Gr.  and  R.  (h'i.-yKv<pos,  doubly 
indented).  An  ornament  consisting  of  two 
glyphu  (7Ai;(j)ai)  or  grooves  channelled  out  on 
consoles.     (See  Triglyph.) 

Diipoleia  (TroAieus,  of  the  city).  A  very  ancient 
Athenian  festival,  celebrated  annually  on  the 
Acropolis,  in  honour  of  Zeus  Polieus. 

Dimidiated,  Her. 
Cut  in  half  per  pale, 
and  one  half  removed. 
Fig.  251  is  a  device 
placed  by  James  I.  on 
some  of  his  coins,  in 
which  the  thistle  and 
rose  are  respectively 
dii/iidiated.  The  legend 
was,  "  Fecit  eos  in  gen- 
tem  unani." 

Diocleia.      A    festi- 
val of   the  Megarians, 
held    about   the    grave 
of  an  ancient  Athenian 
hero,    Diodes.     There 
was  a  prize  for  kissing. 
Dionysia.    The  cele- 
brated orgies   of    Dio- 
Fig.251.  Rose  dimidiated.    "X^US   Or  Bacchus,  sup- 
Device  of  James  I.  pressed    B.C.  186,   and 
substituted       by      the 
Liberalia.     (See  Bacchanalia.) 

Dioptra,  Gr.  and  R.  (StoTrrpa  ;  Siopdu,  to  see 
through).  An  instrument  used  in  sur\'eying  to 
measure  distances  and  to  take  levels. 

Dioscuria,  Gr.  and  R.  (AtoffKovpia).  Games 
instituted  at  Rome  in  honour  of  the  Dioscuri 
(Castor  and  Pollux),  who,  at  the  battle  of  Lake 
Regillus  against  the  Latins  (496  u.c. ',  were 
supposed  to  have  fought  on  the  side  of  the 
Romans. 

Diospolites,  Egyp.  One  of  the  nomes  or 
divisions  of  I>ower  Egypt. 

Diota,  Gr.  (Si-tora,  with  two  ears).  A  name 
applied  indifferently  to  any  kind  of  vase  furnished 
with  two  handles,  such  as  lageiuc,  amphora,  can- 
thari,  tVc. 

Diplinthus,  R.  (7rA.iV0os,  a  brick).  Masonry 
two  bricks  thick. 


Diplois,  Gr.  and  R.  Folded  iiiiwo  ;  an  upper 
garment  which  was  doubled  in  tiie  same  manner 
as  a  woman's  shawl  at  the  jirescnt  d.ay ;  it  was 
much  worn  among  the  Greeks. 

Diploma,  Gr.  and  R.  {l[i,\onxa,  j.  e.  double- 
folded).  A  jia.ssport  consisting  of  two  leaves 
(whence  its  name).  Tiie  term  is  also  used  to 
denote  a  diploma  by  which  any  right  or  privilege 
is  ct)nferred. 

Dipteral,  Arch.  A  building  having  double 
wings.  The  term  is  applied' to  any  building 
having  a  double  intercolumniation  all  round  it. 

Diptheree,  Gr.  and  R.  {St(p0fpat ;  S((pa),  to 
make  supple),  (i)  Prepared  .skins  for  writing 
on.  (2)  A  kind  of  garment ;  an  overcoat  of  skin 
or  leather  which  Greek  slaves  put  on  over  their 
tunic. 

Diptych,  (;r.  (Si-irruxa,  i.e.  double-folded). 
Double  tablets  united  by  means  of  strings 
or  hinges.  Diptycha  coiisit/aria,  irdilitia,  pnc- 
toria  had  engraved  on  them  portraits  of  con- 
suls, sediles,  prcvtors,  and  other  magistrates. 
These  consular  diptychs  were  a  part  of  the 
presents  sent  by  new  consuls  on  their  apjioint- 
ment  to  very  eminent  persons.  The  series  of 
them  is  a  very  valuable  record  of  the  jirogress  of 
the  art  of  ivory  carving.  In  Christian  archa-o- 
logy  diptychs  were  decorated  with  scenes  from 
biblical  historj'.  There  were  also  di])tychs  of 
the  Ijaptized  ;  of  the  bishops  and  lienefactors  of 
a  church,  living  or  dead  ;  of  saints  and  martyrs  ; 
and,  lastly,  of  deceased  members  of  the  congre- 
gation, whose  souls  were  to  be  remembered  at 
mass.     (See  TKil'TVcit.) 

Directors,  or  Triangular  Compasses.  A 
mathematical  instnunent  adapted  for  taking  three 
angular  points  at  once. 

Diribitorium,  R.  (dirihco,  to  sort  or  separate). 
A  place  or  building  in  which  a  public  officer 
inspected  the  troops,  distributed  the  pay,  and 
enrolled  the  conscripts  in  their  respective  regi- 
ments. 

Dirige,  Chr.  A  psalm  forming  part  of  the 
burial  service,  "Dirige  gressus  meos,"  i\;c. ; 
hence  Dirge,  for  funereal  music  or  hymns  in 
general. 

Dirk.     A  Scotch  dagger. 

Diruta.  An  important  porcelain  manufactory 
in  the  Papal  States,  established  by  a  pupil  of 
Luca  della  Robbia  in  1461. 

Discerniculum,  R.  (liisccruo,  to  divide).  A 
bodkin  used  liy  Roman  women  iu  the  toilet  to 
part  their  hair.      (See  CoMBS.) 

Discharging  Arch.  An  arch  built  into  the 
structure  of  a  wall,  to  relieve  the  parts  below  it 
of  the  pressure  of  tho.se  above  it ;  such  arches 
are  common  over  flat-headed  doors  or  other 
openings. 

Discinctus,  Gr.  and  R.  {discingo,  to  iingird). 
A  man  who  is  iingirt,  that  is,  who  does  not  wear 
a  girdle  round  the  waist  of  his  tunic  ;  for  a  man, 


WORDS  USED  IN 


this  was  a  mark  of  effeminate  mamiers.  Discinctus 
miles  denoted  a  soldier  who  had  been  stripped 
by  his  commander  of  his  sword-belt,  as  a  mark  of 
disgrace.     (Compare  CiNGULUM.) 


Fig.  252.  Tazza  ol  Diruta,  with  head  of  "Rome." 

Disclosed,  Her.  With  expanded  wings,  in 
the  case  of  birds  that  are  not  birds  of  prey.  The 
contrary  to  Close. 

Discobolus,  Gr.  and  R.  {litJKo-^iXos,  i.  e. 
discus-throwing).  A  man  throwing  the  Discus 
fq.v.).  [A  celebrated  statue  of  the  sculptor 
^lyron  so  called.] 


Fig.  253.  Discobolus  of  Myron  copied  on  a  gem. 

Discus,  R.  (SiVkos  ;  ^Mitv,  to  throw). 
This  term  denoted  (i)  the  discus  hurled  by  the 
Discobolus  (q.v.);  that  is,  a  circular  plate  of 
metal  or  stone,  about  ten  or  twelve  inches  in 
diameter.  {2)  A  sun-dial.  (3)  A  shallow  circular 
vessel  for  holding  eatables. 


Fig.  254.  Falcon  Displayed. 


Disk.  (See  Winged  Disk.) 
Disomum,  Chr.  {U-awixov,  double-bodied). 
An  _  urn  or  tomb  which  held  the  ashes  or 
bodies  of  two  persons;  hisonnim  was  also 
used.  Both  terms  are  met  with  in  Christian 
inscriptions. 

Displayed,  Her. 
Birds  of  prey  with 
expanded  wings.  Fig. 
254  represents  the 
crest  of  Edward  IV., 
the  falcon  and  fet- 
terlock. 

Displuviatus,  Dis- 
pluviatum,  R.  An 
atrium,  the  roof  of 
which  was  sloped 
outwards    from    the 

COMPLUVIUM(q.V. ), 

instead       of     being 
sloped    towards     it. 
(See  Impluvium  and  Atrium.) 

Disposed,  Disposition,  Her.  Arranged,  ar- 
rangement. 

Distaff.  A  common  object  in  ancient  art.  It 
is  an  attribute  of  the  Fates,  and  generally  distaffs 
of  gold  were  given  to  the  goddesses.  It  was 
dedicated  to  Minerva.  (See  CoLUS.)  The  name 
of  St.  Distaff's  Day  was  given  to  the  day  after 
Twelfth  Day  in  England. 

Distance.  In  a  picture,  the  point  ofdistnuce  is 
that  where  the  visual  rays  meet ;  middle  distance 
is  the  central  portion  of  a  picture,  between  the 
foregnniud  and  the  extreme  distance. 

Distemper.  A  kind  of  painting  in  which  the 
pigments  are  mixed  with  an  aqueous  vehicle,  such 
as  size.  Distemper  is  painted  on  a  dry  surface. 
(See  Fresco-painting.) 

Ditriglyph,  R.  (Sh,  twice,  and  rp[-yXv<pos]. 
The  space  between  two  triglyphs  in  the  Doric 
order.  The  term  is  therefore  a  synonym  of 
Metope  (q.v.). 

Dividers.  Ordinary  compasses  for  taking  off 
and  transferring  measurements. 

Dividiculum,  R.  A  reservoir  in  the  form  of 
a  tower,  in  which  the  water  of  an  aqueduct  was 
collected,  and  whence  it  was  afterwards  distributed. 
(See  CastellUiM  ) 

Docana  (5o/cbs,  a  beam).  An  ancient  Spartan 
symbol  of  Castor  and  Pollux.  It  consisted  of 
two  upright  beams,  with  cross  pieces. 

Doecia.  An  important  Italian  manufactory  of 
soft  porcelain  founded  in  1735.  Jacquemart 
says,  "Doecia  now  inundates  Europe  with 
spurious  majolica  of  the  i6th  century,  and  with 
false  porcelain  of  Capo  di  Monte,  of  which  she 
possesses  the  moulds." 

Dodecahedron,  Gr.  A  solid  figure  of  twelve 
equal  sides. 

Dodecastyle,  Gr.  and  R.  (SoJSe/ca,  twelve,  and 
a-TvKos,  pillar).     A  Iniilding,  the  arrangement  of 


AKl    AINU   AKi^M/l'-UI.UtiY, 


which  admits  ot  twelve  cohimns  in  fmnt.  A 
dodecastylc  pediment  is  a  pediment  supported  by 
twelve  columns. 

Dodra,  R.  {Jodnvis,  nine  parts).  A  kind  of 
beverage,  or  rather  soup,  composed  of  nine 
ingredients.  We  learn  from  Ausonius  that  it 
was  made  of  bread,  water,  wine,  oil,  broth,  salt, 
sweet  herbs,  honey,  and  pepper. 

Dodrans,  R.(i.  e.  three-fourths).  Nine  wwr/Vr, 
or  three-quarters  of  an  as.  There  was  no  coin 
of  this  value.  As  a  measure  of  /c-/ii^-//i,  nine 
inches.     (.See  As.) 

Doif  or  DefF,  Egyp.  The  square  tambourine 
of  the  ancient  Egyptians ;  the  /<>///  of  the 
Hebrews,  still  in  use  among  the  Arabs,  especially 
in  the  Barbary  States. 

Dog.  An  emblem  of  fidelity  and  loyalty.  In 
medixval  art,  the  attrilnite  of  St.  Roch  ;  also  of 
St.  Dominic,  the  founder  of  the  Dominican  order; 
of  St.  Bernard,  St.  Wendelin,  and  St.  Benignus. 
As  an  emblem  of  lidclity,  it  is  placed  at  the  feet 
of  the  effigies  of  married  women  upon  sepulchres. 
It  was  common  to  represent,  in  painting  or 
mosaic,  a  chained  watch-dog  at  the  doors  of 
Roman  houses.  The  Dog  ok  I-"o  is  a  sacred 
emblem  in  China,  sometimes  called  a  Chimera  ; 
it  is  placed  as  the  guardian  of  the  thresholds  of 
temples,  and  of  the  Buddhist  altars.  In  the 
Chinese  zodiacal  system  the  dog  is  the  sign  for 
the  month  of  September. 

Dog  Latin.  Barbarous  Latin  ;  e.  g.  "  Verte 
canem  ex"  (turn  the  dog  out). 

Dog's-nose,  O.  E.  A  cordial  used  in  low  life, 
composed  of  warm  porter,  moist  sugar,  gin,  and 
nutmeg.  {Halli'toeH.) 

Dog's-tooth  Moulding,  Arch.  A  characteris- 
tic ornament  of  Early  English  architecture, 
formed    of   four  leaves  with  small  spiral  fillets, 


which   bear   some  resemblance   to  teeth.     (Sec 

ToOTII-OKNAMKNT.) 

Dolabra,  R.('Mo,  to  hew).  An  instrument  like 
a  pick  or  hatchet,  which  varied  in  form  according 
to  the  different  purposes 
for  whicli  it  was  employed, 
Tiie  dolabra  was  used 
for  digging,  cutting,  break- 
ing, and  cho|)ping,  and 
was  tluis  a  jiick,  a  hatchet, 
J  an  adze  or  rtj^w,  &c.     Do- 

labra of  Hint  or  other  hard 
1:1  stone,   called  Celts,  are  of 

remote     antiquity.       (.See 
Cki.t.)  (Kigs.  255to  257.) 
Doliolum.      Dimin.    of 

1  )()l,inM   (q.V.). 

Dolium  or  Culeus,  Or. 
and  1\.  A  large  earthen- 
ware vessel  with  a  wide 
mouth,  and  of  rounded, 
spherical  form.  It  was 
used  to  contain  wine  and 
oil  when  first  made,  be- 
fore they  were  trans- 
ferred into  smaller  vessels 
for  keeping. 
Dolmen,  Celt.     A  term  which,  in  the  Celtic 


Fie;.  258.  Dolmen. 


Fig.  255-   Bronze  Dolabra 
yr  hatchet  ^Celtic). 


Fig.  256.  Hatchet, 
flintstone. 


Fig.  259.  Dolmen,  in  the  forest  of  Rennes. 

language,  means  literally  a  stone  t.able.  It  con- 
sists of  a  number  of  stones,  of  which  some  are 
fixed  in  the  ground,  and  the  otliers  laid  trans- 
versely over  them.  These  structures  were  used 
as  sepulchres.  Figs.  25S  and  259  represent  two 
different  types  of  dolmens.     (See  Cromlf.CH.) 

Dolon  or  Dole,  R.  (SdAo-O.  (0  A  long 
stick  armed  with  an  iron  point.  (2)  A  cane,  in 
the  hollow  of  which  a  poniard  was  concealed. 
(3)  The  fore-topsail  of  a  vessel. 

Dolphin,  I  kr.  A  favourite  fish  with  heralds. 
It  is  best  known  as  the  armorial  ensign  of  the 
Dauphin,  the  eldest  son  and  iicir  apparent  of  the 
kings  of  Erancc  — (?/-,  a  Dolphin  az.     In  Chris- 


114 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Fig.  260.   Heraldic 
Dolphin. 


tian  archseology  the  dolphin  is  the  symbol  of 
swiftness,  diligence,  and  love  j  it  is  often  met 
with  entwined  with  an 
anchor.  The  first  Chris- 
tians often  wore  these 
two  symbols  united  in  a 
ring,  which  was  known 
as  a  nautical  anchor. 
(See  also  Delphin.) 

Dom?,    It.     (i)    Lite- 
rally, the  house  of  God. 
When    a    city  possesses 
several      churches,      the 
name   is  applied  to  the 
cathedral  only.      (2)  The  interior  of  a  cupola. 
Dominions,  in  Christian  art.      (See  Angels.) 
Domus,    Gr.  and  R.    (Gr.   Ufios,  oIkos).      A 
house,   in  contradistinction  to  insula,  a  group  of 
houses.     The  Greek  hou^e  is  divided  into  two 
parts  by  the  central 
chambers.     The  e.x- 
ternal,   the  Andro- 
Niris,  contains    the 
men's,  and  the  inner, 
or     Gyn.^conitis, 
the  women's  apart- 
ments.     The  whole 
building   was   gene- 
rally long   and  nar- 
row,    occupying     a 
comparatively  small 
frontage  to  the  street, 
and  the  outside  wall 
was    plain    without 
windows.       Outside 
the  door  was  often 
an  altar  of    Apollo 
Agyieus,  or  an  obe- 
lisk, or  sometimes  a 
laurel-tree,  or  a  bust 
of  the  god  Hermes. 
A  few    steps,  called 
Anabatiimoi,     led 
up  to  the  house  door 
(avKela    6vpa),    over 
which     there      was 
generally    a     motto 
inscribed  :    the   pas- 
sage (dup<jope7oi',  TTvAoov,  dvpwi/)  (a  B  in  the  plan) 
had  the  stables  on  one  side,  and  the  porter's  lodge 
opposite,  and  led  to  c,  the  Peristyle  or  Aula 
of  the  men's  quarters,  a  Hyp^'ETHRAL,  or  open- 
air  court,  surrounded  by  porticoes  called  Stoai, 
and  by  the  men's  apartments,  which  were  large 
banqueting-rooms  (oF/coi,    avSpive^),   smaller  sit- 
ting-rooms    (e^f'Spai),     and     sleeping-chambers 
(ScB^OTia,  KOiTwves,  olKr]fj.aTa).      The  door  to    the 
passage  D  was  called  neravKos  or  fiecravAos  (i.e. 
the  middle  of  the   aula),    and  gave   admission 
to  E,  the  peristyle  or  aula   of  the  Gynaeconitis. 
The  rooms  numbered  10  to  17  were  the  chambers 


Fig.  261.  Plan  of  a  Greek 
house. 


of  the  women  ;  p  p  were  called  the  Thalamos  and 
Amphithalamos  ;  H  H  and  G  were  the  iaricves, 
or  rooms  for  working  in  wool  ;  and  at  I  was 
the  garden  door  (/cTjTraia  6vpa).  There  was 
usually  an  upper  story  where  guests  and  slaves 
were  lodged  {inr€p£ov,  SLrjpes),  the  stairs  leading 
to  which  were  outside  the  house.  The  roofs 
were  flat,  and  it  was 
customary  to  walk 
upon  them.  The 
floors  were  of  stone, 
in  later  times  orna- 
mental or  coloured. 
The  construction  and 
decoration  varied 
with  the  ages  ; 
painted  ceilings  were 
a  late  introduction. 

Of  a  Roman  house, 
the  principal  parts 
were  the  Vestibu- 
LUM,  or  court  before 
the  door,  open  to  the 
street  ;  the  Ostium, 
Janua,  or  Fores, 
the  entrance;  the  Atrium,  Cavum  .-Edium,  or 
CaV/EDIUM,  with  the  Compluvium  open  over 
the  central  tank  (termed  the  I.mpluvium)  ;  the 


Fig.  262.  Plan  of  a 
Roman  house. 


Atrium  with  Doric  columns. 
{See  also  Fig.  49.) 


-AK  1    .\.\  1)  .\Kt:ii.i',()i.(  )(",^ . 


"5 


Al-.l':  (\vings\  TAiiLiNUM,  Faucks,  ami  I'kki- 
STVl.il'M  :  of  each  of  which  a  notice  will  ho  fouiul 
in  its  alphabetical  place  in  this  work.     (Set;  also 

CumCULA,TRICHNIA,EXKnR.E,riNACOTIlKCA. 
Bir.LIOTHKCA,  l!AI,NEUM,CULINA,C(i:NACiri,A, 

Di.ETA,  vSoLARiA,  &c. )  Thc  floors  of  a  Roman 
house  were  either  of  the  composition  called  Kf- 
PERATli),  and,  from  thc  process  of  beatin<^  ilown 
pavita,  were  then  called  Pavimkn  ruM,  or 
of  stone  or  marble  or  mosaics  (MusivuM  opus). 
The  inner  walls  were  usually  covered  with 
frescoes.  The  ceilings  left  the  beams  visible, 
which  supported  thc  roof,  and  the  hollow  or 
unplanked  spaces  (Lacunaria  or  Laquearia) 
wore  often  covered  with  gold  and  ivory,  or  with 
paintings.  (See  Camara.)  The  principal  apart- 
ments had  no  windows,  deriving  their  light  from 
the  roof;  in  the  upper  stories  there  were 
windows  either  open  or  latticed,  or  later  filled 
with  mica,  and  finally  glass. 

Don  Pottery.  A  name  given  to  the  produrtions 
of  a  porcelain  manufactory  established  in  1 790 
at  Swinton  on  the  Don. 

Donjon,  Mod.  The  principal  tower  of  a 
Norman  or  median'al 
castle.  It  was  gene- 
rally separate  from 
the  other  parts  of  the 
building.  Thegrcater 
number  of  feudal 
fortresses  originally 
consisted  merely  of  a 
donjon  erected  on 
an  artificial  earth- 
work. This  donjon 
was  surrounded  by 
an  open  space  wall- 
ed, called  the  Inner 
IJailey,  and  another 
lieyoiid  called  the 
Outer  I'ailey.  Be- 
neath were  the  dun- 
geons. Fig.  264  re- 
presents a  donjon 
called  the  Tower  of 
Loudun.  The  White 
tower  is  the  donjon  of 
theTower  of  London. 
Doom.  In  Christian  art,  the  Last  Judgment  ; 
a  subject  usually  painted  over  the  chancel  arch 
in  parochial  churches. 

Dorelot.  A  network  for  the  hair,  v/orn  by 
ladies  in  the  14th  century.  (See  Calantica, 
Cresi'ine,  &c.) 

Doric  Order  of  Architecture.  The  earliest 
and  simplest  of  the  three  (J reek  orders.  "  The 
Gre-ian  Doric  order,  at  its  best  period,  is  one 
of  the  most  beautiful  inventions  of  architecture — 
strong  and  yet  elegant,  graceful  in  outline  and 
harmonious  in  all  its  forms,  imposing  when  on 
a  great  scale,  and  pleasing  equally  when  reduced 


Fig.  264.  Donjon. 


in  size,  iiy  the  exquisite  simplicity  of  its  parts." 
[IVavlunds.)  Thc  columns  of  this  onler  liad  no 
pedestal, nor  base ; 
the  capital,  which 
was  half  a  dia- 
meter in  height, 
had  no  astnii^u/, 
but  a  few  jiiaii' 
fillols,  with  chan- 
n  c  1  s  between 
them,  under  thc 
otoIp,  and  a  small 
channel  below  the 
fillets.  The  oto/o 
is  generally  flat, 
and  of  great  ]no- 
jcction,  with  a 
tftiirk,  or  return. 
On  this  was  laid 
the  A  n  A  c  us, 
which  was  only  a 
plain  tile,  without 
fillet  or  ornament. 
A  peculiarity  of 
this  order  was  the 
flutini:;s  of  the  co- 
lumn, twenty  in 
number,  shallow, 
and  with  sharp 
edges.  The  best 
examples  of  the 
Grecian  Doric  0/ 
which  we  have 
descriptions  anil 
figures  are  the 
temples  of  Miner- 
va (called  the  Par- 
thenon) and  of 
Theseus  at  Athens, 
and  that  of  Mi- 
nerva at  .Sunium. 
The  Roman  Doric  differs  in  important  particu- 
lars from  the  Grecian.  (See  ROMAN  DORIC. ) 
Dormant  or  Couchant,  Ilcr.     Asleep.     (See 

ColUIIANT.) 

Dormer  (I"r.  dortnir,  to  sleep).  Thc  top  story 
in  the  roof  of  a  house. 

Dormer  Window.  A  gabled  window  in  the 
sloping  side  of  a  roof,  projecting  ivr/Zra//)';  when 
it  lies  in  the  slope  of  the  lonf,  it  is  :\.  skylight. 

Dorneck,  Domex,  or  Dornyks,  ().  L.  An  in- 
feriordamask,  wrought  of  silk,  wool,  linen  thread, 
and  gold,  at  Tournay  or  /)<'/■//(•(-(• ;    15th  century. 

Dorsale,  Dosser,  Dossier,  Chr.  {dorsum,  the 
back).  Pieces  of  tapestry  or  hangings  put  up 
in  the  arches  or  bays  surrounding  the  choir  of  a 
church  in  order  to  screen  the  clergy  and  choristers 
from  draughts  of  air.  Also  iiieces  of  tai)estry  hung 
upon  parajiets,  the  panels  of  pulpits  and  stalls,  and 
sometimes  the  backs  of  sidc-bo.irds.  It  was  the 
custom   to   hang   tapestry,  cloth    of    Arras,    or 


265.  Column  and  Capil.il 
Dftlic  Doric  Order. 


I    2 


Ii6 


WORDS  USED  IN 


needlework  round  the  lower  half  of  all  the 
ancient  dining-halls  to  a  height  of  about  five 
feet  above  the  basement. 

Dorsualia,  R.  (dorsum).  An  embroidered 
saddle-cloth,  which  was  laid  across  the  back 
of  a  horse  on  the  occasion  of  a  triumphal 
entry,  or  on  the  backs  of  victims  for  sacrifice. 
Examples  of  dorsualia  occur  on  several  monu- 
ments, in  especial  on  a  bas-relief  of  the  arch  of 
Titus,  at  Rome. 

Doryphorus,  Gen.  {^opv-<t>6pos).  Literally, 
spear-bearer.  Fig.  130  represents  a  Persian  spear- 
man. A  celebrated  statue  of  Polycleitus  (of  the 
Argive  school)  is  called  the  Doryphorus. 
"  Polyclitus  advanced  his  art  in  several  respects, 
chiefly  by  fixing  a  law  of  proportion,  of  which 
his  Doryphorus,  a  youth  bearing  a  spear,  was 
called  the  Canon  (q.v.);  and  also  by  his  making 
the  weight  of  the  body  rest  on  one  foot,  in 
contradistinction  to  the  ancient  practice,  thereby 
producing  a  contrast  between  the  supporting, 
weight-bearing  side  of  the  body,  and  the  sup- 
ported, freely-resting  side."  (Butler'' s  Imitative 
Art.)  The  statue  by  Polycleitus  is  lost.  The 
proportions    handed  down   to  us    by   Vitruvius 

are  thus  described  by  Bonomi: — 
(i)  The  length  of  the  horizontally  extended  arms  equals 

the  height  of  the  figure. 

( 2)  The  head  is  an  eighth,  the  face  a  tenth  of  the  whole 
height. 

(3)  From  the  top  of  the  scalp  to  the  nipples  is  one-four t!i. 

(4)  From  the  nipples  to  horizontal  line  across  the 
centre  of  the  square — the  pubes  —  is  one-fourth. 

(5)  From  that  line  to  one  just  below  the  knee-cap  is 
onefourtli. 

(6)  From  that  line  to  the  ground  is  one-foicrth. 

(7)  The  fore-arm  (from  the  elbow)  is  Sl  fourth  of  the 
height  ;  the  hand  a  tenth. 

Dose  orDosall,  O.  E.  (Lat.  Dorsale,  q.v.). 

Dossar.     (See  Dorsale.) 

Douai.  A  manufactory  of  modern  faience  es- 
tablished in  1784,  producing  stone-wares  and 
"  cailloutages." 

Double,  Fr.  (i )  The  term  is  applied  to  precious 
stones,  when  cemented  ujjon  glass.  (2)  The  in- 
side lining  of  a  well-bound  book. 

Doublet,  although  deriving  its  name  from 
the  French  word  doublee  (lined),  is  in  that  lan- 
guage more  generally  known  as  "  Pourpoint," 
of  which,  in  fact,  it  is  merely  a  variety.  It 
first  appeared  in  England  in  the  14th  century 
made  without  sleeves,  which  for  convenience 
were  afterwards  added  ;  and  being  universally 
adopted,  it  superseded  the  tunic.  The  engraving 
shows  a  doublet  with  stuffed  sleeves  of  the 
time  of  Elizabeth.  They  v/ere  worn  of  varied 
forms  till  the  reign  of  Charles  II.      (Fig.  267.) 

Doubling,  Her.  The  lining  of  a  mantle  or 
mantling. 

Dove.  A  Christian  symbol  of  frequent  occur- 
rence ;  it  expresses  candour,  gentleness,  inno- 
cence, faith,  and,  in  especial,  the  Holy  Spirit. 
It  is  also  a  symbol  of  martyrdom  and  grief,  and 


in  this  signification  appears  frequently  repre- 
sented on  tombs  and  sarcophagi.  With  an 
olive-bough  in  its  mouth  it  is  a  symbol  of  peace, 
and  accordingly  the  inscription  Pax  (Peace)  is 
often  found  accompanying  representations  of  the 
dove,    more     particularly     in     the     catacombs. 


Fig.  267.  Doublet  costume,  tevij>.  Elizabeth. 

With  the  Assyrians  and  Babylonians  the  dove 
was  the  symbol  of  .Semiramis,  who,  according 
to  them,  took  this  shape  on  leaving  earth.  The 
dove  was  the  favourite  bird  of  Venus.  As  a 
symbol  of  conjugal  fidelity,  the  device  of  two 
turtle-doves  was  adopted  by  Giovanna  of 
Austria  on  her  marriage  with  Francesco  de' 
Medici.     (Fig.  26S.) 

Dove-tail  or  Swallow-tail,  Gen.  A  method 
of  joining  employed  for  wood,  stone,  or  iron, 
and  so  called  because  the  tenon  by  which  the 
joint  is  effected  is  cut  in  the  shape  of  a  dove- 
tail or  swallow-tail.  This  tail  fits  into  a  notch 
(Fig.  269).  The  ancients  employed  double  dove- 
tails for  joining  stones  together;  this  method  of 
construction  was  called  Opus  Revinctum  (q.v.). 

Dove-tail  Moulding,  Arch.  (Norman  ;  called 


.'\K  1     J\i\l)    AKt    1  1  .  I,(  )1,(  )(,\ 


"7 


also  Triangular    Frktte).     Decorated  with 
running  bands  in  the  form  of  dove-tails. 


A  I'.ioNaiina  de'  Medici. 

Doves,  the   Eucharistic.     Sacred    vessels   of 
jold,    silver,    gilded    bronze,    or    ivory,    in    the 


Fig.  269.  Dove-tailed  Masonry. 

form  of  a  dove,  a  tower,  Sec,  which  served  as 
receptacles  for  the  reserved  Host  ;  they  were 
hung  up  in  the  middle  of  the  Cihorium  (q.v. ). 
At  the  Amiens  Museum  a  dove  of  this  kind  is 
to  be  seen  dating  from  the  12th  century,  and  at 
the  church  of  St.  Xazaire  at  Milan  there  is 
one  of  silver,  gilded  within  and  enamelled  with- 
out, which  is  also  veiy  ancient. 

Dowlas,  O.  E.  Coarse  linen  cloth  made  in 
Brittany  ;    "■  fdlhy  doidas  !  " 

Drachma,  Gr.  (SpaxfJ-v',  ^paaaofxai,  to  hold 
in  the  hand).  A  drachm,  the  principal  silver 
coin  of  the  Greeks.  There  were  two  kinds  of 
drachjiiata,  which  differed  in  value  :  the  Attic 
drachm  and  the  /Eginetan.  The  Attic  drachnui 
was  equal  in  value  to  a  franc,  equal  to  six  oboloi. 
The  piece  of  four  drachmas  was  called  a  staler. 
As  a  weight  the  drachma  was  the  eighth  of  an 
iincia  ;  about  =  our  modern  dracJun. 

Draco,  Gen.  (i)  A  dragon  ;  the  ensign  of  the 
Roman  cohort  in  the  time  of  Trajan,  adojited  from 
the  Parthians.  (2)  A  fantastic  animal  of  Pagan 
mythology:  the  garden  of  the  Ilesperides,  the 
Golden  Fleece,  and  the  fountain  of  Castalia  were 
all  guarded  by  dragons.  (3)  In  Christian 
archeology  the  dragon  symbolizes  sin,  es]3ecially 
idolatry.  (4)  The  Chinese  give  to  several  im- 
mortals the  figure  of  a  dragon.  They  distin- 
guish the  long  dragon  of  heaven,  a  being  espe- 
cially sacred;  the  Kau,  dragon  of  the  mountain  ; 


lii;.  270.    Heraldic 
Dragon. 


and  the  Li,  dragon  of  the  sea.  The  dragons 
are  represented  as  "gigantic  saurians,  with 
powerful  claws,  and  terminated  by  a  frightful 
head,  scaly  and  strongly  toothed."  There  arc 
the  scaly  dragon,  the  winged  dragon,  the  horned 
and  the  lu)rnless  dragons,  and  the  dragon 
rolled  within  itself  which  has  not  yet  taken 
lliglit  to  the  upper  regions.  In  their  zodiacal 
system  the  dragon  is  the  sign  for  the  month  ol 
March.     (See  TciiY.) 

Draconarius,  R.  The  standanl-bcarer  who 
carried  the  diijco. 

Dracontarium,  K.  •  A  band  for  the  head,  so 
called  because  it  was  twisted  in  imitation  of  the 
draco  \\  hich  was  used  as  an  en>ign. 

Dragon,       I  Icr.        A 
winged    monster   having 
four  legs.    (Seel)KACO.) 
Dragon.    A  short  car- 
bine (hence"  ibagooiis"). 
Dragon's    Blood.      A 
resinous    astringent     ex- 
tractof  a  deep  red  colour, 
used  as  a  colouring  ingre- 
dient forspirit  and  turi)en- 
tine  varnishes  and  paints, 
tSic.     The  Roman  ciiiua 
/wrwas  Dragon's  Blood. 
Draught  (or  Drawte)  Chamber,  O.  E.      The 
w\\.\\-dra7uiui::^  room. 

Draughts,  Game  of.     (See  Damks,  LAiKt/.N- 

CUI.I.) 

Dravid'ha,  Ilind.  A  Hindoo  temple  con- 
structed on  an  octagonal  plan.     (See  Is' agar  AS, 

ViMANA,   VkSARA.) 

Dresden  Porcelain,  made  at  the  Royal 
Manufactory  established  at  Meissen  in  Sa.vony 
in  1709,  is  most  excellent  anterior  to  1796, 
since  when  its  ancient  perfection  has  been  lost. 
The  mark  of  the  best  period  is  two  crossed 
swords,  with  a  sloped  cross  or  a  .small  circle 
beneath.  The  later  mark  has  a  star  beneath 
the  swords.  On  rejected  ])ieces  the  sword> 
were  cut  across  with  a  line  ;  but  the  manufac- 
tory at  the  present  day  counterfeits  its  old 
marks.  Fig.  271  is  a  specimen  of  the  best 
period,  later  than  1720  and  before  1778. 

Dressoir  or  Dressouer  (the  buffet  of  the 
15th  century,  the  tiidnia  of  the  l6th)  was  the 
principal  object  of  the  dining-room,  on  which 
were  displayed  all  the  ornamental  plate  of  the 
owner  of  the  house,  costly  vases,  (!v:c.  Kings 
had  often  three  dressers,  one  for  silver,  another 
for  silver-gold,  and  the  third  for  gold  plate.  In 
form  they  varied  ;  but  they  were  made  of  the 
most  valuable  woods,  and  enriched  with  the 
finest  carving.  They  were  sometimes  covered 
over  with  cloth  of  gold  :  the  city  of  Orleans 
offered  one  in  gold  to  Charles  IV.,  which  was 
valued  at  Sooo  livres  Tournois. 

Drilbu,  1 1  ind.  A  bell  used  in  Buddhist  worship. 


Its 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Drinking-cups  of  Glass  are  frequently  found 
in  tlie  Saxon  barrows  or  graves  in  England. 
They  are    ornamented   in  various  patterns,  and 


Kig.  j-ji.  Dresden  milk-jug. 

rounded   at    the    bottom.     The    Anglo-Saxons 
were  also  rich  in  cups  of  the  precious  metals. 


Fig.  272.  Pot-pourri  vase,  Dresden  china. 


They  used  horn  cup.-)  also,  as  did  the  Normans. 
In  the  15th  century  tiat-shaped  cups  or  bowls 
were  used. 

Drip,  Arch.  The  edge  of  a  roof  ;  the  eaves  ; 
the  corona  of  a  cornice. 

Drip-stone,  Arch.  The  moulding  in  Gothic 
architecture  which  serves  as  a  canopy  for 
an  opening  and  to  throw  off  the  rain.  It  is 
also  called  7veatker- moulding  and  water-table. 
(See  also  Corona.) 

Dromo,  Dromon,  R.  {5p6ixa>v  ;  Spo/^eir,  to  run). 
A  vessel  remarkable  for  its  swift  sailing;  hence — 

Dromon  or  Dromound,  O.  E.  A  medieval  ship, 
propelled  by  oars  and  one  sail,  used  for  the  trans- 
port of  troops.  The  Crusaders  cz\\e.d.\is.droineda7y. 

Dromos,  Gr.  and  Egyp.  [bp6ixos).  (i)  The 
Spartan  racecourse.  (2)  An  avenue  leading 
to  the  entrances  of  Egyptian  temples  ;  that  lead- 
ing to  the  great  temple  of  Karnac  contained  660 
colossal  sphinxes,  all  of  which  were  monoliths. 

Drop  Lake  is  a  pigment  obtained  from  Bra- 
zil wood,  which  affords  a  very  fugitive  colour. 

Drops,  Arch.  (Lat.  guttce).  Ornaments  re- 
sembling drops,  used  in  the  Doric  entablature,, 
immediately  under  the  TRIGLYI'H  and  mutule. 

Druidic  (Monuments),  Celt.  Celtic  monu- 
ments, also  known  by  the  name  of  Megalithic. 
(See  Standing-stones,  Dolmens,  Menhirs, 
Cromlechs,  &c. ).  The  most  ancient  and  pro- 
bably the  largest  Celtic  or  Druidical  temple 
was  at  Avebury  in  Wiltshire.  D7:  Stukdcy, 
who  .surveyed  it  in  1720,  says  that  "this  may 
be  regarded  as  the  grand  national  cathedral, 
while  the  smaller  circles  which  are  met  with  in 
other  parts  of  the  island  may  be  compared  to 
the  parish  or  village  churches. '' 

Drum,  Arch,  (i)  Of  a  dome  or  cupola,  the 
Stylobate  (or  vertical  part  on  which  the 
columns  rest).  (2)  Of  the  Corinthian  and 
Composite  capitals,  the  solid  part ;  called  also 
Bell,  Vase,  Basket. 

Dry  Point.  Direct  engraving  upon  copper 
with  the  sharp  etching-needle  itself,  without  the 
plate  being  covered  with  etching-ground,  or  the 
lines  bit  in  by  acid.  This  method  produces  very 
soft  and  delicate  work,  but  it  is  not  so  durable 
in  printing  as  the  etched  line. 

Dryers.  In  painting,  substances  imparted 
to  oils  to  make  them  dry  quickly.  The  most 
general  in  use  is  oxide  of  lead,  but  white 
copperas,  oxide  of  manganese,  ground  glass, 
oxide  of  zinc,  calcined  bones,  chloride  of  lime, 
and  verdigris  have  all  been  used  at  various  times. 

Drying  Oil.  Boiled  oil,  used  in  painting 
as  a  vehicle  and  a  varnish.  It  is  linseed  oil 
boiled  with  litharge  (or  oxide  of  lead). 

Dryness.  A  style  of  painting  in  which  the 
outline  is  harsh  and  formal,  and  the  colour  defi- 
cient in  mellowness  and  harmony. 

Duck-bills,  O.  E.  Broad-toed  shoes  of  the 
15th  century. 


ART  AND  ARCH  GEOLOGY. 


119 


Buke,     Her.     The 


Fig.  273.  Duke's  coronet. 


highest  rank  and  title 
in  the  British 
peerage ;  fust 
introduced  by 
Edward  HI. 
in  the  year 
1337.  when 
lie  created  the 
Black  Prince 
the  first  Eng- 
lish duke  (in 
Latin  "dux").  The  coronet  of  a  duke,  arbitrary 
in  its  adornment  until  the  1 6th  century  was  far 
advanced,  is  now  a  circlet,  heightened  with  eight 
conventional  strawberry-leaves,  of  which  in  re- 
presentation three  and  two  half-leaves  are 
shown.    {Bout ell.) 

Dulcimer.  A  musical  instrument,  the  proto- 
type of  our  pianoforte.  It  was  very  early 
known  to  the  Arabs  and  Persians,  who  called  it 
saiitir.  One  of  its  old  European  names  is  the 
ciinbal.  The  Hebrew  ncbd,  or  perhaps  the 
psanicrin  mentioned  by  Daniel,  is  supposed  to 


have  been  a  dulcimer  ;  the  psalterion  of  the 
Greeks  also.  A  hand  organ  of  the  Middle  Ages 
was  called  a  dulcimer. 

Dunkirk.  A  manufactory  of  modern  faience 
which  only  existed  for  a  short  time  in  the  l8th 
century,  and  was  closed  within  a  year.  The 
works  are  therefore  very  rare.  Jacquemart 
mentions  a  clock  bearing  a  close  resemblance 
to  certain  Dutch  products,  inscribed  Dickhoof 
and  A.  Diiislmrg,  and  by  the  latter  name 
identified  as  Dunkirk  work. 

Duns,  Celtic.  Ancient  hill  forts  of  the  sim- 
plest kind,  consisting  of  a  round  or  oval  earthen 
wall  and  ditch  on  a  rising  ground,  probably 
contemporary  with  the  pit  dwellings. 

Dunster,  O.  P^.  Broad -cloth  made  in 
Somersetshire,  temp.  Edward  III. 

Dutch  Pink.     (.See  Pinks.) 

Dutch  White.  (See  Carhon'atf.  ok  Leah, 
Barytes.) 

Dwararab'ha,  Dwaragopouras,  Dwara- 
harmya,  Dwaraprasada,  Dwarasala,  Ind.  (See 
GorouRAs.) 


E. 


Eagle,  Her.  The  eagle  (called  in  heraldry 
.-i/tvw;/)  appears  in 
the  earliest  iMiglish 
examples  of  arms, 
\  and  his  appearance 
\  often  denotes  an 
>  alliance  with  Ger- 
man princes.  Both 
the  German  em- 
]ierors  and  Rus- 
sian czars  adopted 
the  eagle  for  their 
heraldic  ensign  in 
support  of  their 
claim  to  be  con- 
Fig.  274.  Eagle— Ensign  of  France,  sidered  the  suc- 
cessors of  the 
Roman  Ca.sars.  The  eagle  borne  as  the  en- 
sign of  Imperial  France  sits,  grasping  a  thunder- 
bolt, in  an  attitude  of  vigilance,  having  its 
wings  elevated,  but  the  tips  of  the  feathers 
drooping,  as  they  would  be  in  a  living  bird.  In 
remote  antiquity  the  eagle  was  an  emblem  of 
the  sun,  and  the  double-headed  eagle  typifies  the 
rising  and  the  setting  sun.  The  eagle  was  the 
attribute  of  Jove  as  his  messenger.  The  eagle 
killing  a  serpent  or  a  hare  is  an  ancient  symbol 
of  victory.  In  Christian  art  the  eagle  is  the  attri- 
bute of  .St.  John  the  Evangelist,  the  symbol  of 
the  highest  inspiration.  St.  John  is  sometimes 
represented  with   human  body  and  eagle   head. 


Fig.  275.  Earl's  coronet. 


The  lectern  in  Christian  churches  is  commonly 
in  the  form  of  an  eagle.  Elislia  the  prophet  is 
rejjresentcd  with  a  two-headed  eagle.  (See 
Aquil.-e.  ) 

Earl,  Her.  (from  the  Gaelic  iarjlath,  "a 
dependent  chief"  =  iar,  "after,"  and  fath, 
"  lord";  pronounced  iarrl).  Before  1337  the  high- 
est, and  now  the 
third  degree  of  rank 
and  dignity  in  the 
British  peerage.  An 
earl's  coronet  has 
eight  lofty  rays  of 
gold  rising  from  the 
circlet,  each  of 
which  supports  a 
large  pearl,  while  between  each  pair  of  these 
rays  there  is  a  golden  strawlierry-leaf  In  re- 
presentation five  of  the  rays  and  pearls  are  shown. 
Elevated  clusters  of  pearls  appear  in  an  earl's 
coronet  as  early  as  1445  ;  but  the  present  form 
of  the  coronet  may  be  assigned  to  the  second 
half  of  the  following  century. 

Earl  Marshal.  In  England,  ore  of  the  great 
officers  of  slate,  who  regulates  ceremonies  and 
takes  cognizance  of  all  matters  relating  to 
honour,  anus,  and  ])edigree. 

Early  English  Architecture.  The  first  of 
the  pointed  or  Gothic  styles  of  architecture  used 
in  England.  It  succeeded  the  Norman  towards 
the    end    of   the    I2tli    century,    and    gradually 


WORDS  USED  IN 


merged  into  the  Decorated  at  the  end  of  the 
13th.      Its  leading  peculiarity  is  the  long  narrow 
lancet  window. 
Earn,  Scotch.     An  eagle 


Echinate.     Armed  with   spines    or  bristles 
like  a  hedgehog. 


Fig,  276.   Greek  or  Etruscan  ear-rings  in  gold. 

Ear-rings  (Lat.  inatircs,  Gr.  ifdna)  were 
a  common  ornament  for  ladies  in  Greece  and 
Rome,  and  among  the  early  Saxons  :  they  were 
worn  by  men  during  the  reigns  of  Elizabeth  and 
James  I. 

Earth  Tables,  Arch.  The  projecting  course  of 
stones  in  a  wall,  immediately  above  the  surface 
of  the  ground,  now  called  the  plinth.     {^Parker. ) 

Earthenware.     (See  Pottery.) 

Easel  (from  the  German  esel,  an  ass).  A 
frame  with  movable  rest  for  resting  pictures  on. 

Easel-picture.     A  small  portable  picture. 

Easter,  Chr.  (A.vS.  easire).  From  the  goddess 
"Eostur,"  whose  festival  fell  in  April.  The 
Latin  name  "Paschal"  refers  to  the  Jewish 
feast  of  the  Passover.  The  Paschal  season 
originally  extended  over  fifteen  days,  from  Palm 
Sunday  to  Low  Sunday.  (See  S/nith  and 
Ckecthani's  Diet,  of  Christian  Ant.) 

Eaves  (A.  S.  efcse,  the  edge).  The  over- 
hanging "  edge  "  of  the  roof  of  a  house. 

Ebenistes,  Fr.  Workers  in  fine  cabinet- 
making. 

Ebony.  A  heavy,  hard,  black  wood,  obtained 
from  the  Diospyrus  ebenus.  Ebony  and  other 
exotic  woods  came  into  general  use  in  Europe 
from  the  end  of  the  17th  centuiy — subsequently 
to  1695,  when  the  Dutch  settled  in  Ceylon.  The 
black  ebony  is  the  most  valuable,  but  there  are 
green  and  yellow  varieties.  Old  carved  ebony 
furniture  found  in  English  houses  dates  gene- 
rally from  the  early  years  of  the  Dutch  occupa- 
tion of  Ceylon. 

Ebnrnean.     Made  of  ivory. 

Ecbasios  (iKdaiiu-,  to  disembark).  A  sacrifice 
offered  to  Apollo  after  a  favoiu'able  voyage. 

Ecclesia,  Gr.  General  assembly  of  the  citizens 
of  Athens.  (See  Sviith  and  Cheetham's  Diet, 
of  Christian  Ant. ) 

Echea,  Gr.  and  R.  (^x^s  sound  or  noise). 
Earthenware  or  bronze  vessels  used  to  strengthen 
the  sound  in  theatres.  (See  Acoustic  Vessels.  ) 


Fig.  277.  Echinus  or  egg  and  luiigue  on  tlie  ovulo  of  a 
Greek  cornice. 

Echinus,  Arch.  (Gr.  lyl.vo's,  a  hedgehog). 
The  egg  and  dart  or  egg  and  tongue  ovnameni 
frequently  carved  on  the  roimd  moulding,  much 
used  in  classic  architecture,  called  the  ovo/o. 
(Fig.  277.) 

Echometry  (/xerpoj/,  a  measure).  Ihe  art  of 
measuring  the  duration  of  sounds. 

Ecorchee,  Fr.  (lit.  flayed).  Said  of  an  ana- 
tomical model  specially  prepared  for  the  study 
of  the  muscular  system. 

Ecphonesis,  Chr.  That  part  of  a  devotional 
office  which  is  said  ajtdibly,  in  contrast  with  that 
said  secrete. 

Ectypus,  R.  A  hollow  mould  which  pro- 
duces an  impression  in  relief  which  is  called 
eetypuin. 


Fig   278.  Ecuelle,  Venetian  porcelain. 

Ecuelle,  Fr.  A  porringer.  Fig.  278  is  a 
specimen  in  the  best  style  of  Venetian  porcelain. 

Edward-Shovelboards,  O.  E.  Broad  shillings 
of  Edward  VI.,  formerly  used  in  playing  the 
game  of  shovelboard.  {Halliwell.) 

Effeir  of  War,  Scotch.     Warlike  guise. 

Effigies,  R.  An  image  or  effigy.  The  word  is 
usually  applied  to  the  heads  upon  coins  or  medals. 

Egg  and  Dart,  or  Egg  and  Tongue,  Orna- 
ment,   Arch.    (Fr.   aards  et   oves).     A  carving 


ART  AND  ARCII^.OLOGV. 


commonly   inserted    on    the    ovolo    moulding. 
(See  Echinus.  ) 

Egg-feast  or  Egg-Saturday,  O.  E.  The 
Saturday  before  Shrove  Tuesday. 

Egg-shell  Porcelain.  A  veiy  thin  white 
porcelain  of  the  "  Rose  family,"  to  which  the 
Chinese  have  given  the  name  of  "  porcelain 
without  embryo." 

Eggs,  as  a  Christian  emblem,  are  supposed 
to  represent  "  the  immature  hope  of  the  resur- 
rection."    {Martigny. ) 

Egret  (Fr.  ais^frtte).  A  small  white  heron, 
marked  by  a  cirst  on  his  head. 

Egyptian  Architecture  and  Sculpture  can  be 
studied  in  the  nn^numenti  remaining  from  re- 
motest antiquity  to  about  a.d.  300.  (ireat  varieties 
of  style  occur,  which  can  be  easily  attributed  to 
their  respective  periods  by  the  hieroglyphical 
inscriptions.  The  three  primitive  motives  of 
all  Egyptian  buildings  are  the  pyramid,  caves, 
and  structures  of  tintber;  all  contemporary  with 
the  most  ancient  relics.  In  sculpture,  the  most 
ancient  works  of  all  are  also  those  most  remarkal)le 
for  fidelity  to  nature.  The  conventionality  intro- 
duced afterwards  with  the  canon  of  proportions  is 
still  comliined  with  a  close  imitation  of  Nature 
in  the  details.  The  Grecian  or  Ptolemaic  period 
begins  B.C.  322.  [See  Wilkinson^ s  Ancient 
Egyptians,  Canincis  Egyptian  Architecture ;  and 
the  works  of  Briigsch,  Marriette,  Soldi,  Ebers,  &c.] 
Egyptian  Blue,  the  brilliant  blue  pigment 
found  on  the  monu- 
ments, is  found  by 
analysis  to  consist  of 
the  hydrated  pro- 
toxide of  copper, 
mixed  with  a  minute 
quantity  of  iron.  The 
green  colour  was  de- 
rived from  another 
oxide  of  copper  ;  vio- 
let from  manganese 
or  gold  ;  yellow  from 
silver,  or  perhaps 
iron ;  and  red  from 
the  protoxide  of  cop- 
per. 

Egyptian  Pottery 
of  great  beauty  is 
found  in  great  quan- 
tities along  with  the 
costly  ornaments 
in  the  tombs.  It  is 
intermediary  between 
porcelain  and  stone- 
ware, and  its  colour- 
ing demonstrates  a 
high  degree  of  skill, 
science,  and  precision  of  execution.  Among 
the  forms  frequently  found  are  the  oviform, 
long-necked  bottles  (Fig.  279),   lenticular  phials 


with    royal    cartouches  (Fig-    280),  lamps  (l-ig. 
281),  &c.      (See  also  Fig.  219.) 


Fig.  279.  Oviform  bottle. 
Egypti.in. 


*^J^'U 


bii;   280.  Lenticiil.ir  Phials.     Loiivrc  M11-.CU111, 


Eikon,  Gr.,  or  Icon,  Lat.     An  image;  hence 
iconoclasts  or  image-breakers. 

Eileton,     Chr.     (from     tWa),    to     wind     or 


Fig.  281.  Lamp  in  blue  enamelled  carthiiiwurc. 
Egyptian. 

fold).  The  cloth  on  which  the  elements  are 
consecrated  in  the  Eucharist.  "  The  eiU-ton 
represents  the  linen  cloth  in  which  the  body  of 
Christ  was  wrapped  when  it  was  taken  down 
from  the  cross  anil  laid  in  the  tomb."(6V/-///,///«j). 

Eisodos,  Chr.  A  ceremony  of  the  Greek 
Church,  of  two  parts.  (l)  The  bearing  into 
the  church  in  proctssion  of  the  book  of  the 
Gospels  is  called  the  Lesser  Entrance.  (2)  A 
similar  bearing  in  of  the  elements  of  the  Eucha- 
rist is  called  the  Greater  Entrance. 

Eleeolite  (lit.  oil-stone).  A  mineral  having 
a  fatty  resinous  lustre. 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Elaeothesium,  Gr.  and  R.  A  room  in  a 
suite  of  batlis  wliere  oils,  perfumes,  and  essences 
were  kept,  and  the  bathers  were  anointed  and 
rubbed. 

Elaphebolia,  Gr.  Athenian  festivals  held  in 
the  month  called  Elaphebolion,  or  the  ninth 
month  of  the  year,  when  a  stag  (tKacpos)  was 
sacrificed  to  Diana. 

Elbow-g-auntlet.  A  long  gauntlet  of  plate 
armour,  adopted  from  the  Asiatics  in  the  i6th 
century. 

Elbow-pieces  (Fr.  coudicrcs).  Plate  armour 
to  coN'cr  the  joint  at  the  elbow. 

Elbows,  Alod.  (Fr.  accoudoirs).  The  divisions 
between  the  stalls  in  a  church,  also  called  by 
the  French  "museaux,"  from  the  fact  of  their 
ends  being  ornamented  with  an  animal's  head. 

Electoral  Bonnet,  Her.  A  cap  of  crimson 
velvet  guarded  with  ermine,  borne  over  the 
inescutcheon  of  the  arms  of  Hanover  from  iSoi 
to  1816. 

Eleotrotint.  A  method  of  preparing  en- 
graved copper  plates  for  the  printing-press  by 
the  electrotype  process.  {See  Art  Joiirnal,  1850.) 

Electrotype.  The  process  whereby  works  in 
relief  are  produced  by  the  agency  of  electricity, 
through  \\'hich  certain  metals,  such  as  gold, 
silver,  and  copper,  are  precipitated  from  their 
solutions  upon  moulds  in  so  fine  a  state  of 
division  as  to  form  a  coherent  mass  of  pure 
metal,  equal  in  toughness  and  flexibility  to  the 
hammered  metals.  {Fair/iolt.)  At  the  present 
day  electrotypes  are  generally  taken  from  en- 
gravings on  wood  for  printing  from. 

Electrum  {fiXtKrpou).  In  Homer  and  Hesiod 
this  word  means  amber.  Pliny  says  that  when 
gold  contains  a  fifth  part  of  silver,  it  is  called 
electrum.  Its  colour  was  whiter  and  more 
luminous  than  that  of  gold,  and  the  metal  was 
supposed  to  betray  the  presence  of  poison. 
Specimens  are  rare.  A  beautiful  vase  of  electnnn 
is  preserved  in  the  St.  Petersburg  Museum. 
Some  coins  in  electrum  were  struck  by  the 
kings  of  Bosporus,  and  by  Syracuse  and  some 
Greek  states. 

Elements,  Chr.  The  bread  and  the  wine  in 
the  Lord's  Supper.  In  the  Eastern  liturgies 
the  unconsecrated  elements  are  called  "the 
Mysteries,"  and  the  bread  alone  the  Seal 
((T<ppa-yh),  from  its  being  divided  by  lines  in  the 
form  of  a  cross.  The  interesting  subject  of  the 
composition  and  form  of  the  elements  in  the 
early  churches  is  fully  discussed  in  the  "Dic- 
tionary of  Christian  Anti(piities "  (Smith  and 
Cheetham). 

Elemine.  A  crystallized  resin  used  to  give 
consistency  to  the  varnish  which  forms  part  of 
the  composition  of  lacquer. 

Elenchus,  R.  (tXtyxos).  (i)  A  pear-shaped 
]icarl  highly  esteemed  by  the  Roman  ladies,  who 
Wore  such  pearls  niouiUed  as  ilrups  or  pendants 


to  brooches  and  rings.     (See  the  illustration  to 
Crotalium.)     (2)  An  index  to  a  book. 

Elephant.  In  mediaeval  heraldry  this  animal 
is  a  symlx)!  of  piety,  from  an  ancient  legend, 
mentioned  by  /Elian,  liiny,  and  others,  that  it 
has  in  religious  reverence,  with  a  kind  of  dev('>- 
tion,  not  only  the  stars  and  planets,  but  also  the 
sun  and  moon. 

Elephant  Paper.  Drawing-paper  manufac- 
tured in  sheets,  measuring  28  inches  by  23. 
Double  Elephant  Paper  measures  40  inches  by  2b\. 
Eleusinian  Mysteries.  The  holiest  and  most 
venerated  of  the  Greek  festivals.  The  Lesser 
Eleusinia,  held  at  Agr?c  in  the  month  Anthes- 
terion,  were  a  preparation  for  the  Greater, 
which  were  celebrated  at  Athens  and  Eleusis. 
The  Mysfce  were  the  initiated  at  the  Lesser,  of 
which  the  principal  rite  was  the  sacrifice  of  a 
sow,  previously  purified  by  washing  in  the  Can- 
tharus.  The  Greater  were  celebrated  every  year 
in  the  month  Boedromion,  and  lasted  nine  days. 
On  the  first  day  the  Mysta;  assembled  at  Athens  ; 
on  the  second  they  went  through  a  ceremony  of 
purification  at  the  sea  coast  ;  the  third  was  a 
day  of  fasting  ;  on  the  fourth  there  was  a  pro- 
cession of  a  waggon  drawn  by  oxen,  followed 
by  women  who  had  small  mystic  cases  in  their 
hands  ;  on  the  fifth,  or  torch  day,  the  MystK 
went  in  the  evening  with  torches  to  the  temple 
of  Demeter,  where  they  passed  the  night ;  on 
the  sixth,  which  was  the  most  solemn  of  all,  a 
statue  of  lacchos,  the  son  of  Demeter,  was 
borne  in  procession  to  Eleusis,  and  the  Mystrc 
were  there  initiated  in  the  last  mysteries 
during  the  following  night.  There  was  some- 
thing in  the  secrets  of  this  part  of  the  ceremony 
which  excited  greatly  the  imagination  of  the 
ancient  writers,  especially  Christians,  who  de- 
scribe them  "in  an  awful  and  horrible  manner." 
Each  of  the  initiated  was  dismissed  by  the 
niystagogiis  with  the  words  K6y^,  ouira^.  On 
the  next  day  they  returned  to  Athens,  and 
resting  on  the  bridge  of  Cephisus  engaged  in  a 
contest  of  ridicule  with  the  passers-by  :  the 
eighth  and  ninth  days  were  unimportant. 

Eleutheria.  A  Greek  festival  in  honour  oi 
Zeus  Eleutherios  (the  Deliverer). 

Elevati  of  Ferrara.  One  of  the  Italian 
literary  academies.  Their  device  was  from  the 
fable  of  Hercules  and  Ant.vus,  with  the  motto 
from  Horace,  "  S//perat  tellus,  sidera  donat" 
(Earth  conquers  us,  but  gives  us  Heaven). 

Elevation,  (i)  In  Architecture,  &c.,  a  per- 
pendicular plan  drawn  to  a  scale.  (2)  In 
Christian  archreology,  the  Hfti'ig  up  of  the 
elements  at  certain  points  in  the  Eucharistic  ser- 
vice, universally  prescribed  in  the  early  Oriental 
liturgies,  and  introduced  into  the  Western 
Church  with  the  doctrine  of  transubstantiatlon. 

Elgin  Marbles.  Friezes  and  metojies  from 
the      Parllienon    at     Athens,     brought     to    the 


Fig.  282.  Bas-reLef  from  the  frieze  of  die  Parthenon.    One  of  the  Elgin  Marbles. 


British  Museum  by  Lord  Elgin.  They  are 
adorned -with  sculptures  in  relief;  those  on  the 
frieze  represent  the  Panathenaic  procession  in 
honour  of  Athena;  those  on  the  metopes,  chiefly 
the  contests  of  the  Centaurs  and  Lapitha;.  There 
are  also  statues  and  friezes,  especially  from  the 
temple  of  the  Wingless  Victoiy  and  the  Cho- 
RAGic  Monument  of  Lysicrates.  They  are 
admirably    described      by    Mr.    Newton   in    his 


Fig.  2S  !.  Great  Se.il  of  ( Jiiccn  Elizabeth. 


"  Guide  "  to  these  sculptures  published  by  the 
authorities  of  the  British  Museum.  (Fig. 
282.)  ^     ^ 

Elizabeth,  Queen.  The  costume  and  the 
royal  apjnirtenances  of  this  monarch  are  well 
illustrated  by  the  Royal  Seal.  In  the  Royal  Arms 
we  see  the  lions  and  the  lilies  {France  modern 
and  England  quarterly).  On  the  reverse  (Fig. 
284)  the  Tudor  Rose,  fleur-de-lis,  and  harp 
appear  separately  crowned  for  England, 
France,  and  Ireland.  Elizabeth  was  fond 
of  allegory  and  devices.  In  her  portrait 
by  Zoffany  "the  lining  of  her  robe  is 
A\orked  with  eyes  and  ears,  and  on  her 
left  sleeve  is  embroidered  a  serpent — all 
to  imply  wisdom  and  vigilance."  In  her 
other  hand  is  a  rainbow  with  the  motto, 
"  Kon  sine  sole  iris  "  (no  rainbow  without 
the  sun). 

Elizabethan.  The  style  of  architecture 
and  flecoration  gradually  developed  during 
the  reign  oftheTudors  in  England.  Its 
characteristics  are  a  mixed  revival  of  clas- 
sical forms  with  quaint  and  grotesque  relics 
of  the  Gothic.  Typical  examples  are 
Crewe  Hall,  Speke,  in  Lancashire,  Haddon 
Hall,  Kenihvorth  Castle,  Raglan  Castle, 
\c. 

Ellipsis,  Ellipse.  A  figure  formed  by 
cutting  a  cone  obliquely  across  its  length  ; 
hence — 

Ellipsograph.  An  instrument  for  de- 
scribing a  semi-ellipse. 

EUotia  or  Hellotia.  A  Corinthian  fes- 
tival with  a  torch-race,  in  honour  of  Athena 
as  a  goddess  of  fire. 


124 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Ellychnium,  R.  {\vxyos,  a  light).     The  wick 


Fig.  2S4.  Great  Seal  uf  (Jueen  Elizabeth. 

Emarginated.  Having  the  margin  broken 
by  a  notcli  or  notches. 

Embalming  was  frequently  practised  by  the 
early  ChrLstians,  especially  with  the  bodies  of 
martyrs.  The  practice  was  derived  from  the 
Jews.  As  a  pagan  ceremony  embalming  was 
intended  to  facilitate  crcviatioii. 

Embalon,  Cjr.  and  U.  A  beak,  corresponding 
to  the  modern  ra>n,  under  the  liows  of  a  war 
galley,  for  the  jjurpose  of  sinking  the  enemy. 

Embas,  Gr.  A  shoe  of  white  felt,  used  esp. 
by  the  Ureotians. 

Ember  Days,  Chr.  (in  Anglo-Saxon,  yiiihrcit 
dagas,  "recurrent  days;"  in  Latin,  jcjiinia 
quatuor  tcmporum  ;  in  French,  ks  quatre  temps, 
&.C.).    Special  fasts  api^ointed  to  be  observed  at 


Fig.  285.    Eniblomata 


the  commencement  of  each  of  the /our  seasons  of 
the  year.  In  the  Eastern  Church  there  is  no 
trace  of  such  an  observance.  (The  word  has  no 
connexion  with  embers  in  the  sense  of  ashes.) 
Emblazon,  Her.  (See  Blazon.) 
Emblemata,  Gr.  {iuBdWu,  to  put  in). 
Ini,.\ii)  work,  or  (i)  Mosaic  made  of 
coloured  cubes  of  glass  or  vitreous  enamel. 
(See  Sectii.e,  Tessellatum,  Vermicu- 
i.ATUM.)  Fig.  285  represents  emblemata 
of  different  kinds  of  glass.  (2)  Crusts 
exquisitely  wrought  on  the  surface  of  ves- 
sels or  other  pieces  of  furniture  ;  as,  for 
instance,  alabaster  on  marble,  gold  on 
silver,  silver  on  bronze.  The  Romans 
generally  used  the  term  cnista:  for  this  kind 
of  work.  From  Emblemata  is  derived 
our  word  EMiiLE.M,  the  true  meaning  of 
which  is  "  a  symbolical  figure  or  compo- 
sition which  conceals  an  allegory."  Thus 
an  ape  symbolized  malice  and  lust ;  ■x pelican 
piety,  and  the  Redeemer's  love  for  the  world, 
&c.  The  most  important  books  of  Emblems 
are  by  Alciati,  Faradin,  and  Sambuco. 

Embolismus,    Embolis,    or    Embolum, 
Chr.  (I)  An  inserted  or  intercalated  prayer 
in  a  liturgy.    (2)  The   number  of  days  re- 
quired to  make  up  the  lunar  year  to   the 
solar.     (See  Epact.) 
Embolium,Gr.andR.  (lit.somethingthrown 
in).  Aninterlude  orcomicpiecerecitedbyan 
actress  {cmboliaria)  between  the  acts  of  a  drama. 
Embolos,   Arch.,   Chr.     A  covered  portico  or 
cloister  surrounding  the  external  walls  of  a  church. 
Embolum,   Gr.      The  Greek  term  answering 
to    the    Latin    Rostrum     (q.v.).       (See    also 
Embolismus.) 

Embolus,  R.  (ejujSoAos).  The  piston  in  the 
chamber  of  a  jnnnji. 

Embossing,  Embossment.  A  prominence  like 
a  boss  ;  raised  ornamental  work. 

Embowed,  Her.  Bent.  An  arm  embowed 
has  the  ell)ow  to  the  dexter. 

Embrasure,  Arch,  (i)  The  interval  bet\\een 
the  cops  of  a  battlement.  (2)  An  expansion  of 
doorways,  windows,  &c.,  given  by  slanting  the 
sides.      (See  Splay.) 

Embroidery  is  one  of  the  oldest  of  the  orna- 
mental arts.  Some  specimens  of  ancient  Egyp- 
tian embroideiy  are  exhibited  in  the  Louvre,  and 
Herodotus  mentions  the  embroidered  vestments 
of  the  gods  in  Egypt.  The  Israelites  appointed 
Aholiab,  "  a  cunning  workman,  and  an  embroi- 
derer in  blue,  and  purple,  and  scarlet,  and  fine 
linen,"  to  be  chief  embroiJerer  to  the  sacred  ark. 
The  prophet  Ezekiel  mentions  the  embroidery 
of  Tyre.  It  was  the  principal  domestic  occu- 
]iation  of  ladies  in  G>-ecce,  from  the  days  when 
l\-nelope  embroidered  a  garment  for  Ulysses, 
representing  a  dog  chasing  a  deer.  The  J\omans 
called  embroidery   "  Phrygium,'  and   imported 


ART  AND  AR('ir.'T:oi,nr,v. 


it  largely  from  the  East.     In  later  times  Byzan- 
tium was  celebrated  for  its  cmhroidered  ccclo- 


F  ^.  -jj.  Indian  Embroidery.     In  tlie   Indian   bCLtion  of 
the  South  Kensington  Museum. 

siastical  vestments.  Pope  Paschal,  in  the  9th 
century,  was  the  greatest  patron  of  the  art. 
When  the  Caliph  Omar  pillaged  the  Persian 
palace  of  Khosroes,  he  found  there  a  carj)et  of 
silk  and  cloth  of  gold,  sixty  cubits  square,  hav- 
ing a  garden  depicted  upon  it,  and  rubies, 
emeralds,  sapphires,  beryls,  topazes,  and  pearls 
arranged  with  consummate  skill  to  represent 
trees,  fruit  and  flowers,  rivulets,  fountains,  roses 
and  shrubs.  Our  English  word  "  embroidery  " 
is  derived  from  the  Celtic  "brouda,"  to  ]5rick. 
Anglo-Saxonembroidery  was  celebrated  through- 
out Europe  as  Opus  AnglicaniDii.  The  celebrated 
Bayeux  tapestry  is  attributed  to  the  12th  century. 
A  copy  of  it  may  be  seen  in  the  South  Kensing- 
ton Kluseum.  The  art  decayed  in  England 
during  the  Civil  War  of  the  17th  century. 


Embrued,  Iler.      Stained  with  blond. 

Embu.  A  French  term  for  the  loss  of  lone  in  an  oil 
sketch,  caused  by  the  absorption  of  the  oil  whilst 
it  is  drying.      It  is  easily  corrected  l)y  a  glaze. 

Emerald.  A  precious  stone  of  various  shades 
of  green,  much  used  by  the  ancients  for  gem- 
engraving.  The  less  brilliant  varieties  are  known 
as  beryls.  For  its  significance  in  Christian  art, 
see  Creen. 

Emerald  Green.  A  vivid  bright  green  pig- 
ment, prejiared  from  the  arseniate  of  copper,  and 
used  both  in  oil  and  water-colours  ;  called  also 
Paul  Veronese  Green. 

Emissarium,  R.  [eniitlo,  to  send  forth).  A 
channel,  natural  or  artificial,  for  letting  off 
stagnant  water.  Some  of  these  channels  are  the 
most  wonderful  monuments  of  Roman  ingenuity. 
The  lakes  of  Trasimene,  Albano,  Nemi,  and 
Fucino  were  all  drained  by  EMissARlA.  The 
last  is  open  to  inspection,  and  is  described  as  "  a 
stupendous  work  of  engineering,  planned  by  Julius 
C;vsar,  and  completed  by  the  Emperor  Claudius. ' 

Empaistic,  Gr.  Damascening  (q.v.)  or  in 
crusta  work  practised  by  the  ancients,  as  opposed 
to  Toreutic  Art  (q.v.). 

Emperor  Paper.  The  largest  kind  of  draw 
ing-]5aper  manufactured  :  in  sheets  measuring 
66  inches  by  47. 

Emphotion,  Chr,  (from  (fi(t>wTi^u,  to  en- 
lighten). A  name  given  in  the  early  Church  to 
the  white  robe  with  which  persons  were  in- 
vested in  baptism  ;  as  it  were, "a  robe  of  light." 

Emplecton,  Gr.  and  R.  (lit.  inwoven).  A 
method  of  building,  originating  in  Cireece  and 
adopted  by  the  Romans,  in  which  a  space 
left  in  the  interior  of  the  wall  was  fdled  in 
with  rubble,  the  whole  block  of  masonry  being 
bound  together  at  intervals  by  ties  (diatcynoi). 
In  the  engraving,  c  and  /'  are  the  square  status, 
the  parts  between  them  being  the  ties  ordiatonoi, 
and  ('  the  rubble.      (.See  Fig.  249.) 

Emporium,  Gr.  and  R.  (e/uiropoj,  a  passenger 
in  a  ship).  A  place  at  a  sea-port  where  imported 
merchandise  was  warehoused  and  exposed  for 
sale.  The  remains  of  the  ancient  emporium  of 
Rome  have  been  discovered  on  the  banks  of  the 
Tiber.  The  name  is  sometimes  applied  to  a  town, 
but  applies  properly  only  to  a  certain  place  in  a 
town. 

Enafota  or  Enafodia,  Chr.  (Or.  it/ved<t>uTa). 
A  corona  or  chandelier  of  "  nine  lights." 

Enaluron,  Her.     (See  Entoike.) 

Enamel  (Fr.  es/nail ;  Ital.  smallo).  A 
glassy  substance  of  many  Inilliant  colours, 
melted  and  united  to  gold,  silver,  copper, 
bronze,  and  other  metals  in  the  furnace. 
Enamel  is  coloured  whitehy  oxide  of  tin,  blue  by 
oxide  of  cobalt,  ;■<•</ by  gold,  and^^cr^by  copper. 
Different  kinds  of  enamel  are  (i)  inlaid  or  in- 
crusted.  (2)  Transparent,  showing  designs  on 
the  metal  under  it,     (3)  Painted  as  a  complete 


126 


WORDS  USED  IN 


picture.  "Many  fine  specimens  of  ancient 
Chinese  enamel  were  seen  in  the  Exhibition  of 
1851.  They  have  the  enamel  on  copper,  beau- 
tifully coloured  and  enlivened  with  figures  of 
flowers,  birds,  and  other  animals.  The 
colouring  is  most  chaste  and  effective. 
The  Chinese  say  that  no  good  specimens  of 
this  manufacture  have  been  made  for  the 
last  six  or  eight  hundred  years."  {For- 
tune.)  Beautiful  transparent  enamels  are 
made  in  India. 
They  look  like 
slices  of  emerald 
or  sapphire  laid 
in  beds  of  gold, 
having  tiny  figures 
of  beaten  gold  let 
into  their  surfaces. 
(SeealsoCLOisoN- 
N^,  Champ-leve, 
Basse-taille, 
&c.)  The  beautiful 
example  of  enam- 
el-work, Fig.  287, 
is  attributed  to 
Benvenuto  Cellini. 
(See  Fig.  188.) 

Enamel.  Paint- 
ing in  enamel  is 
done  by  means  of 
colours  that  are 
vitrifiable,  a  qua- 
lity that  is  com- 
municated to  them 

by  combining  them  with  a  vitreous  base, 
which    is   called    their   flux.      These    are 
fused    and    fixed  on    the    enamel    by   the 
action  of  fire,  which  produces  in  the  colours 
applied  such  changes  as  the  artist  has  pre- 
viously learned  to  calculate.      [Boiivicr.) 
Enamelled  Glass.     (See  Glass.) 
Enamelled  Wares.  (See  Glazed  Ware.) 
Encaenia,  Chr.     A  dedication  festival. 
Encarpa,  Gr.  An  architectural 
decoration   formed    of  festoons       f'is-  287 
or  garlands  of  flowers  and  fruits 
{KapitoX),  whence  its  name.   Fig. 
288  shows  an  example  horn  the  temple  of  Vesta 
at  Tivoli. 

Encaustic,  R.  (lit.  burning  in).  The  art  of 
painting  in  encaustic.  Pliny  says,  "  The  colours 
were  applied  with  wax  on  marble,  and  trans- 
parent gum  on  ivory.  Coloured  wax  was  ap- 
plied to  the  wall  in  the  form  of  a  paste,  and  in 
the  manner  of  mosaic  or  enamels.  This  was 
then  melted  or  fused  with  hot  irons  {caiitcrid), 
a  small  fillet  of  a  different  tint  being  in- 
serted between  each  flat  tint."  Fairholt  says, 
"There  is  no  antique  painting  extant  which 
is  properly  called  encaustic  ;  all  those  sup- 
posed   to    be    so    have,     on    closer    examina- 


Pendant 
aiid  enriched  with  jewe 


tion,   proved    to    be  in    Fresco   or  in  Tem- 
pera." 

Encaustic  Tiles.    Ornamental  tiles  for  floor- 
ings, extensively  used  in  the  Middle  Ages. 

Encheirion,  Chr.     The  napkin  with 
which  the  priest  wipes  his  hands  ;  worn  ■ 
at  the  girdle. 

Encoignure,  Fr.    A  table  made  with 
an  angle  to  fit  into  a  corner. 

Encolpia,  Chr.  (lit.  worn  on  the 
breast,  or  from 
the  Gr.  eyKuKiri^o}, 
to  contain  in  the 
womb).  (l)  Small 
caskets  contain- 
ing relics  or  a 
copy  of  the  Gos- 
pels, worn  by  the 
early  Christians 
suspended  from 
the    neck.      (See 

E  POM  ADI  ON.) 

Their    use    is    of 
the      highest    an- 
tiquity, anrl  speci- 
mens   have     been 
found        in      the 
tombs  of  the  an- 
cient cemetery  of 
the    Vatican,  be- 
longing     to     the 
4th     century. 
These  were  square 
in    form,     having 
on  one  side  the  sacred  monogram  IXP  for 
IH20T2    XPI2T02  between  the    letters 
A  and  n.     (2)  The  pectoral  crosses  worn 
by    bishops     are    also    called    encolpia. 
Reliquaries  in  the  form  of  a  cross    are 
first  mentioned    by  Gregory  the   Great. 
He  sent  one  of  them  to  Queen  Theode- 
linda.      {Martigny.) 

Eticomboma,    Gr.    (i.  e.   girt   on).     A 
Greek  apron,   tied  round  the 
of  gold,  enamelled       waist,    worn   chiefly  by  young 
maidens  and  by  slaves  to  keep 
the  tunic  clean. 
Encyclical  Letters,     (i)  Chr.     Letters  "sent 
round  "  to  all  who  should  read  them,   and  not 
addressed    to    any  particular  person   (from   the 
members  of  a  council,  &c.).    (2)  Gen.  The  same 
words,  ypdfifjLara  iyKvKKta,  apply  to  the  subjects 
which  the  Greeks  included  in  the  "  circle  of  the 
sciences,"  or  encyclopaedia. 
Encysted.     Enclosed  in  a  cyst. 
Endecagon  (eVSe/ca,  eleven  ;  ya>via,  an  angle). 
A  plane  figure  having  eleven  sides  and  eleven 
angles. 

Endorse,   Her.     A  diminutive   of  the  Pale 
(q.v.),  one-fourth  of  its  width. 
'Endo'hys.     (See  Endytis.  ) 


AKl    AMI  ARCFI.EOF.nr.V. 


Endromis,  C.v.  and   R.   {Sp6ij.oi,   a  course  or 
running).     In  Greek  this  name  is  given  to  himt- 


Fig.  2SS.   Encarpa  (Festoons)  on  the  Temple  of  Vesta 
at  Tivoli. 

ing  boots  of  Cretan  origin,  such  as  Diana  is  re 
presented  wearing  by  the  Greek  sculptors. 
Among  the  Romans  the  cudromis  was  an  ample 
blanket  of  coarse  wool,  introduced  from  Gaul, 
in  which  athletes  wrapped  themselves  when  they 
were  heated  with  the  exercises.  Endroniis  Vyria 
was  the  name  given  to  a  large  woollen  wrap 
much  fmer  than  the  ordinary  endromis,  and 
which  was  worn  by  the  Roman  ladies  after  their 
gymnastic  exercises. 

Endytis,  Chr.  {iv^vu,  to  put  on).  This  term, 
in  the  Middle  Ages,  denoted  an  altar-covering  ; 
other  terms  for  it  were  endothis  and  eudothys. 

Energumens,  Chr.  Men  possessed  with 
devils. 

Enfeu,  Fr.  A  sepulchral  vault  usually  placed 
under  the  choir  of  a  church  ;  it  assumed  the 
form  of  a  large  niche.  Originally  bisho])s  were 
interred  by  "droit  d'enfeu"  in  tombs  of  this 
kind.  The  term  is  derived  from  the  Latin  info- 
dcrc  (to  dig). 

Enfiled,  Her.     Pierced  with  the  sword. 
Engageants,    Fr.      "  Double  ruffles   that  fall 
over  the  wrists."  {Ladies'  Dietioiiary,  1694.) 

Engineer's  Cartridge.  Drawing-paper  manu- 
factured  in  sheets  measuring  30  by  22  inches. 
Double  Engineer's  Cartridge  measures  46  inches 
by  30. 

Engobe,  Fr.  A  "slip"  or  thin  coating  of 
white  clay  used  to  coat  pottery  before  the  in- 
vention of  the  tin  glaze. 

Engrailed,  Her.  A  border-line  indented  in 
semicircles. 

Engraving.  Copper-plate  engraving  is  called 
Chalcogr.VPHY  (q.v.)  ((Jr.  \a\Kos,  copper)  ; 
wood  engraving,  Xylography  (q.v.)  (Gr. 
\^\)\ov,  wood);  and  engraving  on  .stone.  Litho- 
graphy (q.v.)  (Gr.  Ai'Soj,  a  stone).  [Each 
process  is  described  under  its  own  heading. 
See  also  Etching.] 


127 

Enhanced,  Her.     Raised  towards  the  niUF 
or  iipinr  jurtof  the  shield.  ' 

EnneapyloB,  IVI.  (^v^«aand  wuAai).  Literally 
nme  gates  ;  a  fortified  enclosure  constructed  by 
t he  H.eot.an  I'ela^gians  round  the  Acrop.,lis  „f 
.\tliens,  some  years  after  the  Trojan  war 
.\erxcs  destroyed  the  entuapyl.e  after  the  cap- 
ture of  Athens.  A  few  fragments  of  it  remain 
to  this  d.-iy,  not  far  from  the  temple  of  the 
\\  mgless  Victory. 


!■  igs.  389,  2./-.  n.nlli,-  F.nsigns. 

Enotii,  rir.  ( Lat. /««//r<-.f ).  Ear-rings  (q.v.). 

Enseniator,  Med.  Lat.  (from  the  Italian  in- 
segna,  an  ensign).      A  mounted  ensign-bearer. 

Ensiculus,  R.  A  small  sword,  or  child's 
sword,  used  as  a  plaything.  It  is  the  diminu- 
tive of  En. SIS. 

Ensigned,  Her.  Adorned  ;  having  some  en- 
sign  of  honour  jilaced  above,  as  a  coronet  above 
a  shield. 


Fig.  291.  Gallic  Ensign. 

Ensigns,  Gen.  (Lat.  si^y/a  militaria ;  Gr. 
ff7jjue7a).  Military  symbols  beneath  which  sol- 
diers are  ranged  according  to  the  different 
regiments  to  which  they  belong.  The  most 
ancient  Roman  ensign  was  a  bundle  of  btraw, 
hay,  or  fern.  Then  came  the  eagle,  the 
wolf,   the  minotaur,   the   horse,  and    the  boar. 


128 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Afterwards    the     eagle     alone    was    displayed 
(B.C.    104)  ;    it  was  made   of  silver  or  bronze, 


Fig.  292.   Entablature  with  leaf  ornament. 


Fig.  293.    Entablature  with  honeysuckle  ornament. 

with  expanded  wings.  The  serpent  or  dra- 
gon was  used  as  a  particular  ensign  by  the 
several  cohorts,  and  the 
centuries  had  also  each 
its  ensign  ;  but  these  were 
cloth  flags.  Under  Con- 
stantine  the  LABARUM 
(q.v.)  was  introduced. 
(See  Cuspis,  Figs.  22S  to 
230.) 

Ensiludium,  Med.  Lat. 
A  contest  in  sport  with 
swords.  (See  Cembel, 
Hastii.udium.) 

Ensis,  Sword.  A  syno- 
nym of  Geadius  (q.v.). 

Ensis  a  Estoc,  'Med. 
A  stabbing-sword,  usually 
carried  at  the  saddle-bow. 
Entablature.  A  mem- 
ber of  architecture  placed 
as  a  crown  to  another. 
The  entablature  is  com- 
posed of  arcJiitrave,  the 
part  immediately  above 
the  column  ;  frieze,  the 
central  space ;  and  cor- 
nice, the  upper  projecting 

_^  mouldings.  (See  Fig.  184.) 

|;iv5_  ^      Entalma,     Chr.     The 

Fit;.  .M(.  I'uyptl.inColiuun,  '^'-'cument    by    which    a 

showing  entasis.  bishop  confers  the  right 

of  hearing  confessions. 

Entasis,    Gr.    and   R.    (h'Taais,    a    stretching 

tight).     The  swelling  of  a  balustre  or  of  the  shaft 

of  a   column.     The    narrowing   of  the  shaft  is 

called  CoNTRACTURA  (q.v.). 

Enterclosp,  Arch.     A  passage   between  two 
rooms  in  a  house. 


Enthronisation,  Chr.  (Lat.  incathedrare).  (i) 
The  ceremony  of  placing  a  newly-ordained 
bishop  upon  his  throne.  (2)  That  of  placing  the 
relics  in  the  altar  of  a  church  on  consecration. 
(3)  The  installation  of  a  presbyter  in  his 
church  is  sometimes  called  cnthronisation. 

Entire,  Her.  Said  of  a  charge  when  it  ex- 
tends to  the  border-lines  of  a  shield,  coat,  or 
banner  ;  also  of  a  shield,  coat,  or  banner  of 
arms,  when  borne  without  any  difference  or 
mark  of  cadency. 

Entoire,  Entoyre,  Her.  A  bordure  charged 
with  a  series  of  inanimate  figures  or  devices,  as 
crosslets,  roundles,  &c.  To  a  similar  bordure 
of  living  figures  the  term  Enaluron  is  ap- 
plied. 
Entrance,  Chr.  (See  EisoDOSand  Introit.) 
Entrecoupe,  Fr.  When  two  vaults  are  super- 
imposed, and  both  spring  from  the  same  walls, 
"  entrecoupe  "  is  the  term  applied  to  the  arched 
interval — if  any — between  them. 

Enveloped,  Environed,  Her.     Surrounded. 
Eolian  (.fflolian)   Harp.     A  musical  stringed 
instrument   arranged  to  be  played  upon  by  the 
wind  (from  Eolus  [or  properly  /Eolus],  the  ruler 
of  the  winds). 

Eolodicon.  A  musical  instrument  similar  to 
a  harmonium,  invented  in  the  last  century  by 
Eschenbach. 

Eolophone.  A  musical  instrument  similar  to 
a  harmonium. 

Eora,  Gr.  (edpa).  A  festival  held  at  Athens 
in  honour  of  Icarius  and  his  daughter  Erigone. 
It  was  known  also  by  the  names  of  ALora 
(aluipa)  and  Ale/is  {'AXtjtis).  The  last  appella- 
tion originated  in  a  hymn  which  was  sung  at  the 
festival,  and  which  had  been  composed  by  Theo- 
doras of  Colophon.  It  was  sometimes  called 
"Eudeipnos,"  from  the  rich  banquets  usually 
given  during  its  celebration. 

Epact  (Gr.  enaKTal,  sc.  7]fj.epai  ;  in  Med.  Lat. 
adjectioiies  Liincr).  The  number  of  days  re- 
quired at  the  end  of  a  lunar  year  to  complete 
the  solar  year.     (See  Embolism  us.) 

Epagomenae  (sc.  days).  Gen.  (eirayofjLfvai 
Tlfiepai,  i.  e.  intercalated  days).  The  name  given 
to  the  five  supplementary  days  of  the  year 
among  those  nations  who  divided  the  year  into 
twelve  months  of  thirty  days  each. 

Epaulliere  or  Epaullets,  Fr.  Shoulder-plates ; 
also  the  shoulder-knots  formerly  worn  by  gen- 
tlemen, l)ut  now  restricted  to  domestic  servants. 
(See  Aic.LET.) 

Ependytes,  Chr.  (eirevSiiTris,  i.  e.  worn 
above).  The  "fisher's  coat"  of  St,  Peter.  A 
coarse  cloak  worn  by  the  monks  of  the  Middle 
Ages  over  another  garment ;  it  is  also  called, 
in  the  ancient  MS S.,  superaria,  siiperindiint,  and 
sagus  rttsticus.  It  is  frequently  described,  es- 
pecially in  the  East,  as  made  of  skins  '/jiriKoiiTijs, 
pelliceus). 


/VI\l      .V.Ni^     iVI\.(^U<n^UL,L^Li^  . 


Epergne  (¥v.  t'/ari^yir,  ccont)my).  An  orna- 
mental stand,  with  dish  ami  branches,  for  tlie 
centre  of  a  table. 

Epernay  Ware.  At  Eiicrnay  were  specially 
made  glazed  wares  in  relief  for  the  service  of  the 
table,  in  shapes  such  as  a  hare,  a  fowl,  &c. ,  in 
half  relief;  also  surprise  or  puzzle  jugs. 

Epha  or  Ephah,  Ileb.  A  measure  of  capa- 
city, about  3  pecks  and  3  ]Mnts. 

Ephebeum,  Gr.  {iipri^iwi').  'J'he  large  hall 
of  a  gymnasium,  situated  in  the  centre  of  the 
building,  in  which  the  youths  {cphcbi)  practised 
gymnastic  exercises. 

Ephippiuni,  Clr.  [^<p[iri:iov,  i.e.  for  putting  on 
a  horse).  A  saddle.  Among  the  Greeks  and 
Romans  it  was  a  kind  of  pad,  square  or  round 
in  shape.and  regularly  stuffed.  Saddle-cloths  hung 
from  it,  but  it  had  no  stirrups.  The  word  sella,  or 
sella  e<jiicsfris,  became  common  in  later  times. 

Ephod,  Hebrew.  A  short  upper  garment  worn 
by  the  Jewish  priests.  The  ephod,  which  was  also 
worn  by  the  Jewish  judges  and  kings,  was  made 
of  fine  linen  ;  that  of  the  high  priest  consisted  of 
a  sleeved  tunic,  woven  with  gold  thread,  purple, 
hyacmth,  and  twisted  flax.  Two  sardonyx 
stones  set  in  gold  adorned  the  clasps  by  which 
this  tunic  was  fastened  round  the  shoulders. 

Epi  or  Girouette,  Fr.  The  complicated  iron 
ornament  \\  ith  which  steeples  and  pointed  roofs 
were  surmounted  in  the  architecture  of  the  Re- 
nuissance  period,  replaced  in  modern  times  by 
the  weather-cock.  A  similar  spiked  ornament, 
of  pottery  or  metal,  is  still  common  on  the  gables 
of  houses  in  Normandy. 

Epic.  In  Art,  the  graphic  representation  of 
an  "epos,"  or  event,  cardinal  in  history. 

Epichysis,  Gr.  and  R.  {iirixvais,  i.  e.  that 
which  pours  in).  A  Greek  pitcher  with  a 
long  neck  and  a  handle  ;  it  was  used  for  pouring 
wine  into  cups. 

Epicopus,  Gr.  and  R.  (enlKcoiros,  i.e.  furnished 
with  oars).     A  vessel  with  oars.     (See  Navis. ) 

Epicrocum,  Gr.  and  R.  A  woman's  garment, 
of  a  saffron  yellow  (crocus),  whence  its  name. 

Epicycloid.  "A  curve  described  by  the 
movement  of  the  circumference  of  one  circle  on 
the  convex  or  concave  part  of  the  circumference 
of  another."  (Storvionth.) 

EpideipniSjGr. (i.e.  following  the  dinner).  The 
last  course  of  a  dinner  or  any  kind  of  bantpiet. 

Epidemia,  Gr.  (lit.  among  the  peojile).  Fes- 
tivals held  at  Argos  in  honour  of  Juno,  and  at 
Delos  and  Miletus  in  honour  of  Apollo.  They 
received  their  name  from  the  fact  that  these 
deities  were  supposed  to  be  present  at  them, 
and  to  mingle  with  the  people  (c'ttJ,  among  ; 
57J;Uos,  people). 

Epidote.  A  mineral  of  a  green  or  greyish 
colour  :   of  the  garnet  family. 

Epidromos,  Gr.  (i)  The  mizen,  or  .sail  on  the 
mast  nearest  to  the  stern,  in  vessels  with  several 


masts.  (2)  A  part  of  the  oil-jircss.  (3)  A 
running  rope  jiassing  tinough  tlic  rings  of  a 
large  net  for  catching  birds,  by  means  of  which 
the  huntsman,  wiio  was  on  the  watch,  closed  tiic 
net  when  the  game  had  found  their  way  into  it. 

Epigonation,  Gr. ,  Chr.  An  ornament  pecu- 
liar tt)  the  I'.aslern  Church  ;  a  lozenge-shaped 
piece  of  some  slilf  material,  hanging  from  the 
girdle  on  the  right  siile  as  low  as  the  knee 
(whence  its  name). 

Epigrus.     (See  EnuRUs.) 

Epiphany,  Chr.  This  festival  is  known  by 
various  names  in  the  dilTerent  European  lan- 
guages ;  and  the  names  are  either  (i)  mere  re- 
productions of  the  Latin  name,  or  renderings  of 
it  ;  or  (2)  refer  to  the  manifestation  to  the  Magi 
as  the  three  Kings,  as  the  Dutch  l)ne-Koningcn- 
dag,  &c  ;  or  (3)  indicate  it  as  the  final  day  of 
the  Christmas  festivity.  Twelfth  Day,  &c.  (See 
Smith  and  ChcethaiiCs  Dietionary  of  Christian 
Anti(jitities.) 

Epiphi,  I'-gyp.  The  third  month  of  summer, 
called  the  season  of  harvests. 

Epirhedium,  R.  {M  Gr.,  and  rheda  Gallic). 
A  kind  of  chariot.  The  word  was  formed  by 
the  Romans  as  above,  and  is  explained  as  Orna- 
inctttuin  rheJarum,  ant plaiistrum.   (.See  Rheua, 

I'l.AUSTRUM.) 

Episcenium,  Gr.  and  R.  (^iiii-aKriviov,  i.  e. 
above  the  stage).  A  room  situated  above  the 
stage,  in  ancient  theatres,  for  the  machinery. 

Episcopalia,  Chr.  The  ring  and  tiie  pastoral 
staff,  the  distinctive  marks  of  the  authority  of  a 
bisho]). 

Episotron  {l-ni-awTpov).     (See  Canthus.) 

Epistle  Side  (of  a  church).     The  south  side. 

Epistomium,  R.  (o-Tfi^ua,  a  mouth).  The 
cock  of  a  vessel  or  water-pipe,  which  let  out  only 
a  little  water  at  a  time. 

Epistylium,  Gr.  and  R.  {iT:i-(nv\i.ov).  An 
epistyle ;  literally,  on  the  column  (firl,  on,  and 
(ttCAoj,  a  column);  that  is,  the  architrave  or 
lower  beam  of  an  entablature  laid  horizontally 
upon  colunms.  15y  analogy  the  term  is  used  to 
denote  the  entire  Entahlature  (q.v.). 

Epitaph  (e'TTiTocpior).  (l)  A  eulogy  pronounced 
at  a  funeral.  (2)  Memorials  of  art  in  churches, 
in  remembrance  of  the  dead.  (3)  Inscriptions 
on  tombs. 

Epithalamium,  Gr.  A  nuptial  song.  A 
fragment  df  verses  from  one  of  these  songs, 
written  by  Hesiod,  has  come  down  to  us. 

Epithedes  or  Sima,  Arch.  The  ujiper  menibei 
of  the  eorni«.e  of  an  entablature. 

Epitoga,  K.     A  cloak  worn  over  the  toga. 
Epitoxis,  c;r.  and  R.     That  i)art  of  the  cata- 
pult in  wliicli  the  missile  was  laid. 

Epitrachelion,  Chr.  (i.e.  on  the  neck).  The 
Greek  name  for  the  .stole.     (See  STOLE.) 

Epiurus,  R.  (iitiovfoi).  A  wooden  peg  used 
as  a  nail. 


WORDS   USED   IN 


Epoch.  A  fixed  and  important  period  of 
novelty  or  change,  whicli  gave  a  new  and 
distinctive  character  to  Art.  {Fairholt.) 

Epomadion,  Gr.,  Chr.  The  cord  or  ribbon  by 
which  relics,  or  crosses  (enxolpia),  were  sus- 
pended from  the  neck. 

Eques,  R.  Generally,  any  one  on  horseback, 
a  rider,  and  by  analogy  a  knight,  that  is,  a 
patrician  or  man  of  distinguished  family.  Eqiics 
alarius  was  the  name  given  to  the  cavalry  of  the 
allies  ;  equcs  cataphractus  was  a  knight  whose 
horse,  as  well  as  himself,  was  clad  in  complete 
armour  ;  eqtics  extraordinariiis  were  the  picked 
cavalry  in  the  service  of  the  consuls  ;  cqucs  legio- 
tian'us,  cqucs  fmtoriaiius,  the  prretorian  cavalry  ; 
equcs  sajttariiis,  the  mounted  archers 

Equipped,  Her.  P'uUy  armed,  caparisoned,  or 
provided. 

Equiria,  R.  icqiius).  Games  instituted  by 
Romulus,  and  celebrated  at  Rome  in  the  Field  of 
Mars  on  the  third  of  the  calends  of  March  (27th 
February).  These  games,  held  in  honour  of 
Mars,  consisted  of  chariot-races.  There  were  two 
festivals  of  this  name  ;  the  second  was  on  the  eve 
of  the  ides  of  March  ( 14th  March). 

Equuleus  or  Eculeus,  R.  (lit.  a  colt,  a 
young  horse).  This  was  an  instrument  of  torture 
on  which  slaves  were  placed  astride.  The  law 
prescril^ed  that  all  staves  called  as  witnesses 
should  be  examined  under  torture. 

Equus,  R.  A  horse ;  properly  a  stallion,  as  op- 
posed ti)  cautcritis,  a  l  elding,  and  cqua,  a  mare. 

Eradicated,  Her.     Torn  up  by  the  roots. 

Erased,  Her.     Tom  off  with  a  ragged  edge. 

Eremites,  Gr.,  Chr.     Hermits. 

Ergastulum,  R.  (fiiydConai,  to  work).  A 
private  prison  attached  to  a  farm  or  vt//a  rustica, 
in  which  insubordinate  and  ill  conducted  slaves 
were  kept  in  chains  ;  they  were  under  the  super- 
intendence of  a  gaoler,  who  was  himself  a  slave, 
and  who  was  called  Ergastularius.  Ergas- 
tiila  were  built  underground,  and  thus  formed 
subterranean  dungeons. 

Ergata,  Gr.  and  R.  (fpyarTjs,  i.e.  worker). 
A  strong  capstan  used  for  moving  heavy  weights; 
among  other  things,  for  hauling  vessels  on  shore. 

Ericius,  R.  (lit.  hedgehog).  A  military  en- 
gine, a  cheval-dc-frise  or  long  beam  studded 
with  iron  spikes,  whence  its  name.  It  was 
placed  across  a  door  or  other  opening  to  which  it 
was  desired  to  bar  ingress. 

Ermine,  Ermines,  Erminois,  Her.  The  ani- 
mal, the  ermine,  sometimes  appears  in  blazon, 
and  an  ermine  spot  is  borne  as  a  charge.  Gene- 
rally the  ermine  is  an  emblem  of  royalty,  purity, 
and  honour.  The  illustration  (Fig.  295)  is  of 
the  arms  of  Anne  of  Bretagne,  the  Queen  of 
Charles  VHI. 

Erotidia,  Gr.  (tpa^TiSia^.  Festivals  held  every 
fifth  year  at  Thespioc  in  Ba-otia,  in  honour  of 
Eros,  the  principal  divinity  of  the  Thespians. 


I        Erpa,  Egyp.     A  title  in  use  among  the  Egyp- 
tians implying  authority  generally ;   the   crown 


Fig.  295.  The  Ermine.     Arms  of  Anne  of  Brittany. 

prince  was  so  designated,  and  the  high  priest  was, 

in  the  same  manner,  called  crpa  of  the  priest?,. 
Escallop  or  Scallop  Sbells 
were  emblems  worn  by  pil- 
grims, and  of  St.  James  the 
Great,  from  the  13th  century. 
Escape,  Arch,  (or  Apo- 
pyge).  The  small  curvature 
given  to  the  top  and  bottom 
of  the  shaft  of  a  column 
where  it  expands  to  meet  the 
edge  of  the  fillet  above  the 

torus  of  the  base,  and  beneath  the  astragal  under 

the  capital. 


Escallop. 


P'ig.  2l^7.   Kscaufaille,  or  portable  brazier. 

Escaufaille,  Fr.  A  small  portable  brazier  on 
wheels,  which  was  taken  from  room  to  room  as 
required. 

Eschelles,  Fr.  "A  stomacher  laced  or  rib- 
boned in  the  form  of  a  ladder."  {Ladies'  Did., 
1694.) 

Escoinson,  Med.  Fr.  The  interior  edge  of 
the  window-side  or  jamb.  This  was  often  de- 
corated with  a  pilaster  called  the  "pilastre  des 
ecoinsons." 


ART  AND   ARCHyl^OLOGY. 


Escroll,  Her.  A  ribbon  cliarged  with  a  motto; 
also  a  ribbon,  coiled  at  its  extremities,  borne 
as  a  charge. 

Escutcheon,  (i)  The  heraldic  shield.  (2) 
Metal  plates  on  doors.  Escutcheons  are  abun- 
dantly used  in  Gothic  architecture,  and  are 
frequently  canned  on  the  bosses  of  ceilings  and 


dart 
A 

of 


Escutcheon  of  (he  Sforz.i! 


at  the  ends  of  weather  mouldings,  &c.  Some- 
times, instead  of  armorial  bearings,  escutcheons 
have  the  instruments  of  the  Crucifixion  or  other 
devices  carved  on  them. 

Escutcheon  of  Pretence,  Her.  A  shield 
charged  upon  the  field  of  another  shield  of 
larger  size,  and  bearing  a  distinct  coat  of  arms. 

Espadon.  A  long  Spanish  sword.  It  was  the 
weapon  used  for  decapitation  of  criminals. 

Espietus,    Expiotus,    Med.    Lat.      A 
(1361). 

Espriugale,      Springale,     Espringold. 
machine  for  throwing  darts. 

Esquire,    Her.     A  rank   next  below  that 
knight. 

Esseda,  Essedum,  R.  (from  the  Celtic  ess,  a 
carriage).  A  chariot  of  Gaulish  origin,  drawn 
by  two  horses,  which  was  used  by  the  Britons 
and  the  Germans  in  war.  It  was  mounted 
on  two  wheels,  and  was  open  in  front,  but 
closed  behind.  The  pole  was  broad,  and  the 
rider  used  to  nm  to  and  fro  upon  it  in  the 
battle.  The  Romans  constructed  carriages  of 
a  similar  kind.  A  similar  chariot  drawn  by  one 
horse  was  called  the  cisiiim.     (See  Currus.) 

Essonite.  The  cinnamon  stone,  a  variety  uf 
the  garnet.  It  is  of  a  reddish  yellow  tint, 
resembling  the  colour  of  cinnamon.  These 
stones  come  principally  from  Ceylon,  and  are 
frequently  sold  for  hyacinths  or  jacinths,  from 
which,  however,  they  differ  in  many  important 
])eculiarilies.    (//.  Jinianucl.) 

Este.  A  manufactory  in  Italy  of  soft  ixMce- 
lain  ;  also  of  fine  faience  and  ])ipe-clay. 

K 


Estivation,  Bot.  The  arrangement  of  the  un- 
expanded  leaves  of  the  flower-bud  which  Inirst 
in  Summer;  as  opposed  to  Vkknation,  the  ar- 
rangement of  the  leaves  of  the  bud  which  burst 
in  Spring. 

Estoc,  Jm-.  (Med.  Lat.  cstoqiium).  A  short 
sword  worn  at  the  girdle  ;  also  called  a  "  tuck  " 
{temp.  Elizabeth). 

Estoile,  Her.  A  star  with  wavy  rays  or 
points,  whicli  are  six,  eight,  or  .sometimes 
more  in  number. 

Estrada,  Fr.,  Arch.  A  ])lalform  raised  tiiree  or 
four  inches  above  the  rest  of  the  floor  of  a  cham- 
ber, upon  which  to  ]3lace  a  bed  or  a  throne,  &c. 

Estrif  or  Estref,  Med.  A  kind  of  arrow  for 
the  balista. 

Etching.  Ill  this  process  the  cojjper  plale 
is  covered  with  an  etching-ground,  which  i> 
a  iireparation  of  bees'-wax,  Burgundy  pitch, 
black  pitch,  and  asphaltum  (or  other  ingre- 
dients);  and  the  lines  of  the  design  are  traced 
out  with  etclijng-needles,  which  remove  the 
etching-ground  from  the  copper  \\'herever  they 
pass,  and  slightly  scratcii  the  surface  of  the 
plate.  Next,  a  border  of  banking-wax  is  put 
round  the  sides  of  the  plate,  making  a  trough  of 
it.  The  banking-wax  is  made  of  bees'-wax, 
common  pitch.  Burgundy  pitch,  and  sweet  oil 
melted  in  a  crucible  and  poured  into  cold 
water.  The  next  operation  is  to  pour  in  nitrous 
acid  reduced  with  water  to  a  proper  strength 
(about  one  part  acid  to  four  parts  water). 
When  the  acid  has  been  on  a  sufficient  time  to 
corrode  the  fainter  parts  of  the  subject,  it  is  to 
be  poured  off,  the  plate  washed  with  water,  and 
left  to  dry.  These  fainter  parts  are  then  to  be 
varnished  with  a  mixture  called  stopping-ground, 
made  of  lamp-black  and  Venice  turpentine, 
aj)plied  with  a  camel's-hair  pencil.  This  stops 
the  further  action  of  the  acid  on  these  parts. 
When  the  surface  is  dry,  fresh  acid  is  poured  on 
to  bite  in  the  bolder  parts,  and  the  processes  of 
stopping  and  biting  in  are  alternated  for  eveiy 
gradation  of  tint.  The  wax  is  removed  from 
the  plate  by  heat,  and  cleaned  away  with  a  rag 
moistened  with  olive  oil  ;  and  the  work  is  then 
complete,  or  it  may  be  finished  off  with  the 
graver.  Etching-points  or  needles  resemble 
common  needles,  fixed  in  handles  four  or  five 
inches  long;  some  are  made  oval  to  produce 
broader  lines.  The  dry  point  is  only  a  very 
fine-pointed  needle  for  the  delicate  lines.  Imi- 
tations of  chalk  and  jiencil  draw  ings  are  some- 
times produced  by  etching  on  soft  ground. 
Etc/ling  on  steel  is  done  in  the  same  way  as  on 
copper.  For  etching  on  glass,  a  ground  of 
bees'-wax  is  laid  on,  and  the  design  traced  as 
above.  Sulphuric  acid  is  then  ])oured  on,  and 
fluor-spar  spiinkled  on  it,  or  fiuoric  acid  may  be 
at  once  used  ;  this  is  allowed  to  remain  four  or 
five   hours,    and    is    then    removed  with    oil  of 


WORDS    USED   IN 


turpentine.      (See  also  Stipple,  Mezzotinto, 
Aquatinta.) 

Eterea  of  Padua.  One  of  the  Italian  literary 
academies.  Their  device,  a  charioteer  in  his  car 
in  the  air,  drawn  by  a  white  and  black  horse,  the 
one  endeavouring  to  touch  the  earth,  the  other 
to  ascend.  Motto,  ^^  Victor  sc  tollit  ad  auras y 
Etiolation.  The  process  of  blanching  to 
which  plants  are  subject  in  dark  places. 
Ettwee.    O.  E.  for  Etui  (q-v.). 

Etui,  Fr.  (by  con- 
traction Twee,  Boyer). 
A  case  formerly  worn 
at  the  girdle  by  ladies. 
They  were  made  of 
gold  or  silver,  or  orna- 
mented with  paintings 
in  enamel.  The  richly- 
decorated  example  re- 
presented in  Fig.  299 
was  the  property  of  a 
granddaughter  of  Oli- 
ver Cromwell. 

Euripus,  R.  f  i^- 
piTTos).  An  artificial 
canal  or  watercourse 
in  the  gardens  of  a 
Roman  villa,  generally 
stocked  with  fish  and 
aquatic  or  amphibious 
animals.  The  same 
term  was  applied  to  a 
moat  dug  at  the  foot 
of  the  podimn  in  an 
amphitheatre  or  circus, 
which  was  intended,  in 
conjunction  with  the  metal  railings  or  trellis- 
work  placed  at  the  top  of  the  podium,  as  a  pro- 
tection to  the  spectators,  when  wild  l)easts  were 
exhibited  in  the  arena.  Eiiriptts  is  also  applied 
by  Tertullian  and  other  authors  to  the  spina  of 
a  circus. 

Eustyle,  Arch.  (e^-o-Ti/Xoj).  An  intercolum- 
niation  in  which  the  columns  are  separated  by 
a  width  of  two  diameters  and  a  quarter, 
measured  at  the  lower  part  of  the  column,  ex- 
cepting the  central  intercolumn,  which  is  of  three 
diameters.  It  is  the  form  of  columniation  which, 
according  to  Vitruvius,  satisfied  the  demands  at 
once  of  solidity  of  structure,  beauty  of  appear- 
ance, and  general  harmony  of  effect. 

Euterpean.  Pertaining  to  music  :  from  the 
Muse  Euterpe. 

Everriculum,  R.  {evcrro,  to  sweep  out).  A 
fishing-net. 

Ewery,  Med.  An  office  of  household  service, 
where  the  ewers,  &c.,  were  kept  :  our  modern 
scullery. 

Exacisculatus,  R.  Destroyed  by  means  of  a 
pick  {acisaclus).  The  term  is  of  frequent 
occurrence  in  sepulchral  inscriptions,  its  purpose 


Fig.  299.  Etui. 


being  to  serve  as  a  notice  to  the  thieves  who 
broke  into  tombs. 

Examen,  R.  {cxigo,  to  examine).  The 
tongue  or  index  on  the  beam  of  a  balance. 

Exasciatus,  R.  Hewn  or  fashioned  with  the 
adze  {ascia) ;  whence  the  expression  opus  exas- 
datum  for  work  which  only  required  to  be 
finished  or  polished. 

Excalceatus,  R.  (lit.  without  shoes  or 
boots).  A  comic  actor  or  comedian  who  wore 
sandals.  The  tragic  actor,  on  the  other  hand, 
who  wore  on  the  stage  the  laced  boot  or  cothur- 
nus, was  called  cotlturnatus. 

Excubitorium,  R.  The  post  or  guard  of  the 
excubitorcs ;  of  these  there  was  one  in  each 
quarter  of  the  city,  or  fourteen  in  all. 


Fig.  300.  E.vedra. 

Exedra,  Gr.  and  R.  An  assembly-room  or 
hall  for  discussion  or  conversation,  forming  part 
of  a  gymnasium,  palaestra,  or  private  house.  In 
many  cases  cxednc  were  in  the  open  air,  consist- 
ing merely  of  circular  marble  benches.  (Fig.  300. ) 
When  an  exedra  was  covered  in,  one  of  the  sides 
often  terminated  in  a  circular  apse  (adsis). 
[Larger  rooms  were  called  "  Zesc/iai."] 

Exedrium,  R.   Diminutive  of  Exedra  (q.v.). 

Exequiae.     (See  Exsequi^.) 

Exergue.  The  bottom  space  on  a  coin, 
where  the  date  is  engraved. 

Exiteria,  Gr.  and  R.  (i^tT-fipLa,  concerning 
departure  or  result).  Sacrifices  offered  to  pro- 
pitiate the  gods  on  the  eve  of  an  important 
enterprise,  or  in  gratitude  for  success. 

Exomis,  Gr.  and  R.  (i^-wfils,  i.  e.  off  the 
.shoulders).  A  short  tunic,  of  Greek  origin, 
adopted  by  the  Romans.  It  left  the  right 
shoulder  and  arm  exposed,  and  had  only  a  short 
sleeve  for  the  left  arm.  The  term  m'3s  also 
applied  to  the  palliit/u,  when  so  arranged  upon 
the  person  as  to  resemble  the  tunic  just  described. 

Exonarthex.     (See  Nartiiex.) 

Excstra,  Gr.  and  R.  (e^wo-Tpa).  (i)  A  flying 
bridge  thrown  from  a  movable  tower  iacroha- 
ticou)  on  to  the  walls  of  a  besieged  town,  by 
means  of  which  the  assailants  made  their  way 
into  the  place.  (2)  A  theatrical  machine  which 
was  pushed  to  the  front  of  the  stage  from  behind 
a  curtain  which  concealed  it  until  it  was  wanted. 

Expeditus  (opposed  to  inipcditus),  R.  Free, 
unencumbered  ;  light-armed  troops  {velites)  were 


ART   AND   ARCHAEOLOGY. 


»3.1 


thus  called  {cxpedi/i),  [or  any  other  troops,  wlien 

they  left  tlicir  impcdimciila  behind  for  a  forced 

marcli,  &c.] 
Expositories.     (See  Monstrances.) 
Exsequiae,  R.  {cxscquor,  to  follow  after).     A 

funeral    conducted     with    great     pomp.      (See 

Fun  us.) 
Extispicium,  R.  {cxta  and  iiispicio,  to  inspect). 

Divination  by  inspection  of  the  entrails  of  victims 

sacrificed  on  the  altar  ;  called  also  Iiantspicina. 


Extra-di3,  Arch.  The  exterior  curve  of  an 
arcli  ;  opposed  to  the  soKKir  or  intra-dos. 

Extremities.  In  Art,  the  head,  feet,  and 
hands  :   compare  acrolillics. 

Ex-voto,  Gen.  Offerings  of  any  kind  in 
fulfdment  of  a  vow  {ex  voto). 

Eye.  In  Christian  art,  the  emblem  of  Provi- 
dence. Attrilnite  of  St.  Lucia,  as  a  symljol,  uol 
of  her  martyrdom,  but  of  the  meaning  of  iicr 
name  ("  light  ").     (See  Oudja,  Ocui.us.) 


F. 


Fdbaria,  R.  Offerings  of  bean-flour  {fabd) 
made  by  the  Romans  on  the  ist  of  June  to  the 
goddess  Carna  ;  from  these  offerings  the  calends 
of  June  took  the  name  oifclmriir. 


Fabatariam,  R.  A  large  earthenware  vessel 
in  which  bean-flour  {pi(/s  fuhacia)  was  served, 
boiled  up  with  water  or  broth.  It  formed  a 
kind  oi polenta. 


Fig.  301.   Kaeaza  swcctmeat-disu. 


134 


WORDS    USED    IN 


Fabrica,  R.  {faher,  an  artisan).  The  shop  in 
which  an  artisan  works,  chiefly  a  joiner's  or 
carpenter's  shop. 

Fabrilia,  R.  A  general  term,  including  all  the 
different  kinds  of  tools  used  by  an  artisan. 

Facade,  Arch.  The  face  or  front  of  a  build- 
ing. 

Face-guard.  On  a  helmet,  a  bar  or  bars  of 
iron  protecting  the  face. 

Face-painting,  O.  E.     Portrait-painting. 

Facets  (Fr.  facette,  a  little  face).  The  flat 
surfaces  cut  upon  precious  stones. 

Facial  Angle.  The  angle  formed  by  two 
lines,  one  horizontal  from  the  nostrils  to  the  ear, 
the  other  perpendicular  from  the  nostrils  to  the 
forehead. 

Fac-simile  (from  Latin  factum,  made,  and 
si?>itlt;  like).     A  perfectly  exact  copy. 

Factorium  (sc.  vas),  R.  A  vessel  containing 
exactly  a.  factum,  or  quantity  of  grapes  or  olives 
proper  to  be  placed  under  the  press  {torcular) 
at  one  factum  or  making. 

Faculae,  R.     Little  torches. 

Faenza.  A  manufacture  of  pottery  considered 
by  some  writers  to  be  the  most  ancient  in  Italy. 
Garzoni,  writing  in  1485,  says,  "The  majolicas 
of  F.  are  white  and  polished,  and  one  can  no 
more  confound  them  with  those  of  Treviso,  than 
one  would  take  puff-balls  for  tnifHes."  Vincenzo 
Lazari  says  they  are  distinguished  by  the  softness 
of  the  tints,  the  correctness  of  the  drawing,  and 
the  whiteness  of  the  enamel  at  the  back.  For  a 
long  and  interesting  account  of  this  most  im- 
]iortant  botega,  see  Jacquemart,  Hist,  of  the 
Ceramic  Art.  The  name  of  Fayence  is  derived 
from  Faenza,  and  not  from  the  little  town  of 
P\ayence  in  France.     (Fig.  301.) 

Faience.     (See  Fayence.) 

Fairy  Butter,  O.  E.  (i)  A  fungous  excres- 
cence about  the  roots  of  trees,  and  (2)  a  species  of 
trcmclla  found  on  furze  and  broom  are  so  called. 

Fairy  Circles.  Circles  of  coarse  green  grass 
common  iu  meadows,  and  attributed  to  the 
dancing  of  the  fairies. 

Fairy  Dances  z=  Fairy  Circles  (q.v.). 

Fairy  Darts.  Small  flints  in  the  form  of 
arrow-heads,  possibly  of  the  stone  age. 

Fairy  Faces.     Fossil  cckiiii  or  sea-urchins. 

Fairy  Groats.  A  country  name  for  certain 
old  coins.     (See  Harrison's  England,  p.  218.) 

Fairy  Loaves.  Fossils  found  in  the  chalk, 
called  also  fairy  faces. 

Fairy  Money.     Treasure  trove  was  so  called. 

Fairy  Pipes.  Small  old  tobacco-pipes,  fre- 
quently found  in  the  north  of  England. 

Fairy  Rings.     (See  Fairy  Circles.) 

Fairy  Sparks.  Phosphoric  light  seen  on 
various  substances  in  the  night  time,   {halliwell.) 

Fairy  Stones.     (See  Fairy  Loaves.) 

Faith,  in  Christian  art,  is  represented  by  a 
female  figure  holding  the  Eucharistic  cup. 


Fala,  R.  A  wooden  tower  used  in  the  siege 
of  a  fortified  place,  but  the  exact  form  of  which 
is  unknown  ;  it  differed  from  the  Acrobaticon. 

Falarica  or  Phalarica,  R.  A  heavy  spear, 
used  by  the  Saguntines,  which  was  generally 
discharged  from  a  balista.  Its  shaft  was  some- 
times enveloped  with  sulphur  and  resin,  and 
with  tow  steeped  in  oil  ;  and  it  was  launched 
blazing  against  wooden  towers  for  the  purpose 
of  setting  them  on  fire. 

Falbala.     (See  Furbelow.) 

Falcastrum,  R.  {faix,  a  sickle).  An  agri- 
cultural tool  with  a  curved  blade  for  tearing  up 
weeds. 

Falcatus,  R.  Furnished  with  scythes  (/aA-^.r). 
(See  CuKRUS.) 

Falchion.  A  broadsword,  spelt  "  fawchon  ;" 
14th  century.     (See  Falx.) 

Falcicula.     Dimin.  oifa/x. 

Falcon,  in  mediaeval  art,  is  the  attribute  01 
a  gentleman,  in  allusion  to  the  restrictions  of 
the  sumptuary  laws. 

Falcula.     Dimin.  oifaix. 

Faldestol,  O.  E.  An  elbow-chair  of  state  ; 
modern  '^fauteuil."     (See  Faldstool.) 

Falding  [X.S.feald).  A  kind  of  coarse  cloth, 
like  frieze. 

Faldstool,  Faldistory,  O.  E.  A  folding-stool, 
like  a  modern  camp-stool,  used  in  cathedral 
church  services  in  Saxon  times. 

Fall  or  Falling-band.  A  large  collar  falling 
on  to  the  shoulders;  i6th  and  17th  centuries. 
(See  Bands.) 

Fallals,  O.  E.  The  falling  ruffs  of  a  woman's 
dress. 

False,  Her.  Said  of  any  charge  when  its 
central  area  is  removed  ;  thus  an  annulet  is  a 
''  false  roundle." 

False  Roof,  Arch.  The  space  between  the 
ceiling  of  the  earret  and  the  roof. 


Fig.  302.  Feather  Fan — Italian. 


ART    \\l)   ARCHy^LOLOGY. 


»3S 


Falx,  R.  A  scytlic,  sickle,  bill-hook,  &c  ; 
any  instrument  with  a  curved  edge  used  for 
cutting  grass,  wood,  or  other  objects.  There 
were  many  different  kinds,  which  were  called 
respectively  arlwraria  and  sylvatica,  dcnticulcita. 


Fig.  303.  Venetian  lady,  with  a  square  fan   of  the  i6th 

century. 

fcciiaria  or  vcruculata,  viiiitoria,  vineatica,  and 
putatoria.  The  term  falx  was  also  applied  to  a 
falchion  strongly  curved  at  the  end.  Falx 
supina  was  a  dagger  with  a  keen  and  curved 
blade  ;  falx  nturalis  was  an  instrument  em- 
ployed in  warfare,  both  by  sea  and  land,  either  to 
cut  the  masts  and  rigging  of  a  vessel,  or  to  sweep 


tlie  ramparts  clear  of  defenders.  [Culler  is  a 
knife  with  one  straight  edge  ;  falx,  one  with  the 
edge  curved.     Hence  our  filcli ion,  &c  ] 

iFatnilia,  Med.  Lat.  An  old  term  for  a  set  of 
chessmen.  Among  the  jewels  in  the  wirdrobe- 
book  of  Edward  I.  occur  "  una.  fawil/a  de  ebore, 
pro  ludcndo  ad  scaccarium,"  and  "  una  familia 
pro  scaccario  de  jaspide  et  crystallo." 

Fan,  Egyp.  With  the  Egyptiaus,  the  fan  of 
ostrich  feathers  for  brushing  away  flics  was 
looked  upon  as  the  insignia  of  princes  and  cliief- 
tains  ;  \\\itjlabclhim  or  itmbellitin  (parasol)  was 
carried  by  inferior  officers.  IJoth  kinds  of  fan 
are  frequently  represented  on  the  sacred  barges. 
The  use  of  the  fan  was  first  introduced  into 
England  in  the  1 6th  century  ;  they  were  first 
made  of  feathers  with  long  handles  of  gold, 
silver,  or  ivory  of  eIai)orate  workmanship,  and 
sometimes  inlaid  with  precious  stones.  The 
engraving  shows  one  from  a  portrait  of  Queen 
Elizabeth.  The  Greeks  and  Romans  had  fans 
of  various  elegant  materials,  often  of  peacock's 
feathers ;  sometimes  of  wings  of  birds,  or  of 
linen  stretched  on  a  frame.  Italian  fans, 
medireval,  were  square  flags,  as  in  Fig.  303. 
Folding  fans  were  fust  introduced  in  the  17th 
century.  Inventories  of  clnuches  and  monas- 
teries of  the  14th  century  include  ecclesiasti- 
cal fans  or  fal'clla.  These  are  still  used  in  the 
Catholic  Church  in  the  East.  An  illumination 
at  Rouen  represents  the  deacon  raising  the 
flabellum,  a  circular  fan  with  a  long  handle, 
over  the  head  of  the  priest  at  the  altar.  In  the 
accounts  of  the  churchwardens  of  Walberswick, 
Suffolk,  of  1493,  is  the  entry  "for  a  bessume  of 
pekok's  fethers,  IVd."      (Figs.  302,  303.) 

Fan-crest,  Her.  An  early  form  of  decoration 
for  the  knightly  helm. 

Fandango.     A  .Spani.sh  dance. 

Fane.  (i)  A  vane  or  weathercock;  "a 
fayne  of  a  schipe,''  i.e.  a  vane  on  the  to]i  of  a 
mast.  "  Of  sylver  his  maste,  of  golde  hisyj/wc." 
(2)  Anglo-Saxon.  A  banner.  (3)  The  white 
flower-de-luce.  {Gerard.)  (4)  Enemies. 
{Hallhivll.)     ( See  also  Fan  11 M.) 

Fanfare,  Fr.     .\  llourish  of  trumpets. 

Fannel  or  Phannel,  O.  E.  The  Fanon  (q.v.). 

Fanon,  Chr.  The  maniple  or  napkin  worn 
by  the  priest  at  mass.  It  was  originally 
nothing  but  a  plain  strip  of  linen  worn  on  the 
left  wrist.  In  later  times  it  was  highly  deco- 
rated,  and  often  made  of  the  richest  materials. 

Fan-tao,  Chinese.  A  fabulous  peach-tree, 
which  blossoms  every  3000  years  ;  represented 
on  pottery  as  an  attribute  of  Cheou-Lao,  the 
god  of  longevity,  who  holds  in  his  hand  a  fruit 
of  it. 

Fan-tracery.  In  Gotiiic  architecture,  elabo- 
rate carved  work  spread  over  an  arched  surface, 
like  a  fan  with  the  handle  resting  on  a  corbel 
or  stone  bracket  below. 


1.16 


WORDS    USED   IN 


Fannm,  R.  [fari,  to  speak) ;  Eng.  Fane.  A 
term  synonymous  with  Templum  (q.v.),  but 
implying  also  the  idea  of  a  place  which  had 
been  consecrated  by  the  solemn  formula  of  the 
augurs.  Thtfantan  thus  comprised  not  only  the 
building  itself,  the  temple,  but  also  all  the  conse- 
crated ground  surrounding  it  ["  lociis  liheratiis 
et  eff'atusr\ 

Farrago,  R.  (i.  e.  made  of  fai\  spelt). 
Fodder  for  horses  and  cattle,  consisting  of  the 
green  eais  of  different  kinds  of  grain. 

Farthingale  (Fr.  vertugalc)  is  first  spoken  of 
in  1547.  It  was  a  sort  of  cage  made  of  whale- 
bone worn  under  the  petticoat,  increasing  the 
size  of  the  hips.  In  Elizabeth's  reign  it  reached 
to  a  preposterous  size,  giving  the  wearer  the 
appearance  of  "standing  in  a  drum,"  according 
to  "Sir  Roger  de  Coverley."  There  vitx&v<heel- 
farthingales  and  tub -farthingales.     Farthingales 


Fig.  304.   Farthingale  of  the  time  of  Elizabeth. 

were  worn  during  the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  but  of 
more  moderate  dimensions;  and  in  Charles  II. 's 
reign  the  fashion  vanished  to  reappear  in  the 
hoop  of  the  1 8th  century.  The  engraving  gives 
an  example  of  a  moderate  farthingale.  (Fig.  304. ) 

Fartura,  R.  [farcio,  to  stuff).  The  act  of 
fattening  poultry ;  and  thence  applied  to  a  kind 
of  structure,  the  centre  of  which  was  filled  with 
rubble. 

Fasces.     (See  Fascis.) 

Fascia,    R.     Any  strip  of  cloth  used   for  a 


bandage;  such  as  (l)  the  swathes  (Gr.  crnap- 
yavov)  in  which  newly-born  children  were 
wrapped  ;  (2)  a  white  band,  or  for  women,  a 
purple,  worn  as  a  diadem  (DIADEM a)  ;  (3) 
\f.  pedoralis)  a  bandage  worn  by  young 
Roman  girls  to  prevent  excessive  development 
of  the  breast ;  (4)  (/!  cruralis)  a  bandage 
wound  closely  round  the  leg  from  the  ankle  to 
the  knee,  &c. ;  these  were  adopted  in  Europe  in 
the  Middle  Ages;  (5)  (/.  pedulis,  Gr.  irolilov) 
a  sock  ;  (6)  see  Zona.  (7)  In  architecture 
the  term  fascia  or  facia  is  applied  to  three  fiat 
parallel  ba)ids  of  stone,  introduced  to  break  the 
monotony  of  architraves,  more  especially  of  the 
Ionic,  Corinthian,  and  Composite  Orders. 


Fig.  305.  Roman  lictor  carrying  the  fasces. 


ART   AND   ARCHEOLOGY. 


137 


Fasciculus,  R.  (diniin.  o(  /asa's).  A  small 
bundle,  or  luiniber  of  objects  tied  up  into  small 
bundles. 

Fascina  (/asdm/m  =  fascination).  Amulets 
worn  to  avert  the  "evil  eye."  "  Nescio  quis 
teneros  oculus  mihi  fascinat  agnos."     {Virs^il.) 

Fasciola  (dimin.  o{ fascia).  A  small  bandage. 
(See  Fascia.) 

Fascis,  R.  A  bundle  ;  a  small  packet  ;  a 
small  faggot  of  wooil,  or  fascine.  In  the  plural 
fasiYS  denoted  the  bundle  of  rods,  with  an  axe 
in  the  middle,  carried  by  the  lictors  before  cer- 
tain of  the  Roman  magistrates.  (Sec  Fig.  305.) 
Fasas  laiircati  were  the  fasces  crowned  with 
laurel  leaves,  which  were  carried  before  a  vic- 
torious general ;  fasces  vcrsi,  the  reversed  fasces, 
which  were  carried  axe  downwards,  in  token  of 
mourning,  at  funerals.  The  fasces  were  car- 
ried by  tire  lictors  on  their  shoulders,  as  shown 
in  Fig.  305  ;  and  when  an  inferior  magistrate 
met  a  superior  one,  the  lictors  of  the  former 
lowered  their  fasces  to  him  ;  hence  the  expression 
suhviittere fasces,  to  yield  or  confess  inferiority. 

Faselus.     (See  Phaselus.) 

Fasti,  R.  {fas,  divine  law).  Archives  or 
calendars  engraved  on  stone  or  marble;  they  were 
of  two  kinds.  (l)  The  fasti  sacri  or  kalem/ares, 
a  kind  of  almanack  or  calendar,  setting  out  the 
dies  fasti,  or  lawful  days  on  which  certain  kinds 
of  business  might  be  transacted  without  impiety  ; 
also  the  religious  festivals,  &c.  The  calendars 
were  entirely  in  the  keeping  of  the  priests.  (2) 
The  fasti  aiinales  or  historici,  which  contained 
the  names  of  the  consuls  and  magistrates,  and  a 
short  account  of  the  most  remarkable  events. 
Some  important  lists  of  this  kind  of  the  time  of 
Tiberius  are  preserved  in  the  capitol  at  Rome,  and 
called  the  Fasti  Capitolini. 

Fastigium,  R.  [fastii^v,  to  raise  to  a  point). 
The  top  of  a  pediment,  and  thence  the  entire 
pediment  itself.  In  a  building  this  term  also 
signifies  the  ridge,  or  top  of  a  roof  whose  two 
sides  rise  up  to  a  point. 

Faun  (Lat. /7z ;/;?/«).  A  woodland  god,  fre- 
quently re]5resented  with  sharp  ears  and  with  the 
feet  of  a  goat. 

Fauteau,  Fr.  A  military  engine  used  in 
the  Middle  Ages  ;  it  was  a  kind  of  battering- 
ram  suspended  in  a  tower.     (See  Aries.) 

Faux,  R.  Any  narrow  passage,  lobby,  cor- 
ridor, or  entrance  to  a  house,  in  especial  the 
passage  which  formed  the  communication 
between  two  blocks  of  a  house.  In  the  plural, 
Jaiices,  like  ea?-ceres,  denoted  stalls  or  stables  for 
horses.     (See  Carcer.) 

Favissae,  R.  Pits  or  cellars  under  a  temple, 
in  which  all  the  furniture  and  sacred  implements 
which  had  become  unfit  for  use  were  kept. 

Favour,  O.  E.  A  love-gift  ;  a  ribbon  or 
glove,  &c.,  worn  on  the  crest  of  the  favoured 
knight  at  a  tournament,  lic. 


Favourite,  O.  E.  A  lock  of  hair  :  "a  sort 
of  modish  lock,  dangling  on  the  temples." 
(^Ladies'  D.ctio)iary,  1694.) 

Favus,  R.  A  flagstone  or  tablet  of  marble 
cut  into  a  hexagon,  like  the  cell  of  a  honey- 
comb (faTiis),  whence  its  name.  [Pavements 
of  this  pattern  were  called  Sectilia.] 

Fax,  R.  A  torch.  This  consisted  either  of 
pieces  of  wood  joined  together  and  steeped  in 
resin,  or  a  metal  tube  filled  with  inflammable 
materials,  such  as  resin,  pitch,  tallow,  tow  im- 
pregnated will)  wax,  Sec.  [The  early  evening 
was  hence  called  prima  fax,  and  as  marriages 
were  celebrated  at  that  time  of  day,  the  torch 
was  made  an  attribute  of  Hymen,  and  a  syml)ol 
of  marriage.  The  torch  was  also  carried  at 
funerals  to  fire  the  pile  with.] 
Fayence.     Pottery. 

Feather.  In  Christian  art  (German)  an  attri- 
bute of  St.  Barbara  ;  it  is  generally  a  peacock's 
feather.  This  refers  to  an  old  German  version 
of  her  legend,  which  relates  that  when  St.  Bar- 
bara was  scourged  by  her  father,  angels 
changed  the  rods  into  feathers. 

Featherings,  in  Architecture,  are  lacelike 
ornaments  along  the  edges  of  arcs  in  windows, 
canopies,  &c. 

Feathers,  Her.  The  feathers  borne  as  crests 
and  badges  are  generally  those  of  the  ostrich, 
sometimesof  the  swan, 
the  turkey,  and  a  few 
other  birds.  Fig.  306 
is  a  representation  of 
an  early  ])lume  of 
ostrich  feathers,  as 
they  are  carved,  with 
an  escroU  in  place  of  a 
coronet,  in  the  Abbey 
Church  of  St.  Albans. 
From  the  time  of  the 
accession  of  the  House 
of  Stuart  to  the  crown 
of  the  United  King- 
dom, the  coroneted 
plume  of  three  ostrich  feathers  appears  to  have 
been  regarded,  as  it  is  at  this  present  day,  as 
the  special  badge  of  the  Princes  of  ^Vales. 

Februa,  Februales,  R.  A  festival  in  honour 
of  the  dead  instituted  by  Numa  ;  it  was  cele- 
brated every  year  on  the  ides  of  February. 

Feet.  In  Christian  art  the  feet  of  Our  Lord, 
also  of  angels  and  of  the  Apostles,  should  always 
be  represented  naked,  without  shoes  or  sandals. 
[Fair/w/t.) 

Felt  (Fr. /f«/r^).  A  sort  of  coarse  wool,  or 
wool  and  hair.  Felt  hats  were  first  made  in 
England  by  Spaniards  and  Dutchmen,  in  the 
beginning  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VHI.  Felt 
was  also  used  for  the  stufl'mg  of  garments. 

Feminalia  or  Femoralia,  R.  {femur,  the 
thioh).     Short  breeches  or  a  kind  of  drawers 


FifC-    306.   Ostrich  feathers. 
(An  escToll  for  a  coronet.) 


138 


WORDS    USED    IN 


(^xe: 


(^.'d'^/. 


(%>} 


&:: 


m 


:^. 


cki 


Fig.  307.  Silver  Feretory  or  Reliquary,  of  good  English  work, 
for  the  most  part  in  repouss^. 


which  reached  from  the  waist  to  about  the  knee. 
[Worn  by  Augustus  Cassar,  who  was  very 
susceptible  to  cold.] 

Feadace  (armour).  The  old  name  for  the 
gorget. 

Fenestella,  Chr.  (lit.  a  small  window).  A 
niche  made  in  the  wall  of  a  church,  near  the 
altar,  and  containing  the  stone  basin  in  which 
the  priest  poured  away  the  water  in  which  he 
had  washed  the  chalice. 

Fenestra,  Window.  Fenestra  biforis  is  a  Gc- 
7nel-wi)idoiii,  formed  by  a  double  bay.  Fenestra 
was  the  name  given  to  the  hole  pierced  in  the 
ears  to  receive  the  earrings,  as  also  to  the 
loop-holes  made  in  the  walls  of  a  fortress. 

Fenestration,  Arch.  A  term  which  expresses 
the  disposition  and  arrangement  of  all  the 
windows  in  a  house. 

Fengite.  Transparent  alabaster  used  for  glass 
in  windows. 

Ferculum,  R.  (f<.ro,  to  carry).  Contracted 
form  of  ferictiluni,  a  tray,  and  thence  the 
dishes  carried  upon  a  tray  ;  a  course  or  remove. 
In  a  triumphal  procession  the  term  was  applied 
to  a  platform  for  displaying  an  enemy's  spoils, 
a  rich  booty,  images  of  the  gods,  &c. ;  or  the 
ashes  of  the  dead  in  a  funeral. 

Feretory,  Chr.  (i)  A  richly-ornamented 
shrine,  often  of  solid  gold  and  set  with  jewels, 
in  which  the  relics  of  saints  are  carried  in 
Roman  Catholic  processions.  (2)  The  en- 
closure or  chapel  in  which  the  shrine  was 
kept. 

Feretrum  or  Pheretrum,  Gr.,  R.,  and  Chr. 
(Lat.  capuhis).  A  bier  ;  sometimes  a  shrine. 
The  term  was  used  at  a  period  when  coffins  were 
uncommon ;  more  properly  the  Feretory,  i 
(q.v.). 


Ferise,  R.  Days  of  festival  among 
the  Romans ;  they  were  classed  as  fol- 
lows :  (i)  FeriiV  statcv  or  statme, 
which  were  held  regularly  on  the 
days  indicated  in  the  calendar  ;  these 
were  the  immovable  festivals,  such  as 
the  Agonalia,  Carmentalia,  Luper- 
calia,  &c.  (2)  Ferice  coiicepta:  or  con- 
ceptivce,  which  were  held  every  year, 
but  at  uncertain  intervals  ;  these  were 
the  movable  festivals,  such  as  the 
Latinae,  Sementivje,  Paganalia,  and 
Compitalia.  (3)  Lastly,  there  were 
the  fericE  imperativa  or  official  festi- 
vals, which  were  held  by  order  of  the 
dictators,  consuls,  or  praetors.  All 
ferice  were  dies  nefasti,  on  which 
lawsuits,  political  transactions,  &c. 
were  impious,  and  slaves  were  re- 
lieved of  their  labour.  The  feria 
Latino:  were  the  most  important  of 
all  Roman  festivals. 

Fermail,  Her.  A  buckle. 
Ferr,  Her.  A  horse-shoe. 
Ferrara.  A  manufactory  of  majolica  in 
North  Italy,  described  by  Jacquemart  as  "one 
of  the  most  brilliant  in  Italy ;"  established 
l)y  Alfonso  I.  with  artists  imported  from  Faenza, 
circa  1495.    [Jacquemart.) 

Ferrea  Solea.  A  horse- 
shoe.    (See    Solea  and 

IIlPPOSANDAI.IUM.) 

Ferriterium.  A  prison 
for  slaves.  Synonym  ot 
Ergastulum  (q.v.). 

Ferula,    R.     The  fen- 
nel ;  a  plant  with  which 
children  were  beaten    for 
slight  faults,  and  thence  a 
cane  or  stick  with  which 
slaves  were  chastised. 
Fesse,    Her.   One  of  the  ordinaries.    A  broad 
band   of  metal    or    colour  crossing   the    shield 
horizontally. 


Fig.  30S 


«|,,,.|,i^,i.,Miii-p| n 

li  1 ,11  h{i  i  1  iii|  |i|i  mil  ii|i|i  Ii|lllli  pi!!!iJ!ilil!!!!!iilH|i||ll]ll'llHa!l|JIII 

fr  "i^^ 

a^^: 

Fig.  -^ioo.  Festoon  of  folinge. 

Fesse-point,  Her.  The  central  ]ioint  01  an 
escutcheon. 

Fesse-wise,  In  Fesse,  Her.  Disposed  in  a 
horizontal  line,  side  by  side,  across  the  centre 
of  a  field,  and  over  the  fesse-point  of  a  shield. 


ART    AM)    ARCII.KOI.OCN-. 


'39 


Fig.  310.   Fibula. 
Gallic. 


Festoon,  Arch.  Garland  of  flowers.  (Imjt. 
309.)     (See  Encarpa.) 

Festra,  R.  An  abljreviation  anciently  em- 
ployed for  Fkm'.stra  (([.v.). 

Festuca  or  Vindicta,  R.  The  rod  whicli  the 
lictor  held  over  the  head  of  a  slave  during 
the  ceremony  of  wa/iumiss/o,  by  which  he  was 
given  his  freedom.     (See  Manumissio. ) 

Fetter-lock,  I!er.  A  shackle,  padlock;  a  York- 
shire badge. 

Fibrinae  (vestcs),  Fibrinae  (lana;).    (Sec  Gas- 

TOKE.«.) 

Fibula,  Gen.  (/^c,  to  fix),  (i)  A  clasp,  buckle, 
or  brooch  ;  any  contri- 
vance made  of  gold, 
silver,  bronze,  ivory, 
&.C.,  used  for  fasten- 
ing male  or  female  at- 
tire. (2)  The  buckle 
of  a  head-band  {/ir/iia, 
-'it/a).  Figs.  310  and 
311  represent  buttons 
and  clasps  belonging 
to  the  Gaulish  and 
Merovingian  periods. 
[The  girdles  of  the 
Franks  and  Saxons, 
found  in  English  tombs, 
were  usually  ornament- 
ed most  profusely.  Not 
only  were  the  buckles 
[fibuhe)  of  the  richest 
workmanship,  and  con- 
spicuous for  size  and  ' 
decoration,  but  they  are  sometimes  supple- 
mented by  enchased  plates,  or  plates  set 
with  precious  stones.  {Roach  Smith.)] 
(See  Figs.  105  to  113.) 

Fictile  "Ware,  Keremania,  R.  [fiuqo, 
to  mouldj.  Any  object  made  of  terra- 
cotta or  pottery,  such  as  tiles,  bricks, 
vases,  &c.     (See  Poi 'fERY. ) 

Fiddle  (A.S.  fuhele),  or  Viol,  is  repre- 
sented in  an  Anglo-.Saxon  MS.  of  the  nth  cen- 
tury, of  a  pear- shape, with  four  strings.  The  fiddle- 
bow  probably  originated  in  Hindustan,  where 
the  Hindus  claim  that  the  ravanastron  was  in- 
vented about  5000  years  ago  by  Ravanon,  a 
king  of  Ceylon.  Almost  identical  with  this  is 
the  Chinese  fiddle  called  urheen,  which  has  (;nly 
two  strings,  and  its  body  consists  of  a  small 
block  of  wood,  hollowed  out  and  covered  with 
a  snake-skin.  A  German  fiddle  of  the  9th  century, 
called  lyra,  has  only  one  string.  In  the  Nibe- 
lungen  Lied  Volker  is  described  as  dexterous 
in  playing  the  fiddle.  Interesting  representa- 
tions of  performers  on  the  fiddle  are  painted  on 
the  roof  of  Peterborough  Cathedral.  They  arc 
attributed  to  the  12th  century. 

Fidelia,    R.     An  earthenware  vessel    or  jar 
used  as  a  receptacle  for  cement. 


Fides  or  Fidis,  R.  .\  general  term  compris- 
ing all  stringed  or  gut  instruments  (from  sphidc', 
catgut). 

Fidicula,  R.  (dimin.  of  /i,/es).  A  very 
fine  catgut  string,  a  freh/e-string.  The  plural 
fidieuliC  denotes  an  instrument  of  torture  for 
slaves,  the  form  of  which  is  unknown. 

Field.  In  Numismatics,  the  surface  of  a  coin 
on  wliieh  objects  were  engraved;  in  Heraldry, 
the  entire  surface  of  a  shield  or  baimer. 

Figure-paintings.  Paintings  of  tiie  human 
figure. 

Filagree,    Filigree,    or  Filigraine   (It.  jUi- 


Fig.  312.    Silver  Filigree.     Reliiniary,  belonging  to 

Lord  Hastings,  said  to  have  been  dug  up  in  the 

foundation.s  of  St.  Paul's,  London. 

grana—fdiini  and  j^ramtm,  or  granular  net-work; 
so  called  because  the  Italians,  who  first  introduced 
this  style  of  work,  ])laccd  beads  upon  it.  [^/;v.]). 
This  work  is  of  gold  or  silver  wire  plaited  and 
soldered  into  delicate  arabesques  and  (lower  jxit- 
terns.  In  the  15th  century  the  Spanish  Moors 
"made  admirable  chiselled,  enamelled,  and 
gilt  work,  and  applied  filigree  work  on  the  sur- 
face, a  system  kept  up  at  Salamanca  anil  Cor- 
dova to  the  present  day."  The  Eastern  nations 
have  always  been  famous  for  filigree  work. 

File,  Her.  A  label  (from  the  Latin  Jilum, 
a  narrow  ribbon). 

Filfot,    called    also    the    Gammadion.     (See 

FVI.KOT.) 

Filigree  Glass.     (See  Gi-.\ss. ) 
Fillet,  I  kr.     A  diminutive  of  a  chief. 
Fillets,    Gen.      Strips  of  linen  employed   for 


I40 


WORDS    USED   IN 


various  purposes.  The  victims  which  were  con- 
ducted by  priests  to  sacrifice  were  adorned  with 
sacred  fillets.  Among  the  Egyptians  fillets  were 
employed  to  swathe  mummies,  the  strips  being 
repeatedly  wound  by  the  embalmers  round  the 
corpse,  till  it  reassumed  the  appearance  it  had 
presented  before  being  dried.  (See  Diadem, 
Fascia.)  In  Architecture,  a  small  round  or 
rectangular  moulding  which  separates  two  others 
which  are  larger  and  more  prominent  ;  the 
fillet  also  separates  the  flutings  of  columns. 
(See  T/KNiA.) 

Fimbria,  R.  The  border 
or  fringe  of  a  cloth  or  gar- 
ment. [These  were  more 
common  among  the  Egyp- 
tians and  Assyrians  than 
the  Greeks  and  Romans,  and 
are  mentioned  in  the 
Bible.] 

Fimbriated,     Her.      Bor- 
dered ;    the    border    (which 
is  narrow)  lying  in  the  same 
plane  with  the  object  bordered.     (Fig.  313.) 
Finial.     In  Gothic  architecture,  an  ornament 
of  carved  work  represent- 
ing foliage,   on  the   apex 
of  a    spire    or    pinnacle. 
(See     Crocket.)     (Fig. 

314-.) 

Fir-cone  upon  a  stem 
was  the  form  of  vases  spe- 
cial to  the  majolica  manu- 
factory of  Deruba  ;  "a 
form,"  says  Jacquemart, 
"quite  special  to  that 
manufactory,  and  directly 
imitated  from  the  extreme 
East  and  from  Asia  Minor." 
Fire.  Flames  of  fire 
placed  near  St.  Anthony 
signify  his  spiritual  aid  as 
patron  saint  against  fire 
in  all  shapes,  in  the  next 
world  and  inthis.  7o7igiies 
0/  fire  are,  of  course,  de- 
picted on  the  heads  of  tlie  Apostles,  in  repre- 
sentations of  the  Day  of  I'entecost. 
Fire-dog.  (See  Andiron.) 
Fire-lock.  The  musket  fired  by  flint  and 
steel,  invented  in  France  about  the  year  1630. 
(See  Match-lock.) 

Fire-stommer,  ().  E.  A  poker. 
Fiscus,  R.  A  wicker-work  basket  nsed  for 
gardening  purposes,  especially  for  gathering  in 
the  olive  and  grape  crops.  The  Romans  also 
made  use  of  this  basket  for  transporting  sums  of 
money  ;  hence  fiscus  came  to  mean  a  money- 
chest,  and  was  the  name  given  to  that  part  of 
the  revenue  which  was  applied  to  the  civil  list 
of  the  emperors  [opposed  to  cvrariuin,  the  pro- 


Fig.  314.  Finial. 


perty  of  the  senate];  but  at  last  the  word  was 
used  to  signify  generally  the  property  of  the  state. 

Fish.  In  Christian  art,  the  symbol  of  water 
and  the  rite  of  baptism.  (See  Acrostic  and 
Vesica  Piscis.) 

Fistuca,  R.  A  pavior's  ram  or  beetle  ;  a 
wooden  bar  or  pile  used  to  consolidate  floorings, 
masonry,  and  pavements. 

Fistula,  R.  (i)  A  water-pipe  of  lead  or 
earthenware.  (2)  A  writing-pen  made  of  reed, 
and  thence  a  Pan's  pipe.  (3)  A  rolling-pin  for 
making  pastry.  (4)  A  probe.  (5)  A  machine 
for  bruising  corn,  which  was  called  fistula 
farraria. 

Fitch.  The  best  of  paint-brushes  are  made 
of  the  hair  of  the  fitch  or  polecat.  They  are 
black,  elastic,  and  firm  though  soft.  They  are 
made  flat  or  round,  and  are  used  also  for  var- 
nishing. 

Fitcbee,  Iler.     Pointed  at  the  base. 

Flabelliform,  Arch,  {flabelluni).  Fan-shaped. 
The  term  is  usually  applied  to  an  ornament 
composed  of  leaves  and  palms,  which  is  of  fre- 
quent occurrence  on  Romano-Byzantine  monu- 
ments. 

Flabellum,  Gen.  {flo,  to  blow).  A  fan. 
(See  Fan.) 

Flagellum,  Gen.  {fiagjui/t).  A  whip  or 
scourge  made  with  thongs  of  leather,  especially 
thongs  of  the  ox's  hide,  or  twisted  or  knotted 
cords,  &c.,  used  in  antiquity  forjnmishing  slaves 
or  culprits.  It  was  a  terrible  weapon,  and  the 
lash  was  often  knotted  with  bones,  or  heavy 
metal  hooks  to  tear  the  flesh  [scorpio).  Gladia- 
tors used  to  fight  in  the  arena  with  fia^ct/a. 

Flagon.  A  vessel  with  a  long  neck  covered 
at  toji,  and  a  spout.  The  flagons  of  the  15th 
and  16th  centuries  are  the  best  in  design  ami 
ornamentation. 

Flail.  A  weapon  like  a  flail,  of  wood  and 
iron  armed  with  spikes,  /t'w/.  Henry  VIII. 

Flake-white.  So  called  from  its  form,  in 
commerce,  oi flakes  or  scales.  As  a  pigment  it 
possesses  great  body,  and  enters  largely  into 
numerous  compound  tints.  {Ftu'rholt.)  (See 
Carbonate  of  Lf\d  ) 


315    Hat-h  -li 


Flambiyant    (style).    Mod.      The    style    of 
French  architecture  peculiar  to  the   15th   cen- 


AKl      I\.\l)     AKLll/tiULUUi  . 


141 


tury,  so  called  bccau.se  the  mullions  and  tracery 
of  the  windows  in  the  monuments  belonging  to 
that  period  are  curved  and  twisted  like  the 
waving  of  flames.  This  style  was  contempo- 
rary with  that  called  "the  perpendicular"  in 
England. 

Flamen,  R.  A  priest  devoted  to  the  service 
of  any  one  god  ;  e.  g.  Flavicn  Martialis,  the 
jiriest  of  Mars.  Their  characteristic  dress  was 
the  Apex,  the  L.i:na,  and  a  laurel  wreath. 


Fig.  316.   Projecting-heads. 

Flaming  Heart,  in  Christian  symbolism, 
expre^^c^  fervent  piety  and  love. 

Flammeolum  (dimin.  of  flamiitciiii:).  A  term 
denoting  a  texture  much  finer  than  that  of  the 
tlaiiintcuiii. 

Flammeum,  R.     A  bridal   veil  worn  by  the 


Fig.  317.    Old  Flcmisli  I.acc. 


bride  on  liie  day  of  her  marriage  ;  it  was  of 
light  gau/e,  and  in  colour  of  a  vivid  and  bril- 
liant  yellow,  like  a  llamc  ;  whence  its  name. 
It  covered  the  lady  from  head  to  foot,  and  was 
removed  by  the  bridegroom  on  their  arrival 
luime  after  tlie  ceremony. 

Flammula,  R.  A  small  flame  ;  a  small 
banner  borne  l)y  light  cavalry  regiments  ;  it 
was  of  a  vivid  and  brilliant  yellow  colour,  like 
the  bridal  Jhiiiiiiicuin  ;  whence  its  name.  (Mo- 
dern Okiii.ammk,  (pv. ) 
Flanches,  Flasquea,  Ikr.  Subordinarics. 
Flat-heads,  Projecting-heads,  Mod.  An  orna- 
ment iieculiar  to  the  Romano-liyzantine  period, 
which  decorates  archi volts.  Fig.  3'5  K'^e's  an  cx- 
ami)leof  llat-hcads;  Fig.  316  of  projecting-heads. 
Flaying-knife.  An  attribute  (jf  St.  Hartholo- 
mew,  signifying  the  manner  of  his  martyrdom. 
In  Croyland  Abbey  it  was  anciently  the  custom 
to  present  all  members  of  the  community  with 
small  Haying-knives  on  St.  Bartholomew's  Day 
(Aug.  24). 

Flemish  Lace.  Flanders  and  Italy  dispute 
the  invention  of  pillow  lace.  It  is  certain,  how- 
ever, that  lace  of  home  manufacture  was  worn 
in  the  15th  century  in  the  Low  Countries,  and 
from  that  time  to  the  present  lace-making  has 
formed  a  source  of  national  wealtii  to  I'.elgium. 
The  engraving  shows  a  fine  specimen  of 
old  Flemish  lace  composed  of  six  different 
designs  joined  together,  commonly  known  as 
"Trolle  Kant."  A  similar  lace  is  made  in 
some  of  our  own  coimties,  and  called  "Trolly." 
(Fig.  317.)  .        , 

Fleur-de-lis  (Fr.),  the  royal  msigma  of 
France,  was  first  adopted  by  Louis  VI 1.  (about 
A.D.  1137)  scmcc,  or  scattered  over  the  field. 
This  shield  is  blazoned  as  "  France  Ancient. ' 
On  the  occasion  of  his  marriage,  in  1234, 
St.  Louis  instituted  the  order  of  the  "  Cosse  de 
G  e  n  e  s  t  "  (Fig. 
\^5v..^  318),  and,  as  an 
"  '■*"  emblem  of  his 
humility,  took  for 
his  badge  the 
broom-flower  with 
the  motto  Exdltiil 
hitmilis.  The  col- 
lar of  the  order 
was  composcil  of 
broom  -  tlo  wers 
enamelled,  inter- 
mixed with  flcurs- 
d  e  - 1  i  s.  In  the 
reign  of  Charles 
VI.  four  collars 
of  the  order  of  the 
Cosse  de  Ge- 
nest  were  sent  as 
.  ^  ...  jiresents  to  King 
'l^o^^.^^^fl^.^r-  Richard    11.    and 


142 


WORDS    USED   IN 


his  uncles  the  Dukes  of  Lancaster,  Gloucester, 
and  York.  The  fleur-de-lis  entered  the  English 
insignia  in  1275  with  the  marriage  of  Edmund 
with  Blanche  of  Artois,  and  was  erased  on 
January  i,  180 1. 

Fleurettee,  Her.  Terminating  in,  or  bordered 
with  fleurs-de-lis,  like  the  cross  in  Fig.  318. 

FleuroD.  A  small  full-blown  rose  placed  in 
the  centre  of  the  abacus  of  the  capital  in  certain 
orders  of  architecture. 

Flexed,  Her.     Bowed,  bent. 

Flighted,  Her.     Feathered,  as  arrows  are. 

Flo,  O.  E.  An  arrow. 

"  Rnbiii  bent  his  joly  bowe, 
Therein  he  set  &j2o." 

(IVright's  Songs  and  Carols.) 

Floralia,  or  Florales  Ludi.  A  Roman  fes- 
tival in  honour  of  Flora,  said  to  have  been 
instituted  li.c.  238,  to  invoke  the  protection  of 
the  goddess  u])on  the  sjiring  blossoms. 

Florentine  Fresco.  A  peculiar  method  of 
fresco-jminting,  by  which  the  lime  is  kept 
moistened  durnig  the  process. 

Florentine  Lake.  (Sec  Carminated  Lakes.) 
Florentine  Mosaic.     Inlaid  work  in  coloured 
stones,  and  precious  stones  combined  into  beau- 
tiful patterns. 

Florid  (style),  Arch.  This  term,  now  dis- 
used, has  lieen  replaced  by  that  of  Flamboyant 
style  Oi-v.). 

Florimontana.  A  literary  society  established 
at  Annecy  in  1606.  They  took  for  their  device 
an  orange  tree,  with  the  motto,  ^''  Florcs,  fnuiits- 
ijuc  pcrcniics.'" 

Fluor-spar  or  Derbyshire-spar.  A  mineral 
rock  very  common  in  Derbyshire,  where  it  is 
made  into  ornaments,  &c.,  with  the  lathe. 

Flute,  Gen.  Said  to  have  been  invented  by 
Apollo  or  Mercury.  The  simplest  form  of  flute 
was  made  with  an  oat-stalk  {avaia  1  or  a  hollow 
reed  {calanius) ;  in  the  course  of  time  it  was 
made  of  ivory,  bone,  or  the  shin-bones  of 
animals ;  whence  its 
Latin  name  of  Tuii.v 
(q.v.).  The  Greek 
llute  (au/os)  was  held 
like  a  flageolet,  and  a 
vibrating  reed  was  in- 
serted into  the  mouth- 
])icce.  The  single  flute 
was  called  iiioiiaidos ; 
the  double  one  diaulos. 
A  specimen  of  the 
last  in  the  British 
Museum  was  found  in 
a  tomb  at  Athens. 
It  is  made  of  cedar, 
and  the  lubes,  which 
are  filtecn  inches  in 
length,    have   each    a 


Kig.  3iy    Flutings. 


Fig.  3:0.   Focuhis. 


separate  mouthpiece  and  six  finger-holes,  five  of 
which  are  at  the  upper  side,  and  one  under- 
neath. The  flutes  of  the  Eli-uscans  were  often 
of  ivory  ;  those  used  in  religious  ceremonies 
were  of  boxwood, 
ass's  bone,  bronze, 
and  silver.  The  Per- 
sian flute  called 
"  nay"  and  the 
"  surnayi"  a  kind 
of  oboe,  are  still 
popular  in  the  East. 
lnA/cxico,ihe  young 
man  sacrificed  to  the 
god  was  taught  to 
play  the  flute,  and 
as  he  went  to  his 
death  he  broke  a 
flute  on  each  of 
the  steps  of  the 
temple.  The  prac- 
tice of  making  flutes 
of  the  bones  of  their  enemies  was  common  with 
many  Indian  tribes  in  America. 

Flutings  or  Flutes,  Arch.  Small  semicircular 
indents  or  grooves  cut  perpendicularly,  by  way 
of  ornament,  in  the  shafts  of  columns  and 
pilasters.  Flutings  may  be  either  decorated  or 
plain.  When  filled  with  a  bead-moulding,  they 
are  said  to  be  cabled.  Fig.  319  represents  flut- 
ings decorated  with  leaves  twined  round  a  reed. 
Fly,  Her.  The  length  and  also  the  side  of  a 
flag  furthest  from  the  mast. 

Fo,  Chinese.  (See  Dog  of  Fo.)  The  "  Hand 
of  Fo  "  is  a  fragrant  fruit,  a  kind  of  cedrat, 
generally  styled  the  Chinese  hand-plant,  used  to 
perfume  apartments. 

Focale,  R.  (fauces,  the  throat).  A  square 
piece  of  cloth  which  was  wrapped  round  the 
neck,  and  covered  the  ears. 

Foculus,    R.  (dimin.  of  foeus).     A   portable 

fireplace;  a  brazier  or  chafing-dish.     (Fig.  320. ) 

Focus,    R.     The   hearth    or  fireplace    of    a 

house,  consecrated  to   the  Lares   or  household 

gods. 

(See  Trefoil,  Qua- 


Foil,    in  Architecture. 
TREFOIL,  &c.) 


321.   Foliage  of  ih,; 
Acanthus. 


Foliage,  Gen. 

Nearly  every  style 
of  architecture  has 
made  use  of  foliage 
for  purposes  of  or- 
namentation. In  an- 
tiquity, the  leaves 
of  the  acanthus, 
palm,  laurel,  olive, 
ivy,  &c.,  were  thus 
employed ;  the  Ro- 
mano-Byzantine, By- 
zantine, and  Pointed 
styles      utilized     for 


ART    AND    ARCIiyEOI.OfJV. 


•43 


tlie  same  purpose  the  vine,  oak,  ciiiqueioil, 
parsley,  nialionia,  mullein,  thistle,  <S:c.  r'oliage 
has  been  applied  to  the  decoration  of  capitals, 
archivolts,  bands,  cornices,  and  friezes  ;  and 
it  has  also  been  used  to  form  Crockets  (q.v.), 
crownings,  pinnacles,  &c.  Architectural  work 
thus  enriched  is  said  to  be  foliated,  and  the 
ornament  itself  is  called  roLiATiON. 


Fig.  322.  Foliage  on  mou 

Folliculus,  R.  A  leather  cap  encircling  the 
hole  by  which  an  onr  protruded  from  a  ship. 
The  term  is  a  diminutive  of  FoLLis  (q.v.). 

FoUis,  R.  A  small  ball  of  leatlier  inflated 
with  air,  which  also  went  by  the  name  oi  folli- 
ailiis ;  used  for  a  plaything. 

Fong-hoang,  Chinese.  A  fabulous  bird 
which  is  immortal,  lives  in  the  highest  regions 
of  the  air,  and  only  ap]:iroaches  men  to  announce 
to  them  happy  events  and  prosperous  I'eigns. 
It  is  easily  recognized  (on  pottery,  &.c.)  by  its 
carunculated  head,  its  neck  surrounded  by  silky 
feathers,  and  its  tail  partaking  of  the  Argus 
pheasant  and  the  jieacock.     {yacqiit'inart.) 


Fontange,  Kr.  "  A  modish  head-dress," 
deriving  its  name  from  .Mademoiselle  de  Fon- 
tange, a  lady  of  the  court  of  Louis  XIV., 
who  invented  it.     (Fig.  326.) 

Font-cloth, 
().  E.  (I)  The 
hanging  with 
Mhich  the  font 
was  ornamented. 
(2)  The  CiiRis- 
MALE  (q.v.). 

Fools.  In 
Church  architec- 
ture and  decora- 
tion, grotesque 
figures  of  men 
with  fool's  cap 
and  bells  are 
frequently  seen 
under  the  .seats 
of  c  h  o  i  r-stalls 
and  miserere 
seats.      (See  the  article  Ol?sca;NA.) 

Foolscap.  A  fool's  cap  was  the  device  of  the 
Italian  society  called  the  Granelleschi,  formed 
at  Venice  in  1740  to  oppose  the  corruption  of 
the  Italian  language.  A  sheet  of  foolscap  pai)er 
is  17  in.  by  13^  in. 

Forceps.  Tongs  or  pincers,  the  attributes  of 
some  of  the  martyrs.     (See  FoRFEX.) 


Fig.  324.   Baptismal  font 
( Komano-Byzantiiic) . 


V'^S-  323-  Pompeian  fount 


Fons,  Fountain,  Gen.  In  antiquity,  natural 
springs  and  fountains  were  objects  of  religious 
worship.  Fig.  323  represents  a  Pompeian 
fountain  known  as  the  Fountain  of  Abundance- 
Font,  Chr.  The  vessel  which  contains  the 
consecrated  water  used  in  the  administration  of 
baptism,  by  sprinkling  or  asjiersion  f  Fig.  324), 
introduced  in  lieu  of  the  original  mode  of 
immersion  (Fig.  325).     (Compare  Piscina.) 


Fig.  325.   Early  KiigliNli  Font. 

Foreshortening.  The  art  of  representing 
objects  on  a  plane  surface  as  they  appear  to  the 
eye  in  pers])ective. 

Forfex,  R.  (i)  Large  scissors  or  shears  used  to 
cut  hair  or  shear  animals.  (2)  A  c\\\^,  in  the 
form  of  shears,  for  raising  weights.  (Fig.  327.) 
Fig.  32S  represents  a  shears  described  by  ^'itrr.- 
vius,  which  was  used  to  raise  stones. 


'44 


WORDS   USED   IN 


Fig.  326 


t  oiinngi.  Held  dress 


Fori,  R. 


This  term,  which  i: 
fonts 


Fig.  327.  Roman  Forfe.v. 


the  phiial  of 
denotes  (i) 
the  flooring  of  a 
ship  ;  (2)  the  floor- 
ing of  a  bridge  ;  (3) 
the  standing-places 
on  a  temporary  plat- 
form ;  (4)  the  shelves 
forming  the  divisions 
or  different  stories  of 
a  beehive;  (5)  the 
narrow  parallel  fur- 
rows drawn  in  a 
garden  by  means  of 
the  hoc. 

Foricula.  A  lit- 
tle door.  Dimin. 
of  FoRis  (q.v.). 

Foris,  R.  The 
door  as  distin- 
guished from  the 
frame  in  which  it 
hung.      In  the  plu- 


ral, fores  denotes  a  folding-door  with 
two  leaves,  as,  for  instance,  foi'cs 
caircris,  the  door  of  the  stalls  in  a 
circus. 

Forks  were  not  in  general  use 
earlier  than  the  14th  century.  One  of 
the  earliest  occasions  on  which  a  fork 
is  mentioned  informs  us  that  John, 
Duke  of  Brittany  in  1306,  had  one 
"to  pick  up  soppys." 

Forlon.  A  Spanish  carriage  with 
four  seats. 

Forma,  R.  {fav,  to  produce).  A 
mould,  form,  or  model  ;  a  mould  for 
making  bricks  or  other  objects  in 
clay,  such  as  (i)  antefixa,  masks,  &c.; 
(2)  a  shoemaker's  last  ;  (3)  the  water- 
way of  a  subterranean  aqueduct. 
Diminutive,  Formella,  R.  A  small 
shape  or  mould  used  especially  by  the 
Romans  to  give  an  artificial  form  to 
the  fish  which  was  served  as  one  of 
the  courses  at  dinner. 

Fornacalia,  R.  A  festival  of 
bakers  in  ho- 
nour of  the  god- 
dess Foruax 
(oven-goddess). 
It  took  place  in 
February,  the 
day  being  given 
out  by  the  curio 
viaxiniiis,  who 
announced,  in 
tablets  which 
were  placed  in 
the  forum,  the 
part  which  each 
curia  had  to  take  in  the 
festival.  I'hose  persons  who  did  not  know  to 
which  curia  they  belonged,  perfomied  the  rites  on 
the  last  day,  called  Stultorum  fcri(V  (the  feasts  of 
fools). 

Fornacula  (dimin.  of  Fornax,  q.v.).  (i) 
A  small  furnace  for  smelting  metals.  (2)  A 
small  furnace  for  a  bath-room. 

Fornax,  R.  A  furnace  ;  an  oven  ;  a  kiln 
for  baking  pottery  :  foriiax  calcaria,  a  lime- 
kiln ;  forimx  irraria,  a  blast-furnace  for  smelt- 
ing metals  ;  foniax  balnci,  a  hypocaust  or  bath- 
furnace  ;  this  was  also  called  Fornacula 
(q.v.).  P'ORNAX  is  also  the  name  of  the  god- 
dess of  ovens. 

Fornix,  R.  A  term  having  the  same  mean- 
ing as  Arcus  (q.v.).  It  also  denotes  (i)  a 
triumjihal  arch  {arcus  triumphalis)  ;  (2)  a  vault 
or  vaulted  room  ;  (3)  a  vaulted  gate. 

Forril.  A  kind  of  parchment,  specially  pre- 
pared for  bookbinding. 

Forulu3,  R.  (dimin.  oi  forus,  a  shelf).  A 
cupboard,  cabinet,  or  dwarf  bookcase. 


Forfex. 


ART   AND   ARCH.EOLOGY 


'45 


jiyy^ftf 


Forum,  R.  A  large  open  space  used  by 
the  Romans  as  a  market  ;  it  ansuered  to  the 
Greek  Agora  (q.v.).  Fig.  329  represents  the 
fonim  civile  of  Pompeii,  xmquestionably  one 
of  the  most  complete  examples  bequeathed  to 
us  by  antiquity.  A  is  the  principal  entrance  ; 
B,  a  Corinthian  temple  ;  C,  the  public  prison 
{career  piiblicus)  ;  D  is  supposed  to  have  been  a 
horrcicm,  or  public  granary  ;  E,  the  temple  ot 
Venus,  the  guardian  goddess  of  the  city  ;  F,  the 
basilica  ;  G,  H,  I,  the  curiae,  which  were  a 
kind  of  civil  and  commercial  tribunals  ;  A'  is  a 
rectangular  building  which  probably  served  the 
purpose  of  a  shop  for  money-changers  ;  Z,  a 
portico  terminating  in  an  absis ;  M,  the  temple 
of  Mercury  or  Quirinus  ;  N,  a  building  with  a 
large  semicircular  tribune,  which  probably 
formed  the  residence  of  the  Augustales. 

Forus.  A  synonym  of  FoRUM  (q.v.).  Fonts 
akatorius  was  the  term  applied  to  a  dice-table. 

Fossil  Ivory.  The  tusks  of  the  mammoth — 
the  extinct  elephas  primigeniiis — found  in  great 
quantity  in  Siberia,  are  the  material  of  which 
nearly  all  the  ivory-turner's  work  in  Russia  is 
made.  The  ivory  has  not  undergone  any  petri- 
fying change  like  other  fossils,   and  is  as  well 


adapted   for  use  as  that  procured  from  living 
species. 

Fote  (or  Foot)  Mantel.  An  outer  garment 
of  the  petticoat  kind,  bound  round  the  hips  (of 
a  woman  on  horseback)  "to  keep  her  gown  or 
surcoat  clean."     {Stnttt.) 

"  A/ofe-/nau/el about  hir  hips  large."  (C/taucer.) 

Fountain,  Her.  A  circular  figure  or  rouxdle 
that  is  A?;7j  zc/nvjy  arg.  is  so  blazoned. 

Fourchee,  Her.  Divided  into  two  parts ; 
said  of  a  lion  with  a  double  tail. 

Fraces,  R.  A  kind  of  fuel  made  of  the  tan 
obtained  from  tlie  residuum  of  oil-presses  ;  it 
was  thus  the  jnilp  of  olives. 

Frsenum,  Frenum,  R.  A  horse's  bridle, 
including  the  bit  and  the  reins.  [The  bit  was 
called  c>>ra  or  Greek  ffTOfitoy.] 

Framea,  R.  (i)  ^  German  spear,  tlie  iron 
head  of  which  was  short  but  very  shaqj  ;  it  was 
em])!oyed  by  them  as  a  pike.  (2)  A  weapon 
used  by  the  Franks. 

Francisca.  A  kind  of  battle-axe  used  by  the 
Franks. 

Frankfort  Black.  A  German  pigment  pre- 
pared like  /i.'ue  black  (q.v.). 

L 


146 


WORDS    USED  IN 


French Tlltramarine.  (See  Guimet's  Ultra- 
marine.) 

Fresco  Painting  (i.e.  alfresco,  upon  fresh  or 
wet  ground),  generally  employed  for  large  pic- 
tures on  walls  and  ceilings,  is  executed  with 
raineral  and  earthy  pigments  upon  a  freshly-laid 


laiaiaigigB 


F!g.  330.  Greclc  Fret. 

ground  of  stucco.  It  was  known  to  the  ancients. 
and  must  be  distinguished  from  distemper 
PAINTING  (q.v.)  on  plaster,  which  is  a  different 


Greek  Fret. 


process.  "  Biion  (or  genuine) /r^J-ro,"  painted 
on  the  fresh  surface  of  plaster,  is  distinguished 
from  ''fresco  sccco,"  or  a  process  of  painting  on 


Fig.  332.  Greek  Fret. 

dry  plaster  commonly  practised  in  Italy  and 
Munich.  It  is  argued  that  the  latter  was  the 
process  used  at  Pompeii,  and  generally  by  the 
ancients,  because  { l)  lime  is  found  in  nearly  all  the 


not   contain  only   one  day's  work,  as   it  must 
in  biton  fresco. 

Fret,   Arch.      An    angular,   interlaced  archi- 


colours,  anil  (2)  the  nature  of   the  joinings    in 
tlie  work    indicates  that  each  compartment  does 


Fig.  334.  Scroll  Fret. 

tectural  ornament  of  the  Greek  and  Romano- 
Byzantine  period,  also  known  as  broken  batoon 
and  Vitrtivian  scroll,  and  presenting  some 
analogy  with  chevroti  or  zigzag.  There  are 
crenelated  or  rectangtilar  frets,  triangular,  ne- 
bulated,  undulated  frets,  &c. 

Fret,  O.  E.     A  caul  of  gold  or  silver  wire. 

"  A/ret  of  golde  she  had  next  her  hair."  (Chancer.) 


Fret     or    Frette,    Her. 


335.  Badge  of  the  Arundel 
family,  with  fret. 


One  of  the  sub- 
ordinaries.  The 
illustration  is  one 
of  the  badges  of 
the  Arundel  fami- 
ly :  a  chapeau  or 
and  gules,  sur- 
mounted by  a.  fret 
or,  and  an  acorn 
leaved  vert. 

Frieze,  Arch. 
That  part  cf  the 
entablature  which 
is  included  be- 
the    cornice.     (See 


tween  the  architrave  and 
Fig.  184. )  Another  name  for  it  is  Zoophorus 
(q.v.).  It  was  generally  richly  sculptured. 
The  finest  frieze  ever  found  is  that  of  the  Par- 
thenon, the  ornamentation  of  which  may  be 
studied  in  the  Elgin-marble  room  at  the  British 
Museum.     (See  Fig.  2S2.) 

Frieze,  Frize.  A  coarse  woollen  cloth,  first 
mentioned  1399. 

"  Cloth  of  gold,  do  not  despize 
To  match  thyself  with  cloth  of  frize. 
Cloth  of  frize,  be  not  too  bold, 
Though  thou  be  matched  with  cloth  of  gold." 

Frigidarium,  R.  {frigidus,  cold),  (i)  A  cool 
apartment  in  a  bathing  establishment.  (2)  A 
cool  ]ilace  used  as  a  larder. 

Frisquet.  In  wood  engraving,  a  piece  of 
paper  laid  over  the  proof-paper  in  the  act  of 
printing,  to  keep  clean  the  parts  not  intended 
to  be  exposed  to  the  ink. 

Fritillus,  R.  A  dice-box  of  a  cylindrical 
form,    called  also  turricula  or  pyrgus   (Greek 

(/)l;UOb). 


ART    AND    ARCH/EOLOCV. 


47 


Frog.     An  ancient    emblem   of  silence   and 
secrecy,    from  a  legend  quoted  by  ^lian  that 


Fig.  336.   Frog.    The  device  of  Mscenas. 

the  frogs  of  Syriapha  never  croak  in  their  own 
marshes.     Hence  it  was  adopted  by  Mtecenas, 
the  friend   of  Augustus,  for  his  device.     (Fig. 
336.) 

Frontale,  Gen.  {frons,  the 
forehead).  (l)  A  frontlet  or 
head -band  worn  by  Greek 
women,  and  to  be  seen  prin- 
cipally on  the  statues  of  god- 
desses. (2)  A  plate  or  band 
of  metal  placed  across  the 
forehead  of  horses  (Fig.  337) 
as  a  protection  for  the  frontal 
bone.  The  Medes,  Persians, 
Greeks,  and  Romans  made  use 
of  \\\(t  frontale  for  their  cavalry 
horses.  For  the  ecclesiastical 
Frontal,  Medieval,  see  Ante- 
pen  diu.m.  Henry  III.  gave 
a  FRONTAL  to  the  high  altar 
Abbey,    upon   which,    besides 


Fig.  337.  Frontale 
of  a  bridle. 


at   Westminster 

carbuncles  in  golden  s'ettmgs,  and  several  large 
pieces  of  enamel,  were  as  many  as  866  smaller 
pieces  of  enamel. 

Frontispiece.  In  Architecture,  the  facade  or 
face  of  a  building.  The  engraved  title-page  of 
a  book  was  originally  called  the  frontispiece. 

Frote,  O.  E.     To  rub  ;  to  stir. 

Frountere,  O.  E.    Frontal  (q.v.). 

Fucus,  Gr.  Cosmetic  paint,  much  used  by 
the  C^rcck  and  Roman  ladies.  They  stained 
their  eyebrows  black  with  a  preparation  of 
sulphuret  of  antimony  called  stimmi,  or  of  soot, 
asbolos.  The  Roman  ladies,  in  addition  to  rouge 
and  white  for  the  complexion,  used  to  trace  out 
the  veins  on  their  temples  with  a  blue  paint, 
and  they  wore  the  patches  of  (^^lecn  Anne's 
time  (J/Zcv/Za).  "From  beef  without  mustard, 
a  servant  which  overvalues  himself,  a«</a  ivoman 
ivhich  paml€th,—goodi  Lord  deliver  us!" 
[Stubbcs.) 


Fuller's  Bat  or  Club.  Attribute  of  St.  James 
the  Less,  wliu  w  as  killed  with  such  an  implement. 

FuUonica,  FuUonum,  R.  (Julio,  a  fullLr).  A 
fuller's  establishment.  An  example  of  one,  in 
perfect  preservation,  is  preserved  at  Pompeii. 
'Vhc  ftdloih's  acted  as  laundrymen  to  Greek  and 
Roman  families,  washing  linen  as  well  as 
woollen  clothes  by  treading  in  tubs  (using  urine 
for  soap,  which  was  unknown  to  them) ;  hence 
saltits  fulloiiiius,  a  fuller's  dance. 

Fulmen.  The  thunderbolt  of  Jove.  (See 
also  Illai'A.)  It  is  generally  represented  as  a 
double  cone  of  flame,  with  lightnings  on  each 
side,  or  frequently  with  wings. 

Fumarium,  R.  {fitmiis,  smoke).  A  chamber 
in  the  upper  part  of  a  Roman  house,  into  which 
the  smoke  from  the  fires  was  conducted.  Tiie 
smoke-room  was  used  for  drying  wood  and 
ripening  wine.  The  "  Rauchkammer"  or  smoke 
attic  is  still  a  common  institution  in  good  houses 
in  Germany. 

Funale,  R.  [funis,  a  rope).  A  link  or  torch 
made  of  various  materials. 

Funalis  or  Funarius  (sc.  eqiiits).  The  trace- 
horse,  so  called  because  its  traces,  instead  of 
being  of  leather,  were  of  rope  (fimis). 

Funarius.     (See  Funalis.) 

Funda,  Sling,  Gen.  The  sling  has  been  em- 
ployed by  most  of  the  peoples  of  antiquity  as 
a  weapon  of  warfare  for  hurling  stones,  chiefly 
flints  or  leaden  bullets  (glaiides).  The  slings  of 
the  Egyptians  were  made  of  leather  thongs  or 
plaited  cord.  Thefiitiditores,  or  slingers,  of  the 
Greek  and  Roman  armies  carried  each  a  pro- 
vision of  stones  in  the  folds  [sinus)  of  his  pal- 
lium, a  shield  on  his  left  arm,  and  brandished 
his  sling  in  the  right  hand.  The  most  celebrated 
slingers  were  the  inhabitants  of  the  Balearic 
Islands,  which  took  their  ancient  name  from 
this  circumstance. 

Fundibalus,  Fundibalum,  R.  (jSoAAoi,  to 
throw).  A  machine  for  hurling  stones  ;  a  kind 
o{  balista  (q.v.).     (Fig.  2>1>''^.) 


Fig.  338.  P'undibaliis— Onager. 


WORDS    USED   IN 


Fundula,  R.  A  blind  alley  or  cul-de-sac. 
Fig.  339  represents  one  of  the  kind  at  Pom- 
peii. 


Fig.  339.  Street  at  Pompeii. 

Fundulus,  R.  The  piston  of  a  hydraulic 
machine. 

Funeral  Ceremonies,  i.  Greek.  The  expres- 
sions TO  SiKoia,  font^ofieva,  or  izpoffriKovra,  the 
just  and  lawful  rites,  are  expressive  of  the  Greek 
idea  that  the  proper  burial  of  the  dead  was  a 
most  sacred  duty  to  them.  The  first  act  was 
to  place  in  the  mouth  of  the  corpse  an  ohohis, 
with  which  the  spirit  would  pay  the  ferryman 
in  Hades.  This  coin  was  then  called  danakc. 
The  body  was  then  washed  and  anointed, 
the  head  crowned  with  flowers,  and  the  hand- 
somest robes  put  on.  All  this  was  done  by  the 
women  of  the  family.  By  the  side  of  the  bed 
upon  which  the  corpse  was  then  laid  (TrptJeeo-is) 
were  placed  painted  earthen  vessels  {Ucuthoi  -, 
see  Lecythus),  which  were  afterwards  buried 
with  the  corpse.  (These  vases  are  frequently 
disinterred  in  modern  excavations.)  A  honey- 
cake  {?neliltoHta)  to  throw  to  the  dog  Cerberus 
was  laid  on  the  bed.  Before  the  door  a  vessel 
of  water  {ostracon  or  ardalion)  was  set,  to  be 
used,  like  the  holy  water  of  Catholic  times,  by 
persons  leaving  the  house,  for  purification.  On 
the  third  day  after  death,  the  ecphora,  or  carry- 
ing out  for  burial,  took  place  in  the  morning 
before  sunrise.  The  men  walked  before  the 
corpse,  and  the  women  behind.  Hired  mourners 
{threnodoi)  accompanied  the  procession,  playing 
mournful  tunes  on  the  flute.  The  bodies  were 
either  buried  or  burned,  until  cremation  gave 
way  to  a  Christian  prejudice.  The  body  was 
placed  for  burning  on  the  top  of  a  pyre  (Gr. 


TrDp,  fire)  ;  and,  in  remote  ages,  animals, 
prisoners,  or  slaves  were  burned  with  it.  Oils 
and  perfumes  were  thrown  into  the  flames. 
Finally,  the  smouldering  ashes  were  quenched 
with  wine,  and  relatives  and  friends  collected 
what  remained  of  the  bones.  The  bones  were 
then  washed  with  wine  and  oil,  and  placed  in 
urns,  often  golden. 

2.  Roman.     Funera  justa  conveys  the  same 
idea  as  the  Greek  dicaia  of  the  right  and  title 
of  the  dead  to  a  proper  observance.     With  the 
Romans,    the   washing,  anointing,   &c.  of    the 
body  was    done  by  slaves  [pollinctores)    of  the 
undertakers,   who    were  called    libitiuarii,    be- 
cause  they  dwelt    near    the    temple   of  Venus 
Libitina,  in  which  all  things  requisite  for  fune- 
rals were  sold  and  a  mortuary  register  was  kept. 
The  coin  having  been  duly  placed  in  the  mouth, 
the  body  was  laid  out  in  the  vestibule  dressed, 
of    ordinary    citizens  in  a  white    toga,    and  of 
magistrates  in  their  official  robes,  and  the  couch 
was  strewn  with  flowers,  and  a  branch  of  cypress 
was  placed  at  the  door  of  the  house.     All  fune- 
rals were,  in  ancient  times,  performed  at  night, 
but   afterwards  only  those  of  the  poor.     At  a 
great   funeral    the   corpse  was    carried  out   on 
the   eighth  day,  preceded  by  musicians   {corni- 
riiies,  ike.)  and  mourning  women  {pneficcv),  who 
chanted  a  funeral  hymn  [luenia)  ;    players  and 
buffoons   {histriones,    scurrce)    followed,     and  a 
procession  of  the  freed  slaves  wearing  the  cap 
of  Whexiy  {pileali).     Images  of  the  deceased  and 
of  his  ancestors  were  borne  before  the  corpse, 
which  was  carried  on  a  litter  {feirtruni).     The 
common  bier  of  the  poor  was   called  saiidapila, 
and  its  bearers  vespillones,  because  they  bore  it 
forth  in  the   evening  {vespere).     The  couches  of 
the  rich  were  of  ivory,  richly  ornamented  with 
gold  and  purple.     The  relations  walked  behind 
in    mourning,    sons  with  the  head  veiled,    and 
daughters  with  dishevelled  hair.      At  the  forum 
a  funeral  oration  {laudatio)  was  delivered,  and 
thence    the    procession   went   to    the   place   of 
burial  or  cremation.     Those  who  were  buried 
(as   all   were   subsequently  to  the  4ih   century 
A.D.)  were  placed  in  a  coffin  {area  or  locuhis), 
often  of  stone.     The  Assian  stone,  from  Assos 
in    Troas,  was  said  to  consume  all  the  body, 
with  the  exception  of  the   teeth,  in  forty  days, 
whence  it  was  called  sarcophagus  (q-v. ).      For 
cremation  the  pyre,  or  rogus,  was  built  like  an 
altar,  and  the  corpse  in  its  splendid  couch  being 
placed    on  the  top,    the  nearest   relation,  with 
averted  face,  fired  a  corner  of  the  pile.     Per- 
fumes were   forbidden   by  the  Twelve   Tables. 
.Sometimes    animals  were    slaughtered,   and   in 
ancient  times,  captives  and  slaves,  but  afterwards 
gladiators  were  hired  to  fight  round  the  blazing 
pile.     (Compare    BusTUM.)     When    the   pyre 
was  burnt   down,   the  embers  were  soaked  with 
wine,    and  the  bones  and  ashes  collected  into 


.VKl      AlNU    AKCll/tiULlJO\ 


149 


cred  urn  of  red 
Ohojepore. 


urns  (See  Urn  A.)  The  solemnities  continued 
for  nine  days  after  the  funeral,  at  the  end  of 
which  time  a  sacrifice  was  performed  called  the 
novcmdiah.  Men  wore  black  for  mourning,  and 
women  white  ;  but  at  all  banquets  given  in  honour 
of  the  dead  the  guests  were  clothed  in  white. 

Funeral  Urns 
of  Indian  pot- 
tery are  found 
of  extremely 
ancient  date. 
That  repre- 
sented in  Fig. 
340  is  a  cover- 
ed jar,  of  primi- 
tive make,  with 
an  inscription 
in  ancient  cha- 
racters ;  its 
date  is  proba- 
bly from  260  to 
240  H.C.  (Jac- 
qiicmart. ) 

Fur.  Slrutt  says  that  "  the  furs  of  sables, 
beavers,  foxes,  cats,  and  lambs  w^ere  used  in 
England  before  the  Conquest ;  to  which  were 
afterwards  added  those  of  ermines,  squirrels, 
martens,  rabbits,  goats,  and  many  other  animals." 
In  the  Middle  Ages  the  more  precious  furs,  as 
ermine  and  sable,  were  reserved  for  kings, 
knights,  and  the  principal  nobility  of  both  sexes. 
Inferior  ranks  used  "  vair "  and  "gris,"  or 
gray ;  while  citizens,  burgesses,  and  priests  wore 
the  common  squirrel  and  lamb-skins.  The 
peasants  wore  cat-skins,  badger-skins,  &c.  In 
after  times  were  added  the  skins  of  badgers, 
bears,  beavers,  deer,  fitches,  foxes,  foynes  (or 
martens),  grays,  hares,  otters,  sables,  squirrels, 
weasels,  wolves,  (.Vc.  The  mantles  of  our  kings 
and  peers,  and  the  furred  robes  of  municipal 
officers  are  the  remains  of  this  fashion,  which  in 
the  13th  century  was  almost  universal. 

Fur,  Her.  The  furs 
arc  of  comparatively  rare 
appearance  in  heraldry, 
and  do  not  appear  in  the 
best  ages.  Vair  and 
erimne  are  common,  in 
Fig.  341  is  an  example 
of  the  treatment  of  ermine 
from  the  monument  of 
Edward  III. 

Furbelow,  O.  E.  An 
ornament  on  the  petti- 
coat of  a  woman's  dress,  described  as  a  "  puck- 
ered flounce,"  to  display  which  it  became  the 
fashion  to  roll  back  the  skirts  of  the  gown. 
"The  Old  Mode  and  the  New,  or  the  Country 
Miss  with  her  Furbelow,"  is  the  title  of  an  old 
play.  temp.  William  and  Mary. 
Furca,  R.     A  fork  with  two  teeth  {Indens),  or 


Fig.  341.  Shield  with 
Ermine. 


two  prongs  ;  a  hay-fork  :  furca  caritarii,  a  fork 
used  for  taking  down  the  meat  hung  up  in  the 
carttariuni.  The  \.i:x\\\  furca  was  further  applied 
to  a  kind  of  fork  by  aiil  of  which  a  foot- traveller 
carried  his  baggage,  but  the  more  usual  name 
for  this  kind  of  fork  w.as  icruimia  (q.v.).  Also, 
a  wooden  fork  placed  for  i)unishment  across 
the  shoulders  of  slaves  and  criminals,  to  the 
l)rongs  of  which  the  hands  were  tied.  Reversed 
it  formed  a  cross  ujion  which  criminals  were 
executed,  cither  by  scourging  or  by  crucifixion 
with  nailing.  The  patibulum  was  a  similar  in- 
strument (jf  punishment  formed  like  the  letter  II. 

Furgon,  O.  I*;.  (Fr.  fouri^oii).  A  fork  for 
putting  faggots  and  sticks  on  to  the  fire. 

Fumus,  R.  (i)  A  baker's  oven.  (2)  A 
baker's  shop.     (See  FoKNAX.) 

Fuschan  in  Appules,  O.  E.  Fustian  of 
Najdcs.     (See  Fustian.) 

Fuscina,  R.  (i)  A  fork  with  three  prongs  used 
for  spearing  fish.  (2)  The  trident  of  the  rclia- 
riits.  Originally  it  was  called  triJctis,  and  used 
as  a  goad  to  drive  horses.  Neptune  always 
carries  one. 

Fuscinula  (dimin.  of  FfsciNA,  q.v.).  A 
carving-fork. 

Fusee,  Fr.  A  gun  with  a  wide  bore,  like 
a  blunderbuss. 

Fusiform  [fusiis,  a  spindle).  In  the  form  of 
a  spintllc. 

Fusil,  Fr.  The  steel  for  striking  fire  from  a 
flint  ;  an  ancient  device  of  the  Dukes  of  Bur- 
gundy, the  motto  inculcating  the  worthlessness 
of  latent  virtues  never  brought  into  action. 


Fig.  342.  Fuiil.    Device  of  Philip  of  burgundy  \\i.  i^oj). 

Fusi-yama.     The   sacred    mountain   of    the 
Japanese,  often  depicted  on  their  porcelain. 


ISO 


WORDS    USKl)    IN 


Fustian.  "  A  species  of  cotton  cloth  much 
used  by  the  Normans,  particularly  by  the  clergy, 
and  appropriated  to  their  chasubles."  (Stridt.) 
It  was  orii^inally  woven  at  Fustat,  on  the  Nile, 
with  a  warp  of  linen  thread,  and  a  woof  of 
thick  cotton,  so  twilled  and  cut  that  it  showed 
on  one  side  a  thick  but  low  pile.  In  the  14th 
century  Chaucer  says  of  his  knight, — 

"  Of  fustian  he  wered  a  gepon." 

In  the  15th  century  Naples  was  celebrated  for 
fustian.  An  old  English  account  of  this  date 
has  "  Fuschan  in  Appules  "  (for  Fustian  from 
Naples). 

Fustibalum,  R.  A  pole  about  four  feet 
long,  furnished  with  a  sling  {fitnda)  in  the 
middle.  It  was  wielded  by  both  hands,  and 
was  used  to  hurl  huge  stones  to  a  distance. 

Fusus  (Gr.  aTpcLKTos).  A  spindle.  It  was 
generally  made  of  wood  ;  but  some  nations,  as 


for  instance   the    Egyptians,    had    spindles    o 
pottery. 

Fygury,  O.  E.  An  old  name  for  silks  dia- 
/"tvvrt^  with y?o-«r(\f  of  flowers  and  fruit.  A  cope 
in  the  York  fabric  rolls  is  described  "una  capa 
de  sateyn  fygury." 

Fylfot  or  Filfot.  This  mysterious  ornament 
exactly  resembles  the  II  induarrt;// of  remote  anti- 
quity, i.  e.  the  instrument  of  wood  by  which  fire 
was  obtained  by  fric- 
tion ;  which  is  the 
symbol  of  Agni.  This 
symbol  has  never  been 
lost,  and  occurs  sixty 
times  on  an  ancient 
Celtic  funereal  urn  ; 
also  on  monumental 
brasses  and  church 
embroidery  of  the  Middle  Ages.  It  is  generally 
called  the  Gammadion. 


Fig.  343.    Fylfot. 


G. 


Gabardine  or  Gallebardine,  It.  "A  rough 
Irish  mantle,  or  horseman's  coat ;  a  long  cas- 
sock." It  was,  and  is,  a  favourite  outer  garment 
of  the  Jews. 

Gabion,  Fortification.  A  basket  filled  with 
earth,  used  in  the  construction  of  earthworks 
for  defensive  purposes. 

Gable,  Arch.  (German  Giehd,  point).  The 
triangular  end  of  a  house  from  the  eaves  to  the 
top. 

Gablet.  Diminutiveof  gable— applied  to  fur- 
niture and  niches. 

Gadlyngs,  O.  E.  Spikes  on  the  knuckles  of 
gauntlets,  like  the  modern  "knuckle-dusters." 

Gaesum,  R.  A  weapon  of  Celtic  origin.  It 
was  a  strong,  heavy  javelin  with  a  very  long 
barbed  iron  head,  used  rather  as  a  missile  than 
a  s]iear. 

Gage,  Med.  A  glove  or  cap  thrown  to  the 
ground  as  a  challenge  to  combat. 

Galages,  O.  E.  (modern,  goloshes).  Clogs 
fastened  with  latclicts. 

Galaxia,  Gr.  (raAa|(o).  Festivals  in  honour 
of  Apollo,  who  was  surnamed  Galaxies;  they 
were  so  called  because  the  principal  offering  con- 
sisted of  a  barley  cake  cooked  with  milk  (70X0). 

Galaxy  (Gr.  •^i.Ka.,  milk).  In  Astronomy, 
the  Milky  Way.  It  passes  between  Sagittarius 
and  Gemini,  dividing  the  sphere  into  two  parts. 

Galbanum,  R.  {galbus,  yellow).  A  yellow 
garment  worn  by  women  ;  men  who  adopted 
this  kind  of  dress  were  looked  upon  as  foppish 
and  effeminate. 

Galbe,  Fr.     The  general  contour  or  outline  of 


any  member  of  architecture ;  in  especial,  the 
shaft  of  a  column.  (See  Contractura.)  It 
also  denotes  the  lines  of  a  vessel,  console, 
baluster,  &c. 

Galea,  R.  A  helmet ;  especially  one  of  skin  or 
leather,  in  contradistinction  to  Cassis,  which 
denoted  a  metal  helmet. 

Galeated.     In  Heraldry,  wearing  a  helmet. 

Galeola,  R.  A  very  deep  vessel  in  the  shape 
of  a  helmet.  It  was  used  for  holding  pure  wine, 
and  was  a  kind  of  Acratophorum  (q.v.). 

Galerus,  Galerum,  R.  A  peasant's  cap  made 
of  fur,  and  thence  a  wig.  It  was  a  round  leather 
cap,  ending  in  a  point,  originally  peculiar  to  the 
priesthood. 

Galgal,  Celt.  A  Celtic  or  megalithic  monu- 
ment, more  commonly  called  Tumulus. 

Galiot,  Galliot  (dimin.  of  galire).  A  ship 
moved  by  both  sails  and  oars. 

Gall  (A.S.  gealla).  In  an  animal,  a  bitter 
yellowish-green  lluid  secreted  by  the  gall- 
bladder. Ox-gall,  clarified  by  boiling  with  ani- 
mal charcoal  and  filtering,  is  used  in  water- 
colour  and  in  ivory  painting  to  make  the  colours 
spread  more  evenly  upon  the  paper,  ivory,  &c. : 
mixed  with  gimi-arabic  it  thickens,  and  fixes  the 
colours.  A  coating  ot  it  sets  black-lead  or 
crayon  drawings.  This  word  is  also  applied  to 
anything  exceedingly  bitter, especially  to  the  bitter 
potion  which  it  was  customary  among  the  Jews  to 
give  to  persons  suffering  death  under  sentence  of 
the  law,  for  the  purpose  of  rendering  them  less 
sensible  to  pain,  (ilor  /isra  xoKr^s,  "  vinegar 
to  drink  mingled  with  gall."   (Matt,  xxvii.  34.) 


ART   AND   ARCII.T:OLOnV. 


»5i 


Galle  (Tours  de),  Celt. 


A  name  applied  to 
certain  ancient  monuments  in  France,  built  by 
the  Gauls. 

Galleon  (Sp.  ^i^ahvn).  A  large  Spanish  ship, 
formerly  used  in  trading  to  America  as  a  war 
vessel. 

Gallery,  (len.  A  covered  place  much  longer 
than  it  is  wide.  In  Christian  archeology  it  is  a 
kind  of  tribune  situated  above  the  side  aisles, 
and  having  bays  over 
the  nave ;  it  is  also 
called  Triforium 
(q.v.). 

Galley  (Icelandic 
galhyda).  A  one-deck- 
ed vessel,  navigated 
with  sails  and  oars, 
in  Heraldry  called  a 
Lymphad  (q.v.).  The 
prow  of  a  galley  (Fig. 
344),  one  of  the  devices 
adopted  by  Cardinal 
Richelieu,  may  still  be 
seen  among  the  archi- 
tectural decorations  of 
his  palace. 

Galloon  (Sp.  galoti). 
A  narrow  kind  of  lace 
made  of  silk  woven 
with  cotton,  gold,  or 
silver  ;  or  of  silk  only. 
Gallow-balk,  O.  E. 
(See  Galows.) 

Ga.lly-gascoynes, 
O.  E.  Broad  loose 
breeches;  i6th  cen- 
tury. 

"  His  galligaskins  were  of  corduroy. 
And  garters  he  had  none." 

{The  Weary  Knife-grinder.) 

Galows,  O.  E.  An  iron  bar  fastened  inside 
an  open  chimney,  from  which  the  reeking-hook 
was  hung,  for  suspending  pots  and  vessels  over 
the  fire. 


Fig.  344.  Device  of  Car- 
dinal Richelieu,  from  the 
Galerie  d'0rlt5ans, 
Palais  Royal. 


Galvanography.       (See      Ei.ectrography, 

El.KCTKOTYPK. ) 

Gamashes.  "II  igli  boots,  buskins,  or  startups. " 
{Holnu\  16SS.) 

Gambeson  (Saxon  wambc,  the  belly).  A 
quilted  tunic,  stuffed  with  wool.  It  answered 
the  purpose  of  defensive  armour,  and  was  subse- 
quently called  :\.  pour  point. 

Gamboge.  A  gum  resin  of  a  forest  tree  called 
Garcinia  Cambogia,  generally  imported  in 
cylindrical  rolls.  It  forms  a  beautiful  yellow  pig- 
ment, used  for  water-colour  ;  it  is  used  to  stain 
wood  in  imitation  of  box,  and  the  tincture 
enters  into  the  composition  of  the  gold-coloured 
varnish  for  lacquering  brass ;  it  also  gives  a 
beautiful  and  durable  stain  to  marble.      (^E.  B.) 

Gamelion.  The  seventh  month  of  the  ancient 
Athenian  year,  corresponding  to  our  January. 
It  was  so  called  because  it  was  a  favourite 
season  for  marriages  (yauTj). 


Fig-  345-  Garde  de  Bras. 


Fig.  346   Gargoulette.    Arab. 

Gammut.    (See  Gamut.) 

Gamut.  The  musical  scale  ;  so  called  from 
the  first  tone,  UT  (our  do),  of  the  model  scale  of 
Guido,  which  was  represented  by  the  Greek 
gamma. 

Ganoid  (7o«'of,  brightness).  A  name  applied 
to  an  order  of  fishes,  having  angular  scales, 
composed  of  bony  plates,  covered  with  a  strong 
shining  enamel.      _      _^        _ 

■1/?^ 


<esE  ubha, 


Op  nl 


J52 


WORDS   USED  IN 


Gantlet.    (See  Gauntlet.) 

Garb,  Her.  A  sheaf  of  wheat,  or  of  any 
other  grain  to  be  specified. 

Garde  de  Bras.  An  additional  protection  for 
the  left  arm,  to  the  elbow-piece  of  which  it  was 
fastened  by  straps  and  a  screw.  It  was  used 
only  for  jousting,  and  first  appears  at  the  end  of 
the  15th  cent.  The  example  shown  is  of  the  i6th 
cent.,  from  the  Meyrick  collection.     (Fig.  345.) 

Gargoulette.  An  Arab  vase,  or  water-cooler, 
with  one  handle,  furnished  with  a  spout 
adapted  for  drinking  through.  The  piece  in  the 
illustration  is  from  the  Arabian  potteries  of 
Maghreb  in  Africa.  This  pottery  is  described 
by  M.  Jacquemart  as  "covered  with  a  pinkish 
grey  enamel  of  rose  colour,  and  heightened  by  a 
polychrome  decoration  in  zones,  generally  con- 
sisting of  bands  of  scrolls,  flowers,  denticulations, 
rosettes,  &c. ;  where  citron,  yellow,  manganese- 
brown,  green,  and  blue  form  the  most  charming 
harmony. 

Gargoyle,  Mod.  The  projecting  extremity  of 
a  gutter.  In  antiquity  terra-cotta  masks  were 
used     fin-    the    purpose.     (Fig.  347.)       Durin£ 


Fig.  347.  Gargoyle,  Antique. 


(iuthic. 


the  Gothic  period  any  kind  of  representation 
was  employed.  Fig.  348  shows  an  upright 
gargoyle  from  the  church  of  St.  Remy  at 
Dieppe. 

Garland,  Arch.  A  term  employed  by  some 
authors  as  synonymous  with  foliage ;  but  it 
denotes  rather  heavy  festoons  tied  with  fillets, 
and  consisting  of  leaves,  fruits,  and  flowers,  as 
shown  in  Figs.  287  and  309,  taken  from  the  tem- 
pleof  Vestaat  Tivoli.  (SeeENCARPA,  Festoons.) 

Garnet.  This  gem,  on  account  of  its  brilliant 
colour  and  hardness,  is  much  used  in  jewellery, 
and  although  an  abundant  supply  renders   it  of 


little  value,  the  gem  nevertheless  possesses  every 
quality  necessary  for  ornamental  purposes.  It 
occurs  in  many  colours — red,  brown,  yellow, 
white,  green,  black ;  the  streak  is  white  ;  the 
diaphaneity  varies  from  transparent  to  sub- 
translucent,  or  nearly  opaque,  and  it  has  a  sub- 
conchoidal  or  uneven  fracture.  The  varieties 
used  in  jewellery  are  called  carbuncle,  cinna- 
inon-stoiie  (or  essonite),  almandine,  and  pyrope 
or  Bohemian  garnet.  Garnets  are  not  much 
used  for  engraving,  being  of  splintery,  bad  grain 
under  the  tool.  {A.  Billing,  Science  of  Gems, 
&c.  ;  H.  Emanuel,  Diamonds  ajid  Frecioits 
Stones.') 

Garnished,  Her.  Adorned  in  a  becoming 
manner. 

Garter,  Order  of  the,  instituted  by  Edward 
III.  in  1350,  consists  of  the  Sovereign  and 
twenty-five  knights  companions,  of  whom  the 
Prince  of  Wales  always  is  one.  Knights  of 
the  Garter  place  K.G. 
after  their  names  ;  and 
these  letters  take  pre- 
cedence of  all  other 
titles,  those  of  royalty 
alone  excepted.  The 
stalls  of  the  knights 
are  in  the  choir  of 
St.  George's  Chapel, 
Windsor  Castle,  where 
their  garter-plates  are 
fixed  and  their  banners 
are  displayed.  The  in- 
signia are  the  garter 
itself,  the  badge  of  the 
order;  the  collar,  and 
the  Lesser  George  or 
jewel.  (Fig.  349.;  It 
was  this  jewel  that 
Charles  I., immediately 
before  he  suffered,  de- 
livered to  Archbishop 
Juxon,  with  the  word 
"  Remember  !  "  The  ribbon  of  the  order  is 
dark  blue  ;  it  passes  over  the  left  shoulder,  and 
the  Lesser  George  hangs  from  it  under  the  right 
arm. 

Garter  King  of  Arms,  Her.  The  chief  of  the 
official  heralds  of  England,  and  ofiicer  of  arms 
of  the  Order  of  the  Garter. 

Gastrum,  R.  An  earthenware  vessel  with  a 
round  belly  ;  whence  its  name. 

Gaulus,  R.  A  vessel  used  for  drinking  and 
other  purposes.  The  same  term  was  also  applied 
to  a  broad-built  ship  employed  by  the  Phoenicians 
and  by  pirates. 

Gauntlet.    The  knight's  gauntlet  was  made  of 

leather  covered    with  plates    of    steel.      It  was 

not  originally  divided  into  fingers.     (Fig.  350.) 

Gausapa,  Gausape,  Gausapum,  R.('>au(707r7jy). 

(l)     A    garment    introduced    from    Egypt    into 


Fig.  349.   Order   of  the 
Garter.    Lesser  George. 


AKl     i\l\l)    AK\-n/rAJlAK.» 


»5J 


Rome,  in  the  time   of  Augustus  ;    it  was  made 
of    a     woollen     cloth     with     a    long    naji     on 


believed  the  existence  of  a  good  gcniii-i,  or  guar- 
dian angel,  born  witii  every  mortal,  and  which 
died  at  the  same  time  with  him.  Genius  loci 
was  the  name  given  to  the  guardian  spirit  of  a 
place.  [SceJuNONES,  Larks,  I'knatks,  &c. 
Tlie  superstition  has  many  forms  in  Christian 
as  well  as  in  pagan  arl.| 

Genoa  Lace.  Mention  is  made  of  Genoa 
1  .ace  as  early  as  the  1 5th  century.  ( Jenoa  was 
as  celebrated  for  its  pillow  lace  as  Venice  for  its 


Ki-.  350.  Caumlot. 

one  side,  and  was  worn  on  leaving  the  bath  ; 
it  was  white  or  dyed  purple.  Gausapa  wa> 
used  not  only  for  articles  of  dress,  but  for 
table  linen,  napkins,  dusters,  and  mattings. 
(2)  A  wig  made  of  human  hair,  worn  at  Rome 
during  the  Emjiire. 

Gauze.  A  light,  transparent  silk  texture, 
supposed  to  have  been  invented  at  Gaza  in 
Palestine  ;  whence  the  name. 

Gavotte  (It.  gavotta).  A  lively  dance-tune 
in  two-fourth  time,  consisting  of  tM-o  sections, 
each  containing  eight  measures. 

Gehenna  (Heb."  Cc-hiii-novi,  i.  e.  the  valley 
of  Hinnom).  In  this  place,  on  the  noith  of 
Jenasalem  below  Mount  Zion,  is  a  place  called 
Tophet,  where  children  were  sacrificed  to 
Moloch.  King  Josiah  made  it  the  common- 
receptacle  for  rubbish  and  carcases,  and  a  fire 
was  kept  constantly  burning  there  ;  hence^  the 
Jews  used  this  term  to  signify  "hell."  (Com- 
pare Hades.) 

Gemellar,  R.  {geniellus,  twin).  A  case  for 
holding  oil ;  it  was  called  gemellar  from  the  fact 
of  its  being  divided  into  two  compartments. 

Gemelled,  Arch.  Double  ;  thus  a  gemelUd 
bay  is  one  divided  into  two  parts ;  gcmclkdanhcs, 
those  which  are  joined  two  and  two. 

Gemelles,    Her.     In   pairs.     (See   Bars-ge- 

MELLES.) 

Gemm»,  Lat.  (i)  Precious  stones,  esp.  cut 
or  engraved.  (2)  Drinking-vessels  or  objects 
made  of  precious  stones.  (3)  Pearls.  (4)  The 
eyes  of  a  peacock's  tail.  The  original  meaning 
of  the  word  is  a  hud,  eye,  or  gem  on  a  plant ; 
anything  swelling  and  bright. 

Gemojiiae,  or  Gemonise  Scales,  R.  (i.e.  steps  of 
sighs).  Steps  leading  to  the  prison  in  the  forum, 
on  the  stairs  of  which  the  corpses  of  criminals 
were  exposed  for  several  days. 

Gems.  Precious  stones,  especially  when 
carved.      (SeeCAMEOS. ) 

Genet,  Her.  A  spotted  animal,  something 
like  a  marten. 

Genethliaci,  Gr.  and  R.  {yfvi0\-n,  birth). 
Astrologers  who  cast  "nativities" 

Genius,   R.    (geiio,    to   beget).     The   Romans 


f^m^ 


51.  Genoa  Point  Lace— Pillow  inade. 


needle-made.     The   characteristic   of   this   lace 
I    was   its   design,   a   kind   of    barleycorn-shaped 
'    pattern,  radiating   into  rosettes  from  a  centre. 
I    It  was  particularly  adapted  for  the  large  turn- 
over collar  of  Louis  XIII.,  and  was  produced 
by  plaiting,  and  made  entirely  on  the  pillow. 

Genouillieres.  Fr.  Ii)  Steel  coverings  for  the 
knees.  Prom  the  13th  century.  They  were 
often  richly  ornamented.  (2)  In  foitijieatioii, 
the  sill  of  the  embrasure. 

Genre  Pictures.  Those  representing  scenes 
of  every-day  life  and  manners. 


1;  •(  ,._(irgc  "  Gold  NoMc,  Henry  \  II  1. 


IS4 


^YORDS  USED  IN 


Geodes.  In  Mineralogy,  hollow  lumps  of 
chalcedony  found  deposited  in  the  cavities  of 
flints,  formed  by  the  chemical  action  of  water. 

George.  A  gold  noble  of  the  time  of  Henry 
VIII.     (Fig.  352.) 

George,  Saint,  Her.  The  patron  saint  of 
England.  His  red  cross  on  a  silver  field  first 
appears  in  English  heraldry  in  the  14th  cen- 
tury.     (See  Fig.  349.) 

George,  The,  Her.  A  figure  of  St.  George  on 
horseback,  worn  as  a  pendant  to  the  collar 
of  the  Order  of  the  Garter.     (See  Garter.) 

Georgic  (yeupyiKbs,  rustic  ;  from  77),  earth, 
and  epyov,  work).  Poems  on  the  subject  of 
husbandry. 

German  Silver.  An  alloy  of  nickel,  zinc, 
and  copper.  The  proportions  recommended 
are  nickel  25,  zinc  25,  copper  50. 

Gerrhae.  Persian  shields  made  of  wicker-work. 
Ghebres,  Pers.     Fire-worshippers. 
Ghibellines.     An  Italian   faction,    13th  cen- 
tury,   who     supported   the  German    Emperors 
against  the   Giielphs,  who  stood  by  the  Pope. 
The  war-cry  of  the  Guelphs  was  taken  from  the 
name  of  Henry  the  Lion,  Duke  of  Saxony,  of  the 
house  of  Wolf;  that  of  the  Ghibellines  from  Weih- 
linden,  a  town  of  Wiirtemberg,  the  seat  of  the 
Hohenstauffen  family,  to  which   Conrad,  Duke 
of  Franconia,  belonged.     These  two  dukes  were 
rivals     for      the 
imperial    throne 
of  Germany. 

Ghoul,  Ghole, 
Pers.  A  demon 
who  fed  on  dead 
bodies  of  men. 

Giallo,  Giallo- 
lino,Gialdoliiio, 
It.  Pale  yellow. 
(See  Massicot.) 
Giaour,  Turk- 
ish. An  unbe- 
liever in  Mo- 
hammed. 

Gigantoma- 
chia,  Gr.  A  fa- 
vourite subject  of 
Greek  art,  representing  the  War  of  the  Giants, 
sons  of  Coelus  and  Terra,  against  Jupiter.  They 
"heaped  Ossa  on  Pelion  "  to  scale  heaven,  and 
were  defeated  by  Hercules.  They  are  repre- 
sented as  of  vast  stature  and  strength,  having 
their  feet  covered  with  scales.  A  beautiful 
cameo  in  the  Naples  Museum  represents  Jove 
in  his  chariot  subduing  the  giants.  In  1875  the 
German  expedition  found  among  the  ruins  of  a 
temple  at  Pergamus  a  series  of  sculptures  of 
almost  colossal  proportions,  representing,  as 
Pliny  describes  them,  the  Wars  of  the  Giants. 
These  sculptures  are  now  in  the  Berlin  Museum. 
Gillo,  R.     A  wine-cooler,  of  earthenware. 


Fig-  353-  Gimmel  Rings. 
The  device  of  Cosmo  de'  Medici. 


Gipciere. 


Gimmel  Eing,  Her.  Two,  sometimes  three 
annulets  interlaced.     (Fig.  353.) 

Gingham  (Javanese  ginggan\.  Cotton  cloth, 
woven  from  dyed  yarns  ;  distinguished  from 
cloth  printed  or  dyed  after  weaving. 

Ginglymus,  R.  (yiyyAvfios).  A  hinge  moving 
in  a  socket. 

Gingriaus,  R.  (ylyypas).  A  flute  used  at 
funerals. 

Gipcieres.  Richly- 
ornamented  leather 
purses  of  the  14th 
and  15  th  centuries. 
They  were  often  en- 
graved with  religious 
mottoes.  (Fig.  354.) 
Gipon.  Probably 
the  same  as  ga/n- 
hcson. 

Girandole.      A 
large    kind     of 
ranched       candle- 
stick. 

Girdled,  Girt, 
Her.  Encircled  or 
bound  round. 
Girdles.  These  were  the  most  beautiful  and 
costly  articles  of  dress  during  the  Middle  Ages. 
They  were  frequently  made  entirely  of  gold  or 
silver,  decorated  with  cameos,  precious  stones, 
&c.  Besides  the  knightly  sword  ;  the  purse, 
dagger,  rosary,  or  penner  and  ink-horn  and  other 
objects  were  suspended  from  the  girdle.  From 
this  word  the  waist  was  called  ihtgirdL' stead,  or 
place  (j/t?c/)  of  the  girdle.  The  girdles  of  ladies 
were  equally  splendid,  and  frequently  depended 
nearly  to  the  ground,  as  in  Fig.  355.  The 
girdle  is  an  attribute  of  St.  Thomas,  from  a 
legend  that  the  Virgin,  pitying  his  weakness 
of  faith,  threw  down  to  him  her  girdle,  after 
her  assumption  into  heaven. 

Girgillus,  R.     A  roller  turned  by  a  windlass, 
for  drawing  up  the  bucket  of  a  well.   (See  Jack.  ) 
Girouette.     (See  En.) 
Girt,  Her.     (See  Girdled.  ) 
Gisarme.     A  scythe-shaped  weapon  with   a 
pike,  fixed  on  a  long  staff. 

Gittern,  O.  E.  A  small  guitar,  strung  with 
catgut. 

Givre.     (See  Wyvern.) 
Glabrous  (Lat.  glaher].     Smooth,  bald. 
Glade    (Norman  glette,    a  clear   spot  among 
clouds).     An   opening   or  passage  in   a   wood 
through  which  the  light  may  shine. 

Gladiators  were  first  exhibited  at  Rome,  B.C. 
264,  at  a  funeral.  The  practice  had  its  origin 
in  that  very  ancient  one  of  slaughtering  slaves 
and  captives  on  such  occasions.  Subsequently 
it  became  more  general.  The  different  classes 
of  gladiators,  distinguished  by  their  arms  and 
other  circumstances,  were  :  AndabatcE,  who  wore 


helmets  without  any  oldening  for  the  eyes,  and 
tliercfore    foui^lit     lilimlfold ;      Essc,/a)-ii,     wlio 


nil    the   walls   of   tombs   in    siulplnre   m    paiiit. 
'Ihc  most  celclirated  statues  of  I  he  k'm<l  arc  the 


Fig.  355,  Girdle  of  a  Flemish  lady  of  the  15th  centurj'- 

fought  from  chariots  (Essed.^:)  ;  Hoplomachai, 
who  wore  heavy  defensive  amiour  ;  Laqucatorcs, 
who  carried  a  sort  of  lasso  or  noose  ;  Alcridiani, 
who  fought  in  the  middle  of  the  day,  and  were 
very  slightly  armed  ;  Mir»iiUoiies,  so  called 
from  their  having  the  image  of  a  fish  (mormyr) 
on  their  helmets  ;  Retiarii,  armed  with  a  trident 
and  a  net.  Others,  as  Samnitcs,  Thraccs,  &c., 
were  named  from  the  nation  whose  fashion  of 
armour  they  adopted.  The  fights  of  gladiators 
were  favourite  subjects  of  Roman  art,  and  it  is 
assumed  that  in  cases  where  no  actual  combats 
took  place  at  a  funeral,  they  were  represented 


Fig   336    Roman  sword. 

so-called  "Dying  Gladiator"  in  the  museum 
of  the  capitol  at  Rome,  and  the  Gladiator  of 
the  Horghese  collection. 

Gladiolus.     Diminutive     of     Gladius,    and 
synonym  of  Lic.Ul.A.     (See  both  words.) 

Gladius,  R.  A  general  term, 
incluiling  all  the  different  kincls 
of  swords  or  glaives,  but  de- 
noting more  particularly  the 
two-edged  swords  used  by  the 
Greeks,  Romans,  and  Gauls. 
Fig.  357  represents  two  Gaul- 
ish swords,  the  form  of  which 
may  easily  be  guessed,  even 
though  they  are  in  the  scab- 
bard ;  Fig.  356  is  a  Roman 
gladius. 

Glaive.  A  blade  on  a  pole 
having  its  edge  on  the  outside 
curve,  used  by  foot-soldiers  in 
the  15th  century. 

Glans,  Gr.  and  R.  (lit.  an 
acorn).  A  large  leaden  slug, 
of  long  oval  form,  which  was 
hurled  by  a  sling  in  place  of 
stones. 

Glass.  The  discovery  is  lost 
in  remote  antiquity.  Pliny 
gives  a  legend  which  ascribes 
it  to  chance.  Glass  bottles 
in  Egypt  are  represented  upon  monuments 
of  the  4th  dynasty  (at  least  2000  years  B.C.). 
A  vase  of  greenish  glass  found  at  Nineveh 
dates  from  B.C.  700.  Glass  is  found  in  the 
windows  at  Pompeii  ;  and  the  Romans  stained 
it,  blew  it,  worked  it  on  lathes,  anil  en- 
graved it.  Pliny  mentions,  as  made  by  the 
Romans  in  his  time,  glass  coloured  opaque, 
red,  white,  black  (like  obsidian),  or  imitating 
jacinths,  sapphires,  and  other  gems;  also 
miiri-hine  glass.  This  bst  was  either  an  imita- 
tation  of  fluor  spar,  or  a  kind  ol  agate,  or  fluor 
spar.  The  Romans  also  made  mosaic  or  milk- 
Jiori,  in  which  the  threads  of  colour  are  melted 
into  a  rod,  so  that  at  every  section  the  whole 
pattern  appears  ;  and  cameo  glasses,  in  which  a 
p.aste  of  one  colour  is  laid  over  another,  .and  the 
whole  then  carved  into  the  requireil  design  ; 
('■(?/(/ Aw/ was  also  worked  into  the  substance  or 
fi.xed  on  the  surface.  A  gate  at  Constantinople 
took  its  name  iiom  the  glass  works  near  it,  but 


Fig.  357-  Gallic 
swords. 


156 


WORDS  USED  IN 


l''ig.  35S.  \'cnoti.ui  Ghis-  \"a;,e,  16th  century 

iitlle  is  known  of  the  Byzantine  art,  nor  of 
earlier  European  art  than  the  13th  century.  In 
mediieval  times  stained  glass  windows,  in  leaden 
frames,  were  constructed  with  great  success  in 
England,  France,  and  Flanders.  In  the  13th 
century  they  appear  in  Italy.  The  \'enetian 
art  took  its  impulse  from  the  capture  of  Con- 
stantinople in  1204.  Its  peculiar  beauty  is  de- 
rived from  the  curved  forms  and  tenuity  of  sub- 
stance obtained  in  blowing.  (Fig. 358.)  There  are 
six  kinds  of  Venetian  glass,  (i)  Vessels  of  colour- 
less or  transparent  i^lass,  or  of  single  colours,  ge- 
nerally blue  or  purple.  (2)  Gilt  ox  enavicllcd glass. 
(3)  Crackled  glass,  having  a  surface  rough  and 
divided  irregularly  into  ridges.  (4)  Variegated 
or  viarbled  opaque  glass,  called  schvitltz ;  the 
most  common  variety  is  a  mixture  of  green  and  1 
purple,  sometimes  resembling  jasper,  sometimes    \ 


chalcedony  ;  other  varieties  are  imi- 
tations of  lapis  lazuli  and  tortoise- 
shell  ;  and  avanlurine,  which  is 
obtained  by  mingling  metallic  filings 
or  fragments  of  gold  leaf  with 
melted  glass.  (5)  Millefiori,  or 
mosaic  glass,  in  imitation  of  the 
old  Roman  process.  (6)  Reticulated, 
filigree,  or  lace  glass.  The  varieties 
contain  fine  threads  of  glass,  gene- 
rally coloured,  but  sometimes  milk- 
white,  included  in  their  substance. 
The  lightness  and  strength  of  the 
Venetian  glass  are  due  to  its  not 
containing  lead  like  our  modem 
flint  glass.  Venetian  mirrors  were 
for  a  long  period  widely  celebrated. 
The  oldest  example  of  the  German 
drinking-cups,  ornamented  with 
paintings  in  enamel,  is  of  the  date 
of  1553.  The  designs  are  com- 
monly armorial  bearings.  From 
the  beginning  of  the  17th  century 
the  Bohemian  manufactories  sup- 
plied vases  enriched  with  orna- 
mental subjects,  particularly  with 
portraits  engraved  upon  the  glass. 
The  art  of  icheel  eiigravino  upon 
glass  flourished  in  France  under 
Louis  XVI.  In  modern  times  this 
kind  of  ornamentation  is  produced 
by  the  agency  of  hydrofluoric  acid. 
"Coarse  glass-making  in  England 
was,  in  Sussex,  of  great  antiquity." 
(fuller.)  "The  first  making  of 
Venice  glasses  in  England  began  in 
London,  about  the  beginning  of 
the  reign  of  Queen  Fllizabeth,  by  one 
JacobVessaline,  an  Italian."  (Stow.) 
Glass-glazed  Wares.  (See  Glaz- 
ed Wares.) 

Glaucous  [y\avK6s].  Uf  a  sea- 
green  colour,  or  a  greyish  blue. 
Glazed  Wares.  Almost  immediately  after  the 
invention  of  Ceramic  manufacture,  the  applica- 
tion of  glaze  or  coloured  enamel  must  have  im- 
]iroved  it.  What  we  term  gla(;ure  is  a  light  var- 
nish which  enlivens  and  harmonizes  the  porous 
surface  of  tcrra-cotta.  In  its  simple  state  it  is 
a  mixture  of  silex  and  lead,  and  in  this  state  it 
is  transparent,  as  we  find  it  on  antique  vases ; 
when  vitrifiable,  and  mixed  with  tin,  as  in  the 
case  of  fnajolicas,  it  is  called  enamel  ;  and  when 
of  vitrifiable  and  earthen  substance,  such  as  can 
only  be  melted  at  the  temperature  required  for 
the  baking  of  the  paste  itself,  it  is  known  as 
Glaze,  or  couverte,  and  can  be  identified  in  the 
Persian  faiences  and  Flemish  stone-ware.  (Figs. 
359,  360.)  (See  Biirty,  Chejs-d'auvre  of  the 
Industrial  Arts. ) 

Glazing.     In  oil  painting,  the  application  of 


ART  AND  ARCH/EOLOGV. 


thin  layer  of  colour  to  finally  modify  tlie  tone. 
In  pottery,  a  vitreous  covering  over  the  surface. 
(See  Glazed  Wares.) 


Fig-  359'   Flemish  stone-ware  Cruche,  17th  century. 

Globe,  held  in  the  hand,  is  the  emblem  of 
power. 

Globus,  R.  A  military  manoeuvre  employed 
by  a  body  of  Roman  soldiers  when  surrounded 
by  superior  forces  ;  it  consisted  in  forming  a 
circle  facing  in  every  direction. 

Glory,  Nimbus  or  Aureole,  the  Christian 
attribute  of  sanctity,  is  of  pagan  origin,  com- 
mon to  images  of  the  gods,  and  Roman,  even 
Christian,  emperors.  Satan  in  miniatures  of 
the  9th  to  13th  century  wears  a  glory.  The 
earliest  known  Christian  example  is  a  gem  of 
St.  Martin  of  the  early  part  of  the  6th  century. 
The  glory  round  the  head  is  projjerly  the  nimbus 
or  aureole.  The  oblong  glory  surrounding  the 
whole  person,  called  in  Latin  "vesica  piscis"  (Fig. 
361),  and  in  Italian  the  "mandola'Valmond)  from 
its  form,  is  confined  to  figures  of  Christ  and  the 


»57 

Virgin,  or  saints  who  are  in  the  act  of  ascending 
nito  heaven.  When  used  to  distinguish  one  of  the 


Fig.  360.   Grriiian  enaniollcd  stone-ware  Criiche 
date  first  half  of  the  16th  century. 


three  divine  Persons  of  the  Trinity,  the  glory 
is  often  cruciform  or  triangular :  the  square 
nimbus  designates  a  person  living  at  the  time 
the  work  was  executed.  In  other  instances  it  is 
circular.  Coloured  glories  are  variously  sym- 
bolical. {Mrs.  Jameson,  "  The  Poetry  of  Sacred 
and  Legendary  Art") 

Gloves  In  the  14th  century  already  gloves 
were  worn,  jewelled  on  the  back,  as  a  badge  of 
rank.  "They  were  worn  in  the  hat,"  says 
Steevens,  ''as  the  favour  of  a  mistress,  or  the 
memorial  of  a  friend,  and  as  a  mark  to  be  chal- 
lenged by  an  enemy."  A  glove  of  the  17th  cen- 
tury is  described  "of  a  light  buff  leather, 
beautifully  ornamented  with  spangles  and 
needlework  in  gold  and  silver  threads,  with  a 
gold  lace  border,  and  silk  opening  at  the 
wrist."  Gloves  were  called  "cheirotheca?," 
hand-coverers,  by  the  Greeks  and  Romans  ; 
they  were  made  without  separate  fingers,  the 
thumb  only  being  free.  A  legend  current  at 
Grenolile  affn-ms  that  St.  Anne,  the  mother 
of  the  Virgin  Mary,  was  a  knitter  of  gloves. 


158 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Gluten.  In  wax  painting,  the  compound 
with  which  the  pigrnents  arc  mixed. 

Glyphs,  Arcli.  Tlic  flutings  of  an  ornament 
or  groovingform- 
ing  the  segment 
of  a  circle.  (See 
DlGLYPH,  Tri- 
GIAVII.) 

Glyptics.   The 

an  of  engraving 
on  precious 
stones. 

Glyptotheca, 
Gr.  and  R.  (ij 
A  gallery  for 
sculpture.  (2)  A 
collection  of  en- 
graved stones. 

Gnomon,  Gr. 
and  R.  The  iron 
jiin  or  index, 
which,  by  the 
projection  of  its 
shadow,  marks 
the  hour  upon  a 
sun-dial. 

Goal.  (See 
Met  A.) 

Goat.        The 


Fig. 


361.  Glory.    Vesica  Piscis 
in  Ely  Cathedral. 


Gold.  It  is  probable  that  the  earliest  recorded 
mark  upon  units  of  value  was  the  image  of  a 
sheep  or  an  ox  ;  hence  money  in  Latin  is  called 
pecunia,  from  pcciis,  cattle,  the  original  form  of 
barbaric  wealth,  for  which  gold  was  the  substi- 
tute. The  wealth  of  Abraham  in  silver  and 
gold,  as  well  as  in  cattle,  is  mentioned  in 
Genesis.  No  coins  of  gold  or  silver  have  been 
found  in  Egypt  or  Nineveh,  although  beau- 
tiful specimens  of  the  goldsmith's  art  have  been 


emblem  of  lasciviousness. 

Gobelins.  Celebrated  Royal  French  manu- 
factory of  tapestry,  named  from  the  successors 
of  Jean  Gobelin,  who  brought  the  art  to  Paris 
in  the  15th  century  from  Rheims.  [See  Burty, 
C/tefs-d'auvre  0/  Industrial  Art.'\ 

Godenda,  O.  E.  A  pole-axe,  having  a  spike 
at  its  end  ;   13th  century. 

Goderonne,  Gouderonne  (Needlework).  A 
fluted  pattern  of  embroidery  in  vogue  in  the 
1 6th  century. 


Fig.  362.  Egypti.i 


of  the 


ancient  Empire,  found  in  the  tomb  of  Queen  Aah-Hotcp. 


Fig.  363.  Greek  Ear-ring  of  gold,  and  part  of  a  necklace. 
(See  also  Fig.  276.) 

recovered  from  the  tombs  of  both  countries. 
The  Hebrews,  taught  by  the  Egyptians,  made 
their  ark,  mercy-seat,  altar  of  incense,  seven- 
branched  candlestick,  and  othergolden  ornaments, 
even  in  the  desert  of  Sinai.  The  seven-branched 
candlestick  is  represented  in  sculpture  on  the 
arch  of  Titus  at  Rome.  At  Babylon  and 
Nineveh  gold  is  said  to  have  been  lavishly 
applied  in  gilding  sculpture,  and  even  walls  ; 
but  it  is  suggested  that  an  alloy  of  copper,  the 
aiirichalcum  of  the  Greeks,  was  the  metal  in 
reality  used  for  this  purpose.  The  heroes  of 
the  Greek  epic  had  golden  shields  and 
helmets  ;  breastplates  and  other  large 
pieces  of  golden  armour  are  among  the 
recent  discoveries  at  Mycena; ;  at  Kourioum 
in  the  island  of  Cyprus  also  great  stores  of 
golden  ornaments  of  a  very  early  age  have 
been  discovered.  In  ScYTliiAN  tombs  in 
Russia  also,  about  Kertch,  beautiful  relics 
of  Grecian  work  in  gold  have  been  found, 
.showing  that  in  the  very  earliest  ages  the 
skill  and  taste  applied  to  this  art  were  not 
less  than  those  of  later  times.  The  gold 
jewellery  of  ancient  India  also  excelled  that 
of  modern  date,  but  none,  before  or  since, 
ever  equalled  the  great  age  of  Greek  art. 
Pausanias  describes  a  statue  of  Athene, 
made  bv  Pheidias,  and  kept  in  the  Par- 
thenon at  Athens,  of  ivory  and  gold — chrys- 
elephantine— delicately  worked  all  over  ;  and 
a    still    larger    statue    of    Jupiter,    of   the 


same  maleiials.  Native  gold  alloyed  with  one- 
fifth  silver  was  greatly  prized  by  the  Greek  artists, 
who  gave  it  the  name  oieUr/ruiii.  Examples  of 
this  elcctrum  are  rare;  there  is  a  vase  at  St.  Peters- 
burg. The  Romans  used  to  pay  enormous 
prices  for  their  household  plate ;  for  an  ex- 
ample, the  bowl  of  Pytheas,  on  which  were 
represented  Ulysses  and  Diomed  with  the  jialla- 
dium,  fetched  10,000  denarii,  or  about  330/. 
per  ounce.  Few  specimens  of  Roman  art  have 
escaped  destruction.  (Fig.  7.)  Of  the  age  of 
Byzantine  splendour  we  are  told  that  the 
Emperor  Acadius,  early  in  the  5th  century,  sat 
on  a  throne  of  massive  gold,  his  chariot  being 
also  of  gold,  &c.  In  the  9th  century  the 
throne  of  Theophihis  was  overshadowed  by  a 
tree  of  gold,  with  birds  in  the  branches,  and  at 
the  foot  two  lions  all  gold.  The  lions  roared 
and  the  birds  piped  in  the  branches.  A  remark- 
able wealth  of  ancient  goldsmith's  work  has  been 
found  in  Ireland,  consisting  principally  of 
personal  ornaments.  In  the  9th  and  loth  cen- 
turies the  Irish  workmanship  was  unsurpassed  in 
Europe.  It  consisted  principally  of  objects  for 
religious  use,  and  is  characterized  by  a  filagree 
of  extraordinary  richness,  akin  to  the  intricate 
traceries  of  the  Irish  illuminated  work  on  MS.  of 
the  same  date  and  derivation.  In  the  loth  and 
llth  centuries  there  was  a  great  revival  of  art 
throughout  Europe.  In  Germany,  the  abbey  of 
Hildesheim,  under  Bishop  Bernward,  became 
the  centre  of  a  school  of  goldsmiths,  and  some 
beautiful  specimens  of  hammered  gold,  by  the 
bishop's  hand,  are  preserved. 

Gold,  in  Christian  art.     (See  Yellow.) 

Gold,  Cloth  of,  is  mentioned  in  the  Penta- 
teuch, and  was  common  throughout  the  East  in 
all  ages.  It  was  originally  wrought,  not  in 
rounded  wire  but  flat,  as  the  Chinese,  the 
Indians,  and  the  Italians  (their  lama  iforo) 
weave  it  now.  The  early  Roman  kings  wore 
tunics  of  gold,  and  the  Romans  used  it  as  a 
shroud  for  burial.  King  Childeric,  A.D.  482, 
was  buried  at  Tournai  in  a  mantle  of  golden 
stuff.  It  was  much  favoured  in  England  for 
church  vestments,  and  by  royalty,  especially  by 
Edward  IV.  and  Henry  VIII.  and  the  nobility 
of  their  time.  (The  different  varieties  are 
described  in  their  order.  See  AccA,  Areste, 
Batuz,  Chryso-clavus,  Ciclatoun,  Dor- 
neck,  Samit.) 

Goldbeater's  Skin,  prepared  from  a  membrane 
found  in  the  s:omach  of  the  ox,  is  used  to 
separate  leaf-gold  in  the  process  of  gold-beating. 

Golden  Fleece.  An  Order  of  Knighthood  in- 
stituted on  the  lOth  of  January,  1429,  by  Philip, 
Duke  of  Burgimdy.  The  Collar  is  composed 
of  double  steels,  interwoven  with  flint-stones, 
emitting  sparks  of  fire,  at  the  end  whereof 
hangs  on  the  breast  a  Golden  Fleece.  The  fusils 
are  joined  two  and  two  together,  as  if  they  were 


double  BB's  (the  cyphers  of  Burgundy).  The 
Jliut-sto)ies  are  the  ancient  arms  of  the  Sove- 
reigns of  Burgundy,  with  the  motto  "  A)ite  foil 
quant  Jlaiuma  tiiicet.'"  (See  Fig.  342.)  The 
motto  of  theOrder  is  "Prelium  iton  vi/e/alioniin." 
There  are  four  great  officers,  viz.  the  Chancellor, 
Treasurer,  Register,  and  a  King  of  Arms,  callccl 
Toison  d'Or.  The  Bai)c;k  consists  of  a  Golden 
Fleece,  sus]iended  from  a  flint-stone,  which  is 
surrounded  with  flames  of  gold. 

Golden    Spur."       An    Order  of    Knighthood 
said   to   have    been  instituted  by   Pius  IV.,  at 
Rome,  in  1559.     They  are  sometimes  sjioken  of 
as  the  Chevaliers  Pies  or  Piurum,  and  must 
he   distinguished   from   those   who  are  created 
knights  on  the  coronation  or  marriage  days  of 
Emperors   and  Kings,   and   who   receive  at  the 
same  time  the  Spurs  of  Honour.     These  alone 
are    entitled    to    the   appellation    of    Equites 
AuRATl.      [Cf.  Peter  de  Belief,  Favin,  &c.] 
Golden  Stole  of  Venice.    (See  Stola  d'Oro.) 
Golione,  O.  E.     A  kind  of  gown. 
Gondola,    It.     A   Venetian   pleasure-boat  or 
barge. 

Gonfalon    or   Gonfanon,    Fr.    (i)   A   richly- 
worked  pointed  banner  carried  upon  a  lance  ; 
13th  century.      (2)  An  ecclesiastical  banner. 
Gonfalonier.     The  bearer  of  a  gonfalon. 
Goniometer  {'^oivia,  an  angle,  &c.).     An  in- 
strument for  measuring  the  angles  of  crystals. 

Gonjo,  O.  P>.  (14th  century).  Said  to  be  the 
gorget. 

Gopouras,  Hind.  The  pyramid-shaped  door 
of  the  Hindoo  temples.  Dwat  arab'ha,  or  door 
of  splendour,  was  the  name  given  to  a  door  with 
one  or  two  tiers  ;  dioarasala,  or  door  of  the 
dwelling,  a  door  with  two  or  four  tiers  ;  dwara- 
prasada,  or  propitious  door,  a  door  with  three 
to  five  tiers  ;  dioaraliariuya,  or  door  of  the 
palace,  a  door  with  five  to  seven  tiers  ;  lastly, 
diuaragopouras,  or  door-tower  with  seven  to 
sixteen  tiers. 

Gorged,  Her.  Wearing  a  collar. 
Gorget,  Fr.  A  defence  or  covering  for  the  neck. 
Gorgoneia.  Masks  of 
the  Gorgon's  head,  which 
were  fixed  as  bosses 
upon  walls  or  shields. 

Gossamer,  O.  E.  (pro- 
perly God's  summer').  The 
name  is  attributed  to  an 
old  legend  that  the  fine 
filaments  so  called  are 
the  fragments  of  the 
winding-sheet  of  the  Vir- 
gin Mary,  which  fell 
away  from  her  as  she 
was  taken  up  to  heaven. 

Gothamites,  O.  E.  The  inhabitants  of 
the  village  of  Gotham  in  Northumberland,  re- 
nowned  for   their  stupidity.     A  reprint  of  the 


Fig,  364.  Gorgoneia. 


i6o 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Fig.  365.  Goiird-shapcd  bottle. 
Anatolian. 


tale     called     "  The    Wise    Men    of    Gotham " 
api)eared  in  1840. 

Gouache,  Fr.  This  term  is  applied  to  the 
use  in  water-colour  painting  of  opaque  colours 
more  or  less  mixed  and  modified  with  white. 
The  process  is  extremely  ancient,  known  to  the 
Chinese  and  Indians  of  the  earliest  times,  and 
to  the  Greeks  and  Romans.  It  was  the  method 
used  by  mediaeval  ilkiminators.  Its  result  is  a 
velvety  reflection  of  the  light. 

Gourd  of  Noah. 
A  piece  of  ancient 
blue  faience  from 
Asia  Minor.  Ac- 
cording to  the  tra- 
dition current  in 
the  coimtry,  these 
vessels,  which  are 
in  great  venera- 
tion, would  go  back 
to  such  remote  an- 
tiquity that  it  was 
by  one  of  them 
that  Noah  was  be- 
trayed into  the  first 
act  of  inebriety  re- 
corded in  history. 
{Jncqiie7iiart. ) 
Gouttee,  Guttee,  Her.  Sprinkled  over  with 
drops  of  gold,  silver,  blue  (tears),  red  (blood), 
or  Ijlack  (poix). 

Gown  (British  givn,   Norman  gunna). 
men   wore   gowns   in    the    Middle   Ages, 
women  at  all  times. 

Grabatus,  R.  (Kpdfiaros).  A  sort  of 
framework,  consisting  of  a  network  of  cords, 
used  to  support  a  mattress  ;  it  was  the  least 
comfortable  kind  of  bed  ;  whence  the  French 
word  g>-ahat  to  denote  a  sorry  kind  of  bed. 
Gradient,  Her.  Walking. 
Gradus,  R.  A  flight  of  steps  leading  to  a 
temple  ;  the  tiers  of  seats  in  a  theatre  or  amphi- 
theatre, &c. 

Graecostasis.  A  part  of  the  Roman  forum, 
where  the  Greek  ambassadors  stood  to  hear  the 
debates. 

Graffiti,  It.     Lines  drawn  with  a  graver  upon 
clay  or  plaster.     (See  Sgraffiti.) 
Grafted,  Her.     Inserted  and  fixed. 
Grand-garde.      Plate   armour    to    cover   the 
breast  and  left  shoulder,  worn  outside  the  usual 
armour  in  jousting  at  tournaments. 

Grand  Quarters,  Her.  The  four  primary 
divisions  of  a  shield  when  it  is  divided  per  cross 
or  quarterly. 

Graphite.     Plumbago. 

Graphometer.  A  mathematical  instrument, 
called  also  a  semicircle 

Graphotype.  A  method  of  producing  book 
illustrations  for  printing  along  with  type,  with- 
out the  art  of  an  engraver. 


The 
the 


low 


Grass-green.     (See  Chrysocolla.) 

Graver  or  Burin.  An  engraving-tool.  (See 
Chalcography.) 

Grazioso,  It.  In  Music,  an  intimation  to  per- 
form the  music  smoothly  and  gracefully. 

Greaves.     Plate  armour  for  the  legs. 

Grece,  O.  F.  A  step,  or  flight  of  stairs. 
(See  Gryse.  ) 

Greeces,  Her.     Steps. 

Greek  Lace.  A  kind  of  cutwork,  described 
under  Lace  (q.v.). 

Green,  in  Christian  art,  or  the  emerald,  is  the 
colour  of  spring  ;  emblem  of  hope,  particularly 
hope  in  immortality ;  and  of  victory,  as  the  colour 
of  the  palm  and  the  laurel. 

Green.  (See  Carbonates  of  Copper,  Ox- 
ides OF  Copper,  Scheele's  Green,  Sap 
Green,  Chrome  Green,  &c.  ) 

Green  Bice,  (keen  cinnabar.  (See  Chrome 
Green.) 

Green  Earth  (burnt  terra-verde)  is  a  brown 
pigment,  very  useful  for  landscape  painting  in 
oil  colours  ;  it  is  not  affected  by  exposure  to 
strong  light  or  impure  air. 

Green  Lakes.     (See  Purple  Lakes.) 

Green  Verditer.     (See  Verditer.) 

Gregorian  Calendar.  The  calendar  as  re- 
formed by  Po]je  Gregory  XIII.  in  1582. 

Gregorian  Music.  A  collection  of  chants, 
originally  compiled  by  Gregory  I.  (the  Great), 
A.D.  600.  "It  was  observed  by  St.  Gregory, 
a  great  musician  of  his  time,  that  the  Anibrosian 
Chants,  handed  down  traditionally  to  a  great 
extent,  had  become  corrupted  ;  he  therefore 
subjected  them  to  revision,  and  added  other 
modes  and  scales  to  those  four  which  Ambrose 
had  retained.  This  was  done  by  taking  away 
the  upper  tetrachord  from  the  Ambrosian  scales, 
and  placing  it  below  the  lower  tetrachord." 
(See  iMtisic,  by  the  Rev.  J.  R.  Lunn,  B.D.,  in 
Dictionary  of  Christian  Antiquities.) 

Grey,  in  Christian  art,  the  colour  of  ashes, 
signified  mourning,  humility,  and  innocence 
accused. 

Greybeards,  O.  E.  Stone-ware  drinking-jugs, 
with  a  bearded  face  on  the  spout. 

Gridiron  (It.  la  g7-aticohi).  The  attribute  of 
St.  Lawrence. 

Griffin.     (See  Gryphus.) 

Grinding.  Pigments  are  generally  ground 
in  po]ipy  or  nut  oil,  which  dry  best  and  do  not 
deaden  the  colours.  It  is  essential  that  these 
oils  be  in  the  purest  state,  bright  and  clear.  A 
good  oil  ought  to  be  so  dry  in  five  or  six  days 
that  the  jiicture  can  be  repainted. 

Griphus,  Gr.  and  R.  (7pr0os).  Literally,  a 
fishing-net,  and  thence  a  riddle  propounded  by 
guests  at  a  banquet. 

Grisaille,  Fr.  A  style  of  painting  in  grey,  by 
which  solid  bodies  are  rejiresented  as  if  in  relief; 
adapted  for  architectural  subjects. 


Groat.  An  old  English  silver  coin,  equal  to  a,d. 
In  England,  in  the  Saxon  times,  no  silver  coin 
larger  in  value  than  a  penny  was  struck,  nor  after 
the  Conquest  till  the  reign  of  Edwartl  III.,  who 


strument  used  by  land-surveyors.  In  tlic 
plural,  gi-uiihc  denotes  the  intersection  of  two 
roads  cutting  each  other  at  right  angles. 


Fig.  366.  Groat  cf  Edward  III. 


about  1 35 1  coined  grosses  or  great  pieces, 
■which  went  for  i,d.  each  ;  and  so  the  matter 
stood  till  the  reign  of  Henry  VII.,  who  in 
1504  first  coined  shillings. 

Q:xc%X2iXa.(Yx.  gros-grains).  A  coarse  wool- 
len cloth  with  large  woof  and  a  rough  pile. 
Grogram  gowns  were  worn  by  counti7women, 
15th  to  17th  centuries,  fairholt  says  that  the 
mixed  liquor  called  ^r^io- obtained  its  name  from 
the  admiral  who  ordered  it  to  be  given  to  the 
sailors  ;  who  from  wearing  a  grogram  coat  was 
called  "  Old  Grog. " 

Groin,  Arch.  The  angular  curve  formed  at 
the  intersection  of  a  vaulted  roof;  the  line 
made  by  the  intersection  of  arched  vaults 
crossing  each    other   at   any  angle.      (See  Fig. 

Grolier  Scroll.  A  beautiful  and  elaborate 
style  of  decoration  for  bookbinding,  introduced 
by  Grolicr,  a  celebrated  patron  ol  bookbinding, 
in  the  15th  century. 

Grcma  and  Giuma,  R.     A  quadrant;  an  in- 


Fig.  367.  Grotesque  from  a  stall  in  Rouen  Cathedral. 


Fig.  368.  Grotesque  decoration  from  the  Cathedral 
at  Rouen. 


Grotesques,  Arch.  (It.  gi-ottesco,  the  style  in 
which  grottoes  were  ornamented).  Figures  of  a 
monstrous,  comic,  or  obscene  character,  which 
were  spread  in  profusion  over  the  fa5ades  of 
churches  by  mediaeval  artists  (ymaigicrs) ;  in 
stone  and  in  wood  ;  on  choir-stalls  and  the 
wood-work  and  wainscoting  of  interiors.  Figs. 
367,  368  represent  figures  upon  the  stalls  and 
columns  in  Rouen  Cathedral. 

Grounds  or  Priming.  In  painting,  the  first 
coat  of  colour  laid  all  over  the  canvas,  upon 
which  the  ]iicture  is  to  be  painted. 

Grus,  Lat.  (a  crane).  A  constellation  of  the 
southern  hemisphere. 

Gry.  A  measure  containing  •j'^  of  a  line.  A 
line  is  -jl,  of  a  digit,  a  digit  is  ^j  of  a  foot,  and  a 
(philosophical)  foot  is  ^  of  a  pendulum  whose 
vibrations,  in  the  latitude  of  45°,  are  each  equal 
to  one  second  of  time,  or  g'j  of  a  minute. 

Gryphus.Griffin, 
Gen.  (7pi5iJ').  A 
fabulous  animal, 
represented  with 
the  body  of  a  lion, 
and  the  head  and 
wings  of  an  eagle. 
In  ancient  art  it 
was  applied  in 
the  decoration  of 
friezes,  one  of  the 
finest  specimens  being  that  at  the  temple  of 
Antoninus  and  Faustina  at  Rome.  It  was  a 
heraldic  symbol   among   the  .Scythians,  and  is 

M 


Fig.  369.   Heraldic  Griffin. 


l62 


WORDS  USED  IN 


the  ancient  crest  of  the  city  of  London.  As  an 
emblem  this  monster  symbolizes  the  destroying 
power  of  the  gods. 

Gryse,  Grece,  Tredyl,  or  Steyre,  O.  E.  A 
step,  a  night  of  stairs. 

GuacosorHuacos,  Peruv. 
The  consecrated  Ijurial- 
]ilaccs  of  the  ancient  Peru- 
\'ians. 

Guardant,  Her.  Look- 
ing out  from  the  field,  as 
the  lions  in  Fig.  370. 

Guazzo,  It.  A  hard  and 
durable  kind  of  distemper 
painting,  used  by  the  an- 
cients, calculated  to  resist 
damp  and  to  preserve  the 
colours. 

Gubbio.  A  celebrated  Italian  botega  of 
ceramic  art,  founded  in  1498  by  Giorgio  An- 
dreoli,  the  reputed  inventor  of  the  secret  of  me- 
tallic lustres.      Fig.  371   is  a  cup  bearing  upon 


Fig.  371.  Gubbio  Cup,  1519.     Louvre  Museum. 

a  fillet  the  inscription  "  Ex  0  Giorg."  "  of  the 
fabric  of  Giorgio." 

Gubemaculum,  R.  {guberno,  to  direct).  A 
rudder  ;  originally  an  oar  with  a  broad  blade, 
which  was  fixed,  not  at  the  extremity,  but  at 
each  side  of  the  stern.  A  ship  had  commonly 
two  rudders  joined  together  by  a  pole. 
Guelfs  or  Guelphs.  (See  Ghihellines.) 
Gueux,  Badge  of  tbe.  The  celebrated 
Netherlandish  confraternity  of  the  Gueux  (or 
Beggars),  which  had  its  origin  in  a  jest  spoken 
at  a  banquet,  assumed  not  only  the  dress,  but  the 
staff,  wooden  bowl,  and  wallet  of  the  professional 


beggar,  and  even  went  so  far  as  to   clothe  their 
retainers  and  servants  in  mendicant  garb.     The 


Fig.  372.   Badge  of  the  Gueux. 

badge  represents  two  hands  clasped  across  and 
through  a  double  wallet. 

Guidon,  Fr.  (i)  The  silk  standard  of  a 
regiment  ;  (2|  its  bearer. 

Guige,  Her.  A  sliield-belt  worn  over  the 
right  shoulder. 

Guild,  O.  E.  (Saxon  guilda7i,  to  pay).  A 
fraternity  or  company,  eveiy  member  of  which 
was  gildare,  i.  e.  had  to  pay  something  towards 
the  charges.  Merchant  guilds  first  became 
general  in  Europe  in  the  nth  century.  (See 
Aiidcrsoii's  History  of  Commerce,  vol.  i.  p.  70.) 


Fig.  373-  Base  ornamented  with  guilloche. 


Fig.  374.  Band  with  the  guilloche  ornament. 

Guilloche.  A  series  of  interlaced  ornaments 
on  stone,  resembling  network. 

Guilloched.     Waved  or  engine-turned. 

Guimet's  Ultramarine.  A  valuable  substitute 
for  the  more  costly  preparation.  It  is  trans- 
parent and  durable. 

Guimet's  Yellow  is  the  deutoxide  of  lead  and 
antimony,  useful  in  enamel  or  porcelain  painting. 

Guinea.  An  English  coin  first  struck  temp. 
Car.  II.,  and  so  called  because  the  gold  was 
brought  from  the  coast  of  Guinea  (the  Portu- 
guese Genahod).  It  originally  bore  the  impress 
of  an  elephant.  The  sovereign  superseded  it  in 
1817. 

Guisarme.  An  ancient  weapon  of  the  nature 
of  a  pike  or  bill.     (See  Meyrick.) 


L.lN.\^ll/liV^i_,V^Vj  1  , 


Guitar  (Spanish  giiitami).  A  stringed 
musical  instrument,  played  as  a  harp  with  the 
fmgers. 

Gules,  Her.  (Fr.  gitculcs).  Red,  represented 
in  engraving  by  perpendicular  lines. 

Gum-arabic  dissolved  in  water  constitutes 
the  well-known  vehicle  for  water-colour  paint- 
ing— gum  7i'(7/tV. 

Gunter's  Line.  A  line  of  logarithms 
graduated  on  a  ruler,  for  practical  use  in  the 
application  of  logarithms  to  the  ordinary  cal- 
culations of  an  architect,  builder,  &c.  Other 
similar  instruments  invented  by  the  great  mathe- 
matician (4-  1626)  are  Giint,i-\^  Quadrant  and 
Gmite-rs  Scale,  used  by  seamen  and  for  astro- 
nomical calculations. 

Gurgustium,  R.  A  cave,  hovel,  or  any  dark 
and  wretched  abode. 

Gussets  were  small  pieces  of  chain  mail  at 
the  openings  of  the  joints  beneath  the  arms. 

Guttse,  Arch,  (drops).  Small  conical-shaped 
ornaments,  used  in  the  Doric  entablature  im- 
mediately under  the  mutule  beneath  the  triglyph. 
(See  Fig.  265.) 

Guttee,  Her.  (See  Goutt^e.)  Sprinkled 
over. 

Guttumium,  R.  [gnttur,  the  throat).  A 
water-jug  or  ewer  ;  it  was  a  vessel  of  very 
elegant  form,  and  was  used  chiefly  by  slaves  for 
pouring  water  over  the  hands  of  the  guests  he- 
fore  and  after  a  meal.     (See  Ablutions.) 

Guttus,  R.  {gittta,  a  drop).  A  vessel  with  a 
very  narrow  neck  and  mouth,  by  means  of 
which   liquids    could   be    poured    out    drop    by 


163 

drop  ;  whence  its  name.  It  was  especially  used 
in  sacrifices,  and  is  a  common  object  upon  coins 
of  a  religious  character. 

Gutty,  Iler.  Charged  or  sprinkled  with 
dro/s. 

Gwerre,  O.  E.     The  choir  of  a  church. 
Gymmers,    O.    E.      Hinges.      (The  word   is 
still  used.) 

Gymnasium,  Gr.  {yvuvaaiov  ;  yv/xfhs,  strip- 
ped). A  large  building  used  by  the  Greeks, 
answering  to  the  Roman  palcrstra,  in  whicli 
gymnastics  were  taught  and  practised.  There 
were  also  attached  to  it  assembly  rooms  for 
rhetoriciairs  and  pliilosophers. 

Gyngeceum,  Gr.  (from  yw)],  a  woman).  That 
part  of  the  Greek  house  which  was  set  apart  for 
the  women.     (See  DoMUS.) 

Gypsum  (Gr.  y\j^o%).  The  property  of  rapid 
consolidation  renders  gypsum  very  available 
for  taking  casts  of  works  of  art,  &c.  It  is 
much  employed  in  architectural  ornaments. 
The  gypsum  of  Paris  is  called  Montmar- 
trite,  and  forms  the  best 
Plaster  of  Paris,  as  it  re- 
sists the  weather  better 
than  purer  sorts.  It  con- 
tains 17  per  cent,  of  car- 
bonate of  lime.  (See  also 
Alabaster.) 

Gyron,  Her.  A  trian- 
gidar  figure,  one  of  the 
subordinaries. 

Gyronny,  Her.  A  field 
divided  into  g}Tons. 


Fig.  375-     Gyronny. 


H. 


H,  as  an  old  Latin  numeral,  denotes  200, 
and  with  a  dash  above  it  (H)  200,000. 

Habena,  R.  (haheo,  to  hold).  A  term  with 
numerous  meanings,  all  of  which  were  con- 
nected more  or  less  with  the  idea  of  a  thong  or 
strap.  In  the  singular,  it  signifies  a  halter ;  in 
the  plural,  habciur,  reins. 

Habergeon.     A  coat  of  mail,  or  breastplate. 

Habited,  Her.     Clothed. 

Hackbut  or  Hagbut.  Arquebus  with  a  hooked 
stock. 

Hackney  Coach  (from  the  French  cochc-a- 
haguenee).  The  hai]uciue  was  a  strong  kind 
of  horse  formerly  let  out  on  hire  for  short 
journeys. 

Hadrianea,  R.  Small  buildings  in  which 
Christians  were  allowed  to  meet,  in  virtue  of  an 
edict  granted  in  their  favour  by  the  Emperor 
Hadrian. 


Haematinon,  R.  {aluarwov,  of  blood).  A 
kind  of  glassy  substance  of  a  beautiful  red,  and 
susceptible  of  taking  a  fine  polish.  It  was  used 
to  make  small  cii,bes  for  mosaic  or  small  works 
of  art. 

Hagiographa  (sacrea  loritings).  A  name 
applied  to  those  books  of  .Scripture  which, 
according  to  the  Jewish  classification,  held  the 
lowest  rank  in  regard  to -inspiration.  These  are 
the  books  of  Ruth,  Psalms,  Job,  Proverbs, 
Ecclesiastes,  Song  of  Solomon,  Lamentations, 
Daniel,  Esther,  Ezra,  and  Chronicles. 

Hair.  The  Assyrian  monarchs  are  repre- 
sented with  beard  elaborately  plaited,  and  hair 
falling  in  ringlets  on  the  shoulder,  which  may 
have  been  partly  artificial,  like  that  of  the 
Persian  monarchs,  who,  according  to  Xenophon, 
wore  a  wig.  Both  the  hair  and  beard  were 
dyed,    and  the  eyes  blackened  with  kohl,  &c. 


164 


WORDS  USED  IN 


{Layard.)  The  Egyptians  kept  the  head  shaved, 
and  wore  wigs  and  beard-boxes.  The  Hehrtivs 
generally  wore  the  hair  short,  but  the  horse- 
guards  of  King  Solomon  "daily  strewed  their 
heads  with  gold  dust,  which  glittered  in  the 
sun."  (Josep/ius.)  The  ancient  Greeks  wore 
their  liair  long.  The  Athenians  wore  it  long 
in  childhood,  had  it  cut  short  at  a  solemn 
ceremony  when  they  became  eighteen  years  of 
age,  and  afterwards  allowed  it  to  grow,  and 
wore  it  rolled  up  in  a  knot  on  the  crown  of  the 
head,  fastened  with  golden  clasps  {erobyhis, 
corymluis').  Women  wore  bands  or  coifs  (sphen- 
done,  kekjyphahis,  sacciis,  initrd).  Youths  and 
athletes  are  represented  with  short  hair.  The 
favourite  colour  was  blonde  [xantlins^  ;  black 
was  the  most  common.  The  ancient  Rinnans 
also  wore  long  hairj  about  300  B.C.  the  prac- 
tice of  wearing  it  short  came  in  {rineinnzis. 
ci7-j-ns).  The  Roman  women  anciently  dressed 
their  hair  very  plainly,  but  in  the  Augustan 
period  adopted  some  extravagant  fashions. 
Each  of  the  gods  is  distinguished  by  his  peculiar 
form  of  hair  :  that  of  Jupiter  is  long  and  flowing  ; 
Mercury  has  close  curling  hair,  iS:c.  The  Danes, 
Gauls,  and  Anglo-Saxons  wore  long  flowing 
hair,  and  the  shearing  of  it  was  a  punishment  : 
when  Julius  Caesar  conquered  the  Gauls,  he  cut 
off  their  long  hair.  Among  the  early  Frankish 
kings  long  hair  was  the  privilege  of  the  blood 
royal  From  the  time  of  Clovis  the  French 
nobility  wore  short  hair,  but  as  they  grew  less 
martial  the  hair  became  longer.  Francois  I. 
introduced  short  hair,  which  prevailed  until  the 
reign  of  Louis  XIII.,  which  was  follo\\ed  by  the 
period  of  periwigs  and  perukes  of  Louis  XIV. 
The  variations  from  the  Conquest  to  the  last 
generation  in  ^;?f'/«;/(/ are  so  striking  and  fre- 
quent that  each  reign  may  be  distinguished  by 
its  appropriate  head-dress.  (Consult  Fairholfs 
Costume  in  England,  Pla7iche's  Cyclopcedia  of 
Costume,  &c.) 

H><ir-cloth.     (See  Cilicium.) 

Hair  Pencils  or  Brushes  are  made  of  the  finer 
hairs  of  the  marten,  badger,  polecat,  camel,  &c., 
mounted  in  quills  or  white  iron  tubes.  The 
round  brushes  should  swell  all  round  from  the 
base,  and  diminish  upwards  to  a  fine  point,  ter- 
minating with  the  imcut  ends  of  the  hair.  (See 
FiTcir.) 

Halbert.  A  footman's  weapon  in  the  form  of 
a  battle-axe  and  pike  at  the  end  of  a  long  staff. 

H  Icyon.  The  ancient  name  of  \\\t  Aleedo 
or  king-fisher  ;  hence — 

Ha'cyon  Days,  i.  e.  the  calm  and  peaceful 
season  when  the  kir.g-fisher  lays  its  eggs  in  nests 
close  by  the  brink  of  the  sea  ;  i.  e.  seven  days 
before  and  as  many  after  the  winter  solstice. 

"  Seven  winter  dayes  \viih  j^eacefull  calme  possest 
Alcyon  sits  upon  her  floating  nest." 

Sandy's  Ovid,  I\M.  b.  xi.) 


Hall-marks.  The  Goldsmiths  of  London 
fomied  their  company  in  1327,  and  were  incor- 
porated by  charter  in  1392.  The  hall-marks, 
in  the  order  of  their  introduction,  are  as  fol- 
lows : — I.  The  leopard's  head,  called  the  king's 
mark.  2.  The  maker's  mark,  originally  a 
rose,  crown,  or  other  emblem  with  or  without 
initials.  3.  The  annual  letter,  in  the  order  of 
the  alphabet  from  A  to  V,  omitting  J  and  U. 
This  mark  is  changed  every  twenty  years.  4. 
The  lion  passant,  added  in  1597.  5.  Instead  of 
the  leopard's  head  (i)  for  the  king's  mark,  the 
lion's  head  erased,  introduced  in  1697  when  the 
standard  was  changed,  and,  6,  a  figure  of 
Britannia  substituted  for  the  lion  passa?it  (4)  at 
the  same  time.  Plate  with  this  mark  is  called 
Britannia  plate.  The  old  standard  (of  1 1  oz. 
2  dwt.  pure  gold  in  the  lb.")  was  restored  in  1719. 
7.  The  head  of  the  reigning  sovereign  in  profiile, 
ordered  in  1784,  when  a  fresh  duty  was  laid 
upon  plate. 

Hailing,  O.  E.     Tapestry. 

Hallowmas,  Chr.  The  feast  of  All  Souls, 
or  the  time  about  All  Sovds'  and  All  Saints' 
Days,  viz.  the  ist  and  2nd  of  November  ;  and 
thence  to  Candlemas,  or  the  2nd  of  February. 

Halmos,  Gr.  and  R.  A  vessel  of  round  form, 
supported  on  a  raised  stand  entirely  distinct  from 
the  vessel  itself ;  it  was  used  as  a  drinking-cup. 

Halmote  or  Halimote.  The  Saxon  name  for 
a  meeting  of  tenants,  now  called  a  court  baron. 

Halteres  (Gr.  aArfipes'),  in  the  gymnastic  exer- 
cises of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  were  masses 
of  lead,  iron,  or  stone  held  in  the  hands  to  give 
impetus  in  leaping,  or  used  as  dumb-bells. 

Ham  (Scotch  Iiarne).  A  Saxon  word  for  a 
place  of  dwelling,  a  home  ;  hence  "hamlet." 
"  This  word,"  says  Stow,  "originally  meant  the 
seat  of  a  freeholder,  comprehending  the  mansion- 
house  and  adjacent  buildings." 


Fig.  376.  Hanaper. 


Hama,  Gr.  and  R.  (&/j.rj  or  a^ij).     A  bucket 
used  for  various  purposes. 
Hamburg  White.  (See  Carison.ate  ok  Lead, 

liAKVTlS.) 

Hames ,  <y  Heames,  Her.  Parts  of  liorses'  harness. 

Hunmer  or  Martel.  Her.  Represented  much 
like  an  ordinaiy  haniiner. 

Hamus  or  Hamulus.     A  fish-hook. 

Hanaper,  U.  li.  (.Mod.  /lam/er).  A  wicker 
basket.  (Fig.  376.)  Writs  in  tlie  Court  of  Chancery 
were  thrown  into  such  a  basket  (in  luDiapcrio), 
and  the  office  was  called  from  that  circumstance 
the  Haniper  Office.     It  was  abolished  in  1842. 

Handkerchiefs  embroidered  in  gold  were 
presented  and  worn  as  favours  in  the  reign  of 
Elizalicth.  Paisley  handkerchiefs  were  intro- 
duced in  1743. 

Handle,  Gen.  In  antiquity  the  leaves  of  a 
door  were  fitted  with  handles  like  those  of  our 
own  day.     Fig.  377  represents  a  bronze  handle 


fig-  377-   Bronze  door-handle.     Roman. 

consisting  of  a  double  ring.  Of  these,  the  inner 
one  could  be  raised  so  as  to  allow  a  person's 
hand  to  take  hold  of  it,  and  draw  the  door  his 
own  way.  This  work  of  art  is  at  the  present 
time  in  the  Museum  of  Perugia. 

Handruffs,  O.  E.     Ruffles. 

Handseax.     The  Anglo-Saxon  dagger. 

Hanger,  O.  E.  A  small  sword  worn  by  gen- 
tlemen with  morning  dress  in  the  17th  century. 

Hangers  or  Carriages,  ( ).  E.  Appendages  to 
the  swurd-belt  iVom  which  the  sword  hung,  often 
richly  embroidered  or  jewelled. 

Hanselines  (15th  century).  Loose  breeches. 
(See  Slop.) 

Haphe,  Gr.  and  R.  (h.<pTi)  i.e  a  grip).  The 
yellow  sand  with  which  wrestlers  sprinkled  them- 
selves over  after  having  been  rubbed  with  oil.  The 


object  of  this  sprinkling  was  to  enable  the 
wrestlers  to  take  a  firmer  grasp  one  of  the 
other. 

Hara,  Gr.  and  R.  A  pig-sty,  especially  for  a 
breeding  sow.  The  term  also  denoted  a  pen  for 
geese. 

Hare,  Chr.  In  Christian  iconography  the  iiare 
symbolizes  the  rapid  c<,iurse  of  life.  Representa- 
tions of  this  animal  ore  met  with  on  lamps,  en- 
graved stones,  sepulchral  stones,  &c. 

Hirlequin  (It.  Harhyuino,  or  little  Ilarlay). 
The  name  is  derived  from  that  of  a  fanicjus 
Italian  comedian,  who  appeared  in  Paris  in  the 
time  of  Henri  HI.,  and  from  frequenting  the 
house  of  JNI.  de  Harlay  was  so  called  by  his 
companions.      {A/cnagt: ) 

Harmamaxa,  Gr.  and  R.  {apfn-afxa^a) .  A 
four-wheeled  carriage  or  litter  covered  overhead, 
and  enclosed  with  curtains.  It  was  generally  large, 
and  drawn  by  four  horses,  and  richly  ornamented. 
It  was  principally  used  for  women  and  children. 
Harmonica.  A  musical  instrument  consisting 
of  a  number  of  glass  cups  fi.xed  upon  a  revolving 
spindle,  and  made  to  vibrate  by  friction  applied 
to  their  edges.  These  "musical  glasses"  are 
described  in  a  work  published  in  1677.  A 
Jiarpsichord- harjHouica  is  a  similar  instrument, 
in  which  finger  keys  like  those  of  a  pianoforte 
are  used.  (See  the  article  in  Encycl.  Brit., 
8th  edition.) 

Harmonium.  A  musical  instrument  having 
a  key-board  like  a  pianoforte,  and  the  sounds 
(which  resemble  those  of  organ  pipes)  produced 
by  the  vibration  of  thin  tongues  of  metal. 

Harp.  The  Egyptians  had  various  kinds  of 
harps,  some  of  which  were  elegantly  shaped  and 
tastefully  ornamented.  The  name  of  the  harp 
was  biini.  Its  frame  had  no  front  pillar.  The 
harps  represented  on  the  monuments  varied  in 
size  from  6^  feet  high  downwards,  and  had  from 
4  to  28  strings.  A  beautiful  Egyptian  harp,  in 
the  Louvre  collection,  is  of  triangular  shape  with 
21  strings,  but,  like  all  the  harps  represented  on 
the  monuments,  it  has  no  fore-pillar.  The 
strings  were  of  catgut.  Assyrian  sculptures  also 
represent  harps.  These  also  had  no  front  pillar, 
and  were  about  4  feet  high,  with  ornamental 
appendages  on  the  lower  frame.  The  upper 
frame  contained  the  sound-holes  and  the  tun- 
ing-pegs in  regular  order.  The  strings  are 
supposed  to  have  been  of  silk.  The  Greek 
harp,  called  kitiyra,  resembled  the  Assyrian,  and 
is  represented  with  13  strings  :  it  is  an  attribute 
of  Polyhymnia.  The  An(;lo-Sa.xons  called 
the  harp  the  gko-bcam,  or  "glee-wood  ;"  and  it 
was  their  most  popular  instrument.  King  David 
playing  a  harp  is  represented  on  an  A.S.  monu- 
ment of  the  nth  century.  It  was  the  favourite 
instrument  of  the  German  and  Celtic  bards, 
and  of  the  Scandinavian  skalds.  It  is  repre- 
sented with   12   strings  and  2  sound-holes,  and 


i66 


WORDS  USED  IX 


having  a  fore-pillar.  A  curious  Irish  harp  of  the 
8th  century,  or  earlier,  is  represented  in  Bunt- 
ing's "  Ancient  Music  of  Ireland,"  having  no 
fore-pillar.  The  Finns  had  a  harp  {harpii, 
kantele)  with  a  similar  frame,  devoid  of  a  front 
pillar.  In  Chris'I  IAN  art  a  harp  is  the  attri- 
bute of  King  David  and  of  St.  Cecilia.  St. 
Dunstan  is  also  occasionally  represented  with  it. 
In  Heraldry  the  harp  is  the  device  and  badge  of 
Ireland.  The  Irish  harp  of  gold  with  silver 
strings  on  a  blue  field  forms  the  third  quarter 
of  the  royal  arms. 

Harpaga,  Harpago,  Gr.  and  R.  A  general 
term,  including  any  kind  of  hook  for  grappling  ; 
more  particularly  a  military  engine  invented  by 
Pericles,  and  introduced  into  the  Roman  navy  by 
Duillius.  It  consisted  of  a  joist  about  two  yards 
and  a  half  long,  each  face  of  which  was  coated 
with  iron,  and  having  at  one  end  a  harpoon  of 
iron  or  bronze  ;  the  other  end  was  fitted  with  an 
iron  ring,  to  which  a  rope  was  attached,  so  as  to 
enable  it  to  be  drawn  back  when  it  had  once 
grappled  a  ship  or  its  rigging.  Harpago  or  ivolf 
was  the  term  applied  to  a  beam  armed  with  a 
harpoon,  which  was  employed  to  break  down 
the  tops  of  walls,  or  widen  a  breach  already 
made.  [A  flesh-hook  used  in  cookery  to  take 
boiled  meat  out  of  the  caldron.] 

Harpastum,  R.  A  small  ball  employed  for  a 
game  in  which  the  players  formed  two  sides. 
They  stationed  themselves  at  some  distance  from 
a  line  traced  on  the  ground  or  sand  where  the 
harpastiitn  was  placed.  At  a  given  signal  each 
player  threw  himself  upon  the  ball,  in  order  to 
try  and  send  it  beyond  the  bounds  of  the  opposite 
party. 

Harpies,  Gen.  {"Apirviai,  i.e.  the  Snatchers). 
"Winged  monsters,  daughters  of  Neptune  and 
Terra,  three  in  number,  viz.  Aello  (the  tempest), 
Ocypetc  (swift-flying),  and  Celhio ;  represent- 
ing the  storm-winds.  They  had  the  faces  of  old 
women,  a  vulture's  body,  and  huge  claws  ;  they 
were  the  representatives  of  the  Evil  Fates,  and 
the  rulers  of  i.torms  and  tempests.  In  Christian 
iconography  the  Harpies  symbolize  the  devil 
and  repentance.  [In  the  so-called  "  Harpy  tomb" 
in  the  British  Museum  they  are  represented 
carrying  off  Camiro  and  Clytia,  the  daughters  of 
Pandanis  of  Crete,  as  a  punishment  for  his 
complicity  with  Tantalus  in  stealing  ambrosia 
and  nectar  from  the  table  of  the  gods,  j 

Harpsichord.  A  musical  instrument  inter- 
mediate between  the.  spinet,  virginals,  &c.,  and 
\.h.ii  pianoforte,  which  supplanted  it  in  the  iSth 
century.  It  may  be  described  as  a  horizontal 
harp  enclosed  in  a  sonorous  case,  the  wires 
being  struck  with  jacks  armed  with  crow-quills, 
and  moved  with  finger  keys. 

Harquebus.  An  improvement  of  the  hand- 
gun introduced  in  the  15th  century,  applying 
the  invention  of  the  trizs'cr. 


Hart.     A  stag  in  its  sixth  year. 

Hart  or    Hind,   in    Christian  art,    originally 
typified    solitude    and  purity    of    life.       It   was 
the     attribute    of    St. 
Hubert,      St.     Julian, 
and  St.  Eustace. 

Hart,  Her.  A  stag 
with  attires  ;  the  female 
is  a  hind. 

Hasta  (Gr.  tyxos). 
A  spear  used  as  a  pike 
for  thrusting,  or  as  a 
missile  for  hurling  from 
the  hand,  or  as  a  bolt 
from  an  engine.  Homer 
' '  a  pole  hea\'y  with 
amentata,    for   hurlirig. 


Heraldic  Hart. 


defines    the    spear    as 
bronze."      The     hasta 

had  a  leathern  thong  for  a  handle  {amentum)  in 
the  middle ;  hasta  pitra  was  a  spear  without  a 
head,  and  was  a  much-valued  decoration  given 
to  a  Roman  soldier  who  had  saved  a  citizen's 
life  ;  hasta  celibaiium  was  a  spear  which,  having 
been  thrust  into  the  body  of  a  gladiator  as  he  lay 
dead  in  the  arena,  was  afterwards  used  at  mar- 
riages to  part  the  hair  of  the  bride.  A  spear 
was  set  up  before  a  place  where  sales  by  auction 
were  going  on,  and  an  auction-room  was  hence 
called  Hastarium.  Different 
kinds  of  spear  were  the  lancca 
of  the  Greeks  ;  the  pnhim, 
peculiar  to  the  Romans  ;  the 
verii,  verntum,  or  "spit,"  of 
the  Roman  light  infantry  ; 
the  gcTsiim,  a  Celtic  weapon 
adopted  by  the  Romans ;  the 
spai-rns,  our  English  spar  or 
spear,  the  rudest  missile  of 
the  whole  class  ;  and  many 
others  mentioned  under  their 
respective  headings  in  this 
work. 

Hasta  Pura.  In  Numis- 
matics, a  headless  spear  or 
long  sceptre,  an  attribute  of  all 
the  heathen  deities  ;  a  symbol 
of  the  goodness  of  the  gods 
and  the  conduct  of  providence, 
equally  mild  and  forcible. 

Hastarium,  R.  A  room  in 
which  sales  were  made  sul/ 
hasta  publiea,  that  is,  by  public  auction,  under 
the  public  authority  indicated  by  the  spear.  The 
term  also  denoted  a  list  or  catalogaie  of  sale. 

Hastile,  R.  {hasta).  The  shaft  of  a  spear,  and 
thence  the  spear  itself,  a  goad,  &c. 

Hat  (A.S.  haet,  a  covering  for  the  head). 
Froissart  describes  hats  and  plumes  worn  at 
Edward's  court  in  1340,  when  the  Garter  order 
was  instituted.  Hats  were  originally  of  a  scarlet- 
red  colour,  and  made  of  "a  fine  kinde  of  haire 
matted    thegither."      A    remarkable    series    of 


Fig.  379.    Ha^ta  — 

Roman   ceremonial 

spear. 


changes  in  the  fashion  of  hats  is  given  in 
Plaiiihd's  Encyclopicdia  of  Costume.  Our  illustra- 
tion represents  a  young  Venetian  noble  of  the 
Middle   Ages.      (See   also    the  illustrations  to 

POURPOINT,     BiRETTA,     BOMISARDS,     CaLASH, 

Capuchon,  Chapeau,  Coronets,  &c.) 


Costume  of  a  nobleman  in  Venice  (i6th  cen- 
tury), showing  the  Hat  of  the  period. 

Hatchment,  Her.  (for  atchievemenf).  An 
achievement  of  arms  in  a  lozenge-shaped  frame, 
placed  upon  the  front  of  the  residence  of  a 
person  lately  deceased,  made  to  distinguish  his 
rank  and  position  in  life. 

Hauberk  (Germ.  Hals-berg,  a  throat-guard). 


A    military   tunic   of  ringed   mail,   of  German 
origin,  introduced  in  the  I2lh  century. 
Haumudeys,  O.  E.     A  purse. 

Hauriant,  Her. 
•"^aid  of  fishes  up- 
right, "sucking  the 
air."     (iMg.  3S1.) 

Hautboy.  A 
wind  instrument  ol 
the  rocd  kind. 

Haversack  (I'r. 
havre-sac).  A 
soldier's  knapsack. 
Hawk,  Kgyp. 
This  bird  syml)ol- 
i/.cs  the  successive 
new  births  of  the 
rising  sun.  The 
hawk  is  the  bird  of 
Horus.  It  stood, 
at  certain  periods,  for  the  word  God,  and,  with 
a  human  head,  for  the  word  soitl.  The  sun 
(A'(7)  is  likewise  represented  with  a  hawk's  head, 
ornamented  with  the  disk. 

Head-piece.     An'ornamental  engraving  at  the 
commencement  of  a  new  chapter  in  a  book. 

Head-rail.     The  head-dress  worn  by  Saxon 
and  Norman  ladies. 

Healfang,  A.S.       The  pillory,    or  a  fine  in 

commutation.     "  Qui  falsiiin  leslimoniuin  dcdit, 

reddat  rcgi  vel  terrcc  domino  healfang." 

Heang-loo,  Chinese.     An  incense-burner. 

Heart.     On  numerous  Christian  tombs  hearts 

maybe  seen  sculptured.   Many  archreologists  have 


Fig.  381.  Hauriant. 


y     JJ>"'        ''-I"' MIU    !..,.,, ,,1 .,       ,,         ,M        "I'-'. -in-     l| 

Fig.  382.  Inscription,  with  hearts,  found  at  Alise. 

attempted  to  explain  their  meaning  as  symbols, 
but  without  entering  on  an  unprofitable  discus- 
sion of  that  question,  it  may  be  noticed  that, 
in  many  cases,  what  archaeologists  have  sup- 
posed to  be  hearts  were  nothing  but  ivy-leaves, 
\vhich  served  as  marks  of  separation  between 
different  words  or  sentences.  P'ig.  3S2  repre- 
sents an  inscription  at  Alise  in  which  ivy- 
leaves  figure,  together  with  an  ornamdiit  which 
some  would  insist  were  fiames,  if  tliey  were  to 
take  the  leaves  for  hearts.     When  inscriptions. 


WORDS  USED  IN 


however,  are  defaced,  the  shape  of  the  leaves 
is  not  nearly  so  distinguishable  as  in  the  figure. 
[One  of  the  most  frequent  methods  in  which 
this  emblem  is  introduced  in  Christian  art 
is  that  the  Saviour,  or  the  Virgin  Mary,  is  re- 
presented opening  the  breast  to  display  the 
living  heart  — the  natural  symbol  of  Love,  De- 
votion, or  Sorrow.  The  Heart  is  an  attribute 
of  St.  Theresa,  St.  Augustine,  and  other  saints. 
The  flaming  heart  is  the  emblem  of  charity. 
The  heart  pierced  by  seven  daggers  symbolizes 
the  "seven  sorrows"  of  Mary.] 

Hecatesia,  Or.  ('EfcaTrjo-io).  Festivals  held 
at  Athens  in  honour  of  Hecate. 

Hecatomb,  Gr.  and  R.  (eKardfi^rj).  A  sacri- 
fice offered  in  Greece  and  Rome  under  special 
circumstances,  and  at  which  a  hundred  head  of 
cattle  (eKOTo;/)  were  slain  ;  whence  the  name  of 
the  festival.  [The  term  was  generally  applied 
to  a//  great  sacrifices,  of  much  less  extent  than 
that  implied  by  its  etymological  meaning.] 

Hecatompylae,  Gr.  (eKardu-TruAai).  The  city 
with  a  hundred  gates;  a  name  given  to  the 
Egyptian  Tliebes. 

Hecatonstylon,  Hecatonstyle,  Gr.  and  R. 
(^KaThf  and  (ttvAos).  A  portico  or  colonnade 
with  a  hundred  columns. 

Hecte  or  Hectaeus,  Gr.  =:  a  sixth  (R.  niodius). 
In  dry  measure,  the  sixth  part  of  the  medimnus, 
or  nearly  two  gallons  English.  Coins  of  uncer- 
tain value  bore  the  same  name  ;  they  were  sixths 
of  other  units  of  value. 

Hegira  (Arabic  hajara,  to  desert).  The 
flight  from  Mecca,  i6th  July,  A.D.  622,  from 
which  Mohammedan  chronology  is  calculated. 

Helciarius,  R.  One  who  tows  a  boat.  He 
was  so  called  because  he  passed  a  rope  round 
his  body  in  the  way  of  a  belt,  the  rope  thus 
forming  a  noose  {/wlcintii). 

Helepolis,  C}r.  and  R.  (lAe'-TroAty,  the  taker 
of  cities).  A  lofty  square  tower,  on  wheels, 
used  in  besieging  fortified  places.  It  was  ninety 
cubits  high  and  forty  wide  ;  inside  were  nine 
stories,  the  lower  containing  machines  for  throw- 
ing great  stones  ;  the  middle,  large  catapults  for 
throwing  spears ;  and  the  highest  other  machines- 
It  was  manned  with  200  soldiers.  The  name 
was  afterwards  applied  to  other  siege  engines  of 
similar  construction. 

Helical,  Arch.  (6A.(|,  a  wreath).  A  spiral  line 
distinguished  from  spiral.  A  staircase  is  helical 
when  the  steps  wind  round  a  cylindrical  newel  ; 
whereas  the  spiral  winds  round  a  cone,  and  is 
constantly  narrowing  its  axis.  The  term  is 
applied  to  the  volutes  of  a  Corinthian  capital. 
(See  Helix.) 

Heliochromy  (Gr.  tJAioj,  the  sun,  and  xp'^l^'^> 
colour).    I'rocessof  taking  coloured  photographs. 

Heliopolites,  Egyj).  One  of  the  nomes  or 
divisions  of  Lower  Egypt,  capital  An,  the  sacred 
name  for  Heliopolis  near  Cairo. 


Fig.  >iS3.    Helm  of  a 
Gentleman  or  Esquire 


Heliotrope.  T\i&  HcBinatite  ox  bloodstone ;  a 
siliceous  mineral  of  a  dark  green  colour,  com- 
monly variegated  with  bright  red  spots. 

Heliotropion,  Gr.     A  kind  of  sun-dial.     (See 

HOKOLOGIUM.) 

Helix,  Arch.  (e'Aif,  anything  spiral).  A  small 
volute  like  the  tendril  of  a  vine  placed  under 
the  Corinthian  abacus.  They  are  arranged  in 
couples  springing  from  one  base,  and  unite  at 
the  summit. 

Hellebore.  A  famous  purgative  medicine 
among  the  ancient  Greeks  and  Romans. 
Philosophers  prepared  for  work  by  drinking  an 
infusion  of  the  black  hellebore,  like  tea.  The 
best  grew  in  the  island  of  Anticyra  in  the 
yEgean  Sea,  and  the  gathering  of  it  was  accom- 
panied by  superstitious  rites. 

Helm,  Helmet,  Her. 
Now  placed  as  an  acces- 
sory above  a  shield  of 
arms.  Modern  usage  dis- 
tinguishes helms  according 
to  the  rank  of  the  wearer. 
The  term  helm  was  applied 
by  both  Saxons  and  Nor- 
mans, in  the  llth  century, 
to  the  conical  steel  cap 
with  a  nose-guard,  which 
was  the  common  head- 
piece of  the  day,  and  is 
depicted  in  contemporary 
illuminations,  sculptures,  and  tapestries.  After- 
wards it  was  restricted  to  the  casque,  which 
covered  the  whole  head,  and  had  an  aventaile  or 
vizor  for  the  face.  The  use  of  the  helm  finally 
ceased  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII. 

Helmet.  The 
d  iminu  ti  ve  of 
Helm,  first  ap- 
plied to  the  smaller 
head-piece  which 
superseded  it  in 
the  15th  century. 
(See  Galea,  Ar- 
MET,  Bascinet, 
BuRGONET,  Cas- 
que, Chapelle 
le  Fer,  &c.) 

Hemi-iGr.  ■^^t-). 
Half;  used  in  com- 
position of  words 
like  the  Latin  semi 
or  dc»ii. 

Hemichorion  {^\^xl.xipl■ov).     (See  Dichorea.) 

Hemicyclium,  Gr.  and  R.   {-ijfj.i-KVKAioi').     A 

semicircular  alcove,    to  which  persons  resorted 

for  mutual    conversation.     The    term   was  also 

used  to  denote  a  sun-dial. 

Hemina,  Gr.  and  R.  (w''«'".  i-  e.  halfj.  A 
measure  of  capacity  containing  half  a  sextarius 
(equal  to  the  Greek  colyle  =  half  a  pint  English). 


Fig.  384.  Helmet  or  Burgonet 
of  the  i6th  century. 


Fig.  385.  Sun-dial  (Hemi- 
sphasrium). 


Hemiolia,  Gr.  and  R.  {rjfii-oXla,  i.  e.  one  and  a 
half).  A  vessel  of  iieculiar  construction  em- 
ployed especially  by  Greek  pirates. 

Hemisplieerium,  R. 
A  sun-dial  in  the  form 
of  a  hemisphere ; 
whence      its       name. 

(FiR.  385-) 

Hemlock,  the  Co- 
itiiim  tiiaciilatum  of 
botanists,  was  the  poi- 
son used  by  the  an- 
cient Greeks  for  the 
despatch  of  state  pri- 
soners. Its  effects 
are  accurately  de- 
scribed in  Plato's  de- 
scription of  the  death 
of  Socrates. 

Heptagon  (Gr.eTrra, 
seven,  and  ydvri,  an 
angle).  A  ses'en-sided 
figure. 

Hepteris,   Gr.   and 

R.        (STTT-^pTJs).  A 

ship  of  war  with 
seven  ranks  of  oars. 

Hersea.  Important  Greek  festivals,  cele- 
brated in  honour  of  Hera  in  all  the  towns  of 
Greece.  Ac  Argos,  every  fifth  year,  an  immense 
body  of  young  men  in  armour  formed  a  pro- 
cession, preceded  by  a  Hecatomb  of  oxen,  to 
the  great  temple  of  Hera,  between  Argos  and 
MyceuDs,  where  the  oxen  were  slaughtered,  and 
their  flesh  distributed  to  the  citizens. 

Herald  (Germ.  Herold).  An  officer  of  arms. 
The  heralds  of  England  were  incorporated 
by  Richard  III.  The  college  now  consists 
of  three  kings  of  arms,  six  heralds,  and  four 
pursuivants.  The  office  of  Earl  Marshal,  the 
supreme  head  of  the  English  heralds,  is  here- 
ditary in  the  family  of  the  Duke  of  Norfolk. 
There  is  another  herald  king  styled  "Bath," 
who  is  specially  attached  to  that  order  ;  he  is 
not  a  member  of  the  college.  The  chief  herald 
of  Scotland  is  styled  Lord  Lyon  King  of  Arms  ; 
that  of  Ireland,  Ulster  King  of  Arms.  Chester 
herald  is  mentioned  in  the  reign  of  Richard  II., 
Lancaster  king  of  arms  \xnAQX  Henry  IV.  (See 
Marshal,  Kings  of  Arms,  &c.) 

Heralds'  College.  A  college  of  heralds  was 
instituted  in  Rome  by  Numa  Pompilius,  and 
the  office  was  held  sacred  among  the  most 
ancient  Oriental  nations.  The  institution  was 
imported  into  England  in  the  Middle  Ages 
from  Germany,  a  corporation  of  heralds,  similar 
to  the  collegium  fetialium  of  Rome,  having 
been  established  in  England  in  1483  by  Richard 
III.  (See  Pitiscus,  tom.  i.,  and  Ho/mann, 
torn,  ii.) 

Hermae,    Gr.    and  R.    ('EpiiaT).     Ilerma:,    a 


kind  of  pedestals  surmounted  only  by  the  head, 
or,  in  some  cases,  the  bust  of  Hermes.  Great 
reverence  was  felt  for  these  statues.  Houses  at 
Athens  had  one  before  the  doors  ;  they  were  also 
placed  in  front  of  temples,  near  tombs,  at 
street  corners,  or  as  mile-stones  on  the  high  roads. 
Hermuli,  or  small  Ileriiuc,  were  a  common  orna- 
ment of  furniture,  as  ))ilasters  and  supports. 
The  same  name  is  applied  to  similar  statues 
having  a  man's  head.  This  statue  was  probably 
one  of  the  first  attempts  of  art  at  plastic  repre- 
sentation. The  phallus  and  a  pointed  beard 
originally  were  essential  parts  of  the  symbol. 
In  place  of  arms  there  were  projections  to  hang 
garlands  on.  Then  a  mantle  was  introduced 
from  the  shoulders.  Afterwards  the  whole  torso 
was  placed  above  the  pillar;  and  finally  the 
pillar  itself  was  shaped  into  a  perfect  statue. 
All  these  gradations  of  the  sculptor's  art  are 
traceable  in  existing  monuments. 

Hermsea.  Festivals  of  Hermes,  celebrated 
by  the  boys  in  the  gymnasia,  of  which  Hermes 
was  the  tutelary  deity. 

Hermeneutse,  Chr.  (epMTjreuToO.  Literally, 
interpreters.  In  the  earliest  ages  of  the  Church, 
these  were  officials  whose  duty  it  was  to  translate 
sacred  discourses  or  portions  of  Holy  Scripture. 

Herne-pan,  O.  E.  (for  iro}i-pan).  Skull-cap 
worn  under  the  helmet. 

Heroum,  Gr.  {r]pwoy,  i.  e.  place  of  a  hero).  A 
kind  of /Edicula  (q-v.),  orsmall  temple,  which 
served  as  a  funeral  monument.  Several  repre- 
sentations of  Roman  Heroa  may  be  seen  in 
the  British  Museum,  representing  funeral  feasts 
in  a  temple,  carved  on  the  face  of  a  sarcophagus 
(in  the  Towneley  collection). 

Herring-bone  Masonry.  Common  in  late 
Roman  or  early  Saxon  walls,  where  the  orna- 
mental lines  take  a  sloping,  parallel,  zigzag 
direction. 

Herygoud,  O.  E.  A  cloak  with  hanging 
sleeves. 

Heuk  or  Huque,  O.  E.  (i)  Originally  a  cloak 
or  mantle  worn  in  the  Middle  Ages  ;  then  (2)  a 
tight-fitting  dress  worn  by  both  sexes.  {Fairholt; 
see  also  Plaiiche,  Encyclopccdia. )  There  appears 
to  be  great  uncertainty  as  to  the  character  of 
this  garment. 

Hexaclinon,  Gr.  and  R.  {l\a-K\ivos).  A 
dining  or  banqueting  couch  capable  of  holding 
six  persons. 

Hexaphoron,  Gr.  and  R.  (e^a-<J)opo«/).  A  litter 
carried  l>y  six  porters. 

Hexapterygon,  Chr.  {ki,a-T:Tipvyov).  A  fan 
used  by  Greek  Catholics,  and  so  named  because 
it  has  on  it  figures  of  seraphim  with  six  wings. 
(See  Fan  and  Flabellum.) 

Hexastyle,  Arch.  (e|a-(rTuAos).  A  fajade  of 
which  the  roof  is  supported  by  six  columns. 

Hexeris,  Gr.  (e^-^pijs).  A  vessel  with  six 
ranks  of  oars. 


I70 


WORDS   USED   IN 


Hiberna  or  Hyberna,  R.  A  winter  apart- 
ment. The  halls  in  a  Roman  country  house 
were  built  to  face  different  ways  according  to 
the  seasons ;  verna  and  aiitiimnalis  looked  to 
the  east  ;  hyberita,  to  the  west  ;  astiva,  to  the 
north. 

Hidage,  Hidegild,  A.S.  A  tax  payable  to 
the  Saxon  kings  of  England  for  every  hide  of 
land.  The  word  is  indifferently  used  to  signify 
exemption  from  such  a  tax. 

Hidalgo  (Span,  hijo  iValgo,  son  of  some- 
body).     An  obsolete  title  of  nobility  in  Spain. 

Hieroglyphics,  Egyp.  (i^phs,  sacred,  and 
y\v(pw,  to  carve).  Characters  of  Egyptian 
writing,  the  letters  of  which  are  figurative  or 
symbolic.  There  are  three  kinds  of  Egyptian 
writing,  the  hieroglyphic,  the  hieratic,  and  the 
demotic.  Clement  of  Alexandria  says  that  in 
the  education  of  the  Egyptians  three  styles  of 
writing  are  taught  :  the  first  is  called  the 
epistolary  {enchorial  or  de?iiotic) ;  the  second 
the  sacerdotal  {hieratic),  which  the  sacred  Scribes 
employ  ;  and  the  third  the  hieroglyphic.  Other 
nations,  as  for  instance  the  ancient  Mexicans, 
have  likewise  employed  hieroglyphics. 

Hieromancy,  Gr.  and  R.  Divination  from 
sacrifices. 

Hieron,  Gr.  {Uphv,  i.  e.  holy  place).  The 
whole  of  the  sacred  enclosure  of  a  temple,  which 
enclosed  the  woods,  the  building,  and  the  priests" 
dwelling-place. 

High-warp  Tapestry.  Made  on  a  loom,  in 
which  the  warp  is  arranged  on  a  vertical  plane, 
as  the  Gobelins.  Loiv-warp  tapestry  is  made 
on  a  flat  loom,  as  at  Aubusson,  Beauvais,  and 
other  places.  It  is  made  more  rapidly,  and  is 
inferior  in  beauty  to  the  former. 

Hilaria.  A  great  Roman  festival  in  honour 
of  Cybele,  celebrated  at  the  vernal  equinox.  It 
consisted  chiefly  of  extravagant  merry-making 
to  celebrate  the  advent  of  spring. 

Hippocampus,  Gr.  and  R.  A  fabulous  animal, 
which  had  the  fore-quarters  of  a  horse  ending  in 
the  tail  of  a  dolphin.  [It  is  imitated  from  the 
little  "sea-horse"  of  the  Mediterranean,  now 
common  in  aquariums  ;  and  in  mural  paintings 
of  Pompeii  is  represented  attached  to  the  chariot 
of  Neptune.] 

Hippocentaur.  A  fabulous  animal,  composed 
of  a  human  body  and  head  attached  to  the 
shoulders  of  a  horse.     (See  also  Centaur.) 

Hippocervus,  Chr.  A  fantastic  animal,  half 
horse  and  half  stag  ;  it  personifies  the  pusillani- 
mous man  who  throws  himself  without  reflection 
into  uncertain  paths,  and  soon  falls  into  despair 
at  having  lost  himself  in  them. 

Hippocratia,  Gr.  Festivals  held  in  Arcadia 
in  honour  of  Neptune,  who,  by  striking  the 
earth  witli  his  trident,  had  given  birth  to  the 
horse. 

Hippodromus,  Gr.  and  R.     The  Greek  name 


for  an  arena  for  horse  and  chariot  races,  in  con- 
tradistinction to  the  stadium,  which  ser\'ed  for 
foot-racing.  Fig.  386  represents  the  hippodrome 
at  Olympia,  taken  from  Cell's  Itinerary  of  the 
Morea.  The  following  is  the  key  to  the  plan  : — 
I,  2,  and  3  are  carceres ;  A,  the  space  included 
between  the  stalls  or  carceres ;  B,  starting-place 
for  the  chariots ;  c,  the  colonnade  ;  D,  the 
arena;    E,    the    barrier;     F,  the  goal;    G,    the 


Fig.  386.  Ground-plan  of  a  Hippodrome. 

space  occupied  by  the  spectators.  [The  word 
was  also  applied  to  the  races  themselves.]  (See 
also  Circus.) 

Hippogryph.  A  mythical  animal  represented 
as  a  winged  horse  with  the  head  of  a  gyyphon. 

Hippopera,  Gr.  and  R.  (i7r7ro-7r7';po).  A 
saddle-bag   for  travellers  on   horseback.      (See 

ASCOPERA.) 

Hippotoxotes  (iViro-To^jTr/s).  A  mounted 
archer.  The  Syrians,  Persians,  Medes,  Greeks, 
and  Romans  had  mounted  archers  among  then- 
light  cavalry. 

Histrio.  An  actor.  The  Greek  dramas 
were  originally  represented  on  the  stage  by 
one  performer,  who  represented  in  succession 
the  different  characters.  /Eschylus  introduced 
a    second    and    a    third     actor.      The    actors 


were  all  amateurs,  and  it  was  not  until  a 
later  period  that  the  histrionic  profession  be- 
came a  speciality.  Soiihocles  and  .l^schylus  i 
both  probably  acted  their  own  plays.  The 
Ro.MAX  name  for  an  actor,  histrio,  was  formed 
from  the  Etruscan  /lister,  a  dancer.  The  earliest 
/lis/rio/ics  were  dancers,  and  performed  to  the 
music  of  a  flute  ;  then  Roman  youths  imitating  | 
them  introduced  jocular  dialogue,  and  this  was 
the  origin  of  the  drama.  After  the  organization 
of  the  theatres,  the  /listrioiics  were  subjected  to 
certain  disabilities  ;  they  were  a  despised  class, 
and  excluded  from  the  rights  of  citizenship. 
The  gi'eatest  of  liistrioncs  in  Rome  were  Roscius 
and  ^■Esopus,  who  realized  great  fortunes  by 
their  acting. 

Hobelarii,  Med.  Lat.     (See  Hoblers.) 
Hoblers,     A.S.       Feudal    tenants   bound   to 
serve  as  light  horsemen  in  times  of  invasion. 

Hob-nob,  O.  E.  (Saxon  habbaii,  to  have  ; 
nccbban,  not  to  have).  "  Hit  or  miss  ;"  hence 
a  common  invitation  to  reciprocal  drinking. 

Hock-day,  Hoke-day,  or  Hock  Tuesday.  A 
holiday  kept  to  commemorate  the  expulsion  of 
the  Danes.  It  was  held  on  the  second  Tues- 
day after  Easter,  //t?;/'/;/^ consisted  in  stopping 
the  highway  with  ropes,  and  taking  toll  of 
passers-by. 

Hocus-pocus.  Probably  a  profane  corrup- 
tion of  the  words  hoc  est  corpus  used  in  the 
Latin  mass. 

Holocaust.  A  sacrifice  entirely  consumed 
by  fire. 

Holosericum  (Gr.  o\ov,  all ;  irripiKov,  silk).  A 
textile  (?//  si//c. 

Holy  Bread,  Holy  Loaf,  or  Eulogia  (Lat. 
pants  I'CHcdicttis).  This  was  not  the  eucharistic 
bread  (which  was  used  in  the  wafer  form  for  the 
Communion),  but  ordinary  leavened  bread, 
blessed  by  the  priest  after  mass,  cut  up  into 
small  pieces  and  given  to  the  people. 

Holy-bread-skep,  O.  E.  A  vessel  for  con- 
taining the  holy  bread. 

Holy  Water  Pot,  Chr.  A  metal  vessel  fre- 
quently found  at  the  doors 
of  Roman  Catholic  churches, 
to  contain  the  consecrated 
water,  which  was  dispensed 
\\\\.\\  the  nsper^il/nin. 

Holy  Water  Sprinkler  or 
Morning  Star,  O.  E.  A 
military  club  or  flail  set  with 
spikes,  which  sprinkled  the 
blood  about  as  the  asper- 
gilhim  sprinkles  the  holy 
water. 

Holy  Water  Stone  or 
Stoup,  Chr.  A  stone  re- 
ceptacle placed  at  the  en- 
trance of  a  church  for  hold- 


Honeysuckle  Pattern.  A  common  Greek 
ornament,    fully    described  by  its  name.      (See 

Fl.EUKOX.) 

Honiton  Guipure.  Lace  was  made  in  Devon- 
shire, as  well  as  in  other  parts  of  England,  of 
silk  and  coarse  thread  until  1567,  when  the 
fine  thread  now  used  was  introduced,  it  is  said, 
by  Flemings,  who  had  escaped  from  the  persecu- 
tions of  the  Duke  of  Alva.  (See  Old  Devon- 
shire.) Honiton  lace  owes  its  great  reputa- 
tion to  the  sprigs  made  separately  on  a  pillow, 
and  afterwards  either  worked  in  with  the 
beautiful  pillow  net  or  sewn  on  it.  This  net 
was  made  of  the  finest  thread  from  Antwerp, 
the  price  of  which  in  1790  was  70/.  per  pound. 
(See  Mechlin  Lace,  iSth  century.)  Heath- 
coat's  invention,  however,  dealt  a  fatal  blow  to 
the   trade   of  the   net-makers,    and   since  then 


L^;V^?iil 


r^^^^^^^- 


Fig.  387.  Holy  Water  .  ,      ,     , 

Stone  (Renaissance),   mg  the  holy  water. 


Fig.  3S8.   Honiton  Guipuie. 

Honiton  lace  is  usually  made  by  uniting  the 
sprigs  on  a  pillow,  or  joining  them  with  a  needle 
by  various  stitches,  as  shown  in  the  engraving. 

Honour,  Legion  of.  Instituted  3rd  June, 
1S02,  by  Napoleon  I.  as  first  consul. 

Hoodman-blind.  Old  English  for  Blind- 
man's  Buff  (q.v. ). 

Hoods  (A.S.  Noci)  were  probably  introduced 
by  the  Normans.  They  are  constantly  repre- 
sented, with  great  variation  of  fashion,  in  illustra- 
tions of  the  nth  to  18th  century,  as  a  part  of 
the  costume  of  both  sexes.  They  were  finally 
displaced  by  caps  and  bonnets  in  the  reign  of 
George  II.    (See  Chaperon,  Cowl.) 

Hoops,  in  ladies'  dress,  were  introduced  in 
the   reign    of  Queen  Elizabeth,    displacing  the 


'7^ 


WORDS    USED   IX 


FARTHINGALE  ;  and  Were  finally  abandoned  in 
that  of  George  III. 

Hop-harlot,  O.  E.  A  very  coarse  coverlet 
I'or  beds. 

Horatia  Pila,  R.  A  pillar  erected  at  the 
west  extremity  of  the  Roman  forum  to  receive 
the  trophy  ol  the  spoils  of  the  three  Curiatii 
brought  back  by  Horatius. 

Horns.  A  portion  of  a  lady's  head-dress, 
mentioned  in  the  13th  century.  They  appear  to 
iiave  Ijeen  formeil  by  the  foldings  of  ihtiforgc/  or 
wiinplc,  and  a  disposition  of  the  hair  on  eaciiside 
of  tlie  head  into  the  form  of  rams'  horns.  For 
the  horned  head-ilress  of  the  15th  century,  see 
the  illustration  to  Coronet. 

Horologium.  (i)  Sun-dials  preceded  all 
other  instruments  for  the  measurement  of  time. 
The  gnoiium  or  stochcwn  of  the  Greeks  was  a 
perpendicular  staff  or  pillar,  the  shadow  of 
which  fell  upon  a  properly  marked  ground  ;  the 
polos  or  heliotropion  consisted  of  a  perpendicular 
staff,  in  a  basin  in  which  the  twelve  parts  of  the 
day  were  marked  by  lines.  (2)  The  cLpsydra 
was  a  hollow  globe,  with  a  short  neck,  and  holes 
in  the  bottom  ;  it  measured  time  by  the  escape 
of  water,  and  was  at  first  used  like  an  hour- 
glass to  regtdate  the  length  of  speeches  in  the 
Athenian  courts.  The  escape  of  water  was 
stopped  by  inserting  a  stopper  in  the  mouth, 
when  the  speaker  was  interrupted.  Smaller 
clepsydrata  made  of  glass  and  marked  with  the 
hours  were  used  in  families.  A  precisely  similar 
history  applies  to  the  hoivlogia  of  ROiME. 

Horreum  (dmiin.  horrcoiitvi),  R.  (i)  Lite- 
rally, a  place  in  which  ripe  fruits  were  kept  ;  a 
granary,  or  storehouse  for  grain  ;  hor7-eitm  piib- 
liciini  was  the  public  granary.  (2)  Any  store- 
house or  depot ;  horrea  subterranea,  cellars.  (3) 
It  was  applied  to  places  in  which  luorks  of  art 
were  kept,  and  Seneca  calls  his  library  a /icrrt'ww. 

Horse.  In  Christian  art,  the  emblem  of 
courage  and  generosity  ;  attribute  of  St.  Martin, 
St.  Maurice,  Si.  George,  and  others.  The 
Chinese  have  a  sacred  horse,  which  is  affirmed  to 
have  appeared  from  a  river  to  the  philosopher 
Fou-hi,  bearing  instruction  in  eight  diagrams 
of  the  characters  proper  to  express  certain  ab- 
stract ideas. 

Horse-shoe,  Arch.  A  form  of  the  stilted 
arch  elevated  beyond  half  the  diameter  of  the 
curve  on  which  it  is  described.     (See  Arch.) 

Hortus  (dimin.  horinlus),  R.  A  pleasure- 
garden,  park,  and  thence  a  kitchen  garden  ; 
horli pciisilts  witra  hanging  gardens.  The  most 
striking  features  of  a  Roman  garden  were  lines 
of  large  trees  planted  in  regular  order  ;  alleys  or 
walks  {ambulationes)  formed  by  closely  clipped 
hedges  of  bo.x,  yew,  cypress,  and  other  ever 
greens  ;  beds  of  acanthus,  rows  of  fruit-trees 
especially  of  vines,  with  statues,  pyramids, 
fountains,     and    summer-houses    (dicrtic).     The 


Romans  were  fond  of  the  art  of  cutting  and 
twisting  trees,  especially  box,  into  figines  of 
animals,  ships,  &C.  {ars  topiaria).  The  princi- 
pal garden-fiowers  seem  to  have  been  violets 
and  roses,  and  they  had  also  the  crocus,  nar- 
cissus, lily,  gladiolus,  iris,  poppy,  amaranth,  and 
others.  Conservatories  and  hot-houses  are 
frequently  mentioned  by  Martial.  An  orna- 
mental garden  was  also  called  viridarium,  and 
the  gardener  topiarius  or  viridarius.  The  com- 
mon name  for  a  gardener  is  villicus  or  cidtor 
hortorum.      (Consult  SniitlCs  Diet,  of  Ant. ^ 

Hospitium,  R.  {hospes,  a  guest).  A  general 
term  to  denote  any  place  in  which  a  traveller 
finds  shelter,  board,  and  lodging.  [The  word 
had  a  very  wide  meaning  of  hospitality,  regulated 
in  all  its  details  by  the  religious  and  social  and 
politic  sentiments  of  the  nations.] 

Hostia,  R.  {hostio,  to  strike).  A  victim  offered 
in  sacrifice. 

Hot  Cockles,  O.  E.  A  game  common  in  the 
Middle  Ages. 

Hot-houses,  O.  E.  The  name  for  Turkish 
baths  ;   1 6th  century. 

Houppeland,  O.  E.  A  very  full  loose  upper 
garment  with  large  hanging  sleeves ;  14th  century. 
It  was  probably  introduced  from  Spain,  and 
was  something  like  a  cassock. 

House.     (See  Domus.) 

Houseling  Bread,  O.  E.,  Chr.  (See  Singing 
Bread,  Huwsling  Bell.) 

Housia  or  Housse,  O.  E.  An  outer  garment, 
comliining  cloak  and  tunic  ;  a  tabard. 

Howsling  Bell,  O.  E.  The  bell  which  was 
nmg  before  the  Holy  Eucharist,  when  taken  to 
the  sick. 

Howve  (Saxon,  from  the  old  German  hoo/d). 
A  hood.  A  common  phrase  quoted  by  Chaucer, 
"  to  set  a  man's  ho7Cive,"  is  the  same  as  to  "  set 
his  cap,"  irap  him  or  cheat  him. 

Huacos.     (See  Guacas.) 

Huircas  or  Pinchas,  Peruv.  Subterranean 
aqueducts  of  the  ancient  Peruvians,  distinct 
from  the  barecac  or  open  conduits. 

HuUings  or  HuUyng.  Old  English  name 
for  hangings  for  a  hall,  &c. 

Humatio,  R.  [humo,  to  bury).  The  act  of 
burying,  and  thence  any  mode  of  interment 
whatever. 

Hume's  Permanent  White.     Sulphate  of 

BaRYTES  (q.v.). 

Humerale.     (See  Anabologium,  Amice.) 
Humettee,  Her.     Cut   short  at  the  extremi- 
ties. 

Hunting  Flask.  M.  Jacquemart  thinks  that 
that  represented  in  Fig.  3S9  may  be  reasonably 
attributed  to  Palissy.  It  is  glazed  in  green, 
and  diapered  with  little  flames  of  a  deeper 
shade.  Upon  the  body,  in  relief,  is  the  es- 
cutcheon of  the  celebrated  Anne  de  Mont- 
morency,    round  it   the  collar  of  St.    Michael, 


aiul   on  each   side   the   Constable's  swoid    sup- 


Fig. 


389.   Hunting  Flask  of  Jaspered  Ware, 
1554 — 1556.     Louvre  Museum. 


known  as  Poimenes  (the  Shepherds),  Mentioie 
Sati,  Asian  Shepherds,  and  even  Scourf^es,  from 
their  invasion  of  some  jiart  of  Eastern  Egypt. 

Hydra,  Clr.  (a  watcr-seri^ent).  A  hundred- 
headed  monster  of  Greek  mythology,  sprung, 
like  the  Chiman-a,  from  Typhon  and  Echidna ; 
he  was  killed  by  Hercules.  In  Heraldry  the 
hydra  is  represented  with  only  nine  heads.  The 
illustration  (Fig.  390)  is  of  the  device  adopted 
by  Curtio  Gonzaga,  an  Italian  poet,  to  symbolize 
the  constancy  of  his  love,  with  the  motto,  "  If  I 
kill  it,  more  strong  it  revives." 


ported  by  a  mailed  arm  and  the  motto  of  his 
house,  "A  Pianos"  (unwavering).  A  mask 
of  Italian  style  and  rayonnated  suns  complete 
the  decoration  of  this  curious  sealed  earthen- 
ware. 

Hurst,  Her.     A  clump  of  trees. 

Hurte,  Her.     A  blue  roundle. 

Hutch,  O.  E.  (Fr.  hiiche).  A  locker,  which 
generally  stood  at  the  foot  of  the  bed,  to  con- 
tain clothes  and  objects  of  value.  It  was  com- 
monly used  for  a  seat. 

Huvette,  Fr.     A  close  steel  skull-cap. 

Hyacinth,  (i)  A  precious  stone  of  a  violet 
colour.  (2)  The  colour  formed  of  red  with 
blue,  blue  predominating.  (3)  The  flower 
hyacinth  among  the  ancient  Greeks  was  the 
eml)lem  of  death. 

Hyacinthia,  Gr.  A  national  festival,  cele- 
brated annually  at  Amyclje  by  the  Amyclzeans 
and  Spartans,  in  honour  of  the  hero  Hyacinthus, 
who  was  accidentally  killed  by  Apollo  with  a 
quoit. 

Hyalotype  (D'aAoy,  glass,  and  tvttuu,  to  print). 
An  invention  for  printing  photographs  from  the 
negative  on  to  glass,  instead  of  paper. 

Hycsos,  Egyp.  (lit.  impure).  A  people 
of  unknown  origin,  nomad  tribes,  but  not 
savages,  as  has  hitherto  been  believed,  who 
came  from  Sinai,  Arabia,  and  Syria.     They  are 


Fig.  390.  Hydra  witli  seven  heads. 

Hydraletes,  Gr.  (i)  A  mill  for  grinding 
corn,  driven  by  water.  (2)  A  waterfall  or  cur- 
rent of  water. 

Hydraulis,  Gr.  (DSpauAiy).  A  water-organ. 
The  hydraulic  organ,  invented  about  B.C. 200,  was 
really  a  pneumatic  organ  ;  the  water  was  only 
used  to  force  the  air  through  the  p»ipes.  It  is 
represented  on  a  coin  of  Nero  in  the  British 
Museum.  Only  ten  pipes  are  given  to  it,  and 
there  is  no  indication  of  any  key-board.  It  had 
eight  stops,  and  consequently  eight  rows  of 
pipes  ;  these  were  partly  of  bronze,  and  partly 
of  reed.  It  continued  in  use  so  late  as  the  9th 
century  of  our  era. 

Hydria,  (]v.  A  large,  heavy  vessel,  used 
principally  for  holding  a  store  of  water.  It  is. 
represented  urn-shaped,  with  a  broad  base  and 
a  narrow  mouth,  sometimes  with  one  and  some- 
times with  two  handles  at  the  top,  and  smaller 
ones  on  the  belly.  The  name  is  applied  to  other 
pails  of  bronze  or  silver,  &c.    (Fig.  391.) 

Hydriaphoria,  Gr.  (water-bearing),  (i)  Fune- 
real ceremonies  performed  at  Athens  in  memory 
of  those  who  had  jierished  in  the  deluges  of 
Ogyges,  Deucalion,  &c.  (2)  A  service  exacted 
from  married  alien  women  in  Athens  by  the 
female  citizens,  when  they  walked  in  the  gi-eat 
procession  at  the  Panathenaic  feasts,  and  the 
former  carried  vessels  of  water  for  them. 


174 


WORDS    USED   IN 


Hydroceramic  (vessels),  Gr.  Vessels  made 
of  a  porous  clay,  in  which  liquids  were  put  for 
the  purpose  of  cooling  them  ;  they  were  a  kind 
of  alcarazas. 


Fig.  391.    Hydria,  or  Water-jug,  in  black  glaze. 

Hydroscope.  Another  name  for  the  clepsydra. 
(See  IIoROLOGiUM. ) 

Hypaethral,  Gr.  and  R.  (lit.  under  the  sky, 
or  Jin  the  open  air).     The  term  was  applied  to 


any  building,  especially  a  temple,  the  cella  of 
which  had  no  roof.  On  the  roofs  of  Egyptian 
temples,  hypjiethral  temples  are  arranged  with 
regard  to  astronomical  observations,  by  which 
the  calendar  was  regulated. 


Fig.  393.  Hypocausis  of  i  Roman  villa  at  Tusculum. 

Hypaethrum,  Gr. ,  and  R.  A  grating  or 
danstra  placed  over  the  principal  door  of  a 
temple  for  the  purpose  of  admitting  light  into  a 
part  of  the  cella.  Fig.  392  shows  one  of  the 
bronze  doors  of  the  Pantheon  at  Rome,  with 
its  hypathrum. 

Hyperthyrum,  Gr.  and  R.  (over  the  door). 
A  frieze  and  cornice  arranged  and  decorated  in 
various  ways  for  the  decoration  of  the  lintel  of  a 
door. 

Hypocastanum.    Greek  for  Chesnut  Brown 

(q.v.). 


Fig.  3y2.    llyp.Llln-iiii 


Fig.  394.  Hypocausis  discovered  at  Paris. 

Hypocaust,  Gr.  and  R.  (yird-zcauo-js  and 
v-K6-Kav(nov).  A  furnace  with  flues  running 
underneath  the  floor  of  an  apartment  or  bath, 
for  heating  the  air.  Fig.  393  represents  the 
sectional  elevation  of  a  bath-room  discovered 
in  a  Roman  villa  at  Tusculum.  Fig.  394  repre- 
sents a  hypocattsis  discovered  at  Paris  in  the  old 
Rue  ()e  Constantine,  near  Notre  Dame. 

Hypogeum,  Aixh.  A  building  under-ground  ; 
a  sepulchral  vault.  They  form  a  principal  pan 
of  Egyptian  architecture  of  every  period.     The 


Greek  term  is  a  synonym  of  the  Latin  CoNDi- 
TORIUM  (q.v.) 

Hyporchema,  Gr.  A  lively  dance,  accom- 
panied by  a  mimic  performance,  at  the  festivals 
of  Apollo  among  the  Dorians.  A  chorus  of 
singers  danced  round  the  altars,  and  others  acted 
comic  or  playful  scenes. 


Hypotrachelium  or  Cincture,  Arch.  Tlie 
part  of  the  Doric  capital  included  between  the 
astragal  and  tlie  lower  annulets  or  fillets. 

Hysteria,  Gr.  (from  Is,  a  pig).  Greek  festi- 
vals, in  which  swine  were  sacrificed  in  honour 
of  Venus. 


I. 


Ich  Dien.  I  serve.  The  popular  belief  that 
Edward  the  Black  Prince  adopted  this  motto 
and  the  "Prince  of  Wales's  feathers,"  at  the 
battle  of  Cressy,  from  the  blind  King  of  Bohe- 
mia, is  not  sustained  by  investigation.  It  was 
at  the  battle  of  Poitiers  that  he  first  adopted 
this  crest,  joining  to  the  family  badge  the  old 
English  word  /c  den  (Theyn),  "I  serve,"  in 
accordance  with  the  words  of  the  Apostle, 
"The  heir,  while  he  is  a  child,  differeth  nothing 
from  a  servant."  {Mrs.  Palliser ;  Historic  De- 
vices. ) 

Ichnography.  The  art  of  making  maps  or 
plans. 

Iconic  {^z.  statues'),  Gr.  and  R.  {ilnoviKa,  i.e.) 
Portrait-statues  ;  especially  statues  raised  in 
honour  of  athletes  who  had  been  victorious  in 
the  contests. 

Iconoclasts,  Chr.  Image-breakers.  The 
name  originated  in  the  8th  or  9th  century  in 
the  Eastern  Empire,  from  which  finally  Theo- 
philus  banished  all  the  painters  and  statuaries 
in  S32.  It  has  been  since  generally  applied  to 
those  who,  at  various  outbreaks  of  fanaticism, 
have  destroyed  ecclesiastical  objects  of  art,  and 
is  especially  applicable  to  the  disciples  of  Savo- 
narola in  1497,  and  to  the  Puritans  of  Scotland 
and  England  during  the  civil  wars. 

Iconography  (i.  e.  image-description).  The 
science  that  deals  with  statues  and  images, 
bas-reliefs,  busts,  medals,  &c.  Thus  we  have 
an  Egyptian,  Greek,  Roman,  mediceval  icono- 
graphy, &c.  The  best  work  on  this  science  is 
' '  Christian  Iconography  ;  or  the  History  of 
Christian  Art  in  the  Middle  Ages,"  by  M.  Di- 
dron.  The  second  volume  contains  a  manual  on 
the  subject  by  a  painter  of  the  I2th  century. 

Iconostasis,  Chr.  The  screen  of  the  chancel 
in  ancient  churches,  so  called  because  it  was 
there  that  images  (elfccJi'esi  were  displayed  for 
the  adoration  of  the  faithful. 

Ideal  and  £eal.  "  Any  work  of  art  which 
represents,  not  a  material  object,  but  the  mental 
conception  of  a  material  object,  is  in  the  pri- 
mary sense  of  the  word  ideal ;  that  is  to  say,    it 


represents  an  idea,  not  a  thing.  Any  work  of 
art  which  represents  or  realizes  a  material  object 
is,  in  the  primary  sense  of  the  term,  un-ideal." 
{Modern  Painters,  vol.  ii.  chap.  13. )  In  a 
practical  sense  an  ideal  picture  or  statue  (e.  g. 
the  Medici  Venus)  is  not  the  portrait  of  an 
individual  model,  but  the  putting  together  of 
selected  parts  from  several  models.  Raphael 
said,  "To  paint  a  beautiful  woman  I  must  see 
several,  and  I  have  also  recourse  to  a  certain 
ideal  in  my  mind;"  and  Guido  said,  "The 
beautiful  and  pure  idea  must  be  in  the  mind,  and 
then  it  is  no  matter  what  the  model  is." 

Ides,  Idus,  R.  One  of  the  monthly  divisions 
in  the  Roman  year  ;  it  fell  on  the  15th  in 
months  of  thirty-one  days,  excepting  January, 
August,  and  December  ;  in  months  with  only 
twenty-nine  or  thirty  days,  the  ides  fell  on 
the  13th.  The  kalends  are  the  first  of  every 
month  ;  the  nones  are  the  7th  of  March,  May, 
July,  and  October,  and  the  5th  of  all  the  other 
months  ;  and  the  ides  always  fall  eight  days 
later  than  the  nones ;  and  the  days  are  reckoned 
backwards  :  thus  the  13th  of  January  is  the  ides 
of  January,  and  the  14th  of  January  the  19th  day 
ante  diem  (or  before)  the  February  kalends. 
The  morrow  of  the  ides  was  looked  upon  as  an 
unlucky  day  (nefas). 

lUapa,  Peruv.  One  of  the  divisions  of  the 
temple  of  the  Sun  {Inti)  among  the  ancient 
Peruvians,  so  called  because  it  was  dedicated  to 
the  thunder  {Illapa).     (See  Inti.) 

Illumination.  This  art  originated  simply  in 
the  application  of  minium  (or  red  lead)  as  a 
colour  or  ink,  to  decorate  a  portion  of  a  piece  of 
writing,  the  general  text  of  which  was  in  black 
ink.  The  term  was  retained  long  after  the 
original  red  lead  was  superseded  by  the  more 
brilliant  cinnabar,  or  vermilion.  Ornaments  of 
all  kinds  were  gradually  added,  and  the  term  in- 
cludes the  practice  of  every  kind  of  ornamental 
or  ornamented  writing.  From  the  3rd  century 
Greek  and  Roman  specimens  exist  of  golden 
lettering  upon  purple  or  rose-coloured  vellum, 
and  the  art  prevailed  wherever  monasteries  were 


176 


WORDS   USED  IN 


founded.  Anglo-Saxon  and  Irish  MSS.  of  the 
6th  and  7th  centuries  exhibit  a  marvellous  per- 
fection, characterized  by  wonderfully  minute  in- 
terlacements of  the  patterns.  Nearly  all  the  best 
specimens  of  illumination  were  destroyed  on  the 
dissolution  of  monasteries.  (Consult  "  The 
Art  of  Illuminating"  by  IF.  J?.  Timvis.) 

Imagines  a  vestir,  It.  Wooden  images  set 
up  in  Italian  churches,  with  the  heads  and  ex- 
tremities finished,  and  the  bodies  covered  with 
real  drapery. 

Imagines  Majorum,  R.  Portraits  of  ancestors, 
or  family  portraits  ;  they  usually  consisted  of 
waxen  masks,  which  were  kept  in  the  cases  of  an 
armarium  or  in  an  adicula ;  or  small  statues 
which  were  earned  before  the  corpse  in  a 
funeral  procession. 

Imbrex,  R.  A  ridge-tile  of  semi-cylindrical 
form,  and  thus  distinct  from  the  tegiila,  which 
was  a  flat  tile.  It  was  called  imbrex  from  its 
collecting  the  rain  (imber^.  Jnibrex  siipinus\\o.'-> 
the  name  given  to  a  channel  or  gutter  formed  of 
ridge-tiles  laid  on  their  backs. 

Imbrications.  Architectural  ornaments  which 
take  the  form  of  fishes'  scales,  or  of  seg- 
mental ridge-tiles  (imbrices)  which  overlap ; 
whence  the  name  given  to  them. 

Imbricatus,  R.  Covered  with  flat  and  ridge- 
tiJes  itt-guhe  and  imbrices). 

Imbrothered,  O.  E.     P2mbroidered. 

Imbrued,  Her.     Stained  with  blood. 

Immissarium,  R.  (tmmitto,  to  send  into).  A 
stone  basin  or  trough  ;  any  receptacle  built  upon 
the  ground  for  the  purpose  of  containing  water 
supplied  from  the  castellum. 

Impale,  Her.  To  conjoin  two  separate  coats 
of  arms  on  one  shield  (as  a  husband's  and 
wife's,  &c.).  The  device  of  Queen  Mary  (Fig. 
395)  is  the  impalement  of  the  double  Tudor 
rose  with  the  arms  of  Catherine  of  Aragon. 

Impannata,  It.     Oiled  paper. 

Impasto,  It.  The  thickness  of  the  body  of 
pigment  laid  on  to  a  painting.  Rembrandt, 
Salvator  Rosa,  and  others  used  a  thick  impasto ; 
Raphael,  Guido,  and  others,  one  extremely  thin. 

Imperial.  Anything  adapted  by  its  excel- 
lence for  royal  uses,  or  distinguished  in  size,  is 
generally  so  called,  (i)  O.  E.  A  sort  of  pre- 
cious silk,  wrought  partly  with  gold,  used  by 
royalty  and  for  ecclesiastical  purposes,  brought 
to  England  from  Greece  in  the  12th  century. 
(2)  The  largest  kind  of  slate  for  roofing. _  (3) 
Paper  27  inches  by  23.  (4)  Sp.  The  roof  of  a 
coach  ;  hence,  in  English,  a  trunk  made  to  fit  the 
top  of  a  carriage.  (5)  Russian.  A  gold  coin  of 
10  silver  roubles. 

Impluviata,  R.  A  cloak  of  square  shape 
and  brown  in  colour,  worn  as  a  protection  against 
rain. 

Impluvium,  R.  (i)  A  cistern  on  the  floor  of 
the  atrium  in  a  Roman  house,  into  which   the 


rain  was  conducted.  (2)  The  aperture  in  the 
roof  of  the  atrium.     (See  DoMUS. ) 

Impost,  Arch.  The  horizontal  mouldings  on 
a  pillar,  from  which  an  arch  is  projected. 

In  antis.  Arch.  A  name  given  to  those 
temples,  the  pronaos  or  entrance  porch  ot 
which  was  formed  by  two  antas  or  pilasters, 
and  two  columns.    (See  Antte.) 


f"iS-  395-  Device  of  Philip  and  Mary.     Arms  of  Tudor  and 
Aragou  Impaled  (R ayonnant) . 

Inauguratio,  R.  Generally  the  term  ap- 
plies to  the  ceremony  by  which  the  sanction 
of  the  gods  was  invoked  upon  any  decree  of 
man,  such  as  the  admission  of  a  new  member 
into  a  corporation  or  college,  or  the  choice  of 
the  site  of  a  theatre,  city,  or  temple,  &c. 

Inaures,  R.  {auris,  the  ear ;  Gr.  enotion). 
Earrings.  Among  the  Greeks  and  Romans 
they  were  worn  only  by  women.  (See  Ear- 
rings.) 

Incensed,    Inflamed,    Her.      On   fire.      (See 

FOCULUS.) 

Incisura,  R.  (incido,  to  cut).  Hatchings 
made  by  means  of  a  brush. 

Incitega,  R.  A  kind  of  tripod  or  stand  for 
vessels  rounded  or  pointed  at  the  bottom. 

Incle,  Inkle.  A  sort  of  tape  used  as  a 
trimming  to  a  dress. 

Incrustation.  The  word  has  a  general  sig- 
nification, "a  coat  of  one  material  applied  to 
another."     Technically  it  should  be  applied  to 


marble  alone  ;  thus  a  thin  slab  of  marble  is 
inrnisUi/  upon  a  body  of  slate  or  stone,  metals 
are  DAMASCENED,  fused  pigments  are  enamel, 
and  woods  are  veneered. 

Incubones,  R.  Genii  who  were  supposed  to 
guard  treasure  hidden  under  the  earth. 

Incunabula,  (i)  Swaddling-clothes  for  in- 
fants. (2)  Ancient  specimens  of  printing  are 
so  called. 

Incus,  K.  {iinudo,  to  beat  on).     An  anvil. 

Fig.  396.  Indented. 

Indented,  Her.  One  of  the  dividing  and 
border  lines.     It  resembles  the  teeth  of  a  saw. 

Indian  Art.  The  study  of  the  forms  and 
principles  of  Indian  Art  is  indispensable  to  an 
appreciation  of  the  true  principles  of  ornamental 
design  in  general.  The  excellence  of  Indian 
manufactures  is  due  to  the  system  of  Guilds 
rigidly  adhered  to  for  ages,  which  has  resulted 
in  the  production  of  a  race  of  hereditary  crafts- 
men unequalled  for  their  skill  and  taste  in 
execution  and  design.  Their  pottery  is  dis- 
tinguished above  all.  others  for  purity  and 
simplicity  of  form,  obvious  fitness  to  purpose, 
and   individual  freedom    of  design.     Its  origin 


Fig.  397.  Printed  Calico  (Indian)  illustrati 
the  treatment  of  flowers. 


antedates  the  Institutes  of  Manu,  and  is  lost  in 
antiquity.  Indian  gold  and  metal  work  is  sup- 
posed by  Dr.  Birdwood  to  owe  its  origin  to  Greek 
influence,  but  has  acquired  in  its  development  a 
purely  Oriental  character.  The  Hindoos  exhibit 
the  greatest  skill  in  the  Oriental  arts  of  damas- 
cening and  enamelling,  as  well  as  in  lacquer  work 
and  wood  and  ivory  carving.  All  their  designs  are 
deeply  symbolical,  and  closely  interwoven  with 
the  primitive  religious  impulses  of  humanity. 
India  was  probably  the  first  country  in  which 
the  art  of  weaving  was  brought  to  perfection, 
and  the  fame  of  its  cloudy  gauzes  and  its  gold 
and  silver  brocades  is  more  ancient  than  the 
Code  of  Manu.  •  The  art  is  repeatedly  men- 
tioned in  the  Vedas.  The  purity  of  Indian  Art  is 
endangered  in  modern  days  by  the  introduction 
of  machine-made  goods  and  European  design. 
(Consult  Dr.  Bird-MOod^s  Handbook  of  Indian 
Art?, 

Indian  Ink  or  Chinese  Ink.  A  black  pig- 
ment for  water-colour  painting,  made  from  oil 
and  lamp-black,  thickened  with  some  vegetable 
gum,  and  scented  with  musk  or  camphor. 
Many  cheap  and  poor  imitations  of  it  are  made. 

Indian  Ochre.  A  red  pigment.  (See  Red 
Ochres.) 

Indian  Paper.  A  delicate  yellowish  paper 
used  for  proof  impressions  in  engraving.  A 
Japanese  paper  of  a  similar  quality  is  now  fre- 
quently used. 

Indian  Ked  or  Persian  Red.  A  purple  earth 
commonly  sold  under  this  name  is  the  peroxide 
of  iron.  It  is  of  a  deep  hue,  opaque  and 
permanent,  and  useful  both  in  oil  and  water- 
colour  painting  ;  mixed  with  white  it  forms 
valuable  flesh-tints.  {Fairholt.)  (See  OCHRE, 
Amatita.) 

Indian  Rubber,  Caoutchouc.  An  elastic 
gum  ;  the  sap  of  the  Siphonia  elastka,  and 
several  of  the  fig  tribe  in  India  and  South 
America.  It  was  brought  into  use  early  in  the 
1 8th  century.  In  its  natural  state  it  is  of  a  pale 
yellow  brown. 

Indian  Yellow.  A  golden  yellow  pigment 
and  dye,  said  to  be  procured  from  the  urine  of 
the  cow,  or  else  from  camel's  dung.  It  is  used 
in  water-colour  painting,  but  is  not  usually 
permanent.  In  some  parts  of  the  East  it  is 
called  Purree. 

Indigetes  (sc.  Di),  R.  Indigenous  gods. 
Heroes  who  were  deified  and  worshipped  as 
protectors  of  a  place.  The  term  is  derived 
from  inde  and  genitus,  meaning  born  in  that 
place.  yEneas,  Faunus,  Romulus,  &c.,were  indi- 
genous gods.  _   •' 

Indigo.  A  deep  blue  pigment  prepared  from 
the  leaves  and  branches  of  a  small  shrub  ;  it  is 
transparent,  tolerably  permanent,  and  mixes  well 
with  other  pigments,  forming  excellent  greens  and 
purples.    A  deep  brown,  known  as  indigo  brown, 

N 


178 


WORDS  USED  IN 


and  a  deep  red  resin,  known  as  indigo  7rd,  may 
be  extracted  by  purifying  the  blue  colour  obtained 
from  this  dye.  The  old  blue  dye  of  the  abori- 
ginal Britons  was  produced  from  luoad  (isatis 
tinctoria).     {FairhoU.)     (See  Intense  Blue.) 

Inescutcheon,  Her.  An  heraldic  shield 
borne  as  a  charge. 

Inferiae,  R.  Sacrifices  or  offerings  made  at 
the  tomiis  of  the  dead. 

Infiammati.  A  literary  society  of  Padua  in 
Italy.  Device  :  Hercules  upon  the  funeral  pile 
on  Mount  Gita.  Motto  :  '■'■  Arso  il  mortal  al del 
m'  aiidru  /'  ch'mo" 

Infocati.  One  of  the  Italian  literary  societies. 
Device  :  a  bar  of  hot  iron  on  an  anvil,  beaten  by 
two  hammers.  Motto:  "  In  quascuiiquc  formas" 

In  Foliage,  Her.     Bearing  leaves. 

Infrenatus  (sc.  eques),  R.  A  horseman  who 
rides  without  a  bridle  (frenuiti),  controlling  his 
horse  solely  by  the  voice  or  the  pressure  of  the 
knees  upon  its  side.     (Fig.  282.) 

Infula,  R.  A  flock  of  red  and  white  wool 
worn  by  priestesses  and  vestals  and  other  Romans 
on  festive  or  solemn  occasions.  In  sacrificing 
also  an  infula  was  tied  with  a  white  band 
{vitta)  upon  the  victim.     Hence— 

Infulae,  Chr.  Ribands  hanging  from  a 
bishop's  mitre. 

In  Glory,  In  Splendour,  Her.  The  sun 
irradiated. 

Inlaying.  Inserting  ornaments  in  wood-work 
for   decorative   furniture.     (See   BouLE,  Mar- 

QUKTRY.) 

In  Lure,  Her.  Wings  conjoined,  with  their 
tips  drooping. 

Inoa.  Greek  festivals  in  honour  of  Ino,  esp. 
on  the  Corinthian  Isthmus  ;  they  consisted  of 
contests  and  sacrifices.      (See  Matralia.) 

In  Pretence,  Her.  Placed  upon,  and  in 
front  of. 

In  Pride,  Her.  Having  the  tail  displayed,  as 
a  peacock's.     The   illustration  is  the  device  of 


Fig.  398.  I'c.iLOLk  in  pride 


Joan  of  Castile  :   "A  peacock,  in  his  pride,  upon 
the  terrestrial  globe."     (Fig.  39S. ) 

Insensati  of  Perugia.  One  of  the  Italian 
literary  academies.  Their  device  was  a  flock  of 
cranes,  arranged  in  order,  flying  across  the  sea, 
each  with  a  stone  in  its  foot  and  sand  in  its 
mouth.  Mottoes,  "  Vel  cum  po)idere^\  (even 
with  this  weight),  or  "  Iter  tutissimiim,"  in 
allusion  to  Pliny's  statement  that  the  cranes 
used  stones  and  sand  for  ballast,  "wherewith 
they  fly  more  steadily  and  endure  the  wind." 

Insignia,  R.  {in,  and  sigiium,  a  mark). 
Generally,  any  object  which  serves  as  a  mark 
or  ornament  for  distinguished  persons  ;  a  cere- 
monial badge,'  a  badge  6f  office,  &c.  (See 
Ensigns.) 

Insubulum,  R.  A  weaver's  beam  or  roller, 
round  which  he  rolled  the  cloth  as  it  was  made. 
Insula,  R.  A  house,  or  block  of  houses, 
having  a  free  space  all  round  them.  [Under 
the  ehiperors  the  word  dointis  meant  any  house, 
detached  or  otherwise,  where  a  family  lived ; 
and  insula  meant  a  hired  lodging.] 

Intaglio,  It.  A  stone  in  which  the  en- 
graved subject  is  sunk  beneath  the  surface,  and 
thus  distinguished  from  a  cameo,  which  is 
engraved  in  relief. 

Intaglio-relievato(It. ),  ox  cavo-relievo.  Sunk- 
relief,  in  which  the  work  is  recessed  within  an 
outline,  but  still  raised  in  flat  relief,  not  pro- 
jecting above  the  surface  of  the  slab;  as  seen 
in  the  ancient  Egyptian  carvings. 

Intense  Blue.;  A  preparation  of  indigo,  very 
durable  and  transparent. 
Intense  Madder  Purple.  (See  Madder.) 
Intercolumniation,  Arch.  The  space  be- 
tween two  columns.  This  space  varies  accord- 
ing to  the  orders  of  architecture  and  the  taste 
of  the  architect.  According  as  the  space  is 
greater  or  less  between  the  columns  of  a  temple, 
the  latter  is  called  aerostyle,  eustyle,  systyle,  and 
pycnostylc.  Generally  speaking,  in  the  monu- 
ments of  antiquity,  whatever  be  the  intercolum- 
niation adopted,  the  space  comprised  between 
the  two  columns  which  face  the  door  of  the 
building  is  wider  than  tlie  intercolumniation  at 
the  sides. 

Intermetium,  R.  The  long  barrier  running 
down  tile  arena  of  a  circus  between  the  two 
goals  {iiui,c).     (See  Meta.) 

Intermodillions,  Arch.  The  space  included 
between  two  modillions  (projecting  brackets  in 
the  Corinthian  order).  This  space  is  regular, 
and  often  decorated  with  various  ornaments.  In 
the  Romano- Byzantine  and  Renaissance  styles, 
modillions  are  often  united  by  arcades. 

Intertignium,  R.  The  space  between  the 
tie-beams  {/ixua)  in  the  wood-work  of  a  roof. 

Interula,  R.  (inferior,  inner).  An  under- 
tunic ;  a  kind  of  flannel  chemise  worn  by  both 
men  and  women. 


Intestinum  (opus),  R.  [i/i/us,  within).  Tlie 
inner  fittings  or  work  of  any  kind  in  the  inside 
of  a  house,  and  thence  wood-work,  Joinery. 


Iodine  Yellow.     A  very    bright  yellow    pig- 
ment, very  liable  to  change. 


Fig. 


399.  Part  of  the  Facade  of  the  Peruvian  temple 
Inti-huasi. 


Inti  or  Punchau,  Peruv.  The  Sun  or  supreme 
god,  inferior  deities  being  called  coiwpa  and 
canopa.  The  temple  of  the  Sun  was  called 
Inti-lmasi  (house  of  the  Sun)  ;  it  comprised 
seven  principal  divisions  ;  the  inti  or  sanctuary, 
situated  in  the  centre  of  the  temple  ;  the  second 
division  was  called  mama-quilla,  from  the  fact 
of  its  being  dedicated  to  the  moon,  which  was 
thus  named  ;  the  third  was  dedicated  to  the 
stars,  called  mj////;',-  the  fourth  to  the  thunder, 
and  called  illapa  ;  the  fifth  to  the  rainbow,  and 
called  chcichi ;  the  si.\th  division  was  occupied 
by  the  chief  priest  {liuilacnvia) ;  the  seventh  and 
last  division  formed  the  dwelling  of  the  priests. 

Intronati  of  Siena.  One  of  the  Italian  lite- 
rary academies.  Their  device  was  a  gourd  for 
containing  salt,  with  the  motto,  "  Mdiora 
latent"  (the  better  part  is  hidden). 

Iodine  Scarlet  {pure  scarlet).  A  pigment 
more  brilliant  than  vermilion,  very  susceptible 
to  metallic  agency. 


Fig.  400.  Ionic  capital. 
From  the  Ertchtheium,  Athens 


Ionic,  Arch.  One  of  the  orders  of  Grecian 
architecture,  distinguished  principally  by  the 
urnaments  of  its  Capital,  which  are  spiral  and 
are  called  Volutes,  four  in  number.  The  Ionic 
Shaft  is  about  nine  diameters  high,  including 
the  Base  (which  is  half  a  diameter)  and  the 
C.\riTAL,  to  the  bottom  of  the  volute.  The 
Pedestal  is  a  little  taller  and  more  ornamented 
than  the  Doric.  The  Bases  used  are  very 
various.  The  Attic  base  is  very  often  used, 
and,  with  an  astragal  added  above  the  upper 
torus,  makes  a  beautiful  and  appropriate  base 
for  the  Ionic.  The  Cornices  are  (i)  plain 
Grecian,  or  (2)  the  dentil  cornice,  or  (3)  the 
nwdillon  cornice.  The  Ionic  shaft  may  be 
fluted  in  twenty-four  semicircular  flutes  with 
fillets  between  them.  The  best  Ionic  example 
was  the  temple  on  the  Ilissus  at  Athens.  The 
temple  of  Fortuna  Virilis  at  Rome  is  an  inferior 
specimen.     (See  also  Figs.  69,  1S4.) 

Irish  Cloth,  white  and  red,  in  the  reign  of 
King  John  was  much  used  in  England. 

Iron.  Indian  red,  Venetian  red,  Afars  red, 
J/ars  orange,  Mars  yelloio  are  all  coloured  by 
iron  (see  Mars),  and  are  valuable  for  their 
great  durability.     (See  METALLURGY.) 

Irradiated,  Her.  Surrounded  by  rays  of 
light. 

Iseia,  Gr.  and  R.  ("lo-tm).  Festivals  in 
honour  of  Isis.  Among  the  Romans  they  de- 
generated into  mere  licentiousness,  and  were 
abolished  by  the  senate. 

Iselastici  Ludi,  Gr.  and  R.  Athletic  con- 
tests which  gave  the  victor  the  right  of  return- 
ing to  his  native  city  in  a  chariot  (ejVeAouj'eij')  ; 
whence  the  name  iselastici.  These  contests 
formed  part  of  the  four  great  games  of  Greece, 
viz.  the  Olympic,  Pythian,  Isthmian,  and  Xemean 
games. 

Isodomos  or  Isodomum,  Gr.  and  R.  (tV($5o/uos, 
i.  e.  equal  course).  A  structure  built  in  equal 
courses,  that  is,  in  such  a  way  that  the  surface 


N  2 


I  So 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Fig.  401.  Ivory  carving.     Sword-hilt  of  the  i6th  century. 


each  stone  is  of  one  uniform  size,  and  that  the 
joints  of  one  layer  are  adjusted  with  those  of 
another  so  as  to  correspond  symmetrically. 


/'// 

'/-'/^ 

'/ 

'"A. 

/V-/^/ 

/  /7T- 

/- 

'Mi 

/] 

Pljil  IIMPll)l!fill| 

mm^mw^ 

ijupi 

m 

l.  ■ 

"  •  1"  ^l'" 

■^  ■ "" 

-]  ''iiiiil 

. 

■'";■'■,■ 

'    1  ■■  -  ' 

!■-- 

P5  "^ 

^ 

:--,^J.:.l- 

.;,:  ,1:  ::L: 

-■3i 

Fig.  400  a.  Isodomum  opus. 


Isokephaleia  (Gr.  iVos,  equal  ;  Ke4>a.\h,  head). 
A  rule  in  Greek  sculpture  by  which  the  heads  of 
all  the  figures  on  a  bas-relief  were  of  the  same 
height  from  the  ground. 

l;ometiical  Perspective,  used  for  representing 
a.  bird's-eye  view  of  a  place,  combines  the 
advantages  of  a  ground-plan  and  elevation  ; 
only  the  lines  of  the  base  are  made  to  converge, 
leaving  the  whole  figure  cubical,  and  without 
the  expression  of  distance  from  the  point  of  sight. 


Ispahan  Tiles,  of  the  period  of  Shah- 
Abbas —  1 6th  century — are  remarkable  for 
exquisite  design. 

Italian  Earth.  Burnt  Roman  ochre; 
resembles  Venetian  red  in  colour ;  and, 
mixed  with  white,  yields  valuable  flesh- 
tints.    (Fair/iolt.) 

Italian  Pink,  or  yeUoiu  lake.  A  trans- 
parent bright-coloured  pigment,  liable  to 
change.     (See  Yrllow  Lake,  Pinks.) 

Italian  Varnish.  A  mixture  of  white 
wax  and  linseed  oil,  used  as  a  vehicle  in 
painting.  It  has  good  consistency,  flows 
freely  from  the  pencil,  and  is  useful  for 
glazing. 

Ivory  Black.  A  pigment  prepared  by 
heating  ivory  shavings  in  an  iron  cylinder  ; 
when  from  bone,  it  is  called  bone  black 
(q.v.).  The  real  ivoiy  black  is  a  fine, 
transparent,  deep-toned  pigment,  e.xtremely 
valuable  in  oil  and  water-colour  painting. 
The  bone  black  (commonly  sold  as  ivory 
black)  is  much  browner. 

Ivory  Carving.  This  art,  in  consider- 
able perfection,  was  known  to  prehistoric 
man  at  the  period  of  the  so-called  stone 
age.  Egyptian  and  Assyrian  specimens  of 
the  art  are  of  a 
date  at  least  as 
early  as  that  of 
Moses.  From  the 
year  IChdo  B.C. 
down  to  the  Chris- 
tian era,  there 
was  a  constant 
succession  of 
artists  in  ivory  in 
the  western 

Asiatic     countries, 

in       Egypt,       in 

Greece,     and      in 

Italy.     P'rom   the  time 

of  Augustus,    ivory 

carving       shared       in 

the      general      decline 

of  art.     Increasing   in 

number   as  they  come 

nearer  to   the   Middle 

Ages,  we  can  refer  to 

carved  ivories  of  every 

century,    preserved    in 

museums    in    England 

and  abroad.     The  most 

important  ivories  up  to 

the  7th  centurv  are  the 

con?,\x\a.x  diptychs,  origi- 
nally a  favourite  form 

of  presents  from  newly- 
appointed    consuls    to 

eminent  persons  ;  sub-      pjg.  ^^^  i^^^  carving. 

sequently   adapted    to    Spoon  of  the  i6th  century. 


Chr 
the 


istian  uses,  or  as  weddini^  presents,  &c.     In 
Miildle  Ages,  from  the  8th  to  the  i6th  cen- 


Fig.  403.  Ivory  carving,  15th  century, 
tury,  the  use  of  ivory  was  adopted  for  general 


purposes.  The  favourite  subjects  of  the  carv- 
ings are  those  drawn  from  the  romances  of  the 
Middle  Ages— especially  the  romance  of  the 
Rose  — and  in  the  15th  century,  scenes  of 
domestic  life,  illustrating  the  dress,  armour, 
and  manners  and  customs  of  the  day.  Combs 
of  every  date,  from  the  Roman  and  Anglo- 
Saxon  period,  and  earlier,  are  found  in  British 
graves.  In  short,  from  the  time  when  the  first 
prehistoric  carvings  of  antediluvian  animals 
were  made  to  the  present,  every  age  of  human 
civilization  appears  to  be  more  or  less  fully 
illustrated  in  carvings  upon  ivory  and  bone. 
(See  also  Chessmen.)  The  earliest  material 
was  found  in  the  tusks  of  the  mammoth  :  from 
Iceland  we  have  beautiful  carvings  of  the  7th 
century  in  the  teeth  of  the  walrus.  Fossil  tusks 
of  the  mammoth  are  found  in  great  quantities 
in  Siberia,  and  are  almost  the  only  material  of 
the  ivoiy-turner's  work  in  Russia.  African  and 
Asiatic  elephant  ivory  are  the  best,  and  differ, 
the  former,  when  newly  cut,  being  of  a  mellow, 
warm,  transparent  tint.  Asiatic  ivory  tends  to 
become  yellow  by  exposure.  A  fine  specimen 
of  carving  in  ivory  is  given  in  Fig.  403  from 
a  Mirror-case  of  the  15th  century.  (See 
also  Fig.  185,  and  illustrations  to  Pyx,  Trip- 
tych, &c. ) 

Ivy,  Chr.     The  symbol  of  eternal  life. 

Iwbwb,  Celt.  The  ancient  military  cry, 
which  has  given  name  to  many  places  ;  as  Cwm 
Iwbwb,  in  Wales,  the  Jujupania  of  Ptolemy, 
{Meyrick.) 

Izeds,  Persian.  Beneficent  genii  of  the 
mythology  of  Zoroaster.  Ormuzd,  the  supreme 
god,  created  twenty-eight  of  them  to  be  the 
attendants  of  the  ainchaspands. 


J. 


Jacinth.  A  precious  stone.  (See  Hya- 
cinth.) 

Jack-boots  (O.  E.)  were  introduced  in  the 
17th  century. 

Jackes,  O.  E.  (1)  Towels.  (2)  The  roller 
for  a  well-rope. 

Jacket  or  Jack,  Jerkin,  &c.,  O.  E. ;  worn 
over  the  doublet  ;  but  the  names  are  applied 
indiscriminately  to  a  great  variety  of  such  gar- 
ments. 

Jacob's  Staff,  O.  E.     A  pilgrim's  staff. 

Jacobus.     An  English  coin  of  James  I.,  value 


25^.,  weighing  6  dwt.  10  grains.  The  Carohis, 
a  similar  coin,  value  23^-.,  weighed  5  dwt. 
20  grains. 

Jaculatores,  R.  Soldiers  armed  with  a  jave- 
lin {jaculum),  who  formed  part  of  the  light  troops 
of  the  Roman  army. 

Jade.  Spanish /^i'^/^rt  de  la  yjada.  A  green 
stone,  closely  resembling  jasper,  much  used  by 
prehistoric  man,  and  to  which  supernatural 
virtues  have  in  all  ages  been  attributed,  espe- 
cially by  the  ancient  Mexicans.  Fine  specimens 
of  jades  are  carved  in  China,  where  they  are  of 


1 82 


WORDS  USED  IX 


a  whitish  colour,  and  are  called  Yii.  The  clear 
white  and  green  specimens  are  the  most  prized 
by  collectors.     (See  Nephrite,  Saussurite.) 

Jagerant.     (See  Jazerine.) 

Jamb,  Arch.  The  side  of  any  opening  in  a 
wall. 

Jambe,  Gambe,  Her.  The  leg  of  a  lion  or 
other  Ijeast  of  prey- 

Jambes.     Armour  for  the  legs  ;   14th  century. 

Janua,  R.  {Jainis).  The  front  door  of  a 
house  opening  on  the  street.  The  inner  doors 
were  called  ostia,  in  the  singular  ostiuyn,  while 
the  city  gates  were  called  portce. 

Januales,  Janualia,  R.  Festivals  held  at 
Rome,  in  honour  of  Janus,  on  the  first  or 
kalends  of  January  in  each  year  ;  the  offerings 
consisted  of  incense,  fruits,  and  a  cake  called 
janual. 

Japanese  Paper  of  a  creamy  tint  is  frequently 
used  for  proof  impressions  of  etchings,  &c. 

Japanning.  A  species  of  lac-varnishing,  in 
imitation  of  the  lacquered  ware  of  Japan.  (See 
Lac,  Lacquer.) 

Jasper.  A  kind  of  agate,  the  best  known 
description  of  which  is  of  a  green  colour.  Many 
colours  and  varieties  are  used  for  gem-engraving, 
such  as  agate-jasper,  striped  jasper,  Egyptian 
red  and  brown,  and  porcelain  jasper.  In  the 
Christian  religion  the  jasper  symbolizes  faith  ; 
its  hardness  expresses  the  firmness  of  faith  ;  its 
opaqueness  the  impenetrability  of  the  mysterious. 

Jasponyx.     An  onyx  mixed  with  jasper. 

Javelin.     A  light  hand-spear.     (See  Hasta.) 

Jayada.     (See  Vimana.) 

Jazel.  A  precious  stone  of  an  azure  blue 
colour. 

Jazerine  (It.  ghiazerino).  A  jacket  strength- 
ened with  overlapping  plates  of  steel,  covered 
with  velvet  or  cloth,  and  sometimes  ornamented 
with  brass  ;    13th  century. 

Jennet.     A  Spanish  or  Barbary  horse. 

Jerkin,  O.  E.  The  jerkin  was  genei-ally  woni 
over  the  doublet ;  but  occasionally  the  doublet 
was  worn  alone,  and  in  many  instances  is  con- 
founded with  the  jerkin.  Either  had  sleeves  or 
not,  as  the  wearer  pleased. 

"  My  jerkin  is  a  doublet."     (Shakspeare.) 


Jessaut, 


Fig.  404. 

Jessaiit-de- 

lys. 


Her.  Shooting  forth,  as  plants 
growing  out  of  the  earth. 

Jessant-de-lys,  Her.  A  combi- 
nation of  a  lion's  face  and  a  fleur- 
de-lys. 

Jesse,  O.  E.  A  large  branched 
chandelier. 

Jesse,  Tree  of,  Chr.  An  orna- 
mental design  common  in  early 
Christian  art,  representing  the 
genealogy  of  our  Lord  in  the  per- 
sons of  his  ancestors  in  the  fiesh. 


Fig.  405.  Hawk's  bells 
and  Jesses. 


Jesseraunt.     (See  Jazerine.) 
Jesses.  Straps  for  hawk's  bells.  (See  Fig.  405.) 
Jet.     A  variety  of  soft 
bituminous    coal,     admit- 
ting of  a  fine  polish,  which 
is  used  for  ornaments.     It 
is,  in  its  natural  state,  soft 
and    brittle,    of  a   velvet- 
black  colour,  and  lustrous. 
Ornaments  of  jet  are  found 
in  ancient  tiiintiU. 
Jet  d'Ean,  Fr.     A  fountain.     That  at  Chats- 
worth  springs    267  feet   in    the  air,   and  is  the 
highest  in  existence. 

Jew's  Harp  or  Jew's  Trump  (from  the  French 
jeti  and  tronipe).  A  small  musical  instrument, 
known  for  centuries  all  over  Europe,  consisting 
of  a  metal  frame  with  two  branches,  and  a 
vibrating  tongue  of  steel  in  the  middle.  It  has 
suggested  a  number  of  modem  instruments, 
including  the  Harmonium. 

Jew's  Pitch.  A  kind  o{  asphaltum  used  as  a 
brown  pigment.  It  attracts  dust,  and  never 
dries  perfectly. 

Jewes  Light,  O.  E.  (See  Judas  Light.) 
Joguss  or  Yugs.  In  Hindoo  chronology,  eras 
or  periods  of  years.  (l)  The  Snttce  Yik^,  or  age 
of  purity,  lasted  3,200,000  years  ;  the  life  of  man 
being  then  100,000  years,  and  his  stature  21  cubits. 
(2)  The  Thiar  Yttg,  in  which  one-third  of  man 
was  corrupted,  lasted  2,400,000  years;  the  life 
of  man  being  then  10,000  years.  (3)  The  D'wa- 
paarVtig,  in  which  half  the  human  race  became 
depraved,  lasted  1,600,000  years;  the  life  of 
man  being  1000  years.  (4)  The  Collee  Ytig,  in 
which  all  mankind  are  corrupt,  is  the  present 
era,  ordained  to  subsist  400,000  years  (of  which 
about  50CO  have  elapsed)  ;  the  life  of  man  being 
limited  to  100  years.  There  are,  however,  con- 
flicting accounts  of  the  duration  of  the  different 
yogitcs.  ( See  Halhecfs  Preface  to  the  Gent 00  La7C's.) 
Joinery  (in  Latin,  intestinum  opus)  has  to  deal 
with  the  addition  in  a  building  of  all  the  fixed 
wood- work  necessary  for  convenience  or  orna- 
ment. The  most  celebrated  work  on  the 
subject  is  AUchohojUs  Carpenter's  Guide,  and 
Carpenfe?''s  and  'Joiner's  Assistant,  published  in 
1792.  The  modern  art  of  joinery  properly  dates 
from  the  introduction  of  the  geometrical  stair- 
case, or  stair  supported  by  thewall  only,  the  first 
English  example  of  which  is  said  to  have  been 
erected  by  Sir  Christopher  Wren  in  St.  Paul's. 
[See  Joinery  in  Eney.  Brit.  8th  ed.] 

Joseph,  O.  E.  A  lady's  riding-habit,  but- 
toned ilown  the  front. 

Jousting-helmets  were  made  wide  and  large, 
resting  on  the  shoulders,  and  decorated  with  a 
crest.  It  was  common  to  make  them  of  comical, 
fantastic  designs ;  such  as  weathercocks  with  the 
points  of  the  compass,  immense  figures  of  birds 
and  beasts,  &c. 


Jousts  or  Justs.  Duels  in  the  tilting-grouml ; 
generally  with  blunted  spears,  for  a  friendly 
trial  of  skill. 

Jousts  a  Outrance.  Jousts  in  which  the  com- 
batants fought  till  death  ensued. 

Jousts  of  Peace  {/lasHIiuiia  pacifua;  Fr. 
jollies  d  p/aisiDue).  'I'hese  dilTered  from  real 
jousts  or  tournaments  in  the  strength  of  the 
armour  worn,  and  the  weapons  used.  The  lance 
was  topped  with  a  coroitcl  instead  of  a  steel 
point ;  the  sword  was  pointless  and  blunted, 
being  often  of  whalebone  covered  with  leather 
silvered  over. 


Fig.  406.  Chinese  vase  decorated  with  signs  of 
longevity. 

Jouy  (wishes  of  good  fortune).  Chinese 
porcelain  vases  so  called,  used  for  birthday  and 
other  presents.  In  the  vase  represented  on  Fig. 
406,  the  handles  form  the  word  expressive  of 
the  greeting  above  mentioned. 

Jowlopped,  Her.  Having  wattles  and  a  comb, 
as  a  cock. 

Joys  of  the  Virgin,  Chr.  The  seven  joys 
and  seven  sorrows  are  frequently  painted  toge- 
gether  in  churches.  The  joys  are,  (i)  The 
Annunciation.  (2)  The  Visitation.  (3)  The 
Nativity.  (4)  The  Adoration  of  the  Three 
Kings.  (5)  The  Presentation  in  the  Temple. 
(6)  The  finding  of  Christ,  by  his  mother,  in  the 
Temple.  (7)  The  Assumption  and  Coronation 
of  the  Virgin.  The  seven  sorrows  are,  (i)  The 
prophecy    of    Simeon.     (2)    The    Flight    into 


Egypt.  (3)  The  loss  of  the  child  in  the  Temple. 
(4)  The  Betrayal.  (5)  The  Crucifixion.  (6)  The 
Deposition  from  the  Cross.  (7)  The  Ascen- 
sion. 

Jube  (Arch.  Mod.).  A  structure  of  carved 
stone-work,  separating  the  chancel  from  the  choir 
in  a  church.  From  this  position  the  daily 
lessons  were  chanted,  preceded  by  the  words 
^' Jul'e,  Domine,  benedicere  ;"  hence  its  name. 
In  English  it  is  called  indifferently,  the  rood- 
loft,  holy-loft,  rood-screen,  or  jube. 

Jubilee,  (i)  Heb.  (from  yWv/,  a  ram's  horn 
(trumpet)  ;  or  from /a/w/,  to  recall).  A  Jewish 
festival  celebrated  every  fifty  years,  when  slaves 
were  restored  to  liberty,  and  exiles  recalled.  (2) 
Chr.  A  commemoration  ceremony  at  Rome, 
during  which  the  Pope  grants  plenary  indul- 
gences ;  held  at  irregular  intervals. 

Judas  Light,  Judas  Candlestick,  Jewes 
Light,  O.  E.  The  wooden  imitation  of  a  candle- 
stick which  held  the  Paschal  candle. 

Jugalis  (sc.  ajKiis).  A  horse  harnessed  to  a 
yoke  (Jugitm),  instead  of  traces  (fimalis). 

Jugerum.  A  Roman  superficial  measure, 
240  feet  by  120  feet.  In  the  original  assignment 
of  landed  property,  two  jugera  were  allotted  to 
each  citizen,  as  heritable  property. 

Jugum  (Gr.  ^v'^6v).  (i)  A  yoke  for 
draught  cattle.  (2)  INIetaphorically,  subjugation 
— '''■  sub  jitgiim  inii tcre'^  =:io  pass  under  the 
yoke,  as  nations  conquered  by  the  Romans 
were  made  to.  This  ceremonial  yoke  was  con- 
structed of  a  horizontal  supported  by  two  up- 
right spears,  at  such  a  height  that  those  passing 
under  it  had  to  stoop  the  head  and  shoulders. 
(3)  In  a  general  sense  the  word  signifies  that 
which  joins  two  things  together,  a  cross-beam, 
&c. 

Jugumentum.  Door-head,  transverse  beam 
on  the  uprights  {limen  superiiis'). 

Jumps,  O.  E.   (i)  A  loose  bodice  for  ladies. 

"  Now  a  shape  in  neat  stays,  now  a  slattern  in  jumps  : 
Now  high  on  French  heels,  now  low  in  your  pumps ; 
Like  the  cock  on  the  tower  that  shews  you  the  weather, 
You  are  hardly  the  same  for  two  days  together." 

(Universal  Magazine,  17S0.) 

(2)  A  jacket  or  loose  coat  reaching  to  the  thighs, 
buttoned  down  before,  with  sleeves  to  the 
wrist.  A  precisely  similar  lounging-coat,  still  in 
vogue  at  Cape  Colony,  is  called  Zl  jiDnper. 

Junones.  Tutelary  genii  of  women,  as  the 
genii  were  of  men.  They  are  represented  as 
females,  clothed  in  drapery,  having  bats'  wings. 

Jnpon,  Fr.  Another  name  for  Vi  pcnirpoint,  or 
close  tunic,  worn  over  the  armour  by  knights 
in  the  Middle  Ages.     (See  Fig.  463.) 

Juruparis  (Amer.  Indian).  A  mysterious 
trumpet  of  the  Indians,  an  object  of  great  vene- 
ration. Women  are  never  permitted  to  see  it; 
if  any  does  so,   she  is  put  to  death  by  poison. 


'84 


WORDS  USED  IN 


No  youths  are  allowed  to  see  it  until  they  have 
passed  through  an  ordeal  of  initiatory  fastings 
and  scourgings.  It  is  usually  kept  hidden  in 
the  bed  of  a  stream,  deep  in  the  forest  ;  and  no 
one  dares  to  drink  of  the  water  of  that  stream. 
It  is  brought  out  and  blown  at  feasts.  The 
inside  of  the  instrument  is  a  tube  made  of  slips 
of  the  Paxiaba  palm,  wrapped  round  with  long 


strips  of  bark.     A  specimen  is  preserved  in  the 
museum  at  Kew  Gardens. 

Javenalia,  R.  Scenic  games  instituted  by 
Nero  in  commemoration  of  his  shaving  his  beard 
for  the  first  time.  They  consisted  of  theatrical 
performances  in  a  private  theatre  erected  in  a 
pleasure-ground  {nemtis).  The  name  was  after- 
wards given  to  the  Jan u alia. 


K. 


For  Greek  words  not  found  tinder  this  initial,  see  C. 


Kalathos,  Gr.  (/c(£\a9os).  Literally,  made 
of  wicker-work.  A  drinking-cup,  so  called  be- 
cause it  resembled  the  wicker-work  basket  of 
the  Greek  women.  It  was  usually  furnished 
with  a  ring,  through  which  a  finger  might  be 
put  in  order  to  lift  it.  The  word  is  also  written 
calathos. 

Kaleidoscope  {Ka\hs,  beautiful ;  elSos,  a  form  ; 
(XKoiTtu,  to  see).  An  optical  instrument  invented 
in  1814  by  Sir  David  Brewster,  which  by  means 
of  mirrors  inserted  in  it  exhibits  repetitions  of 
objects  placed  within  it,  in  certain  symmetrical 
combinations.  There  are  several  different  kinds, 
called  polyce)ttral,  tdrascopes,  hexascopes,  poly- 
angular,  &c.,  according  to  their  construction. 

Kang,  Hind.  A  bracelet  or  ring  ;  kang-doy, 
a  bracelet  for  the  wrist  or  arm ;  kang-cheung, 
a  bracelet  or  ring  worn  by  the  Khmers  above 
the  ankle. 

Kaolin.  The  name  first  applied  by  the 
Chinese  to  the  fine  white  porcelain  earth  de- 
rived from  the  decomposition  of  the  feldspathic 
granites  ;    used  for  fine  pottery. 

Kayles  (Fr.  quilles).  Modern  ninepins, 
represented  in  M.SS.  of  the  14th  century. 

Keep  of  a  castle.     The  Donjon  (q.v.). 

Keeping  in  a  picture.  Harmony  and  the 
proper  subordination  of  parts. 

Kendal.  A  kind  of  green  woollen  cloth  or 
baize,  first  made  at  the  town  of  Kendal,  in 
Westmoreland ;  i6th  century. 

"  Misbegotten  knaves  in  Kendal  green." 

(S  hakspearc .) 

Kerchief  of  Pleasaunce.  An  embroidered 
cloth  worn  by  a  knight  for  the  sake  of  a  lady, 
in  his  helmet,  or,  in  later  times,  round  his  arm  ; 
which  is  the  origin  of  crape  being  so  worn  for 
mourning. 

"  Morcore  there  is  ykome  into  Enlond  a  knyght  out  of 
Spayne  wyth  a  kercheff  of  plesunse  i-wrapped  about  hys 
armc,  the  gwych  knyght  wyl  renne  a  course  wyth  a  sharpe 


spere  for  his  sov'eyn  lady  sake."  {Paston  Letters,  vo\. 
p.  6.) 

Kerchiefs  or  CovercMefs  (c/iief  =ihe  head), 
O.  E.  Head-cloths  of  fine  linen  worn  by  ladies. 
Kermes  (Arabic  =  little  worm).  An  insect 
produced  on  the  Quercus  coccifera.  The  dead 
bodies  of  the  female  insect  produce  a  fine  scarlet 
dye  stuff. 

Kern.  The  Irish  infantry  were  formerly  so 
called. 

Kersey.  A  coarse  narrow  woollen  cloth ; 
hence  "  Kersey-mere,"  so  called  from  the  7nere 
(or  miry  brook)  which  runs  through  the  village 
of  Kersey  in  Suffolk,  where  this  cloth  was  first 
made. 

Kettle-drum.      A  drum  with  a  body  of  brass. 

Kettle-hat, 
O.  E.  The 
iron  hat  of  a 
knight  of  the 
Middle  Ages ; 
also  the  lea- 
ther burgonet 
of  the  15th 
centurj-. 

Kettle-pins, 
O.  E.  (See 
Kayles.  ) 

Key-note. 
In  Music,  the 
foundation  or  lowest  note  of  the  scale.  What- 
ever note  this  is,  the  intervals  between  the  third 
and  fourth  notes,  and  between  the  seventh  and 
eighth  above  it,  must  be  semi-tones. 

Key-stone,  Arch.  The  central  stone  of  an 
arch. 

Keys.  In  Christian  art,  the  attribute  of  St. 
Peter,  signifying  his  control  over  the  entrances 
of  Heaven  and  Ilell  ;  hence  the  insignia  of  the 
Papacy.  They  also  denote,  in  heraldry,  office 
in  the  State,  such  as  that  of  chamberlain  of 
the  court. 


Fig.  407.   Kettle-hat. 


Khan,  Orient.  The  name  used  by  Eastern 
nations  to  denote  a  caravanserai. 

Kher,  Egyp.  The  quarter  of  tombs  ;  the 
whole  number  of  burial-places  or  /lypogaa  col- 
lected together  at  one  spot. 


Fig.  408.  Khmer  Architecture.   Base  of  a  pillar  in  a 

Temple  of  Cambodia,  showing  the  god 

Brahma  with  four  faces. 

Khmers,  Hind.  The  ancient  inhabitants  of 
Cambodia,  a  territory  in  South-East  Asia,  who 
had  attained  a  high  stage  of  civilization,  to 
judge  by  the  artistic  remains  of  the  Khmer 
nation  which  survive. 

Khopesh,  Egyp.  The  dagger  of  the  Egyp- 
tian kings  ;  its  curved  blade  bore  some  resem- 
blance to  the  thigh  of  an  ox,  which  was  called 
in  Egj'ptian  khopcsh  or  khopesk. 

Kin-chung,  Chinese.     A  golden  bell. 

King-fisher.     (See  Halcyon.) 

King-post.  The  central  upright  post  support- 
ing the  gable  of  a  roof. 

King's  Yellow.     (See  Orpiment.) 

Kings  of  Arms.  Officers  of  Heralds'  College. 
I'here  are  three — Garter,  Clarencetix,  and 
Norroy. 

Kinnor,  Heb.  A  stringed  instrument  of  the 
Hebrews  ;  it  had  eight,  ten,  or  twenty-four 
strings,  which  were  played  either  with  the  fingers 
or  a  plectrum. 

Kinschall.     A  small  curved  Turkish  dagger. 

Kiosk,  Kiosque.     A  Turkish  pleasure-house. 


Kircher,  Kirchowe,  O.  E.     A  kerchief. 
Kirtel,    O.    E.     A  loose   gown,    a   tunic   or 
waistcoat  ;  also  a  monk's  gown. 
Kiste,  O.  E.     A  chest. 

Kistvaen,  Celt.  A  Celtic  monument  more 
commonly  known  as  a  Dolmen  (q-v. ). 

Kit-cat.  Canvas  for  portraits — 28  or  29  inches 
by  36— of  the  size  adopted  by  Sir  Godfrey 
Kneller,  in  painting  the  portraits  of  the  Kit-cat 
Club.  The  club  had  taken  its  name  from 
Christopher  Cat,  a  pastrycook,  who  supplied 
them  at  their  meetings  with  mutton-pies.  Ad- 
dison, Steele,  Walpole,  iVIarlborough,  and  other 
staunch  Whigs  were  the  principal  members. 
It  dissolved  about  1720. 

Klaft,  Egyp.  A  royal  head-dress  of  striped 
cloth  forming  a  kind  of  hood,  and  terminating 
in  two  flaps  which  fall  over  the  breast.  A  great 
many  Egyptian  statues  are  represented  with  the 
klaft.  It  is  suggested  by  M.  Soldi  that  the 
invention  of  this  ornament  was  for  the  purpose  of 
strengthening  the  figure,  by  avoiding  the  thinness 
of  the  shape  of  the  neck. 

Knapsack.  A  case  for  a  foot-soldier's  stores, 
carried  at  the  back.  Knap  means  a  protu- 
berance. 

Knife,  Chr.  (See  Flaying-knife.)  This 
is  also  the  attribute  of  Sts.  Agatha,  Albert,  and 
Christina  ;  and  a  sacrificing-knife  of  St.  Zadkiel 
the  Angel. 

Knighthood.  The  principal  English  orders 
are  of  the  Garter,  established  1343,  and  the 
Bath  shortly  afterwards  ;  of  St.  Patrick  for 
Ireland,  established  in  1783  ;  and  the  O^-der  of 
the  Thistle,  at  least  as  ancient  as  Robert  II.  of 
Scotland.  There  is  a  French  order  of  the 
Thistle,  founded  in  1463  ;  but  the  most  ancient 
French  order  is  the  Gennet,  in  706.  In  France 
are  also  the  orders  of  St.  Michel  and  of  St. 
Louis ;  but  these  French  orders  are  now  all 
superseded  by  the  Legion  of  Honour.  [See 
An  Accurate  Historical  Account  of  all  the 
Orders  of  Knighthood.^ 

Knight-service,  O.  E.  A  tenure  of  lands 
formerly  held  by  knights,  on  condition  of  per- 
forming military  service. 

Knol,  Hind.  A 
road  or  high  road 
which  frequently 
passes  over  very 
low  bridges. 

Knop,  O.  E. 
A  button. 

Knop,  Knob, 
Arch.     A  boss. 

Knop  and  Flow- 
er Pattern.      An 
ornament     of    re- 
mote      antiquity, 
Fig.  409.  Architectural  original  basis  of  a 

Knop  or  Boss.  great    branch     of 


186 


WORDS  USED  IN 


decorative  art  in  all  nations,  common  on  early 
Indian  monuments,  and  with  different  variations 
in  the  art  of  Assyria,  Egypt,  Greece,  and  Rome. 
The  variations  are  regulated  according  to  the 
flora  of  the  various  countries,  the  k7iop  (or  bud) 
andyfiJWdV-  being  always  the  radical  idea. 

Knot,  Her.  An  inter- 
twined cord,  borne  as  a 
badge.  Cords  intertwined 
about  other  figures  and 
devices  form  so-called 
compound  badges,  which 
significantly  declared  the 
union  of  two  houses  ;  thus 
the  Dacre  knot  is  entwined 
about  the  Dacre  escallop 
and  the  famous  ' '  ragged 
staff"  of  Beauchamp  and 
Neville.  An  Order  ok 
THE  Knot  was  esta- 
blished at  Naples  in  1252. 
The  badge  of  silk,  gold, 
and  pearls  was  tied  in  a 
knot  upon  the  arm,  and  those  who  were  invested 
with  it  made  a  vow  to  untie  it  at  Jerusalem. 
(Fig.  410  and  410  a.) 

Knuckle-bones.      (See  Talus.) 
Koope,  O.  E.     A  cope. 

Koukim,   Heb.     Kilns   for   the  cremation  of 
the  dead,    such    as    are    occasionally   found   in 


Y\2..  410. 
Bourchier  Knot. 


Fig.  410  a.  Dacre  Knot 
and  Badge. 


the  ancient  tombs  of  the 
Valley  of  Hinnom  (Ge- 
henna). 

Kourganes,  Or.  Grassy 
mounds,  such  as  are 
frequently  met  with  in 
Russia  in  Europe,  and 
which  bear  a  strong  resem- 
blance to  tiimitli  and 
barroivs.  (See  Tumu- 
lus. ) 

Krems  White  or  Vienna 
White.   A  pigment  manu- 
factured    at     Krems     in 
Austria.     It  is  the  finest  white  lead  used  in  oils. 

Krouts,  Hind.  An  ornament  resembling 
embroidery.  The  monuments  of  Khmer  art 
are  adorned  with  krouts  of  a  rich  ornamentation, 
somewhat  similar  to  certain  ornaments  of  the 
French  Renaissance.     (See  Fig.  408.) 

Krumhorn.  An  old  musical  instrament  of  the 
cornet  kind. 

Kufic.     (See  CuFic.) 

Kussier.  A  Turkish  musical  instrument, 
consisting  of  five  strings,  stretched  over  a  skin 
that  covers  a  kind  of  basin. 
Kymbium.  (See  Cymbium.) 
Kyphi,  Egyp.  A  perfume  which  was  burnt 
before  the  statues  of  the  gods  ;  it  was  composed 
of  si.xteen  different  ingredients. 


L. 


Labarum,  Chrism,  R.  The  standard  of  the 
Roman  emperors  from  the  time  of  Constantino  ; 
in  form  it  resembled  the  vexilliim  of  the  cavalry. 
The  Labarum  is  the  banner  of  the  Chrism,  or 
sign  that  appeared  to  Constantine,  viz.  the 
Greek  letters  XP  in  a  monogram  (the  two  first 
letters  of  the  Name  XPISTOS)  ;  sometimes 
followed  by  the  Roman  letters  IHSV,  or  the 
motto  in  full,  '■'■in  hoc  sigiio  vinces."  It  is, 
under  several  variations,  a  common  ecclesias- 
tical emblem. 

Labellum.     Dimin.  of  L.^brum  (q.v.). 


imr 


zxzxz^ 


Heraldic  Label.s. 
Fig.  411.  Labels  of  3  points.  Label  of  5  points. 

Labels,  in  heraldry,  are  marks  o{  cadency,    (i) 
A  band  crossing  the  shield,  with  three  points  de- 


pending, marks  the  coat    of  an  eldest  son.     (2 
Broad   ribands  hanging  from  a  knight's  helmet. 
(3)  In  mediaeval  architecture  and  church  decora- 
tion,   images  of  saints    and    angels   bear   labels 
inscribed  with  texts  and  mottoes. 
Labis.     (See  Spoon.) 

Labrum,    R.   (lit.  a  lip).     A  general  term  to 
denote  any  kind  of  vessel   the  brim  of  which 
turned    over    on    the    outside    like    the    lip    of 
the  human    mouth  ; 
a     wide     flat    basin 
whicli  stood  in   the 
thermal  chamber  or 
Caldarium    (q.v.) 
of  the  Roman  baths. 
Labyrinth,    Gen. 
(\a.^\j  ^tivQ  0%).      A 
building    of    consi- 
derable size,  usually 
unilerground,     con- 
taining  streets    and 
Fi^.  412.  Labyrinth.  cross-roads,  like  the 


catacombs,  &c.  The  term  is  also  applied  to 
intricate  designs  executed  on  the  grass-plots  of 
gardens,  and  on  the  mosaic  or  glazed  tiles  n 
pavements.     (Fig.  412. )     (See  Minotaur.) 

Lac  or  Gum  Lac  (Arabic,  lal:cilt).  A  resin 
produced  on  an  East-Indian  tree  by  the  punc- 
tures of  the  Coccus  liicca  insect.  It  forms  a 
brittle  substance  of  a  tlark  red  colour,  and  when 
in  grains  is  called  seed  lac,  and  in  thin  flat  plates 
shell  lac.     (See  Lacquer.)     The  chief  use  of 


Fig.  413.  Point  de  France  (pillow-made),  17th  century. 


Fig.  414,  Old  Brussels  or  Point  d'Anglcterrc. 


lac  in  Europe  is  for  making  sealing-wax.  and 
as  a  basis  for  spirit  varnishes  and  French 
polish. 

Lace  was  originally  of  a  heavy  texture,  more 
like  embroidery.  It  was  of  two  kinds,  lacis,  or 
"darned  netting,"  and  '''■  ciitwork."  Lacis, 
often  worked  in  coloured  silks  and  gold  thread, 
was  also  called  "  opus  araneum"  or  "spider- 
work."  In  *''■  cnhvork,^^  a  net  of  threads  was 
laid  on  to  cloth,  and  the  cloth  sewn  to  it  in 
parts,  and  the  other  parts  cut  away  ;  or,  by 
another  method,  the  threads  were  arranged  ou 
a  frame,  all  radiating  from  a  common  centre, 
and  then  worked  into  patterns.  This  was  the 
old  convent  lace  of  Italy,  called  "  Greek  lace.''' 
Poi}it  laces  are  lace  made  with  a  needle  on  a 
parchment  pattern.  The  principal  are  the 
ancient  laces  of  Italy,  Spain,  and  Portugal ;  and 
the  modern  point  d'Alencon  of  France.  Pillow 
laces  are  made  by  the  weaving,  twisting,  and 
plaiting  of  the  threads  with  bobbins  on  a 
cushion  ;  such  are  Mechlin,  Lille,  Valenciennes, 
Honiton,  Buckingham,  and  many  manufactories 
in  France.  Brussels  lace  is  both  point  and 
pillo'iv.  The  thread  is  scarcely  visible  for  fine- 
ness, and  costs  240/.  per  pound.  This  lace  is 
called  in  France  point  d'Angleterre,  or  English 
point.      (Fig.  414.) 

Lace  Glass.     (See  Glass.) 

Lacerna,  R.  An  open  cloak  worn  by  the 
Romans  over  the  toga,  and  fastened  on  the  right 
shoulder  with  a  brooch  or  fibula.  It  frequently 
had  a  cowl  attached.  (See  Abolla,  P^nula, 
Pallium.) 

Lachrymatory.  A  tear-bottle  ;  so  called  from 
the  use  attributed  to  it  of  holding  tears  con- 
secrated to  the  dead.  These  phials  are  made 
of  glass  or  earthenware,  with  a  long  neck,  and  the 
mouth  formed  to  receive  the  eye-ball.  The  figure 
of  one  or  two  eyes  has  sometimes  been  found 
impressed  upon  them. 

Lacinia,  R.  The  two  excrescences,  like  a 
divided  dewlap  on  the  throat  of  a  goat,  which 
were  represented  on  the  necks  of  fauns  and 
satyrs. 

Laciniae,  Gr.  and  R.  The  hanging  corners 
of  the  toga  and  chlamys,  and  the  metal  knobs 
attached  to  make  them  hang  straight. 

Lacis.  A  kind  of  embroidery,  of  subjects  in 
squares,  with  counted  stitches  (called  also  "point 
conte,"  darned  netting,  &c. ).      (See  Lace.) 

Laconicum,  R.  A  seinicircular  termination 
to  a  room  in  a  set  of  baths  (caldariuni),  so  called 
because  of  Spartan  origin.  Under  the  word 
BalnEyE  will  be  found  the  laconicum  of  Pompeii, 
restored.      (Fig.  56.) 

Lacquer  (Fr.  laqtic)  is  made  of  a  solution 
of  shell  lac  and  alcohol,  coloured  with  saffron  or 
other  colouring  matters.  Specimens  of  ancient 
Chinese  red  lacquer  deeply  carved  with  figures 
of  birds,   flowers,  &c.,  and  generally  made  in 


i88 


WORDS  USED  IN 


the  form  of  trays,  boxes,  and  sometimes  vases, 
are  met  with  in  the  more  northern  Chinese 
towns,  and  are  much  prized.  What  is  called 
the  old  gold  yapan  lacquer  is  also  esteemed  by 
Chinese  connoisseurs,  and  the  specimens  of  this 
are  comparatively  rare  at  the  present  day. 
{FortMte. ) 

Lacs  d'amour,  Fr.     True-lovers'  knots. 

Lacuna,  R.  {lacus,  a  hollow).  An  ash-pit 
placed  beneath  a  lime-kiln  to  receive  the  ashes 
from  the  kiln. 

Lacunar,  Arch.  A  flat  roof  or  ceiling,  in 
contradistinction  to  a  camera,  vaulted  roof. 

Lacunaria,  Arch.  Panels  in  a  flat  ceiling 
(lacunar),  formed  by  the  rafters  crossing  one 
another  at  right  angles.  The  edges  of  these 
panels  are  often  decorated  with  carved  and  gilt 
ornaments,  and  the  centres  filled  in  with  paint- 
ings. 

Lacus,  R.  {\aKKos).  A  lake,  and  thence  a 
large,  shallow,  open  basin,  or  artificial  reser- 
voir ;  also,  a  pit  made  below  the  level  of  a 
wine-cellar  {cella  vinarid),  or  of  an  oil-cellar 
{cella  olearis),  to  receive  the  wine  or  oil  as  it 
comes  from  the  presses. 

Lady.  A  word  of  Saxon  origin,  generally 
supposed  to  signify  "loaf-giver,"  from  klaf,  a 
loaf.  As  a  title  it  belongs  to  the  daughters  of 
all  peers  above  the  rank  of  a  viscount,  but  is 
extended  by  courtesy  to  the  wives  of  knights. 

Lady  Day,  Chr.  The  25th  of  March.  Fes- 
tival of  the  Annunciation. 

Lsena,  R.  (i)  A  cloth  with  a  long  nap. 
(2)  A  thick  woollen  cloak  worn  over  the  toga 
for  the  sake  of  warmth.  In  later  times  the  Isena 
was  often  worn  as  a  substitute  for  the  toga. 

Lagena,  Gr.  and  R.  An  earthenware  vessel 
with  a  swelling  body,  used  for  holding  wine 
or  vegetables  and  dried  fruits. 

Laid  Papers.  Papers  with  a  ribbed  surface  ; 
as  cream-laid,  blue-laid,  &c. 

Lake,  Cloth  of,  O.  E.  Linen  for  under-gar- 
ments. 

Lakes.  (See  Carmine.)  Pigments  of  a  fine 
crimson  red  colour,  of  which  there  are  several 
kinds  ;  they  are  prepared  from  cochineal, 
kermes,  lac,  and  the  best  from  madder-root. 
Common  lake  is  obtained  from  Brazil  wood, 
which  affords  a  very  fugitive  colour.  (See 
Yellow  Lake,  Purple  Lakes,  Green  Lakes, 
Carminated  Lakes,  Drop  Lake,  Red  Lake, 
Mineral  Lake,  Madder,  &c.) 

Lakes  of  Florence,  Paris,  Vienna,  &c.  (See 
Carminated  Lakes.) 

Lamb.  The  peculiar  symbol  of  the  Re- 
deemer, generally  the  emblem  of  innocence, 
meekness,  modesty.  It  is  properly  called  the 
Paschal  Lamb,  and  with  a  flag,  or  between  two 
.stars  and  a  crescent,  was  the  badge  of  the 
Knights  Templars.     (See  Agnus  Dei.) 

Lamboys    (Fr.    lambeaii).     A   kind    of    skirt 


over  the   thighs,   worn  over  the  armour.     (See 

Fig- 463-) 

Lambrequin.  A  covering  for  the  helmet. 
(See  Mantling.) 

Lamb's-wool,  O.  E.  A  drink  of  ale  with  the 
pulp  of  roasted  apples  in  it. 

Lames,  Fr.  Flexible  plates  or  blades  of 
steel,  worn  over  the  hips. 

Lametta.  Brass,  silver,  or  gold  foil  or 
wire. 

Lamiae,  Gr.  and  R.  Vampires  who  fed  at 
night  on  the  flesh  of  human  beings.  The  Lamias 
of  Pliny  are  animals  with  the  face  and  head  of 
a  woman,  and  the  tail  of  a  serpent,  inhabiting 
the  deserts  of  Africa. 

Laminated.     Disposed  in  layers  or  plates. 
Lammas,  O.  E.     The  ist  of  August. 

Lamp,  Lantern, 
or  Taper,  in  Chris- 
tian art,  was  an 
emblem  of  piety  ; 
an  attribute  of  St. 
Lucia.  (See  Lu- 
cerna,  Lych- 
Nus,  Lantern.) 
Lampadephoria, 
Gr.  (torch-bear- 
ing). A  game 
common  through- 
out Greece,  in 
which  the  com- 
petitors raced, 
either  on  foot  or 
horseback,  six 
stadia  (about 

three-quarters  of 
a  mile),  carrying 
lamps  prepared 
for  the  purpose. 
(See  Lam  PAS.) 

Lampas,  Gr. 
and  R.  A  general 
term  denoting 
anything  which 
shines  or  affords 
light  ;  a  torch,  a 
lamp,  and  espe- 
cially a  link.  The 
word  was  frequently  used  for  lampadeplioria,  the 
torcli-race. 

Lamp-black.  A  soot  used  as  a  pigment. 
It  is  very  opaque,  and  dries  slowly  in  oil.  It  is 
also  the  basis  of  all  printing  and  lithographic 
inks. 

Lance.  In  Christian  art,  the  attribute  of  St. 
Matthias,  in  allusion  to  the  method  of  his 
martyrdom.  (See  Amentum,  Lancea,  Hasta.) 
A  shivered  lance  with  the  motto  "  Lacrymre  hinc, 
hinc  dolor,"  was  a  device  adopted  by  Catherine 
de'  Medicis  after  the  fatal  accident  to  her  hus- 
band, Henry  II.,  in  a  tournament.     (Fig.  416.) 


Fig.  415.  Roman  Lamp. 


Fig.  416.   Device  uf  Catherine  de'  Medicis. 

Lance-rest.  A  projecting  iron  fixed  to  a 
breastplate  to  support  the  end  of  the  lance  in  a 
joust  or  tournament. 

Lancea,  R.  A  long,  light  spear,  serving 
both  as  a  pike  and  a  missile. 

Lanceola.     Dimin.  of  Lancea  (q.v.). 
Lanceolated,   Arch.     Having  the  form  of  a 
spear-head.      The   term   is    applied   to    lancet 
windows,  arches,  and  members  of  architecture 
forming  a  rose. 

Lancet  Arch. 
A  pointed  arch, 
obtuse  at  ,  the 
point,  resembling 
a  surgeon's  lancet, 
from  which  a  style 
of  architecture, 
common  in  Eng- 
land in  the  13th 
century,  is  named. 
(Fig.  417.)  (See 
Early  English 
Architecture.) 
Lancula,  R. 
(dimin.  of  Lanx). 
The  scale  which 
was  placed,  when 
necessary,  at  one 
of  the  ends 
of  a  Roman  steel- 
yurdl  s/a^era).  (Fig. 
418.) 


Fig.  417.  Lancet  Arch. 
13th  century. 


Landgrave  (Germ.  Laud,  Graf).  A  title 
given  to  those  Counts  of  Germany  who  take 
their  rank  from  a  large  tract  of  land.  The  first 
Landgraves  were  those  of  Thuringia,  Hesse, 
Alsace,  and  Leuchtenberg. 

Langue-de-boeaf,  Fr.  A  blade  fixed  to  a  pike- 
staff ;  named  after  its  shape. 

Langued,  Her.  To  denote  the  tincture  of  an 
animal's  tongue. 


Laniarium,   Laniena,  R.  {laii/us,  a  butcher). 
A  slaughter-house  or  butcher's  shop. 

Laniers,  O.  E. 
Leather  straps  for 
various  uses  ;  as 
armlets  to  a  shield, 
or  as  garters '  or 
bands,  cVc. 

Lanipendia,  R. 
{/ana,  wool,  and 
pcnderc,  to  weigh). 
A  woman  whose 
duty  it  was  to 
weigh  the  wool  for 
spinning,  and  dis- 
tribute it  among 
the  slav-es  for  their 
daily  tasks. 

Lanista,  R.     A 

man   who    trained 

gladiators    for  the 

Roman     circus. 

They      were     fre- 

„    ,         ,  quently    his     own 

titr.  418.  Lancula.  '  \  ,    , 

°  ^  property,    and    he 

let  them  out  for  hire  ;  or  he  received  them  from 

their  owners  into  his  school  (ludus)  for  training. 


Fig.  419.  Old  English  Horn  Lantern. 


I  go 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Lansquenet,  Fr.  A  game  at  cards. 
Lantern.  In  Christian  art,  the  attribute  of 
»St.  Gudula,  in  alhision  to  the  legend  of  her 
miraculous  lantern,  which  her  prayers  rekindled 
as  often  as  .Satan  extinguished  it.  In  Archi- 
tecture, a  small  turret  above  the  roof  of  a  build- 
ing, having  windows  all  round  it. 

Lanterne  des  Morts  or 
Churchyard  Beacon,  Arcli. 
A  small  tower  raised  upon 
abase,  and  generally  round, 
but  sometimes  square  or 
polygonal ;  with  windows 
at  the  top  to  emit  the 
shining  rays  from  the  lamp 
inside.  Fig.  420  represents 
a  "  lanterne  des  morts  "  at 
Ciron,  France. 

Lanx,  R.  This  term 
denotes  (l)  a  circular  dish 
of  silver  or  other  metal, 
often  embossed,  used  espe- 
cially at  banquets.  (2)  The 
scale  of  a  balance  {libra). 
(3)  A  salver  for  handing 
fruits  or  other  dainties  at 
dessert. 

Laocoon.  A  magnificent 
sculpture,  found  in  1506 
among  the  ruins  of  the 
palace  of  Titus,  now  in 
the  Vatican.  It  represents 
Laocoon  and  his  two 
sons  struggling  in  the 
folds  of  two  monster  ser- 
pents. According  to  Pliny 
it  is  the  work  of  three 
Rhodian  sculptors,  Agesan- 
der,  Polydorus,  and  Athe- 
nodorus,  and  stood  in  the 
palace  of  Titus.  He  said 
that  it  was  made  of  one  stone,  but  the  joining 
of  five  pieces  has  been  detected.  [See  Lcssing's 
"  Laokoon."'\ 

Laphria,  Gr.  An  annual  festival,  celebrated 
at  I'atrce  in  Achaia,  in  honour  of  Artemis,  sur- 
named  Laphria. 

Lapidary.  An  artist  who  cuts,  grinds,  and 
polishes  gems  and  stones.  In  the  lapidary's 
scale  of  hardness  of  minerals  there  are  10  standard 
degrees,  represented  as  follows  : — No.  I,  tale, 
which  is  very  easily  cut  ;  No.  2,  compact 
gypsum  ;  No.  3,  calc-spar  ;  No.  4,  fluor-spar ; 
No.  5,  apatite ;  No.  6,  felspar;  No.  7,  quartz; 
No.  8,  topaz;  No.  (),  sapphire ;  No.  10,  dianioud. 
Diamonds  are  for  the  most  part  cut  at  Amsterdam. 
Lapis  Lazuli.  A  beautiful  blue  mineral  stone 
of    various    shades    of  colour.     (See    Ul.TRA- 


Fig.  420.  Lanterne 
des  Morts. 


various 

MARINE.) 

Laquear,  Laqueare. 

(q.v.). 


Synonym  of  Lacunar 


Laqueatores,  R.  An  order  of  gladiators  who 
used  a  noose  to  catch  their  adversaries. 

Laqueatus,  R.  A  ceiling  decorated  with 
panels  {lacunar). 

Lararium,  R.  A  small  shrine  conseci^ated 
to  the  gods  called  Lares  ;  a  room  in  which  the 
images  of  the  Lares  or  tutelary  genii  of  the 
house  were  placed.  It  is  said  to  have  been 
customary  for  religious  Romans,  immediately 
after  they  rose  in  the  morning,  to  pray  in  the 
Lararium. 

Larentalia,  Larentinalia,  or  Laurentalia, 
R.  A  Roman  festival  in  honour  of  Acca 
Larentia,  the  nurse  of  Romulus  and  Remus  ;  or, 
according  to  another  tradition,  a  festival  in- 
stituted by  Ancus  in  honour  of  a  wealthy 
courtezan  named  Larentia,  who  had  bequeathed 
all  her  property  to  the  Roman  people.  It  was 
celebrated  on  the  loth  of  December. 

Lares,  R.  The  Lares  Privati,  Domestici, 
or  Familiares,  were  the  guardian  deities  of 
the  house.  The  spot  peculiarly  sacred  to 
them  was  the  focus,  or  hearth,  in  the  Atrium, 
where  the  altar  for  domestic  sacrifice  stood, 
and  near  it  was  a  niche,  containing  little 
images  of  these  gods,  to  whom  offerings  of 
flowers,  frankincense,  and  wine  were  made 
from  time  to  time,  and  regularly  on  the  kalends 
of  each  month.  There  were  many  classes  of 
Lares  Publici:  (i)  The  Lares  rurales,  who  pre- 
sided over  the  flocks,  herds,  &c.  (2)  The  Lares 
compitales,  worshipped  where  two  cross-roads 
met,  &c.     [Cf.  Ovid,  Fasti,  v.  129.] 

Larghetto,  It.    In  Music,  less  slow  than  largo. 

Largo,  It.  In  jMusic,  a  slow  movement,  one 
degree  quicker  than  adagio. 

Latch,  O.  E.     A  cross-bow. 

Lateen  Sail.  A  triangular  mainsail  on  a  tall 
sloping  yard,  which  reaches  down  to  the  deck. 

Later,  R.  A  brick  ;  the  -rXivdos  of  the  Greeks. 
Among  the  Romans  bricks  were  of  various 
forms  ;  the  largest  was  called  feiitadoruiit ;  the 
next  size,  tetradorum.  Later  coctus,  coctilis  was 
the  term  applied  to  a  baked  brick  ;  later  crudus 
was  an  unbaked  brick,  i.e.  one  dried  in  the 
sun.      Pliny  calls  the  brick-field  Lateraria. 

Latericium  (opus),  R.  A  structure  built  of 
bricks, 

Laterna,  Lanterna.     A  L.antern  (q.v.). 

Laton  or  Latten,  O.  E.  An  alloy  of  brass,  of 
which  candlesticks,  sepulchral  monuments, 
crosses,  <S:c.,  were  made  in  the  Middle  Ages. 
White  Laton  was  a  mixture  of  brass  and  tin. 

Latrunculi,  R.  (Gr.  Trecro-ot).  The  ancient 
game  of  draughts.  It  is  mentioned  by  Homer. 
The  Romans  often  had  twelve  lines  of  squares 
{mandne)  on  the  draught-board.  The  number 
of  pieces  varied  from  five  to  twelve,  and  in  later 
times  tlie  game  was  played  with  the  tessenr  or  dice. 

Lattice,  Arch.  A  trellis  or  cross-barred  work  ; 
a  network  window. 


Laura,  Chr.  The  origin  of  the  name  is 
obscure.  It  signifies  a  collection  of  separate 
cells  in  a  wilderness,  where  a  community  of 
monks  lived  each  in  his  own  cell,  meeting 
together  only  during  two  days  of  the  week.  The 
most  celebrated  /tiitms  were  in  Palestine. 

Laurel,  Gen.  The  emblem  of  glory  and 
victory.  Sacred  also  to  Apollo.  In  modern 
times  an  emblem  of  peace. 

Lautumise,  R.  (Ao-TO;uia).  A  stone-quarry, 
and  thence  a  prison  hewn  out  of  a  quarry, 
more  particularly  the  public  prison  of  Syracuse, 
hewn  into  the  solid  clifT,  but  roofless.  The 
Tullianum  at  Rome  was  called  Lautumiix; 
also. 

Lava.  The  scoria  from  an  active  volcano, 
which  is  well  adapted  to  ornamental  carving. 

Lavabo.     (See  Lavatorium.  ) 

Lavacrum,  R.  {/azv,  to  wash).  A  bath  of 
hot  or  cold  water,  in  contradistinction  to  a 
vapour-bath  {caldariuin). 

Lavatorium,  R.  {lavo,  to  wash).  A  small 
building  in  a  monastery,  in  which  the  monks 
washed  their  hands  before  and  aftera  repast.  The 


Fi^.  421.  Stamped  gilt  and  painted  leather  hangings 
illustrating  a  pictorial  arrangement  of  pattern. 


lavatorium  was    usually  placed  near   the  refec- 
tory. 

Lawn.  This  f.ne  linen  flibric  was  introduced 
in  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth. 

Lay  Figure.  A  large  wooden  jointed  doll, 
used  by  artists  to  display  drai)ery. 

Lead-glazed  Wares.     (See  Pottery.) 

Leather  was  used  instead  of  tapestry  for  th? 
hangings  of  rooms  in  the  i6lh  century,  and  was 
beatuifully  gilded  and  chased.  (Consult  "  L'Art 
de  travailler  les  Cuirs  dorcs  ou  argentes,"  by  M. 
Fougeroux  de  Bondary,  in  "Description  des 
Arts.ct  Metiers,"  1762.)     (Fig.  421.) 

Leaves,  Her.  Their  peculiarities  are  blazoned 
as  laurel  leaf,  oak  leaf,  c\;c. 

Leaves,  Leafage.     (See  Foliage.) 

Lebes,  Gr.  (As'/Stjj  ;  Aei'Sw,  to  pour  out).  A 
brass  saucepan  or  caldron  {^pelvis,  ahemuji)-,  if 
was  a  deep  vessel  with,  swelling  sides.  It  was 
sometimes  made  with  a  pointed  bottom  to  fit 
into  a  stand,  which  was  called  IxcrrEG4. 
j  Lebiton,  Lebitonarium.  (See  Colobium.) 
j  Lecane,  Gr,  A  dnnking-bowl  used  by  the 
Etrurians  (basin-shaped,  with  a  lid). 

Lectern.  A  reading-desk  in  a  Christian 
church  ;  most  frequently  of  brass  in  the  form 
of  an  eagle,  but  often  decorated  with  more 
elaborate  emblems. 

Lectica,  R.  {kctus,  a  couch).  A  couch  or 
litter  carried  by  bearers,  used  both  by  men  and 
women  ;  it  was  introduced  from  the  East,  and 
was  quickly  adopted  in  Greece  and  Rome. 
The  Greek  litter  had  a  roof  made  of  the  skin 
of  an  ox,  and  the  sides  covered  with  curtains. 
Among  the  Romans  it  was  seldom  used  except- 
ing for  travelling,  until  the  luxurious  days  ot 
the  empire,  when  the  lectica  became  a  very 
splendid  affair.  It  was  sometimes  constructed 
I  with  gold  and  ivory,  and  instead  of  curtains  it 
was  closed  at  the  sides,  with  windows  of  trans- 
parent stone  {lapis  speailaris).  When  standing, 
it  rested  on  four  feet.  It  was  borne  upon  poles 
(asseres)  by  t\\-o  or  more  slaves,  and  was  called 
hexophron,  octophron,  &c.,  according  to  the 
number  of  lectkarii  employed  to  cany  it. 

Lecticula.  Dimin.  of  lectica ;  it  denoted  a 
litter  for  the  conveyance  of  the  sick,  or  a  bier 
on  which  a  dead  body  was  carried  out. 

Lectisternium,  R.  {lectics,  3.\\6.stenio,  to  spread 
out).  A  religious  ceremony  consisting  of  a 
banquet  offered  to  the  gods,  at  which  the  statues 
of  the  latter  were  present  stretched  out  on 
couches,  with  tables  and  viands  before  them  as 
if  they  were  partaking  of  the  feast. 

Lectorium,  Chr.  {lector,  a  reader).  An  old 
term  afterwards  replaced  by  that  of  Ambo 
(q.V.). 

Lectrin,  Chr.  An  old  term  now  replaced  by 
jiibc  ox  rood-loft  and  desk. 

Lectrum,     Chr.      An    old    term    denoting   a 
I   praying-desk. 


192 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Lectus,  R.  {lego,  to  put  together).  A  bed  or 
couch  complete  ;  lecitts  cubicularis,  a  sleeping- 
couch  ;  lecttis  genialis,  a  nuptial  bed  ;  lecius 
adversus,  a  symbolical  marriage-bed  ;  lectus 
tricliiiaris,  a  dining-couch,  a  couch  for  three 
persons,  placed  in  ihttridiniutn  or<lining-room  ; 
lectus fwiebris,  a  funeral  bier.  The  diminutive 
of  this  term  is  lectulus.  The  lectus  cubiculnris 
resembled  an  old-fashioned  sofa  with  a  high 
back ;  being  of  considerable  height,  it  was 
reached  by  means  of  a  footstool  [scamitum).  or  a 
set  of  steps  (g>-adus).  The  lectus  goiialis  (Gr. 
evyi))  or  marriage-bed  was  still  higher,  larger, 
and  handsomely  decorated  ;  it  is  represented 
with  a  flight  of  steps  at  the  foot.  The  lectus 
adversus  was  a  symbolical  marriage-bed,  and 
stood  in  the  atrium,  opposite  to  the  entrance 
of  the  house,  and  was,  as  it  were,  the  throne 
or  seat  of  office,  from  which  the  housewife 
superintended  the  spinning,  weaving,  and  similar 
duties  of  the  servants.  The  lectus  triclinaris 
used  at  meals  is  described  under  the  article. 
Lectus  fwiebris  is  the  name  of  the  bier  upon 
which  the  dead  were  bonie  to  burial  or  the  pyre. 

Lecythus,  Gr. 
A  cylindrical  vase 
made  to  contain  oil 
or  perfumes.  It 
often  figures  in  the 
hands  of  goddesses, 
or  of  females  at  the 
toilet;  and  is  most- 
ly ornamented  with 
delicate  paintings 
and  choice  sub- 
jects. (Fig.  422.) 
Ledger,  Arch. 
A  stone  slab. 

Ledger  Lines. 
In  Music,  extra 
lines  above  or  be- 
low the  five  ruled 
lines. 

Ledgment,  Arch. 
A  horizontal  course 
of  stone  or  mould- 
ings, particularly 
the    base    mould- 


Leet,  O.  E.  An 
ancient  Anglo- 
Saxon  court  of  jus- 
tice; amanor  court. 
Legato,  It.  Li- 
terally, "  bound  ;" 
smooth    and  gliding 


Fig.  422.  Lecythus. 


in    Music  signifies    "  i 
manner." 

Legend.     In   Numismatics,  the  words  round 
the  edge  of  a  medal  or  coin. 

Leghorn.     A  kind  of  straw  plait,  first  invented 
at  Leghorn. 


Legio,  R.  (/<?ftJ,  to  collect).  A  Roman  legion  ; 
a  division  of  the  army  consisting  of  from  three 
to  six  thousand  hea\'y-armed  soldiers,  who  were 
called  legionarii.  Twelve  thousand  legionaries 
Avere  required  to  make  up  a  consular  army. 
The  legion  contained  troops  of  all  arms ; 
infantry,  cavalry,  and  the  ancient  substitutes 
for  artillery  ;  and  was  an  army  complete  in  itself. 
The  numbers  varied,  as  well  as  the  organization, 
at  different  periods.  Livy  speaks  of  legions  of 
5000  infantry  and  300  horse.  The  subject  is  one 
demanding  voluminous  description.  The  legion 
was  subdivided  into  Cohortes,  Manipuli,  Cen- 
turije,  Signa,  Ordines,  Contubemia. 

Leice,  Celt.  Also  called  meanal  leice.  The 
stone  of  destiny  ;  a  large  crj'stal  kept  by  the 
Druids  for  soothsaying. 

Leister  or  Lister,  Scotch.  A  trident  or  many- 
pronged  spear  for  striking  fish. 

Leming  Star,  O.  E.  (from  A.  S. /^wc",  bright- 
ness).    A  comet. 

Lemman  (A.S.  /if^=loved,  and  viati).  A 
sweetheart,  &c. 

Lemnian  Beddle.  An  ochre  of  a  deep  red 
colour  and  firm  consistence,  used  as  a  pigment. 

Lemniscus,  R.  {XrinviaKos ;  A^rov,  wool).  A 
fillet  or  ribbon  awarded,  as  a  mark  of  honour,  to 
a  person  who  had  distinguished  himself  in  any 
way.  The  person  who  wore  it  was  called  lemnis- 
calus.  It  hung  down  from  crowns  or  diadems 
at  the  back  of  the  head.  Lemnisci  were  also 
worn,  without  corona,  by  ladies  for  ornament. 
Hence,  in  Geometry,  a  cun'e  of  the  form  of  the 
figure  8  is  called  Icjiiniscata. 

Lemon  Yellow.  A  bright  pigment,  brighter 
and  clearer  than  Naples  yellow  or  masticot, 
and  not  liable  to  change. 

Lemures  or  Manes,  R.  The  souls  of  the 
dead,  who,  according  to  the  religious  belief  of 
the  Romans,  were  transformed  into  beneficent 
or  evil  genii,  according  as  the  individual  had 
been  during  his  life  good  or  bad,  virtuous  or 
worthless.  ^^  Lares  si  meriti  boni  sint ;  Le- 
vi urcs  sive  Lari'as  si  mali  ;  Alanes  autem  cum 
iicertum  est,"  says  St.  Augustine. 

Lemuria.  Festivals  in  honour  of  the  Lemures 
celebrated  at  Rome,  at  night  and  in  silence,  on 
the  9th,  nth,  and  13th  of  May.  r)uring  them 
the  temples  of  the  gods  were  closed,  and  mar- 
riage was  considered  unlucky  ;  hence  the  pro- 
verb, J\/ense  I^Iaio  ??iale  luibcvt.  Those  who 
celebrated  the  Lemuria  walked  bare-footed, 
washed  their  hands  three  times,  and  threw  black 
beans  nine  times  behind  their  backs.  On  the 
second  of  the  three  days  there  were  games  in  the 
circus  in  honour  of  Mars,  and  on  the  third  day 
the  images  of  the  thirty  Argei,  made  of  rushes, 
were  thrown  from  the  Pons  Sublicius  into  the 
Tiber  by  the  Vestal  virgins.  On  the  same  day 
there  was  a  festival  of  merchants. 

Lenn  or  Linn,  Celt.     A  woollen  wrap  with  a 


long  nap,  or  simply  the  skin  of  some  animal, 
worn  in  severe  weather  as  a  kind  of  upper  gar- 
nunt  by  the  poorer  class  of  Gauls. 

Lens  (lit.  a  lentil).  A  convex  or  concave 
glass,  which,  by  changing  the  direction  of 
rays  of  light,  magnifies  or  diminishes  objects. 

Lent  (A.S.  loictcu.  Spring),  Chr.  The 
forty  days'  fast  preparatory  to  Easter.  Pope 
Chcgory  the  Great  speaks  of  this  fast  as  of 
thirty-si.x  days'  duration  ;  i.  e.  six  weeks,  not 
counting  the  Sundays,  which,  it  is  suggested, 
amounts  to  one-tc-nth,  or  a  tithe  of  the  year. 

Lent  Rose  or  Lent  Lily,  O.  E.     The  daffodil. 

Lentiform.  Shaped  like  a  double  convex 
lens. 

Lentiner,  O.  E.     A  hawk  taken  in  Eent. 

L'Envoy.  "The  conclusion  of  a  ballet,  or 
sonnet,  in  a  short  stanzo  by  itselfe,  and  serving 
oftentimes  as  a  dedication  of  the  whole." 
{Cot -rave.) 

Leonine  Verses.  Rhyming  Latin  composi- 
tions, very  popular  in  the  Middle  Ages.  In  the 
3rd  century  a  piece  of  1200  such  verses  was 
written  by  Commodianus.  St.  Augustine  and 
the  venerable  Bede  also  wrote  some.  The 
proper  leonine  consists  of  a  couplet  rhyming  at 
the  end  ;  but  the  rhymes  may  be  otherwise  dis- 
tributed :  e.  g. — 

"  O  miseratrix  !  O  dominatrix  !  pra;cipe  dictu  ; 
Ne  devastemur,  ne  lapidemur,  grandinis  ictu." 

Leontarium,  Chr.  A  fountain  of  lions  spout- 
ing water  ;  frequently  placed  in  the  courtyard 
or  atrium  of  basilican  churches. 

Leopard,  Her.  A  lion  in  any  other  attitude 
than  "rampant"  was  blazoned  by  the  early 
heralds  as  a  "leopard."  Till  the  14th  century 
the  lions  of  the  Royal  Shield  of  England  were 
designated  leopards. 

Leon,  Chinese,  (i)  A  building  of  many 
stories,  like  a  pagoda.  (2)  An  upper  floor  in  a 
Chinese  house. 

Lepaste,  R.  (AeTraj,  a  limpet ;  Lat.  patella). 
A  large  vessel,  in  form  like  the  cylix,  but  rest- 
ing on  a  broad  stand  ;  employed  from  the 
earliest  times  for  holding  pure  ^\•ine. 

Leporarium,    R.    f/<yv/r.    a    hare).      A    hare 


Fig.  423.  The  Lesche  at  Delphi. 


warren  ;  a  walled  paddock  in  which  four-footed 
game  were  preserved. 

Lesche,  Gr.  {\((txv,  i.  e.  a  place  for  talking). 
A  public  place  of  assembly  and  conversation,  or 
a  small  exchange  for  transacting  business,  &c. 
The  lesche  of  Delphi  (Fig.  423)  was  cele- 
brated for  the  painting  which  it  contained  by 
Polygnotus  (470  li.c).  At  Athens  there  were 
360  leschai,  small  buildings  or  porticoes  fur- 
nished with  seats  and  exposed  to  the  sun, 
where  the  poor  could  rest  in  warmth  and  shelter. 

Lesina,  It.  An  awl.  The  device  of  the 
Lesina  Academy,  with  the  motto,  "L'assoti^Iiar 
la  piii,  Dieglio  anche  foraP 

Lettern,  Arch.  The  Lccteni  of  a  church  is 
often  so  called,  when  made  of  Latteii.  or  brass. 
The  word  is  used  instead  oi Latten. 

Letters  of  the  Alphabet  are  sometimes  used 
as  charges  in  heraldry.  The  practice  of  weav- 
ing letters  into  the  ornamentation  of  textile 
fabrics  is  very  ancient  in  the  East.  Pliny  says, 
"  Parthi  literas  vestibus  intexunt."  Fanciful 
designs  imitating  or  copying  oriental  letters 
without  meaning  were  worked  in  church  textiles 
in  early  Christian  times  ;  and  the  artists  of  Italy 
up  to  the  middle  of  the  i6th  century  repre- 
sented such  devices  on  the  hems  of  the  garments 
of  great  personages  in  their  paintings. 

Leucite  {KivKhs,  white).  White  spa)-,  or 
white  garnet ;  a  white  stony  substance  found 
among  volcanic  productions. 

Leucomb,  O.  E.     A  dormer  window. 

Leucopyrite.  A  mineral  used  in  the  produc- 
tion of  artificial  orpimcnt. 

Levacion,  O.  E.  The  elevation  of  the  host 
in  the  mass. 

Levant.  The  Eastern  shores  of  the  Medi- 
terranean. 

Levecel,  O.  E.  A  penthouse  or  projecting 
roof  over  a  door  or  an  open  shed. 

Levesele,  O.  E.  A  lattice.  The  original  of 
the  chequers  on  the  door-posts  of  inns. 

Levitonarium.     (See  Colobium.) 

Lew,  O.  E.  (modern  led).  Sheltered  from  the 
wind  ;  hence  Lewe  "Water  (modern  /«/['t'-warm 
water). 

Lewins,  O.  E.  A  kind  of  bands  put  about  a 
hawk. 

Libbard,  O.  E.     A  leopard. 

Libella,  R.  {libra,  a  level  or  balance),  (i)  A 
level,  or  instniment  employed  by  masons,  joiners, 
and  carpenters,  in  the  same  way  as  with  us,  for 
testing  the  evenness  of  the  surface  of  their  work. 
(2)  A  small  Roman  silver  coin,  afterwards  sub- 
stituted by  the  As,  which  it  equalled  in  value. 

Libellus  or  Libellulus,  R.  A  small  book, 
pamphlet,  letter,  or  notice. 

Liber  (literally,  the  rind  oi  the  papyrus  ;  Gr. 
^i^Kiov,  from  the  Egyptian  word  byblos,  the 
papyrus  plant).  Abook. — VzixAi\w&\\\.{ntembraua) 
was  invented  by  Eumenes,  king  of  Pergamos ; 

O 


194 


WORDS    USED   IN 


hence  its  name  of  fergamentuvi.  The  paper 
{char la)  or  parchment  was  only  written  upon  on  one 
side  ;  the  other  side  was  stained  yellow.  Writ- 
ings were  frequently  washed  off,  and  the  parch- 
ment used  again  was  called  palimpscstus.  The 
sheets  forming  a  book  were  joined  together  and 
rolled  round  a  staff,  and  then  called  a  volume 
{volumeti).  The  stick  was  usually  ornamented 
with  balls  or  bosses,  ornamented  or  painted, 
called  umbilici.  The  ends  of  the  roll,  carefully 
cut,  polished  with  pumice-stone,  and  coloured 
black,  were  called  gemina:  f routes.  The  reader 
held  the  staff  in  his  left  hand  to  unroll  the  sheet 
(evolvcrc  librnm),  as  he  proceeded,  with  his  right. 
The  roll,  if  valuable,  was  kept  in  a  parchment 
case,  which  was  stained  with  a  purple  colour,  or 
yellow.  The  title  of  the  book  [iitulus  or  index) 
was  written  on  a  small  strip  of  papyrus  or  parch- 
ment with  a  light  red  colour  (coccum  or  minium) ; 
and  this  practice  was  the  origin  of  the  art  of 
illumination. 

Liber  Pontificalis,  seti  de  gestis  Romanorum 
pontifiiuni.  A  work  of  the  15th  century,  of 
great  value  to  the  student  of  early  Christian  art 
work,  and  in  particular  of  textiles  and  embroidery. 

Libra,  R.  (i)  A  balance  \\ith  two  scales 
(lanx),  depending  by  chains  from  the  ends  of 
the  beam  {jugum) ;  in  the  centre  of  the  latter 
was  a  handle  {a7isa).  (2)  The  As  or  pound  ; 
the  unit  of  weight.     (See  As.) 

Libretto,  It.  The  words  of  an  opera,  oratorio, 
&c. 

Librile,  R.  {Ultra).  A  term  denoting  the 
ends  of  the  beam  {jugum^  in  a  balance,  and 
thence  the  balance  itself ;  it  is  thus  synonymous 
with  Libra  (q.v.). 

Liburna,  Liburnica,  R.  A  vessel  of  war  so 
called  from  the  fact  that  it  was  built  on  a  model 
invented  by  the  Illyrian  pirates,  or  Liburni. 

Licbanos,  Gr.  {^forefinger  string).  The  note 
below  the  Mese  of  the  seven-stringed  lyre.  (See 
Mese.) 

Lich-gate.  A  shed  over  the  gate  of  a  church- 
yard to  rest  the  corpse  under.  (See  Corpse- 
GATE.)     (Fig.  197.) 

Lich-stone — near  a  churchyard  gate,  for  rest- 
ing coffins  on — is  generally  raised  about  three 
feet  from  the  ground,  shaped  like  a  coffin,  and 
has  stone  benches  round  it  for  the  bearers  to 
rest  upon. 

Liciae,  Med.  Lat.  (Fr.  lices),  from  the  Italian 
lizza,  pp lings.  The  lists  ;  an  enclosed  space 
surrounding  a  camp  or  castle. 

Licium,  R.  A  leash,  or  thick  thread,  em- 
ployed to  divide  in  two  a  set  of  threads  in  a 
warp,  in  order  to  allow  the  shuttle  to  pass 
through  them.  By  analogy,  any  kind  of  thread 
or  cord  used  for  fastening. 

L'lctor,  R.     (See  Fasces.) 

Lieberkuhn.  A  reflecting  mirror  on  a  micro- 
scope, named  after  the  inventor. 


Lieme  Rib  (in  a  vault).  Arch.  (From  Her,  to 
bind.)  "  Any  rib  that  does  not  arise  from  the 
impost,  and  is  not  a  ridge  rib,  but  crosses  from 
one  boss  or  intersection  of  the  principal  ribs  to 
another.  Vaults  in  which  such  li£rnes  are  em- 
ployed are  termed  lierxe  vaults."  {Parker's 
Glossary.) 

Light  Red.  A  pigment  of  a  russet  orange 
tint,  produced  from  burnt  ochre. 

Lights.  The  openings  between  the  mullions 
of  a  window.     (See  Days.) 

Ligula,  R.     (i)  A  small  tongue-shaped  sword. 

(Fig.  424.)  The 

term   is  derived 

from    lingua,    a 

tongue.     (2)   A 

Fig.  424.  Ligula.  liquid  measure,  a 

large     spoonful, 

distinguished    from   cochlear,    which   is   a  small 

spoonful.     (3)  The  leather  tongue  of  a  shoe. 

Lilies,  in  Christian  art,  are  the  symbols  of 
purity ;  the  special  attribute  of  the  Virgin 
Mary.  They  are  frequent  in  the  catacombs  on 
the  tombs  of  Christian  virgins. 

Lily  or  Iris  Green  (It.  verde  giglio).  A  pig- 
ment anciently  used  in  Italy.  It  was  prepared 
by  dipping  linen  rags  into  the  juice  of  plants, 
and  then  preserving  them  dry. 

Lima,  R.  (i)  A  file  or  rasp,  applied  to  the  same 
purposes  as  at  the  present  day.  (See  Scobina.) 
(21  In  Med.  Lat.,  a  tool  or  weapon  worn  by  archers 
in  the  French  service,  either  as  a  kind  of  sword 
or  for  sharpening  arrows  with.      {Meyrick.) 

Limbeck,  O.  L.     An  alembeck. 

Limbo,  O.  E.     Hell. 

"  Beholde  now  what  owre  Lord  Jhesu  dide  one  the 
Saturday,  as  sune  as  he  was  dede.  He  went  downe  to 
helle  to  owre  holy  fadyrs  that  ware  in  lyvtbo  to  tyme  of 
his  Resureccione."  (JAS".  Lincoln.  A.  i.  17,  f.  186.) 

Limbus,  R.  An  ornamental  band  or  border 
resembling  scroll-work  or  architectural  foliage, 
employed  as  an  ornament  on  dress,  vases 
(especially  on  Etruscan  vases),  &c. ;  and  thence 
(i)  a  ribbon  worn  as  an  ornament  in  the 
hair ;  (2)  the  zodiacal  circle  described  on  a 
globe  (see  Fig.  48)  ;  (3)  a  stout  cord  forming 
the  main  rope  in  a  fishing-net  ;  (4*  in  Med. 
Latin,  a  military  tunic — the  (jerman  Wapcnrock ; 
or  a  wrapper  worn  by  soldiers  round  the  head, 
temp.  John,  usually  termed  f(z;'_n'a«.   {Meyrick.) 

Lime.  .Slaked  lime,  alone  or  mixed  with 
pulverized  white  marble,  was  a  white  pigment 
used  in  fresco-painting. 

Lime-hound,  O.  E.  A  sporting-dog  in  a  lime 
or  leash. 

Limen,  R.  The  threshold  or  step  laid  down 
before  the  entrance  of  a  door  ;  the  same  term 
is  also  applied  to  the  lintel.  Limen  superius  is 
the  lintel,  and  limen  inferius  the  threshold 
properly  so  called. 

"  Limeu  superura  inferumquc,  salve  !"     (Plautus.) 


Limer,  O.  E.  A  l)loo<llioun(l.  "A  dogge 
engemlreil  Ijetwccne  an  liouiulc  niul  a  mastyve, 
called  a  lyiiinicr,  or  a  imingrell." 

Limito'ur,  O.  E.     A  begging  friar. 

Limning,  O.  E.  Painting,  especially  portrait 
painting. 

Limoges  Enamel.  A  kind  of  incrusted 
enamel  on  the  system  called  champlcvc ;  per- 
fected at  Limoges,  in  France,  in  the  15th  cen- 
tury, and  hence  called  Opus  dc  Limogia.  (See 
En.amel.)  The  enamels  and  METAL  work  of 
LiMtH'.KS,  in  furniture,  decoration  of  armour, 
and  church  utensils,  are  very  important.  The 
monument  of  Aylmer  de  Valence  in  Westmin- 
ster Abbey  is  Limoges  workmanship. 

Limus,  1\..  A  kind  of  apron  bordered  with 
a  purple  hem,  worn  by  the  popa  or  attendant 
who  killed  the  animal  offered  at  a  sacrifice. 

Lincei.  An  academy  for  natural  history, 
founded  in  Rome  in  1603.  They  adopted  the 
lynx  for  their  device  "  because  the  academicians 
should  have  the  eyes  of  a  lynx  to  penetrate  the 
secrets  of  nature."      {Mrs.  Biiry-Palliser.) 

Line  of  Beauty.  A  curve  like  an  elongated 
S.      (See  Hos;artlis  Analysis  of  Beauty.) 

Line  of  Life.  One  of  the  lines  in  the  hand  ; 
a  term  in  palmistry. 

Linea,  R.  {linuin,  a  fiax-thread).  A  line  or 
any  kind  of  string  ;  linea  alba,  a  rope  whitened 
with  chalk  and  stretched  across  the  arena  in  a 
circus  for  the  purpose  of  giving  a  fair  start  to 
runners,  chariots,  or  riders. 

Lined,  Her.  (i)  Having  a  cord  attached. 
(2)   liaving  a  lining. 

Lineleon.  Linseed  oil.  "  Lineleon  ex  semine 
liiii  jiet.'' 

Linen.  Painting  on  linen  was  largely  prac- 
tised in  England  during  the  14th  century  ;  and 
a  drawing  sent  by  Albert  Durer  to  Raphael  is 
described  by  Vasari  as  having  been  painted  "in 
water  colours  on  a  fine  linen  cloth,  which 
showed  the  transparent  lights  on  both  sides, 
without  white  ;  water-colours  only  being  added, 
while  the  cloth  was  left  for  the  lights  ;  which 
thing  appeared  wonderful  to  Raphael."  {Vasari, 
Vila  di  Raffaello.) 

Linen-scroll.  A  decorative  ornament,  com- 
mon in  German  wood-carving  of  the  15th  and  i6th 
centuries.  It  resembles  a  napkin  stood  on  end, 
and  partly  opened  into  scroll-shaped  cylinders. 

Linset,  O.  E.  The  stool  on  which  women 
sat  while  spinning. 

Linsey-woolsey  (O.  E.  Lylse-wulse).  Coarse 
woollen  stuff  tirst  made  at  Linsey  in  Suffolk. 

Linstock,  O.  E.  (15th  century).  A  pike,  with 
branches  on  each  side  to  hold  a  lighted  match 
for  firing  artillery. 

Lintel.  The  stone  or  beam  placed  across  a 
door  or  window  overhead  {limen  superius). 

Liateolum,  R.andChr.  {linteitin).  Any  small 
piece  of  linen,  such  as  a  napkin  or  handkerchief. 


Linter,  K.  A  flat  boat,  frequently  formed  of 
the  trunk  of  a  tree,  used  in  shallow  waters  for 
the  transport  of  produce  ;  it  was  also  used  in 
the  construction  of  bridges  of  boats. 

Linum,  i-l.  {Kivov).  Flax,  and  thence  anything 
made  of  that  fd^re. 

Lion,  O.  E.  (from  lie  on).  Tlie  main  beam 
of  a  ceiling. 


Rampant.            Statant  guardant.     Rampant  guardant. 
^ 

Pas:;ant  guardant.  Statant.  Passant. 

Fig.  425.  Heraldic  Lions. 

Lion.  In  Heraldry,  the  lion  couchant  repre- 
sents sovereignty  ;  rampant,  magnanimity ; 
passant,  resolution  ;  guardant,  prudence  ;  sa- 
liant,  valour  ;  seiant,  counsel  ;  and  regardant, 
circumspection.     (See  Leopard,  Marzocco.) 

Lioncel,  Her.  A  lion  drawn  to  a  small 
scale,  generally  rampant. 

Lions,  in  Christian  art,  typify  the  resurrection 
of  the  Redeemer ;  because,  according  to  an 
oriental  fable,  the  lion's  cub  was  born  dead,  and 
in  three  days  its  sire  licked  it  into  life.  The  lion 
also  typifies  solitude,  and  is  therefore  the  attribute 
of  hermits ;  and  as  the  type  of  fortitude  and 
resolution  it  was  placed  at  the  feet  of  martyrs. 

Lip  Moulding,  Arch.  So  called  from  its  re- 
semblance to  an  overhanging  lip.  It  is  common 
in  the  Perpendicular  period. 

LicLuid  Madder  Lake  or  Rubiate.  A  brilliant 
rose-coloured  pigment,  used  in  oil  or  water- 
colour  painting. 

Liripipes,  O.  E.  The  long  tails  of  hoods, 
which  hung  down  the  back.  Worn  also  by  the 
Italians.     (Fig.  426.) 

List,  Arch.  A  straight  upright  ring  en- 
circling the  lower  part  of  a  column,  just  above 
the  torus,  and  next  to  the  shaft. 

List,  Listel,  Arch.  A  small  square  moulding, 
also  called  2.  fillet.  Fig.  427  represents  a  base, 
the  ornamentation  of  which  is  made  up  of 
numerous  listels  or  fillets. 

Litany  Stool.  In  a  church,  a  small  low  desk 
at  which  the  Litany  was  sung. 

"  The  priest  goeth  from  out  of  his  seat  into  the  body 
of  the  church,  and  (at  a  low  desk  before  the  chancel  door, 
called  \}nQ fcildstool)VxiQs.\'r>  and  says  or  sine;s  the  Litany.'" 
\Eliz.  xviii.  1559.)  ^~" 


Q   2 


196 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Fig.  426.   Liripipes.     Italian,  i6th  century. 

Literatus  or  Litteratus,  R.  [litera,  a  letter). 
In  general,  anything  that  is  marked  with  letters  ; 
and  thence  (l)  a  slave  who  has  been  branded 
on  the  forehead  with  a  hot  iron,  also  called 
inscriptiis,  nctahis,  stigmatus.  (2)  A  gram- 
marian, learned  man,  or  commentator. 


Fig.  427.  Listels. 

Litharge.      An  ingredient  of  drying-oil  (q.  v. ). 

Lithochrome.  Another  name  for  Chromo- 
LiriiOGRArnY,  or  colour-printing. 

Lithography,  or  drawing  on  stone,  was 
invented  by  Aloys  Senefelder  of  Munich 
in  1796.  Drawings  are  made  on  a  polished 
surface  of  calcareous  stone,  with  ink  and 
chalk  of  a  soapy  nature.  The  lithographic 
iiik  is  made  of  tallow-soap,  pure  white  wax. 
lamp-black,  and  a  small  quantity  of  tallow,  all 
boiled  together,   and,    when  cool,    dissolved   in 


distilled  water  ;  the  ingredients  for  the  lifJio- 
graphic  chalk  are  the  same,  with  a  small  quantity 
of  potash  added  during  the  boiling.  After  the 
drawing  on  the  stone  is  perfectly  dry,  a  very 
weak  solution  of  sulphuric  acid  is  poured  over 
it,  which  takes  up  the  alkali  from  the  ink  or 
chalk,  and  leaves  an  insoluble  substance  behind 
it,  while  it  lowers  in  a  slight  degree  the  surface 
of  the  stone  not  drawn  upon,  and  prepares  it  for 
the  free  absorption  of  water.  Weak  gum-water 
is  next  applied  to  clo.se  the  pores  of  the  stone, 
and  to  keep  it  moist.  The  stone  is  then  washed 
with  water,  and  the  printing-ink  applied  in  the 
ordinary  way.  It  then  passes  through  the  press, 
the  washing  with  water  and  daubing  with  ink 
being  repeated  after  every  impression.  As  many 
as  70,000  copies  have  in  this  way  been  taken 
from  one  stone,  the  last  being  nearly  as  good  as 
the  first.  Copper-plate  and  steel  engravings  can 
be  transferred  to  stone.  (See  the  article  "  Li- 
thography" in  the  Encyclopcsdia  Britaiinica, 
8th  ed. ) 

Lithostrotum,  R.  (A.(f»o'-o-Tp&>Toj').  The  pave- 
ment of  a  Roman  road,  and  thence  any  orna- 
mental pavement,  mosaic,  incrusted  marble, 
coloured  inlaid-work,  &c. 

Litmus  or  Lacmus.  The  red,  violet,  and  blue 
colours  known  as  archil,  cudbear,  and  litmus, 
are  derived  from  certain  lichens  ;  litmus  from 
the  roccclla  tinctoria. 

Liturgy  {\f:l.^ov^l^y6s).  The  printed  formulary 
according  to  which  the  public  services  in  a 
church  are  performed. 

Lituus,  R.  (an  Etruscan  word,  signifying 
crooked).  (l)  A  brass  trumpet  formed  of  a  long, 
straight  tube,  but  curved  and  opening  out  wide 
at  the  end  like  a  tobacco-pipe.  The  t2iba  was 
straight,  the  cormi  spiral.  (2)  An  augur's  staff 
curved  into  the  form  of  a  crook,  with  which  they 
divided  the  expanse  of  the  sky  into  regions  in 
their  divinations. 

Livery  (Fr.  livree).  Literally,  the  distnbii- 
iioii ;  that  is  to  say,  of  clothes  to  be  worn  by 
the  servants  of  palaces,  &c.     (See  Badges.) 

Livery  Colours.  In  the  Middle  Ages  all  great 
houses  had  their  own  livery  colours.  Thus  those 
of  the  House  of  York  were  blue  and  crimson, 
those  of  the  House  of  Lancaster  white  and  blue, 
of  the  House  of  Tudor  white  and  green,  of  the 
House  of  Stuart  scarlet  and  gold. 

Loaves,  in  Christian  art,  are  the  emblems 
of  charily  to  the  poor  ;  the  attribute  of  St. 
Philip  the  Apostle  and  other  saints. 

Lobe  (of  an  arch),  Fr. ;  AngWci/oil ;  e.  g.  a 
trefoil  arch  is  arc  irilobe. 

Local  Colour  is  the  real  fundamental  colour  of 
an  object,  considered  apart  from  all  accidental 
variations  of  light  and  reflexion. 

Locellus,  R.  A  box  or  casket ;  this  term  is 
a  iliniinutivc  of  LOCULUS. 

Lochaber  Axe.     A  short  pole  with  a  sharp 


axe  at  one  end,  an  ancient  \\eapon  of  the 
Ilii^lilandeis  of  Scotland. 

Locker,  Clir.  Arch.  A  cupboard  for  sacred 
vessels  generally  left  in  the  thickness  of  the  wall 
on  the  north  sitle  of  the  altar  of  a  church.  (See 
Secretarium.) 

Locking  up.  Any  process  by  which  a  colour, 
liable  to  be  affected  by  damp,  can  be  rendered 
durable. 

Loculamentum,  R.  {loculus,  a  little  place). 
Any  box,  chest,  or  case,  the  interior  of  which  is 
divided  into  compartments. 

Loculus,  R.  (dimin.  onociis,  a  place).  (l)  A 
coffin,  generally  of  stone.    (See  S.^rcophagus.) 

(2)  A  compartment  in  the  manger  of  a  stable. 

(3)  A  small  chest  fitted  with  compartments. 
Locutorium,   Chr.      Of  a  convent,   &c.,  the 

farlonr. 


Figs.  42S,  429.     Badge  of  Rich:\rd  II.  in  Westminster 
Hall. 

Lodged,  Her.  Said  of  animals  of  the  chase 
hi  repose.  The  illustration  shows  the  favourite 
badge  of  Richard  II. :  a  white  hart  chained,  and 
in  an  attitude  of  rest.  "  This  device  is  repeated 
in  Westminster  Hall  83  times  ;  and  all  are 
equally  consistent  with  heraldic  truth  and  accu- 
racy, without  any  of  them  being  an  exact 
counterpart  of  any  other."  {Boutdl,  English 
Heraldry.)      (Fig.  42S.) 

Loegria,  O.  E.  England.  {Geoffry  of  Mon- 
mouth.^ 

Logan  Stones  (properly  logging  stones,  from 
O.  E.  log,  to  oscillate).     Rockixg  stones  (q.v.). 

Logeum,  Gr.  {Xoyilov).  A  Greek  term 
synonymous  with  PuLPlTL'>r  (q.v.). 

Loggia,  It.  The  gallery,  or  corridor,  of  a 
palace. 

Lombard  Architecture.  "  A  style  invented 
by  the  Lombards  (Longobardi)  in  the  7th  cen- 
tury in  imitation  of  the  Roman.  It  continued 
in  use  till  the  loth  century,  and  gave  place  to 
the  Norman  style.  It  is  rude,  heavy,  and  mas- 
sive, with  small  narrow  windows."  (Parker.) 
The  above  is  only  one  application  of  the  term, 
which  is  applied  by  different  writers  to  a  great 
number  of  different  styles.  The  Lombardesqite 
style  (It.  lo  stile  Lomhardesco)  applies  to  the 
architectural  works  of  the  family  of  Pietro  Lom- 


hardo  (15th  century).  The  Lombard  Gothic  is 
still  another  style  (of  the  12th  century). 

Loops,  Loups,  Arch.  Another  name  for 
Cren'ki.s  ((|.v.),  or  emljrasures. 

Lord.  The  word  is  Saxon  ;  from  hlaf  or 
klaf,  a  loaf  of  bread  ;  and  ford,  to  give  ;  hence 
it  means  originally  bread-giver. 


Fig.  431.   Fraameiii  of  a 
Gallic  cuirass. 


Fig.  430.  Gallic  cuirass  in  the  Louvre. 

lories,  (ir.  a'vl  R.  (/();7//«,athong).  A  cuirass; 
it  was  made  either 
— for  officers,  of  two 
yvoKa,    the    breast 
and  back-pieces; or, 
for  the   soldiers,  of 
a  number  of  small 
metal      scales      or 
bands,  fastened  to- 
gether   with    rivets 
or  rings,  and  flexi- 
ble.      Among    the 
Asiatics  the  cuirass 
was      frequently 
made    of  cotton ;    and  among  the   Sarmatians, 
and  other  nations,  of  horn. 
Lorimers,  O.  E.     Bit-makers. 
Lorraine  Cross.     A  cross  with  two  projecting 
arms  on  each  side. 

Lorraine  Glass  for  painted  windows  ;  ob- 
tained from  the  Vosges  as  early  as  the  13th 
century,  and  then  called  Burgimdy  glass.  "When 
any  one  means  to  paint,  let  him  choose  the  Lor- 
raine glass,  which  inclines  to  the  white  yellow 
because  that  bears  the  fire  best,  and  receives  the 
colour  better  than  any  other."  {F<Hibiai,  1619.) 
Lota.  A  sacred  utensil  in  India,  used  in 
ceremonial  and  other  ablutions.  It  is  a  globular 
bowl  with  a  low  narrow  neck,  sometimes  chased 
or  engraved  and  incrusted. 

Lotus  (AcoTos).  The  lotus  is  a  frequently 
recurring  cyina  in  Hindoo  architecture.  In 
Egyptian  archaeology,  the  lotus,  of  which  two 
partially  opened  buds  may  be  seen  in  Fig.  432, 


WORDS    USED   IN 


Fig.  432.  Lotus-flowers. 


was  the  symbol  of  the 
rising  of  the  sun,  of 
fertilization,  life,  and 
resurrection.  The  lotus 
appears  in  the  ornamen- 
tation of  the  largest  as 
well  as  of  the  smallest 
monuments  of  Egyptian 

i\l  VlftW         WWtHli       ^^^ '    ^'"^^  '^  '■■'^'^  motive 
\  wJ\f\  l\l!f  1i\       °^  many  of  the  columns 

\.^V'',I  l\»Ulli      j^j^j}  capitals  of  the  tem- 

ples and  palaces  of  a 
certain  period,  as  well  as 
of  the  decoration  of  vases 
and  other  small  objects. 
Three  lotus-stems  issu- 
ing from  a  basin  sym- 
bolized Upper  Egypt. 

Louis  d'Or,  Fr.  A 
gold  coin,  value  about 
20s.,  first  struck  in  1640. 
Louis  Treize  Style 
(Arch.),  a  French  ver- 
sion of  Italian  art,  pre- 
vailed from  1625  to  1650, 
and  producedyfrt^z  IcPaji- 
t)-e,  the  ornamentist,  and 
the  following  styles  : — ■ 
Louis  Quatorze,  Arch.  A  style  of  ornament 
developed  towards  the  close  of  the  17th  century 
(1643 — I7I5).  It  is  described  as  "essentially 
an  ornamental  style,  its  chief  aim  being  effect  by 
a  brilliant  play  of  light  and  shade  ;  colour,  or 
mere  beauty  of  form  in  detail,  having  no  part  in 
it.  This  style  arose  in  Italy,  and  the  Chiesa 
del  Gesu  at  Rome  is  mentioned  as  its  type  or 
model.  The  great  medium  of  the  Louis 
Quatorze  was  gilt  stucco-work,  which,  for  a 
while,  seems  to  have  almost  wholly  superseded 
decorative  painting  ;  and  this  absence  of  colour 
in  the  principal  decorations  of  the  period  seems 
to  have  led  to  its  more  striking  characteristic, — 
infinite  play  of  light  and  shade."  {Woriuim, 
Analysis  of  Ornament.')  In  this  style  symmetry 
was  first  systematically  avoided.  In  the  Furni- 
ture of  the  period  the  characteristic  details  are 
the  scroll  and  shell.  The  classical  ornaments 
and  aU  the  elements  of  the  Cittque-cenio,  from 
which  the  Louis  Quatorze  proceeded,  are 
admitted  under  peculiar  treatment,  as  acces- 
sories ;  the  panels  are  fomred  by  chains  of 
scrolls,  or  a  combination  of  the  scroll  and  shell. 
Versailles  is  the  great  repertory  of  the  Louis 
Quatorze  (Fig.  433),  and  the  designs  of  Watteau 
ts  finest  exemplification. 

Louis  Quinze,  Arch.  This  style  (1715 — 74) 
is  the  exaggeration  of  the  Louis  Quatorze,  re- 
jecting all  symmetry,  and  introducing  the 
elongation  of  the  foliations  of  the  scroll,  mixed 
up  with  a  species  of  crimped  conventional 
coquillage  or  shell-work.     The  style  found  its 


culmination  in  the  bizarre  absurdities  of  the 
Rococo. 

Louvre,  Arch.  The  open  turret  in  the  roofs 
of  ancient  halls,  through  which  the  smoke 
escaped  before  the  introduction  of  modern 
chimneys. 

Louvre-boarding  or  LufFer-boarding,  Arch. 
A  series  of  overlapping  boards  sloping  from 
the  top  downwards,  and  from  within  outwards, 
and  fixed  in  a  framework  of  timber.  They 
are  placed  in  the  apertures  of  towers  and 
belfries  for  the  sake  of  ventilating  the  timbers, 
and  are  sloped  to  prevent  rain  and  snow  from 
penetrating  within,  and  to  direct  the  sound  of 
the  bells  downwards.  Sometimes  the  wooden 
boardings  are  covered  with  lead,  slate,  or 
zinc,  in  order  to  preserve  them. 

Louvre-window,  Belfry-arch,  Arch.  The 
large  lights  fitted  with  louvre-boarding  in 
belfries. 

Love-apple.     The  tomato  is  so  called. 

Love-feast.  An  annual  feast  celebrated  in 
some  parishes  in  England  on  the  Thursday 
before  Easter.  (See  Edioards's  Old  English 
Customs.) 

Love-in-Idleness,  O.  E.     The  heart's-ease. 

Love-knot.  A  complicated  figure  by  which 
an  interchange  of  affection  is  supposed  to  be 
figured. 

Love-lies-bleeding,  O.  E.  A  flower;  a  kind 
of  amarantli. 

Love-lock.  A  long  ringlet  of  hair  worn  on 
the  left  side  of  the  head,  and  allowed  to  stream 
down  the  shoulder  sometimes  as  far  as  the 
elbow.  The  love-lock  is  mentioned  in  Queen 
Elizabeth's  reign.  "Will  you  be  Frenchified, 
with  a  love-lock  down  to  your  shoulders,  wherein 
you  may  weave  your  mistress's  favour?"  {Quip 
for  an  Upstart  Courtier.) 

"Why  should    thy  sweete    love-Iocke    hang    dangling 
downe. 
Kissing  thy  girdle-stud  with  falling  pride  ? 
Although  thy  skin  be  white,  thy  haire  is  browne  ; 
Oh,  let  not  then  thy  haire  thy  beautie  hide." 

(The  Affectionate  SlieJ>heard.) 

Lovel,  O.  E.     A  dog. 

"The  Ratte,  the  Catte,  and  Lovell  ourdogge. 
Rule  all  England  under  the  hogge."  (1484-  J 

Low  Side-window,  Arch.  A  peculiar  small 
window  found  in  many  churches  near  the  west 
end  of  the  chancel,  and  very  near  the  ground. 
It  was  never  glazed,  but  closed  with  wooden  or 
iron  gratings.  Its  object  has  never  been  ascer- 
tained. Most  of  the  examples  are  of  the  13th 
or  14th  century.  (See  Arclucological  Journal, 
vol.  iv.  p.  314.) 

Low  Sunday,  Chr.  The  Sunday  next  after 
Easter. 

Lozenge.  In  Heraldry,  the  diamond-shaped 
figure  used  for  a  shield  to  display  the  arms  of 
spinsters  and  widows.     The  lozenge  is   always 


Fig-  433-  Heraldic  Decoration  at  Versailles — Louis  Quatorze 


placed  upright  on  the  shield,  and  its  true  propor- 
tions are  as  5  to  4.     (See  Mascle.) 

Lozenge  Moulding  or  Lozenge  Fret.  An 
ornament  used  in  Norman  architecture,  present- 
ing the  appearance  of  diagonal  riljs,  enclosing 
diamond-shaped  panels. 

Lozenges.  A  term  in 
wood-engraving  for  a 
class  of  fine  gravers 
used  for  outlines  and 
very  fine  shading. 

Lozengy,  Her.  A 
field  divided  lozenge- 
wise.     (Fig.  434.) 

Lucariae,     R.     Fes- 
tivals      instituted      at 
Rome  to  commemorate 
Fig.  434.  Shield  of  Hubert  the    refuge    which    the 
de  Burgh,  Earl  of  Kent.     Roman  army  had  once 
found    in   a  wood     {lucus)    between   the    Via 
Salaria    and  the    left   bank  of  the  Tiber.     At 
the  time  of  the  invasion  of  the  Gauls  in  the 
year  365    B.C.,  the   Roman  army  would   have 
been  entirely  cut  to  pieces  but  for  this  refuge. 
Lacarne,  Fr.  Arch.   A  dormeror  garret  window. 
Luce,    Her.     The    fish  now   called    a   pike. 
(Fig.  380.) 


Lucerna,  R.  {Jncco,  to 
shine).  An  oil-lamp  of 
terra-cotta  or  bronze.  (Fig. 
435.)  On  one  side  they  had 
a  handle,  and  on  the  other 
one  or  more  places  for 
wicks  {myxcv).  The  oil  was 
poured  in  through  an  open- 
ing in  the  centre.  Lucerna 
bilychnis,  trilyclinis,  poly- 
lychnis,  and  lucerna  bimyxos, 
trwiyxcs,  or  poly/nyxos,  were 
respectively  lamps  with  two, 
three,  or  several  nozzles, 
or  with  two,  three,  or 
several  wicks ;  lucerna  pen- 
silis  was  a  hanging  lamp. 
(See  Fig.  435.) 

Lucidse,  Med.  Lat.  Lus- 
trous varnishes. 

Lucifer  {lux,  light  ;  fero, 
to  bring).  The  morning  or 
evening  star. 

Lucta,  Lactamen,  Luctatio 

(Gr.  TTciA?;,  TTaKaiafxtx,  iraXaLcr- 

/LLoaiivr],       or       KaTaB^rjTiKv). 

Wrestling.     In  the  Homeric 

age  the  wrestlers  contended 

naked,    excepting   the    feri- 

zoina  round  the  loins;    about 

B.C.  720  (the  15th  Olympiad) 

this     was    discarded.      The 

Cretans  and  Lacedremonians, 

and   afterwards  the   Greeks, 

anointed  the  body  with  oil,  and  then  strewed  it 

over  with  sand  or  dust.      The  Lucta  or    Pale 

differed   from   the  Pancratium.     In    the   latter. 


Hg.  435.  Bronze  Lucerna.     Romaa. 


\YORDS  USED  IN 


boxing  and  wrestling  were  combined,  and  the 
contest  continued  until  one  party  was  killed,  or 
unable  to  continue.  In  wrestling,  on  the  other 
hand,  the  victory  was  awarded  to  the  man  who 
first  threw  the  other  three  times.  The  most 
famous  wrestler  of  antiquity  was  Milo  of  Crotona, 
who  flourished  B.C.  509,  and  was  seven  times 
crowned  at  the  I^ythian  games,  and  six  times  at 
Olympia. 

LucuUite.  A  variety  of  black  marble,  first 
brought  to  Rome  from  an  island  at  Assouan  on 
the  Nile  by  LucuUus. 

Ludi.  Games  at  festivals,  or  a  general 
name  for  such  festivals  as  consisted  entirely 
of  games  and  contests.  Ludi  ch-censes  were 
games  held  in  the  circus,  gladiatorial  and 
other.  (See  CiRCUS.)  Ludi  scenici  were 
theatrical  representations.  Ludi  stati,  like  the 
FericE  slata,  were  those  held  regularly  on  certain 
days  marked  in  the  calendar.  Ludi  imperativi,  on 
the  other  hand,  were  held  by  special  appoint- 
ment, and  votivi  in  fulfilment  of  vows.  The 
games  were  superintended  by  the  /Ediles.  The 
principal  games  will  be  found  described  under 
the  headings  Apollinares,  Augustales,  Capi- 
tolini,  Circenses,  Compitalia,  Floralia,  V\x- 
nebres,  Liberales  or  Dionysia,  Megalesia, 
Plebeii,  Sseculares,  &c. 

Ludus,  R.  A  game  or  pastime  ;  ludus 
litterarius,  or  ludus  simply,  was  a  school  for  the 
instruction  of  youth  ;  ludiis  duodccim  sa-iptoruiii, 
a  kind  of  backgammon  played  by  the  ancients  ; 
ludus  fidiciuin,  a  music  school ;  ludus  gladia- 
torius,  a  school  for  gladiators  directed  by  a 
lanista. 

Lumachel  (It.  lumachclla,  a  little  snail).  A 
marble  full  of  fossil  shells,  and  of  beautiful 
iridescent  colours,  sometimes  a  deep  red  or 
orange  ;  called  also  fi7-e  marble. 

Luna,  R.  (lit.  moon).  An  ivory  or  silver 
shoe-buckle  worn  by  Roman  senators.  (Com- 
pare Lunula.) 

Lunated.     Crescent-shaped. 

Lunette,  (i)  In  Fortification,  a  work  with 
two  faces  and  two  flanks,  i.  e.  a  Redan  to  which 
flanks  or  lateral  wings  have  been  added  j  in 
form,  therefore,  it  resembles  a  Bastion.  (2) 
In  Architecture,  a  crescent  or  semicircular 
window,  or  space  above  a  square  window 
beneath  a  rounded  roof.  Hence  the  paintings 
on  sucli  a  space  are  called  lunettes ;  e.  g.  those 
of  Raffaelle  in  the  Vatican. 

Lunula,  R.  (dimin.  of  luna).  (i)  An  orna- 
ment in  the  form  of  a  crescent  worn  by  women 
round  the  neck.  (2)  The  white  moon-shaped 
marks  at  the  roots  of  the  finger-nails.  (Cf.MENls.) 

Lupatum,  R.  A  jagged  bit  with  teeth  like 
a  saw  (lupus) ;  M'hence  its  name. 

Lupercalia,  R.  Festivals  held  at  Rome 
on  the  fifteenth  of  the  calends  of  March 
(15th  of  February),  in  the  Lupercal,  a   sacred 


435  a.     Hawk's 
Lure. 


The  great   epic 
Portuguese      poet 


enclosure  or  cave  on  the  Palatine,  regarded  as 
the  den  of  the  she-wolf  who  nursed  Romulus 
and  Remus.  The  luperci  assembled  together 
and  sacrificed  goats  and  young  dogs,  with  the 
skins  of  which  they  ran  through  the  streets  half 
naked.  [Lupercus,  or  Februus,  was  the  god  of 
fertility.  The  festival  was  originally  a  shepherd 
festival ;  the  ceremony  was  symbolical  of  a 
purification  of  shepherds,  and  commemorated 
the  time  when  Rome  was  a  nation  of  shep- 
herds.] 

Lupus,  R.  (lit.  wolf),  (i)  A  hand-saw.  (2) 
Lupus  ferreus,  a  huge  iron  hook,  lowered  from 
the  walls  of  a  besieged  place  to  catchthe  point 
of  the  battering-ram.     (See  Harpaga.) 

Lara,  R.  Literally,  the  mouth  of  a  large 
leathern  sack  for  wine  and  oil,  and  thence  the 
sack  itself. 

Lure.  A  falconer's  de- 
coy, made  of  feathers  on  a 
cord,  to  attract  a  hawk  back 
to  the  wrist.  The  illustra- 
tion is  a  heraldic  lure. 
(See  Fig.  91.  See  also  In 
Lure.) 
Lusiad. 
of  the 
Camoens. 

Lustratio  (Gr.  KoiOapa-is). 
A  purification,  originally  by  water,  afterwards 
by  solemn  ceremonies  of  sprinkling,  or  the 
smoke  of  sacrifice  ;  made  privately  after  deaths 
or  accidental  pollutions,  and  publicly  on  the 
occasion  of  public  disasters,  prodigies,  or  the 
like  ;  and  at  certain  fixed  periods,  especially  at 
the  close  of  every  lustrum. 

Lustricus  (sc.  dies),  R.  (lustrum,  a  lustration). 
The  day  of  purification  for  a  new-born  infant, 
when  it  received  its  name. 

Lustrum,  R.  (luo,  to  wash).  A  solemn  pui'i- 
fication  performed  by  the  censors  on  laying  down 
their  office,  that  is  to  say,  every  Jive  years ; 
whence  the  term  was  used  to  denote  that  space 
of  time. 

Lute  (Arabic,  el  oud).  A  stringed  instrument 
of  great  antiquity,  first  mentioned  in  Persia  in 
682  A.  D.  Before  the  loth  century  the  lute  had 
only  four  strings,  or  four  pairs  producing  four 
tones,  each  tone  having  two  strings  tuned  in 
unison.  About  the  loth  century  a  string  for  a 
fifth  tone  was  added.  The  strings  were  made  of 
silk  neatly  twisted.  The  neck  of  the  instrument 
was  provided  with  frets  of  string,  regulated 
according  to  the  system  of  seventeen  intervals  to 
an  octave.  The  Chinese  god  of  music  is  repre- 
sented playing  on  a  lute  with  four  strings.  The 
lute  was  very  popular  in  England  in  Elizabeth's 
time.  Originally  it  had  eight  catgut  strings,  ar- 
ranged in  four  pairs,  each  pair  being  in  unison. 
The  number  of  strings  varied  from  time  to 
time,  and  in  the  17th  century  they  were  twenty- 


.•M\l^      ^VI\.V„  11^  I'^Wlj 


four.  Tlie  size  of  tlic  lute  also  varied  ;  the 
treble  lute  was  the  smallest,  and  the  bass  lute  the 
largest.     There  were  also  the  Arciilute,  the 

ClI  ITAKKONK, 

Theoruo,  &c. 
(Consult  Tho- 
mas Mace'  s 
Miisiik''s  Monu- 
ment, 1676.) 

Lycaea.  A 
festival  of  the 
Arcadians  in 
honour  of  Zeus 
AvKolos. 

Lyceium.  A 
sacred  enclosure 
at  Athens, 
dedicated  to 
Apollo  Lycius, 
where  the  pole- 
niarck  originally 
held  his  court. 
It  was  decorated 
with  fountains, 
plantations,  and 
ornamental  edi- 
fices by  Peisis- 
tratus,  Pericles, 
and  Lycurgus. 
Here  Aristotle 
delivered  his 
lectures,  as  he 
zvalkcd  abont 
with  his  follow- 
ers, hence  called 
'■'■  Peripatetics." 
Lychnus,  Lychnuchus,R.  {Kvx^os,  Aux^oOxos). 
The  former  of  these  terms  is  of  by  far  the  most 
frequent  occurrence.  It  denotes  a  kind  of  lantern 
or  candlestick  made  to  support  oil  lamps  {Incer- 
jtcc).  Fig.  436  represents  a  lychnus  supporting 
three  htcerna. 

Lydian.  Of  music,  soft  and  slow ;  generally 
effeminate. 

Lydian  Stone  {Lydius  lapis  or  Heraclius 
lapis)  was  a  kind  of  flinty  slate  used  by  the 
ancients  as  a  touchstone  for  the  trial  of  gold  and 
silver. 

Lymphad,  Her.  An  ancient  galley,  the 
feudal  ensign  of  the  house  of  Lorn,  and  as 
such  quartered  by  the  Dukes  of  Argyle. 
It  is  borne  also  by  the 
Prince  of  Wales  as  "Lord 
of  the  Isles."  (Fig.  437.) 
Lynx  Sapphire.  A  la- 
pidaiy's  term  for  dark- 
grey  or  greenish-blue  va- 
rieties of  the  sapphire. 

Lyon   King    at   Arms. 
The  Scotch  Herald,  Lord 
Fig.  437.  LymphaJ.        Lyon.     The     regalia     of 


Fig.  436.  Lj'chnus. 


this  officer  are,  a  crown  of  gold,  with  a  crimson 
velvet  cap,  &c.;  a  velvet  robe  reaching  to 
his  feet,  with  the  arms  of  the  kingdom 
embroidered  thereon,  both  before  and  behind, 
in  the  proper  tinctures  ;  a  triple  row  of  gold 
chains  round  his  neck,  with  an  oval  gold  medal 
pendent  thereto,  on  one  side  of  which  is  the 
royal  bearing,  and  on  the  other  St.  Andrew 
with  his  cross  enamelled  in  proper  colours,  .  nd 
a  baton  of  gold  enamelled  green,  powd  ed 
with  the  badges  of  the  kingdom. 

Lyra,  Gr.  and  R.  (\upa).  A  lyre  ;  a 
stringed  instrument  which  assumed  var  ous 
forms.  On  Assyrian  monuments  the  lyre  occurs  in 
throe  different  forms,  and  is  held  horizontally 
in  playing.  Its  front  bar  was  generally  either 
oblique  or  slightly  curved.  It  was  played  with 
a  plectrum  or  with  the  fingers.  The  Hebrew 
lyre  is  represented  on  coins  of  Judas  Maccabasus. 
Some  have  three  strings,  others  five,  and  others 
six.  The  two  sides  of  the  frames  appear  to  have 
been  made  of  horns  of  animals.  The  Hebrew 
square-shaped  lyre  is  probably  the  PSALTERION 
the  KiXXOR,  a  lyre  of  triangular  shape,  the 
instrument  of  King  David,  is  named  in  the 
Bible  as  the  oldest  stringed  instrument,  the  in- 
vention of  Jubal.  The  Rabbis  record  that  King 
David  used  to  suspend  his  over  his  pillow  at 
night.  On  Egyptian  monuments,  at  Beni 
Hassan,  a  Hebrew  lyre  is  represented,  probably 
of  the  date  of  Joseph,  1700  B.C.  The  Greeks 
had  lyres  of  many  kinds,  distinguished  by  diffe- 
rent names  ;  Lyra,  a  generic  term,  and  also  the 
lyre  oval  at  the  base,  to  be  held  in  the  lap  ; 
KiTHARA,  with  a  square  base,  to  be  held 
against  the  breast  ;  Chelys,  a  small  lyre  with 
body  made  of  tortoise-shell ;  Phormix,  a  large 
lyre,  &c.  Some  lyres  have  a  bridge,  others  have 
none ;  the  largest  were  probably  held  on  or 
between  the  knees,  or  were  tied  by  a  band  to 
the  left  arm.  The  strings  of  catgut  or  sinew 
were  twanged  with  a  plektron  or  short  stem  of 
ivory  or  metal,  pointed  at  both  ends.  The  lyre 
was  the  most  favourite  instrument  of  the 
Romans,  under  various  names.  The  Cornu 
had  a  frame  ending  at  the  top  in  two  long  horns  ; 
the  Barbitos  was  a  lyre  with  a  large  body  ; 
the  Psalterium  was  of  an  oblong  square  shape, 
&c.  The  lyre  is  represented  in  early  Christian 
monuments  of  the  4th  century.  In  one  of  them 
the  Saviour  is  represented  as  Apollo  touching 
the  lyre.  Anglo-Saxon  MSS.  of  the  gth  cen- 
tury also  represent  the  lyre.  A  German  fiddle 
of  the  9th  century,  with  only  one  string,  is  called 
lyra  in  the  MS.  In  Christian  symbolism  the 
lyre  represented  "the  attractive  power  of  the 
Lord."     (See  Mese.) 

Lysis,  Arch.  A  plinth,  or  step  above  the 
cornice  of  the  podium  which  surrounds  the 
Pedestal. 


WORDS  USED  IN 


M. 


M-roof,  Arch.     A  roof  formed  by  the  junction 

of  two  common  roofs,   with  a  valley  between 

them. 
Macabre.     (See  Dance  of  Death.) 
Macaronic    Verses.      A    burlesque  of  Latin, 

chequered   with   Italian,   Tuscan,    and  plebeian 

words,  described  by  the  author  : — 

"Ars  ista  poetica  nuncupatur  Ars  Macaronica,  a 
Macaronibus  derivata  ;  qui  Macarones  sunt  quoddam 
pulraentum,  farina,  caseo,  butyro  compaginatum,  grossum, 
rude  et  rusticanum.  Ideo  Macaronica  nil  nisi  grosse- 
dinem,  ruditatem,et  Vccabulazzos  debet  in  se  contincre." 

Macchia,  It.  (lit.  a  spot  or  stain).  "  The 
blocking  out  of  the  masses  of  light  and  shade." 
(See  Eastlake's  Materials,  &c.,  ii.  355.) 

Mace  (Fr.  masse  or  massue).  A  military  club 
or  staff,  generally  of  iron  with  a  wooden  handle, 
useful  for  breaking  defensive  armour.  The 
mace  was  generally  worn  at  the  saddle-bow ; 
and  was  subsequently  perforated  to  form  a 
pistol,  and  finally  superseded  by  the  pistol.  In 
the  Middle  Ages  the  mace  became  an  emblem  of 
office  ;  and  is  so  still — usually  surmounted  by 
a  crown.     (See  Clava,  Club.) 

Macellarius,  R.  {viaceUum,  a  market).  A 
keeper  of  a  shop  for  the  sale  of  fruit  and  cooked 
provisions.  His  shop  was  called  taverna  macel- 
laria. 

Macellum,  Gr.  and  R.  {/^aKeWov).  A  covered 
market  in  which  were  sold  all  kinds  of  provisions, 
such  as  fish,  poultry,  and  game  ;  it. was  distinct 
from  the  open  market  called  FoRUi%[  (q.v. ). 

Maceria,  R.  (i)  A 
rough  wall  formed 
of  materials  of  every 
description,  and 
having no/i^c/;/^.  (2) 
An  enclosed  place 
unroofed.    (Fig. 

438.) 

Machaera,  Gr. 
and  R.  {ndxcapa). 
A  sword  with  only 
one  edge,  made 
rather  for  cutting 
than  thrusting. 

Machoerium,  Gr.  and  R.  (ixaxaipiov).  Dimin. 
of  niachicra,  a  knife  employed  chiefly  by  fisher- 
men. 

Machserophorus,  Gr.  and  R.  {ixa.xo.ipo-<^6pos). 
Literally,  armed  tvith  the  hunting-knife,  the 
machccritiin ;  an  epithet  of  the  so-called  bar- 
barous nations,  such  as  the  Egyptians,  Persians, 
Medes,  Thracians,  and  Gauls. 


Fig.  438.  Maceria. 


Machicolated,  Arch.  Furnished  with  machi- 
colations. 

Machicolations  (Fr.  machicoulis),  Arch. 
Openings  or  grooves  made  under  the  parapet  of 
a  fortified  place,  through  which  stones,  pitch, 
boiling  water,  or  hot  sand  were  throwTi  down. 

Macrochera,  Gr.  {fxaKp6-x^i-p,  long-armed). 
A  tunic  with  long  sleeves,  called  by  the  Romans 
Chiridota. 

Macrocolum,  Macrocollum,  R.  Paper  of 
the  largest  size,  that  is  to  say,  in  sheets  formed 
of  a  number  of  pieces  of  parchment  or  papyrus 
glued  together. 

Macula,  R.  The  mesh  of  a  net ;  in  the 
plural  inaculcc. 

Madder.  The  root  of  "rubia  tinctoria " 
{Yx.  garance),  from  which  a  number  of  valuable 
pigments  are  made,  which  are  transparent  and 
permanent,  working  equally  well  in  oil  and  in 
water  colours.  They  vaiy  from  the  lightest  and 
most  delicate  rose  to  the  deepest  purple,  and 
are  known  as  rose  madder,  pink  madder,  mad- 
der-carmine, fiirple  madder,  brozvn  madder, 
intense  madder-purple,  and  orange  madder- 
lake. 

Madonna,  It.  The  Virgin  Mary.  (See 
Joys.) 

Maeander,  Gr.  (Maiai-Spos).  An  ornamental 
design  so  called  from  the  numerous  windings  it 
described,  like  the  river  ALvander.  Its  proper 
name  is  the  Greek  Fret.     (Figs.  334  to  336.) 

Maelium.     (See  Melium.) 

Maemacteria,  Gr.  duaifj-aKT-fipia).  Festivals 
held  at  Athens  in  honour  of  the  boisterous  or 
stormy  Zeus  {MaiiJ.a.KTr)s),  with  the  object  of 
obtaining  a  mild  winter. 

Meenad,  Gr.  (/xaifas).  Literally,  a  frenzied 
woman,  and  thence  a  bacchante.  (See  Baccha.  ) 

Maenhir.     (See  Menhir.) 

Maenia  Columna,  R.  A  column  situated  in 
the  Roman  fomm,  near  which  certain  magis- 
trates (triiiniviri  criminates)  judged  criminals, 
slaves,  and  vagrants. 

Maeniana,  Msenianse  Scholse,  R.  Celebrated 
schools  of  Gaid  founded  by  Augustus  at  Autun 
{Augiistoditmim  or  Bibracte),  so  called  because 
the  buildings  were  furnished  with  balconies 
{nucniana).      (See  M^NIANUM.) 

Maenianum,  R.  A  structure  supported  on 
corbels  ;  a  balcony  projecting  from  the  wall  of  a 
house  ;  in  a  theatre  or  amphitheatre,  one  range 
of  seats  comprised  between  two  landing-places 
(prcvcinctiones).  Originally  a  balcony  erected 
round   the   Roman   forum,    B.C.    31S,    to   give 


accommodation  to  the  spectators  of  gladiatorial 
contests.  Afterwards  balconies  in  general  were 
so  called. 

Maes,  Celt.  A  Welsh  word  for  a  field  of 
battle,  common  in  topographical  nomenclature. 

Mafil.     (See  Mahkil.) 

Mafors  or  Mavors  (Gr.  ixa<pwpiov)  was  a  short 
veil  covering  the  head  and  neck  and  flowing 
down  on  the  shoulders,  such  as  nuns  wear  in 
imitation  of  the  Virgin  Mary. 

Magadis,  Gr.  (^d7a5ij).  A  musical  instru- 
ment invented  by  the  Lydians  ;  it  was  a  kind  of 
harp,  which  changed  its  form  and  was  afterwards 
called  -Samiuca  (q.v.).     (See  Lyra.) 

Maghreb  Pottery.     (See  Gargoulette.)   * 

Magi.  The  adoration  of  the  Magi  (commemo- 
rated on  Christmas  Day)  is  the  subject  of  some  of 
the  earliest  specimens  of  Christian  art.  A  fresco 
in  the  catacomb  of  St.  Agnes,  representing  the 
Magi  before  Herod,  is  attributed  to  the  2nd 
century,  and  the  mosaics  of  St.  Maria  Mag- 
giore  at  Rome,  in  which  the  same  subject 
occurs,  are  of  the  5th  century. 

Magnase  Black.  A  colour  which  dries 
rapidly  when  mixed  with  oil,  and  is  of  intense 
body. 

Mahfil,  Arab.  A  raised  seat  in  a  mosque, 
for  the  iiiiaiini  mocri  who  reads  the  Koran,  and 
for  the  imaiiJii  khatib,  who  recites  prayer, 
preaches,  and  acts  as  the  minister  of  the  ser- 
vices generally. 

Mahl-stick.  A  stick  with  a  pad  at  the  end, 
upon  which  the  painter  rests  the  wrist  of  his 
right  arm  while  working. 

Mahogany.  Wood  of  the  Sivietcnia  vialio- 
gonl  of  Jamaica  and  Honduras.  Satin-wood, 
or  green  mahogany,  is  the  Chloroxyllon ; 
mottled,  or  African  mahogany,  is  the  Khayci ; 
Indian  mahogany  is  the  Cedrda  toona. 

Mahoitres,  O.  E.  The  name  of  a  singular 
fashion  of  the  15th  century — "of  prankyd 
gownes,  and  shoulders  tip  sd,  moss  and  flocks 
sewed  within  " — of  padding  up  the  shoulder 
to  give  a  broad  appearance  to  the  chest.  (See 
Figs.  Si»  355>  and  469.) 

Mail  (from  the  Fr.  maillc,  the  meshes  of 
a  net).  Applied  to  chain  or  ringed  armour. 
"  Rich  mayles  that  ronke  {strong)  were  and 
round." 

Mainefaire,  O.  E.  The  covering  for  a  horse's 
inane.  It  was  made  of  overlapping  plates,  like 
a  lobster's  tail ;  and  was  fastened  to  the  testicre 
by  buttons,  and  round  the  animal's  neck  by 
straps.      {Meyrick. ) 

Maintenance,  Cap  of,  Her.    (See  Chapeau.) 

Maiolica  ur  Majolica.  The  Italian  name  for 
the  glazed  earthenware  introduced  by  Moorish 
potters  from  the  island  of  Majorca.  Originally 
these  terms  were  only  applied  to  ''^ lustrezuares,^' 
but  from  the  i6th  century  they  were  generally 
applied  to  the  glazed  cart/icnivare  of  Italy.     A 


coarser  lead-glazed  lustred  ware  was  known  as 
mezza-majolica.  The  distinguishing  characteris- 
tics of  the  Majolica  ware  are  "  coarseness  of 
ware,  intricacy  of  pattern,  and  occasionally  pris- 
matic glaze."  It  is  also  named  Faiioncp:,  from 
the  boiega  at  Faenza,  and,  when  decorated  with 
subjects  after  designs  of  Raphael,  "  Raffaclle 
ware."  Fayence,  terraglia,  as  distinct  from 
Porcelain,  is  formed  of  potter's  clay  (hence  its 
English   name    Pottery)    mixed  with   marl  and 


Fig.  439.   INIajolica  Plate  (Urbino  Ware). 

sand,  and  is  soft  or  Iiai-d  according  to  the  nature 
of  the  composition,  and  the  degree  of  heat  under 
which  it  is  fired  in  the  kiln.  English  earthen- 
ware is  soft,  while  stone-ware,  Qtieen''s-ware,  &c  , 
are  hard.  Soft  wares  are  either  unglazed,  01 
lustrous,  or  glazed,  or  enamelled.  The  Italian 
lusti'ous  ware  is  properly,  and  the  glazed  ware 
improperly,  but  generally  called  Majolica. 

Majesty  (It.  Maesta),  Chr.  A  conventional 
representation  of  the  Saviour  in  glory,  on  a 
throne,  encompassed  by  a  nimbus,  and  sur- 
rounded by  cherubim,  and  the  four  evangelistic 
symbols,  and  the  letters  A  and  Ci.  "  The  only 
existing  document  relating  to  Cimabue  shows 
that  he  was  employed  in  1301  on  a  mosaic 
'  Majesty  '  in  the  tribune  of  the  Duomo  at  Pisa." 
{Eastlake.) 

Mala  Pioba.  Irish  {mala,  a  bag).  The  bag- 
pipe. 

Malachite.  A  native  carbonate  of  copper, 
forming  a  beautiful  and  permanent  gi^een  pig- 
ment, used  for  oils  and  water-colours.  Incrusted 
upon  other  materials  it  is  used  for  articles  of 
ornament.     Blue   malachite   is  pure    cai^bonate 


234 


WORDS  USED  IN 


of  copper  ;  f^rcen  malachite  is  green  carbonate  of 
copper  ;  emerald  or  royal  malachite  is  dioptase 
of  copper,  a  still  rarer  green  and  the  best  of  all, 
which  is  a  mixture  of  copper  and  silica  ;  false 
or/j-^/i/j-malachite  is  phosphate  of  copper,  soft 
and  silky,  and  of  a  rich  velvet  green  marred  by 
black  spots  or  lines,  and  not  so  rich  as  the  three 
kinds  (jf  true  malachite. 

Malchus,  R.  An  old  term  for  a  confessional 
having  only  one  stool  for  penitents  ;  it  signified 
that  which  has  only  one  ear,  from  the  fact  that 
Malchus,  Caiaphas'  servant,  was  deprived  of  his 
right  ear  by  I'cter. 

Malleability.  The  jM-operty  of  extension 
under  the  hammer  {mcil/ens).  Gold  is  the  most 
malleable  of  metals.  The  art  of  rendering  ^/ai-j 
malleal)le  was  discovered  by  an  architect  in  the 
reign  of  Tiberius.  Buried  treasures  of  glass 
vessels  have  been  found  to  be  malleable  when 
first  disinterred,  but  to  harden  quickly  on  ex- 
posure to  the  air. 

Malleus,  R.  (i)  A  hammer.  (2)  Med. 
The  .Maule  (Gothic  Miolner),  Thor's  ham- 
mer ;  a  military  weapon. 

Malluvia,  Malluvium,  R.  A  wash-hand  basin. 

Malus,  R. 
{mains,  an  ap- 
ple-tree), (i) 
The  mast  of  a 
vessel.  (2)  In 
theatres  and 
amphitheatres 
(Fig.  440)  mali 
were  the  poles 
over  which  the 
velarhim  was 
stretched. 

Malveisin, 
Med.  (Fr.  mal- 
voisin,  a  dis- 
agreeable 
neighbour).  A 
military  engine 
for  projecting 
stones  or  ar- 
rows. 
Mama-quilla, 

Fig.  440.  Mains  of  an  Amphitheatre.  Peruv.     One  of 

the  divisions  of 

the  temple  of  the  Sun,   Inti   (q.v.) ;  so  called 

because  it  was  dedicated  to  the  moon,  Mama- 

qiiilla. 

Mamillare,  R.  {mamilla,  the  breast),  (i)  A 
broad  band  made  of  soft  leather,  a  kind  of  small 
stays,  used  by  the  Roman  ladies  to  support  the 
breasts.  (2)  In  Mediaeval  Latin,  circular  plates 
on  the  surcoat  with  rings  from  which  two  chains 
depended,  one  of  which  was  attached  to  the 
sword  and  the  other  to  the  sheath.  The  fashion 
was  introduced  under  Edward  I.,  and  continued 
until  Henry  V. 


^lilil 

i 

1 

M 

MM 

1 

1 

i 

^ 

lii' 

if 

1 

~T 

I 

1!  1 

i 

1 

IHFf 

Mil  'III 

1 

ll 

1  iiji 
1  liii 

1 

I 

!l, 

ill' 

i 

1 

wM           1'  II  1 1 

llt 

J 

iih'  'ill! 

■ii        <||I   :i  1 

1 

S3l'ii.!ii- 

llflliP!    llr          lllll 

Mane  op  Oly,  Dutch.  Poppy  oil,  "a  very 
white  oil  used  by  the  painters  in  the  Nether- 
lands, who  execute  delicate  works  requiring 
lively  colours,  such  as  the  vases  of  flowers  of  De 
Ghein,  &c."  {Eastlake.') 

Mandorla,  Chr.  (lit.  an  almond).  (See  Au- 
reole and  Vesica  Piscis.) 

Mandra,  Chr.  (lit.  a  fold).  A  favourite 
appellation  for  monastic  establishments  in  the 
East. 

Manducus,  R.  {mando,  to  chew).  A  comic 
masked  character,  distinguished  by  his  ugliness 
and  voracity  (whence  his  name).  (See  Per- 
sona.) 

Mandyas,  Chr.  In  the  Greek  Church,  an 
outer  garment  worn  by  monks.  It  is  a  long 
cloak,  reaching  almost  to  the  feet,  and  fastened 
at  the  throat.  It  is  originally  a  Persian  dress, 
and  is  frequently  mentioned  as  worn  by  emperors 
and  kings. 

Manefaire,  O.  E.  A  covering  of  armour  for 
a  horse's  vtane. 

Manes,  R.  The  shades  of  the  dead.  (See 
Lemures.) 

Manganese  Brown.  A  rich  semi-opaque 
brown  pigment,  permanent  and  drying  well. 
(See  Cappagh.) 

Manger,  Chr.  The  boards  of  the  manger  in 
which  the  Infant  Saviour  was  laid,  are  said  to 
be  preserved  in  the  ciypt  of  the  church  of  St. 
Maria  Maggiore  at  Rome.  They  are  called  the 
culla,  and  are  the  object  of  a  solemn  procession 
on  Christmas  Eve. 

Mangonell,  Med.  A  military  machine  for 
hurling  stones  ;  the  spelling  is  frequently  va- 
ried :  — 

"  Vous  peussez  bugles,  mangoniaux 
Veoir  pardessus  les  carniaux." 

(Roman  de  la  Rose.) 

Manica,  R.  {maims,  a  hand),  (i)  An  armlet,  or 
piece  of  armour  which  protected  the  arm  of  the 
gladiator.  (2)  A  leather  glove  worn  by  bar- 
barous nations.  In  the  plural,  manica:  denotes 
(i)  manacles  ;  (2)  a  grappling-iron  called 
Harpaoa  (q.v.). 

Manicora,  Manicore,  Chr.  In  Christian 
iconography,  the  manicora  is  a  hybrid  animal 
with  a  human  head,  and  a  globular  body  ending 
in  a  serpent.  It  is  a  symbol  of  the  World, 
the  Flesh,  and  the  Devil.     (Fig.  441.) 

Maniple,  Chr.  A  short  stole  held  in  the  left 
hand,  originally  used  as  a  napkin  by  the 
ofiiciating  jiriest.  Afterwards  it  was  worn  pen- 
dent from  the  wrist,  and  richly  decorated.  (See 
Fanox.)     The  word  is  derived  from^ 

Manipulus,  R.  (lit.  a  handful),  (i)  A  mani- 
ple, the  earliest  ensign  of  the  Roman  legion  ;  it 
consisted  of  a  handful  of  hay  attached  to  the 
end  of  a  pole.  (2)  A  body  of  infantry  in  a 
legion,  consisting  of  about  iSo  to  200 
men. 


ART  AND  ARCH.EOLOGV 


205 


Mansard  Roof,  Arch,   (so   called   from  Man- 
sai-ii,  the  French  architect,  who  introduced  it), 


Fig.  441.  Manicore. 

or  Curb  Roof  (from  the  French  coiirher,  to 
liend).  A  roof  with  two  sets  of  rafters,  of  which 
the  upper  part  is,  as  it  \\ere,  broken  off",  and 
not  so  steep  as  the  lower.  According  to 
Alcsaiigcs,  Mansard  took  the  idea  of  his  roof 
from  a  frame  composed  by  Segallo,  and  Michael 
Angelo  employed  it  in  the  construction  of  the 
dome  of  St.  Peter's.  The  houses  in  Lower 
Brittany  were  covered  with  these  roofs  in  the 
end  of  the  15th  century. 

Manse,  O.  E.     The  parsonage-house. 

Mansio,  R.  (manco,  to  remain).  Stations 
placed  at  intervals  along  the  high  roads,  to  serve 
as  halting-places  for  the  troops  on  a  march. 
(See  MuTATio.) 

Mantapa,  Hind.     A  porch  to  a  temple. 

Mantel-piece,  Arch,  (formerly  iiiantil).  A 
cloak  or  covering  ;  hence  the  slab  which  covers 
a  part  of  the  fireplace  ;  the  canopy  over  a 
shrine  (Latin  maudiialis'). 

Mantelet  or  Mantlet.  A  shed  used  for 
protecting  soldiers  from  missile  weapons.  (See 
Pluteus.  ) 

Mantica,  R.  {inaiius,  the  hand).  A  double 
wallet  serving  as  a  portmanteau  for  riders  or 
pedestrians. 

Mantle.  A  flowing  robe  worn  over  the 
armour,  as  shown  in  the  costume  of  the  knights 
in  the  ivory  mirror-case.      (Fig.  463.! 

Mantling  or  Lambrequin.  A  small  mantle, 
of  some  rich  materials,  attached  to  the  helmet, 
and  worn  hanging  down,   and  ending  in  tassels. 


(See  Fig.  177.)  It  is  usually  represented,  in 
Heraldry,  with  jagged  ends,  to  represent  the 
cuts  it  would  1)6  exposed  to  in  actual  battle. 

Manuale,  R.  (maims,  the  hand).  A  wooden 
case  for  a  Ijook. 

Manuballista,     R.     A    hand-liallista.      (See 

AKCUr.AI,l,IST.\.) 

Manubrium,  R.  (i.  e.  what  is  borne  in  the 
hand).  A  general  term  for  a  handle  of  any 
kind.     (See  Fig.  377.) 

Manus  Ferrea,  R.  Literally,  a  /in/i{^  of  iron  . 
an  iron  hook  which  served  as  a  grappling-iron, 
differing  from  the  harpaga,  as  it  was  launched 
at  the  end  of  a  chain,  while  the  harpaga  was 
fixed  on  a  long  beam  [asser). 

Marble.  The  finest  for  statuary,  from  Carrara, 
is  of  a  pure  white  ;  that  from  Faros  is  of  a 
waxy  cream  colour  ;  others  coloured  with 
metallic  oxides  are  available  for  ornamental 
purposes.  Many  cements  have  been  produced 
as  "artificial  marble."     (See  SCAGLIOLA.) 

Marble  Silk  had  a  weft  of  several  colours  so 
woven  as  to  make  the  whole  web  look  like 
marble  stained  with  a  variety  of  tints.  On  the 
6th  of  Noveml)er,  1551,  "the  old  qwyne  of 
Schottes  rod  thrught  London  ;  then  cam  the 
lord  tresorer  with  a  C.  great  horsse  and  iher 
cotes  of  ma/du//."  Its  use  prevailed  for  three 
centuries. 

Marbling  "  is  an  art  which  consists  in  the  pro- 
duction of  certain  patterns  and  effects  by  means 
of  colours  so  prepared  as  to  float  on  a  mucilagi- 
nous liquid.  While  so  floating  they  foiTn  into 
patterns,  which  are  taken  off  on  to  a  sheet  of 
paper  (for  book-covers),  or  to  the  smoothly  cut 
edges  of  a  book,  by  dipping."  (IVooliwugh, 
The  Whole  Art  of  Marbling,  1881.) 

Marcus,  R.  A  blacksmith's  hammer ;  a 
sledge-hammer.     (See  Malleus.) 

Mardelles,  Margelles,  or  Marges,  Celt.  Ex- 
cavations met  with  in  several  parts  of  Europe, 
supposed  to  be  Celtic. 

Mark,  O.  E.  An  ancient  coin,  value  I3J-.  i^i. ; 
formerly  the  equivalent  of  30  silver  pennies. 

Marmouset,  Arch.  Fr.  (monkey).  A  grotesque 
figure  introduced  into  architectural  decoration 
in  the  13th  century. 

Marouflage,  Fr.  {maronfler,  to  line).  A 
method  of  house-painting  in  France,  upon  a 
lining  of  prepared  canvas  fixed  uj^on  the  surface 
to  be  decorated. 

Marquess,  Mar- 
quis. Ikr.  The 
second  uriler  of 
the  British  peer- 
age, in  rank  next 
to  that  of  duke, 
was  introduced 
Fig.  442.  Marquess's  coronet.  into  England  in 
1387  by  Richard 
II.     The  coronet,  apparently  contemporary    in 


2o6 


WORDS  USED  IN 


its  present  form  with  that  of  the  dukes,  has  its 
golden  circlet  heightened  with  four  strawberry- 
leaves  and  as  many  pearls  arranged  alternately. 
Marquetry.  Inlaid-work 
of  ornamental  woods  and 
atones  of  various  colours 
put  together  and  mixed  with 
metals.  The  art  has  existed 
from  the  earliest  ages  ;  but 
no  nation  has  brought  it 
to  a  higher  degree  of  per- 
fection than  the  Italians  of 
the  15th  century.  The 
Florentines  especially  have 
produced  work  of  this  kind 
which  is  unapproached  ;  the 
Medici  chapel  at  Florence 
may  be  particularly  m- 
stanced.  Figs.  443  and  444 
represent  specimens  of  an- 
tique work.  The  Venetian 
marquetry,  derived  from 
Persia  and  India,  is  a  fine 
inlay  of  ivory,  metal,  and 
woods,  stained  to  vary  the 
colour.  This  work  is  in 
geometric  patterns  only.  In 
France,inthe  earlymarquetry designs,  picturesque 
landscapes,   broken  architecture,  and  figures  are 


''"ig-  443-  -"^hatt 

ornamented  with 

Marquetry. 


Fig.  444.  Marquetry. 

represented.  Colours  are  occasionally  stained 
on  the  wood.  Ivory  and  ebony  are  the  favourite 
materials.  In  England,  it  is  an  art  imported 
from  Holland  in  the  reign  of  William  and 
Mary.  The  older  designs  on  Dutch  marquetry 
represent  tulips  and  other  flowers,  foliage,  birds, 
&c.,  all  in  gay  colours,  generally  the  self  colours 
of  the  wood  used.  Sometimes  the  eyes  and 
other  salient  points  are  in  ivory  and  mother-of- 
pearl.  (Compare  Boule,  Certosina  W^ork, 
Emhlemata,  Musivum  Opus,  Reisher- 
WORK,  &c.) 

Marra,  R.  A  kind  of  hoe  with  indented 
teeth,  used   for  tearing  up  weeds.      (Fig.   445.) 

Mars  Brown.     A  brown  pigment. 

Mars  (Reds,  Sec).  Calcined  earths  of  which 
the  brightness  of  the  redness  is  regulated  by  the 
duration  of  the  roasting. 


Fig.  445.  JSIarra. 

Marseilles  Faience.  This  ancient  city  has 
at  all  times  been  celebrated  in  the  ceramic  arts. 
Fig.  446  gives  a  representative  specimen  of 
modern  polychrome  work,  decorated  with 
flowers  easily  recognized  by  the  disposition 
of  their   long   stalks.     These   flowers    are,    in 


Fig.  446.  Teapot  of  Marseilles  faience. 

other  specimens,  accompanied  by  marine  land- 
scapes. Other  polychrome  services  are  called 
from  their  designs  "services  aux  insectes." 

Marsupium,  R.  {ixapaiiviov).  A  purse  for 
containing  money;  it  was  made  of  leather 
and  shaped  like  a  pear,  being  confined  at  the 
top  with  a  string.  (Hence  the  adjective  w^r- 
j-k/Ziz/ appl  ied  to  the  kangaroo,  &c.) 

Martel  de  Fer,  Med.  A  weapon  v.hich  had 
at  one  end  a  pick,  and  at  the  other  a  hammer, 
axe-blade,  half-moon,  mace-head,  or  other 
fanciful  termination.   {Mcyrick.) 

Martlet,  Her.  Bird,  usually  represented  with- 
out feet.     (Figs.  447,  448.) 


Fig.  447.    Early  Heraldic 
Martlet. 


Fig.  448.  Heraldic 
ilartlet. 


Martyrium,  Chr.  An  altar  erected  over  the 
tomb  of  a  martyr. 

Marzocco,  It.  The  Lion  of  Florence.  The 
heraldic  emblem  of  the  city.     (Fig.  449.) 


Fig.  449.  II  Marzocco,  the  bronze  Lion  now  in  the  Bargello  at  Florence 
By  Donatello  (about  a.d.  1420). 


Mascaron,  Arch.  Fr. 


.  450.   Ltri;-c.in  Mask 
in  terra-cotta. 


A  mask  ;  the  face  of  a 
man  or  animal 
employed  as  an 
ornamentation 
for  decorating 
the  key-stones 
of  arches  or 
vaults,  or  the 
stones  of  an 
arch,  &c.  (Fig. 
450.) 

Mascle,  Her. 
The        central 
lozenge      of    a 
diapered      sur- 
face;      it       is 
drawn         with 
right  angles. 
Maser  or  Mazer,  O.  E.     A  bowl  of  maple- 
wood.    The  name  is  applied  to  similar  bowls  or 
goblets  of  other  woods. 

"  The  nsazers  four. 
My  noble  fathers  loved  of  yore," 
are  mentioned  by  Scott  in  "The  Lord  of  the 
Isles."   They  were  richly  ornamented,  frequently 
with  legends  on  the  rim,  such  as 
"  In  the  name  of  the  Trinitie 
Fille  the  kup  and  drinke  to  me," 

and  the  rim  was  often  covered  with  silver  or  gold. 

Massicot.  The  name  of  an  ancient  pigment 
of  a  dull  orange  colour. 

Mastaba,  Mastabe,  Egyp.  An  outer  chapel 
attached  to  Egyptian  burial-places ;  it  was  gene- 
rally a  small  quadrangular  building,  the  door 
of  which  faced  the  East. 

Master  Arch,  O.  E.  The  central  or  widest 
arch  of  a  bridge. 

Mastic.     A  resin  used  for  varnish.     (Dissolve 


one  part  of  mastic  resin  in 
two  of  oil  of  turpentine.) 
(See  Varnish.)  In  France, 
the  term  is  applied  to  a 
cement  used  to  fill  up  joints 
in  masonry  ;  in  joinery,  to  a 
composition  of  wax,  resin, 
and  pounded  brick,  applied 
to  fill  up  knots  and  chinks 
in  the  wood.  Putty  is  also 
St)  called. 

Mastigophorus,  Gr.  and 
R.  (,ua(rTi7o-(/>df)os).  A  slave- 
driver,  and  thence  an  officer 
w  lio  fulfilled  the  same  func- 
tiiins  as  our  policemen. 
The  mastigophori  were  so 
named  because  they  carried 
a  whip  (lUdffTtya  (pepnv),  in 
order  to  put  down  any 
crowding  or  tumult  ;  it  was 
also  part  of  their  duty  to 
repress  any  infringement  of 
the  i-egulations  at  the  public  games. 

Match-lock.  A  gun  which  was  exploded  by 
means  of  a  match,  before  the  introduction  of 
the  flint  and  steel.      (See  Fire-lock.) 

Materiatio,  R.  [materia,  materials).  The 
timber-work  of  a  roof,  consisting  of  two  principal 
rafters  (canterii),  a  tie-beam  {tigtiiim),  a  ridge- 
piece  (ealciiHe)i),  beams  [trabes),  struts  {capreoW), 
purlines  {tenipla),  and  common  rafters  {asseres). 
Materis,  R.  A  Celtic  javelin  with  a  broadhead. 
Matralia,  R.  (i.  e.  pertaining  to  a  mother). 
The  festival  of  MattUa  (the  Ino  of  the 
Greeks),  Mhich  was  held  at  Rome  every 
year  on  the  third  of  the  ides  of  June 
(nth  of  June).  Prayers  were  offered  by  the 
Roman  matrons  on  behalf  of  their  nephews, 
they  being  afraid  to  pray  for  their  own  children, 
since  those  of  Matuta  had  turned  out  so  unfor- 
tunately. 

Matronalia,  R.  A  festival  of  the  Roman 
matrons  held  on  the  calends  of  March,  at 
which  matrons  offered  sacrifices  to  Mars  and 
Juno  Lucina. 

Mattucashlash.     An  ancient  Scotch  weapon, 
sometimes  called  the  armpit  dagger,  being  worn 
on  the  arm  ready  to  be  used  on  coming  to  close 
quarters. 
Maule.    (See  Malleus.) 
Maunde,  O.  E.     A  basket. 
Mausoleum,  R.    The  tomb  of  Mausolus,  king 
of  Caria,  at  Halicarnassus,  ranked  among  the 
seven  wonders  of  the  world.  The  name  was  after- 
wards applied  to  tombs  of  an  imposing  size  and 
splendour,  such  as  the  tomb  of  Augustus  in  the 
Field    of   Mars,    and    that  of  Hadrian,    on    the 
banks  of  the   Tiber,   now    known  as  Fort   St. 
Angeio.      A  representation  of  it,  in  its  original 
state,  is  shown  in  Fig.  451. 


208 


WORDS   USED'IN 


Mauve  is  the  colour  of  a  peach  blossom  ; 
obtained  as  a  dye  from  aniline  found  in  gas  tar. 

Maze,  Chr.  Labyrinthine  figures  in  the  pave- 
ments of  churclies    and  on   the   turf  of  greens. 


and   much   of   it   was   made   like    our   modern 
insertion.     The    engraving  shows   a     specimen 


To  trace  tlie  former  kneeling  was  a  species  of 
penance. 

Mazmorra,  Sp.  A  tank  lined  with  cement, 
sunk  in  the  ground  and  used  for  storing  grain. 
(See  Murray's  Handbook,  Spain,  p.  361,  Gra- 
jiada,  &c.) 

Mazonum,  Gr.  {ixaCo-vofxilov ;  ixa^a,  barley- 
bread).  A  wooden  platter  for  domestic  use, 
and  thence  a  salver  of  bronze  or  gold  on 
which  perfumes  were  burnt  in  the  religious 
processions  of  Bacchus. 

Mechlin  Lace  is  fine,  transparent,  and  effec- 
tive. It  is  made  in  one  piece  on  the  pillow  ; 
its  distinguishing  feature  is  the  flat  thread  which 
forms  the  flowers,  and  gives  to  the  lace  the 
character  cf  embroidery.  In  1699 — when 
Charles  II. 's  prohibition  to  the  introduction  of 
Flanders  lace  was  removed — Mechlin  lace 
became  the  fashion  in  England,  and  continued 
so  during  the  succeeding  century.  In  the  17th 
century  the  Beguinage  nuns  were  celebrated  for 
their  lace-making,  and  they  supported  their 
house  by  their  work.  Previous  to  1665  the 
name  of  Mechlin  was  given  to  all  pillow  lace, 


Mechlin  Lace,  iSth  cemury. 


of  old   Mechlin  lace   formerly  in  great  favour  as 
head-dresses  and  other  trimmings. 

Medallion,  (i)  A  medal  of  a  larger  size 
than  the  ordinary  coinage.  (2)  In  Architecture, 
a  circular  or  oval  tablet  on  the  face  of  a  build- 
ing. 

Mediaeval.     (See  Middle  Aces.) 
Medimnus,    Gr.    {^li^l^xvos).     The    principal 
Greek  measure  of  capacity,  holding  as  much  as 
six   Roman  modii.     It  was  especially  used  for 
measuring  com. 


Meditrinalia,  R.  {lucdcor,  to  remedy). 
Roman  festivals  in  honour  of  Meditrina,  the 
goddess  of  healing,  celebrated  on  the  lith  of 
October,  at  which  new  wine  was  tasted,  it 
being  looked  upon  by  the  Romans  as  a  preser- 
vative of  health. 

Medium.  The  liquid  in  which  pigments  are 
ground.  The  best  are  linseed  oil  and  nut 
oil. 


n  a  shield. 


Medusa  Head  was  frequently  used  as  an  orna- 
ment for  the  centre  of  a  shield.  (Cf.  GoRGONEiA.) 

Megalartia,  Gr.  (/ueyaAapTia).  Festivals 
held  at  Delos  in  honour  of  Ceres,  who  was 
called  Megalartos  (MeydXapros)  from  her  hav- 
ing bestowed  bread  on  mankind. 

Megalesian  (games),  R.  {Ludi  niegaleuses). 
Festivals  celebrated  annually  on  the  4th  of  April 
in  honour  of  Cybelc,  who  was  called  the  Great 
(MeyaAcra),  in  which  the  people  went  in  pro- 
cession to  the  Field  of  Mars  to  witness  scenic 
spectacles.  The  magistrates  attended  these  spec- 
tacles in  a  purple  toga,  or  "toga  prastexta ;" 
hence  the  expression  "  Purpura  Megalensis." 

Megylp.  A  vehicle  used  by  some  oil-painters, 
condemned  as  tending  to  destroy  the  permanency 
of  the  picture. 

Melides,  Gr.  Nymphs  of  fniit-trees.  (Cf 
Hamadryades.  ) 

Melina,  R.  A  pouch  made  out  of  the  skin 
of  a  marten  (or  a  badger,  meles). 

Melium,  R.  A  collar  for  sporting-dogs, 
studded  with  nails  and  iron  spikes  {claviilis, 
capitatis). 

Mell.     (See  Malleus.) 

Melotte,  O.  E.  A  garment  worn  by  monks 
during  laborious  occupation.      [Hallmell. ) 

Membrana,  R.  {inonbrnin,  skin).  Parchment 
f(jr  writing  on  was  introduced  as  a  substitute  for 
the  Egyptian  papyrus  by  Eumenes  II.,  king  of 
Pergamus.  It  was  usually  written  over  on  one 
side,  and  the  back  was  stained  with  saffron. 
The  writings  were  frequently  erased,  and  the 
paper  or  parchment  used  again.     It  was  then 


called  :\.paU)iipscst.  All  the  sheets  used  for  one 
work  were  joined  together  into  a  long  scroll, 
which  was  folded  round  a  staff,  and  then  called 
7'olu/>icn  ;  usually  there  were  ornamental  balls 
or  bosses,  projecting  from  the  ends  of  the  staff, 
called  itnilii/iri  or  cornua.  The  ends  of  the  roll 
were  carefully  cut  and  blackened  ;  they  were 
called  ^ww/z/K'  frontcs.  The  roll  itself  was  kept 
in  a  parchment  case,  which  was  stained  purple 
or  yellow.     (See  also  Liiser.) 

Membranula,  R.  (dimin.  of  membrana).  A 
small  strip  (if  parchment  on  which  the  title  or 
contents  of  a  volume  were  inscribed  in  minium. 

Menat,  Egyp.  An  Egy[)tian  amulet  worn 
on  a  necklace.  The  menat  evidently  formed 
some  symbol,  the  meaning  of  which  has 
hitherto  not  been  discovered. 

Menehis  or  Minihis,  Fr.  This  term,  de- 
rived from  the  Celtic  mcuech-ti  (house  of  a  monk), 
or  manacli-li  (free  spot  of  earth),  was  formerly 
used  in  Brittany  to  denote  a  place  of  asylum 
which  had  been  consecrated  in  any  way. 

Menhir,  Celt.  A  Celtic  monument  con- 
sisting of  a  huge  stone  fixed  upright  in  the 
ground.  Menhirs  are  found  associated  with 
dolmens,  tnniuli,  and  circles  of  stones.  (Consult 
Bertrajtd,  Arclhvlogie  Celtique  et  Gauloise,  p.  84.) 

Menis,  Meniscus,  Gr.  and  R.  {/xrivLffKos ; 
fj.r)vri,  the  moon).  A  crescent-shaped  piece  of 
metal  which  was  placed  on  statues  of  the  gods 
to  hinder  birds  from  settling  on  them.  The 
same  term  was  used  to  denote  an  ornament, 
likewise  in  the  shape  of  a  crescent,  placed  by  the 
Romans  at  the  beginning  of  their  books  ;  hence 
the  expression  a  nienide,  from  the  beginning. 
(Cf.  Luna.) 

Mensa,  R.  (Gr.  Tpairefa).  A  board,  tablet, 
or  table  ;  mcnsa  escaria,  or  mensa  simply,  a 
dining-table  ;  ?nensa  piima,  secunda,  the  first, 
second  course  of  a  meal  ;  mensa  tripes,  a  table 
with  three  feet,  in  contradistinction  to  mono- 
podinm,  a  talile  with  a  single  leg  ;  mensa  vinaria, 
a  drinking-table  (see  Delphica)  ;  mensa  sacra, 
an  altar-table ;  mcnsa  vasaria,  a  table  for 
holding  vessels  ;  mensa  piiblica,  a  public  bank  ; 
hence  mcnsarii,  bankers. 

Mensao,  Celt.  A  Celtic  monument  more 
usually  called  MENHIR  (q.v.)- 

Mensole,  Arch.  A  term  denoting  the  key- 
stone of  an  arch. 

Menzil,  Orient.  Houses  in  the  East  for  the 
reception  of  travellers,  in  places  where  there  are 
neither  cai^avanserais  nor  khans. 

Mereack,  Hind.  A  sort  of  thick  black 
varnish  employed  by  the  Khmers  to  coat  over 
statues  made  of  any  soft  stone,  which  are  ex- 
posed to  the  changes  of  the  weather.  This 
varnish  was,  in  many  instances,  itself  covered 
with  gold-leaf. 

Merkins,  O.  E.  A  name  given  to  ringlets  of 
false  hair,  much  worn  by  ladies  temp.  Charles  I. 

r 


WORDS    USED   IN 


Merlons,  Arch.  The  Cofs  or  raised  parts  of 
a  battlement.  Figures  of  warriors  or  animals 
are  sometimes  carved  on  the  tops.  (See  Battle- 
ment. ) 


Kig.  455.     ]\Iermaid  and  Pillars  of  Hercules. 
Arms  of  the  Colonna  family. 


Mermaid.  An  ancient  device  of  the  Colonna 
family  was  the  mermaid  between  the  pillars  of 
Hercules,  with  the  motto  Contemnit  tutap}-occllas. 

Mesaulse  (jueV-ovAa).  (i)  The  narrow  pas- 
sage or  coiTidor  which,  in  a  Greek  house, 
connected  the  andron  with  the  gyitcEcewn.  (2) 
The  door  in  this  passage. 

Mese  (the  middle,  sc.  x°9^'h)-  The  central 
note  of  the  seven-stringed  lyre.  The  Greeks  had 
no  names  to  distinguish  musical  notes.  They 
were  expressed  by  the  names  of  the  strings  of 
the  lyre.  Thus,  Nete,  d ;  Paranete,  c  ; 
Paramese,  b  fiat ;  and  IVIese,  a,  in  the  treble 
or  upper  tetrachord  ;  and  LiCHANOS,  ^; 
Parhypate,  /;  and  Hypate,  e,  in  the  base 
or  lower  tetrachord. 

Mesjid,  Arab.  A  small  mosque.  These 
exist  in  great  numbers.  The  Sultan  Mohamet  II. 
alone  consecrated  I'jo mesjids  in  Constantinople. 

Messe,  A.S.     The  Mass. 

Messle-house  or  Meselle-house,  O.  E.  (from 
the  obsolete  word  /ncasle,  a  leper).  A  hospital 
or  lazar-house. 

Meta,  R.  {nicHor,  to  measure).  Any  object 
with  a  circular  base  and  of  conical  shape ;  in 
a  circus  the  term  7?icta,  or  rather  metie  (for  there 
were  two  sets  of  goals),  was  applied  to  a  set  of 
three  cones  placed  together  upon  a  pedestal, 
as  shown  in  Fig.  456,  to  mark  the  turning-points 
of  the  race-course.     In  a  mill  for  grinding  corn 


Fig.  456.  Metaofa  Roman 
race-course. 


the  name  of  meta  was 
applied  to  the  lower 
part  of  the  mill,  which 
was  hewn  into  the 
form  of  a  cone.  (See 
Circus,  Ovum, 
Spina,  &c.) 

Metal,  Tech.  (i)  A 
mass  of  glass  in  the 
slate  of  paste,  ad- 
herent to  the  pipe 
and  already  blown  ; 
it  may  be  regarded 
as  the  first  stage  in 
the  production  of  a 
piece.  (2)  Broken 
glass.  (3)  Broken 
stones  for  repairing 
roads. 

Metal,  Her.  The 
tinctures  or  and  ar- 
goif. 

Metallic  Canvas. 
A  combination  of 
metal  and  canvas  ; 
waterproof  for  various 
uses. 
A  composition  of  gravel, 
an  arti- 


Metallic  Lava. 

pounded  chalk,   tar,  and  wax,  forming 

ficial  stone  to  be  cast  into  ornamental  shapes  in 

moulds.     The  vestibule  of  the  Euston  Station 

is   paved   with   this  preparation.     {Builder,  vi, 

502.) 

Metallurgy.  It  was  at  a  comparatively  late 
period  of  human  civilization  that  the  art  of 
working  in  iron  was  brought  to  perfection.  The 
ancient  Egyptians,  probably  aware  of  its  re- 
sources, had  a  superstitious  objection  to  its  use  ; 
but  they  hardened  bronze  to  a  degree  unknown 
to  later  ages,  and  their  bronze  statuary  of  the 
most  ancient  period  is  worthy  of  any  age.  The 
bronze-work  of  Britain  and  Ireland  is  as  ancient 
as  any;  and,  in  beauty  of  form  and  perfection  of 
casting,  rivals  the  best  modern  work.  Of  the 
work  in  Greece  we  are  told  that  Athens  alone 
contained  3000  bronze  statues  in  the  year  130  B.C., 
and  vast  treasures  of  metallurgy  have  been  dis- 
covered in  Herculaneum  and  Pompeii.  In 
mediaeval  times  Ireland  was  famous  for  metal- 
lurgy, and  of  its  admirable  copper-works  of  the 
nth  century  many  splendid  relics  remain, 
especially  the  so-called  Bell  of  St.  Patrick. 
Oriental  bronzes,  of  characteristic  design,  are 
plentiful  from  all  ages ;  especially  beautiful 
and  perfect  in  execution  are  those  of  China  and 
Japan.  The  best  period  of  workmanship  in 
Iron  is  the  Middle  Ages  ;  gates  and  hinges,  keys, 
and  especially  weapons  and  defensive  armour  being 
the  chief  objects  produced.  (Consult  Fiigiit,  Digby 
Wyatt.)  (See  also  Bronze,  Copper,  Damas- 
cening, Gold,  <S:c.  ) 


Fig-  457-     0"6   of  the  carved    Metopes   of  the   Parthenon, 
representing  the  War  of  the  Centaurs  and  the  Lapithas. 

Metope,  Arch.  (/uer-oTrTj,  i.  e.  the  space  be- 
tween the  dirai).  A  kind  of  panel  between 
the  triglyphs    in  the    Doric  frieze  (Fig.    458)  ; 


Fig.  458 


(Doric). 


in  some  Greek  examples  quite  plain,  in  others 
ornamented  with  sculpture.  The  metopes  of 
the  Parthenon  in  the  British  Museum  are  carved 
with  representations  of  the  war  of  the  Centaurs 
and  Lapitha?.  (Fig.  457.)  (See  Elgin  Mar- 
bles.) In  Roman  buildings  the  metopes  are 
usually  carved,  and  are  exact  squares  ;  but  in 
the  Greek  Doric  this  was  not  necessary. 

Metreta,  Gr.  (^erpTjTT/s,  i.  e.  measurer).  The 
unit  in  the  Greek  measures  of  capacity  ;  it  held 
two  cotylcr,  or  about  eight  gallons. 

Meurtriere,  O.  E.  "A  black  knot,  that 
unties  and  ties  the  curies  of  the  hair."  {Ladies'' 
Did.,  1694.) 

Mews,  O.  E.  Originally  a  courtyard  for 
"  mewing  "  (i.e.  moulting)  hawks. 

Mexican  Architecture.     The  principal  monu- 

p 


ments  of  tlic  valley  of  Mexico  are 
situated  in  a  small  tract  in  the  cen- 
tre of  the  table-land  of  Anahuac. 
These  consist  of  pyramidal  temples 
{icocallis)  formed  in  terraces,  with 
flat  tops,  and  always  surmounted 
by  a  chamber  or  cell,  which  is  the 
temple  itself.  In  Yucatan  there 
are  more  architectural  remains  than 
anywhere  in  the  world,  with  palaces 
of  all  dates,  generally  pyramidal, 
and  often  ricli  withelaborate  carvings. 
(See  Stcpluus' s  Incidents  of  Travel 
in  Yucatan.)     (Fig.  45S  a.) 

Mezza-majolica  was  the  coarser 
majolica  ware  formed  of  potter's 
earth,  covered  with  a  white  "slip," 
upon  which  the  subject  was  painted, 
then  glazed  with  the  common  lead 
glaze,  over  which  the  lustre  pig- 
ments were  applied ;  the  majolica, 
on  the  other  hand,  being  the  tin- 
enamelled  ware  similarly  lustred. 
(See  Majolica.) 

Mezzanine,  Entresole,  Half-story, 
Arch.  A  small  story  intermediate 
between  two  others  of  larger  size. 
A  mezzanine  or  Flemish  window- 
was  a  window  either  square  or 
broader  than  it  was    long,    made    in    an  attic. 


Fig.  45S  a.  Me.Kican  temple —  Teocalli. 

or  in  a  lower  story  lying  between    two    higher 
stories. 

Mezzo-relievo,    It.      Sculpture    in    relief,  in 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Fig.  459.  Jardiniere— Milan  Faience. 

which  one  half  of  the  figure  projects  ;  some- 
times called  Demi-relievo. 

Mias,  Hind.     A  commemorative  monument. 

Mica,  Micatio,  R.  (mico,  to  move  quickly). 
A  game  called  by  the  Italians  of  the  present  day 


Fig.  460.  Milan  Reticella  Lace. 


mora ;  two  players  simultaneously 
stretching  out  one  or  more  fingers,  and 
each  guessing  the  number  held  up  by 
his  adversary. 

Middle  Ages.  The  medireval  period 
— of  transition  between  ancient  and 
modem  times — between  the  loth  and 
the  15th  centuries  is  one  of  the  grandest 
periods  in  art.  It  begins  with  the 
decay  of  Rome,  and  merges  into  the 
Renaissance. 

Middle  Distance,  in  a  landscape  : — 
between  the  foreground  and  the  back- 
ground. Great  skill  is  displayed  in 
the  expression  of  distance  by  the 
effects  of  intei'vening  atmospheres,  and 
by  the  design  of  intermediate  plans 
carrying  the  eye  onward  and  suggest- 
ing space. 

"Middle  Ground  in  a  landscape.  (See  Mid- 
dle DiSTAN'CE.) 

Middle  Pointed  Period  of  Architecture  is  a 
name  given  to  that  period  of  Gothic  architecture 
in  England,  which  is  generally  described  as  "  the 
Dcrorated  Period:' 

Middle  Post.  The  King  Post  in  the  truss  of 
a  roof. 

Milan  Faience.  Fig.  459  is  an  illustration  of 
the  Oriental  imitations  for  which  Milan  was 
famous.  "It  is,"  says  M.  Jacquemart,  "of 
such  beautiful  enamel  that  it  might  be  taken  for 
porcelain.  The  upper  and  lower  edges  are 
decorated  with  shells,  scrolls,  and  rocailles  in 
relief,  heightened  with  gold  ;  the  whole  surface 
has  a  decoration  of  peonies  and  sprigs  in  blue, 
red,  and  gold,  which  rival  in  beauty  the  richest 
specimens  of  old  Delft." 

Milan  Lace.  The  engraving  shows  a  speci- 
men of  Old  Milan  Point  or  Reticella  from  the 
convent  of  Santa  Maria  delle  Grazie  in  that 
city.     (See  Reticella.)     (Fig.  460.) 

Miliarium,  R.  (i)  A  tall  narrow  copper 
vessel  employed  in  baths  for  heating  the 
water.  (2)  The  column  of  an  olive-press  {tra- 
petuDi),  which  rose  from  the  centre  of  the  mortar 
{inorlariitni). 

Military  Architecture.  The  science  of  build- 
ing fortresses  and  fortifying  town  walls,  &c. 
[See  VioUet  le  Due,  '"'■  Essai  siir  V Architecture 
i/ti.'itaire  ait  Moyen  A^i^e."] 

Milled  Money,  with  gi-ooved  edges,  was  first 
coined  in  this  country  in  1561. 

Millefiori.  Mosaic  glass.  (See  Glass.) 
Milliarium,  R.  {inille,  a  thousand,  sc.  paces). 
A  column  placed  at  intervals  of  a  mile  (1618 
I'higlish  yards)  along  a  Roman  road  to  indicate 
the  distance.  (Fig.  461.)  It  was  also  called /rr/w. 
iMiinaritini  aureum  was  the  name  given  to  the 
golden  mile-stone  erected  by  Augustus  in  the 
l'"orum,  where  the  principal  roads  of  the  Empire 
terminated.      A    stone,    called    the    "London 


Stone,"  in  Cannon  Street,  E.C.,  is  supposed  to 
have  markeil  the  eentre  of  the  Roman  roads  in 
Britain. 


Fig.  461.  Roman  Mile-stone  at  Nic-sur-Aisne  in 
France. 


Mill-rind.  Fer-de-Moline,  Her.  The  iron 
fixed  to  tlie  centre  of  a  millstone. 

Millstone-grit.  The  name  of  a  good  build- 
ing stone,  plentiful  in  the  north  of  England.  It 
is  supposed  to  be  formed  by  a  re-aggregation  of 
the  disintegrated  materials  of  granite.  (See 
the  Pitildcr,  vol.  ix.  639.) 

Millus,  R.     (See  Melium.) 

Mimbar,  Arabic.  A  pulpit  in  a  mosque. 
A  finely-carved  mimbar  is  in  the  South  Ken- 
sington Museum. 

Minah,  Minar,  Ilind.  A  tower  or  pillar. 
The  Siirkh  Alinar  and  Minar  Cliakri,  among 
the  topes  at  Cabul,  are  almost  the  only  pillars 
existing  in  India.  They  are  generally  ascribed 
to  Alexander  the  Great,  but  are  probably 
Buddhist  monuments  of  the  3rd  or  4th  cen- 
tury of  our  era. 

Minaret  (Arabic  menarah,  a  lantern).  A 
feature  peculiar  to  Mohammedan  architecture. 
A  tall,  slender  shaft  or  turret,  rising  high  above 
all  surrounding  buildings  of  the  mosijuc  to  which 
it  is  attached  ;  in  several  stories,  with  or  with- 
out external  galleries,  but  usually  having  three. 
From  these  galleries  the  muezzin  summon  the 
faithful  to  prayer.  Blind  men  are  generally 
selected  for  this  duty,  because  the  minaret 
commands  a  view  of  the  house-tops  used  as 
sleeping-chaniliers  in  the  East. 

Mineral  Black.     A  native  oxide  of  carbon. 


Mineral  Blue.     A  native  carbonate  of  copiier 
which   is   liable  to   change  its  tint   to  green,  if 
mixed  with  oil.      {Fairholl.) 
Mineral  Brown.     (See  Cappagh.) 
Mineral  Green.     Malachite   (q.v.).      (See 

CARIiONATrS  OF  COPPEK.) 

Mineral  Lake  is  a  French  pigment,  a  kind 
of  orange  chrome. 

Mineral  Yellow.  A  pigment  of  chloride  of 
lead,  which  liecomes  paler  by  time.  The  name 
lias  also  l)cen  applied  to  Yellow  OciiiiE  and 
Yellow  Arsenic  (q.v.). 

Minerval,  R.  A  present  or  fee  which  Roman 
scholars  took  to  their  masters  every  year,  on 
the  fourteenth  of  the  calends  of  April  (19th  of 
March),  that  is,  en  occasion  of  the  festivals  of 
Minerva. 

Minever,  O.  E.  (i)  Either  the  pure  white 
fur  with  wliich  the  robes  of  peers  and  judges  are 
trimmed — '■'■  mi  never  pure  ^  ox  (2)  the  ermine  with 
minute  spots  of  black  in  it — minutus  varius — in 
lieu  of  the  complete  tails  ;  or  (3)  the  fur  of  the 
ermine  mixed  with  that  of  the  small  weasel. 
(Consult  Planchffs  Cyclopccdia;  see  also 
Vair.) 

Miniature.  Literally,  a  painting  executed 
in  inininm  (vermilion).  Now  used  for  any 
small  picture,  and  especially  for  a  small  por- 
trait. 

Ministerium,  Chr.  All  the  sacred  ornaments 
and  utensils  of  a  church  taken  collectively. 

Minium.  A  kind  of  red  lead  obtained  by 
exposing  lead  or  its  protoxide  to  heat,  till  it  is 
converted  to  a  red  oxide.  It  is  a  fine  orange 
pigment,  but  fugitive  and  liable  to  decomposition 
when  mixed  with  other  pigments.  The  ancient 
minium  was  cinnabar,  or  vermilion.  (See 
Illuminating.) 

Minnim,  Heb.  Stringed  musical  instruments 
of  the  lute  or  guitar  kind. 


Fig.  462.     Minotaur.     Device  of  Gonzalvo  Perez. 


214 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Fig  .  463.  Mirror-case  of  carved  vorj' — 14th  cent 


Minotaur,  R.  A  monster,  half  man,  half 
bull,  confined  in  the  labyrinth  constructed  by 
Daedalus  in  Crete.  It  was  assumed  as  a  device 
by  Gonzalvo  Perez,  with  the  motto  from  Isaiah 
XXX.  15.      (Fig.  462.) 

Minster,  Abbey-church,O.E.(Germ.^/M«j-/^r). 
A  church  to  which  a  monastery  was  attached  ; 
a  cathedral.  I'he  name  survives  in  "West- 
minstcr. " 

Minstrel  Gallery,  O.  E.  The  loft  in  a 
church  was  so  called. 

Minuscule.     (See  Semi-uncials.) 

Minute,  It.  A  subdivision  of  the  vtodidc  in 
the  measurement  of  architectural  proportion. 
It  is  the  twelfth,  the  eighteenth,  or  the  thirtieth 
part  of  the  Module. 

Mirador,  Sp.  A  belvedere,  or  overhanging 
bow-window. 

Mirror.  In  the  Middle  Ages  mirrors  were 
often  enclosed  in  cases  of  metal  or  carved  ivory. 
The  example  (Fig.  463)  gives  a  representation 
of  the  Siege  of  the  Castle  of  Love  from  one  of 
the  romances  of  the  period.     (See  Glass.) 

Mirror,  Arch.  A  small  oval  ornament  cut 
into  the  deep  mouldings,  and  separated  by 
wreaths  of  flowers. 

Miserere.  A  projecting  bracket,  on  the 
sellette  of  a  church  stall,  on  which,  when  the 
seat  was  turned  up,  there  was  a  leaning-space, 


available  to  the  infirm  during 
the  parts  of  the  service  required 
to  be  performed  standing.  (See 
Sellette.) 

Misericorde.  The  narrow- 
bladed  dagger  used  to  put  the 
victory  with  sword  or  lance  to 
the  test,  by  obliging  a  fallen 
antagonist  to  cry  (or  mercy,  or 
by  despatching  him. 

Mis'rha,  Hind.  Hindoo 
temples  built  with  two  kinds 
of  materials  ;  whence  their 
name  of  mixed  {mis'rha).  (.See 
Sud'ha,  Vimana,  and   San- 

CIRA.  ) 

Missilia,  R.  (i.  e.  things 
thrown).  Presents  of  cheques 
or  tickets  thrown  by  the 
emperor  and  wealthy  persons 
among  the  people.  The  cheques 
were  payable  to  the  bearer  at 
the  magazine  of  the  donor. 
(See  Congiarium.) 

Mistarius,  Mixtarius,  R. 
Any  vessel  of  large  size  used 
for  mixing  water  with  wine. 

Mitella,  Gr.  (dimin.  of 
initra).  (l)  A  head-band  or 
coif  of  peaked  form  worn  by 
Greek  women.  (2)  A  scarf 
used  as  a  bandage  or  support 
for  a  broken  arm. 

Mithriatic  (Festivals),  Pers.  and  R.  Festivals 
held  in  honour  of  Mithras,  the  Persian  sun- 
god. 

Mitis  Green.  (See  Emerald  Green.) 
Mitra,  Gr.  and  R.  {lArpa).  (i)  A  mitre  or 
head-dress  of  the  Galli  or  priests  of  Cybele ;  it 
was  a  Phrygian  cap  of  felt,  which  was  tied  under 
the  chin  by  lappets  ;  it  was  also  called  a  Phry- 
gian tiara.  (2)  A  cable  fastened  round  the  hull 
of  a  vessel  to  strengthen  the  timbers. 

Mitre,  Chr.  Her.  The  ensign  of  archiepiscopal 
and  episcopal  rank,  placed  above  the  arms  of 
prelates  of  the  Church  of  England,  sometimes 
borne  as  a  charge,  and  adopted  by  the  Berke- 
leys  as  their  crest.  The  contour  of  the  mitre 
has  varied  considerably  at  various  times,  growing 
continually  higher  and  more  pointed.  It  was 
first  worn  by  bisho])s  about  the  close  of  the  loth 
century.  Bishops  had  three  kinds  of  mitres  : 
the  simplex,  of  plain  white  linen  ;  the  ajiri- 
frigata,  ornamented  with  gold  orphreys ;  and 
the  p7-ctiosa,  enriched  with  gold  and  jewels, 
for  use  at  high  festivals.  (Fig.  464.)  In  Archi- 
tecture, the  corner  line  formed  by  the  meeting  of 
mouldings  intercepting  each  other  at  an  angle. 

Mitten,  Mitaine,  Anglo-Norman.  A  glove  ; 
not  restricted  to  gloves  without  fingers.  "Gloves 
made   of  linnen  or    woollen,    whether  knit  or 


stytched  :  sometimes   also  they   call   so   gloves 
made  of  leather  without  fingers."  i^Ray.)     (See 

MUKFETEE.) 


Fig.  464.  Mitre.     Arms  of  St.  Albaii's  Abbey. 

Moat,  Mote,  (i)  Originally  a  heap  or  hillock  ; 
the  dune  on  wliich  a  tower  was  built,  forming 
the  original  castle.  The  Saxons  assembled  on 
such  moats  or  mounds  to  make  laws  and  ad- 
minister justice  ;  hence  their  word  wittcii-niotc 
for  parliament.  (2)  Mod.  Usually  applied 
to  the  fosse  of  a  rampart,  the  side  next  the  for- 
tress being  the  scarp,  and  the  opposite  the 
counterscarp. 

Mobcap,  O.  E.  A  cap  tying  under  a  woman's 
chin  by  an  excessively  broad  band,  generally 
made  of  the  same  material  as  the  cap  itself.  (//".) 

Moccinigo.  A  small  Venetian  coin,  worth 
about  9,7.  (//. ) 

Mochado,  Mokkado,  O.  E.  (i)  A  silk  stuff, 
commonly  called  "mock  velvet,"  much  used  in 
the  1 6th  and  17th  centuries.  (Fairholt.)  (2)  A 
woollen  stuff  of  the  same  kind.  (Hallnaell.) 
It  was  probably  a  mixture  of  silk  and  wool. 
{Plaiichc.) 

Modena  Pottery.  The  antique  pottery  of 
Modena  is  referred  to  by  Pliny  and  Livy,  but 
there  is  no  exact  record  or  marked  example  of 
wares  produced  there  during  the  Renaissance. 
The  manufacture  flourishes  now  at  Sassiiolo,  a 
town  ten  miles  south  of  Modena. 

Modesty  Bit  or  Piece,  O.  E.  "  A  narrow  lace 
which  runs  along  the  upper  part  of  the  stays, 
before,  being  a  part  of  the  tucker,  is  called  the 
modesty  piece."  {Guardian.)  "Modesty  bits — 
out  of  fashion "  is  an  announcement  in  the 
London  Chronicle,  vol.  xi.  1762. 

Modillions,  Arch.  Small  brackets  under 
the  coronce  of  cornices  ;  when  square  they 
are  called  Mutules.     In  the  Corinthian  order 


they  have  carved  leaves  spread  under  them.  Fig. 
465  is  taken  from  the  temple  of  Mars  the 
Avenger,  at  Rome. 


Modius,  R.  [modus,  a  measure  or  standard). 
The  largest  Roman  measure  of  capacity. 

Module,  Arch.  A  measure  adopted  by 
archite:cts  to  determine  by  the  column  the  propor- 
tions of  the  different  parts  of  a  work  of  archi- 
tecture. It  is  usually  the  diameter  or  the  semi- 
diameter  of  the  shaft  of  the  column. 

Moenia,  R.  A  term  synonymous  with 
MuRUS  (q.v.)  ;  but  more  comprehensive,  in  that 
it  implies  not  merely  the  idea  of  walls,  but  also 
of  the  buildings  attached  to  them. 

"  Mcenia  lata  videt,  triplici  circumdata  n?!tro."     (l^'ir^il.) 

Mogul  Architecture  is  that  of  the  buildings 
erected  in  the  reigns  of  the  Mogul  emperors, 
kings  of  Delhi,  from  A.D.  1531  to  the  present 
century. 

Moilon  (Fr.  niocUon),  Arch.  Rubble- 
masonry. 

Mokador,  Mocket,  O.  E.  A  napkin,  hand- 
kerchief, or  bib. 

"  Goo  horn,  lytyl  babe,  and  sytt  on  thi  moderes  lap, 
And  put  a  mokador  s.io'ca.  tfii  brest, 
And  pray  thi  modyr  to  fade  the  with  the  pappe." 
(Tivcntieth  Coventry  Mystery.) 


Fig.  466.  ^lola  versatilis. 


2l6 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Mola,  R.  {molo^  to  grind).  A  mill  ;  mola 
mamtaria,  a  hand-mill  ;  >>iola  buxca,  a  box-wood 
mill,  or  mill  for  grinding  pepper  ;  mola  aquaria, 
a  water-mill  ;  viola  asinaria,  a  mill  worked  by 
a  beast  of  burden  ;  viola  versatilis,  a  grindstone 
(Fig.  466  represents  Love  sharpening  his  arrows, 
from  an  engraved  gem)  ;  viola  oUaria,  a  mill  for 
crushing  olives. 

Mold,  O.  E.  (for  mould).  Earth ;  ground. 
The  word  is  constantly  applied  to  the  ground  in 
works  of  art.    (See  Degrevant,  1039  ;  Hallhuell.) 

Moline,  Her.  A  cross  terminating  like  the 
Mill-rind.  In  modern  cadency  it  is  the 
difference  of  the  eighth  son. 

Mollicina,  MolocMna  (sc.  vestis),  R.  (^uoAo- 
X^va,  i.  c.  mallow-coloured).  A  garment  made 
from  the  fibres  of  a  mallow  [Iiibisais). 

Mona  Marble.  A  beautiful  marble  of  a 
greenish  colour,  obtained  in  the  Isle  of  Anglesea. 

Monastic  Orders  consisted  of  Benedictine  or 
black  monks,  and  Cistercian  or  white  monks. 
There  were  the  Regular  Orders,  the  Military 
Orders,  the  Conventual  Orders,  Colleges,  &c. 

Monaulos,  Gr.  and  R.  (yuoV-auAos,  single- 
flute).  A  Greek  pipe  made  of  a  reed,  of 
Egyptian  origin,  blown  at  the  end  without  a 
reed  mouthpiece,  and  remarkable  for  the  sweet- 
ness of  its  tone. 

Monelle,    Menial,     Moynel.     Arch.       (See 

MULLIOXS.) 

Moneris,  Gr.  {/xov-ripT^s,  single).  A  galley 
or  ship  -whh  a  single 
bench  of  rowers. 

Monile,  Gr.  and  R. 
A  necklace  or  collar. 
Fig.  468  represents  a 
bronze  necklace  belong- 
ing to  the  Gaulish  pe- 
riod, and  Fig.  467  a 
part  of  the  same  neck- 
lace on  a  larger  scale. 
By  analogy  the  term 
was  applied  to  the  or- 
naments worn  by  horses 
about  the  neck.  (See 
Neckl.vces.) 

Monks,  Chr.  In  the 
religious  iconography  of 
the  Gothic  period,  espe- 
cially the  14th  and  15th 
centuries,  there  fre- 
quently occur  grotesque 
representations  of  monks. 
(See  Fig.  351.) 

Monmouth  Cap,  O.  E. 
A  cap  worn  by  soldiers 
and  sailors. 

Monochord.  A  one-stringed  musical  instru- 
ment, much  used  for  measuring  the  proportions 
of  length  which  yield  the  various  sounds 
within  an  octave. 


Fig.  467.  Monile.  Detail 
of  ornament. 


Fig.  468.  Monile.     A  Gaulish  collar. 

Monochrome  Painting,  (i)  Painting  in  a  single 
colour,  as,  for  instance,  red  upon  a  black 
ground,  or  white  upon  a  red  ground.  The  most 
numerous  class  of  specimens  of  this  kind  of 
painting  are  upon  terra-cotta,  as  the  Etruscan 
vases.  (2)  The  term  is  applied  to  paintings  in 
tints  of  one  colour,  in  imitation  of  bas-reliefs. 

Monogram.  A  combination  of  two  or  more 
letters  into  one  design,  illustrated  especially  in 
ecclesiastical  decoration  of  the  14th  and  15th 
centuries,  &c.  The  abbreviation  IHS  is  said  to 
have  been  invented  by  St.  Bernardino  of  Siena 
about  1437.  For  Artists^  monogravis,  see 
Stell-cuay,  Heller,  Brulliot  {Dictionaries  of  Mono- 
qravis). 

Monolith  {fj.ov6-\iQos).  An  object  formed 
of  a  single  block  of  stone. 

Monolium,  Monolinum,  R.  A  necklace  formed 
with  a  single  string  of  pearls.     (See  Monile.) 

Monoloris,  R.  (Gr.  ix6vos,  one,  and  Lat.  loruin , 
a  thong.  A  hybrid  word).  Decorated  with  a 
single  band  of  purple  and  gold,  like  the 
Paragaud.v  (q.v.). 

Monopodium  (sc.  mensa),  R.  [ixovo-Ttijliov). 
A  table  with  a  single  foot. 

Monopteral.Arch.  (/toj/d-Trrepoy).  \Vith  a  single 
wing ;  a  circular  temple  or  shrine,  consisting  of 
a  roof  supported  on  columns,  without  any  cella. 

Monostyle,  Arch,  (i)  Piers  of  a  single  shaft 
are  sometimes  distinguished  by  this  name  from 
compound  piers,  then  called  for  distinction /<?/)'- 
style.  (2)  A  building  which  is  of  one  style  of 
architecture  throughout  ;  or  (3)  surrounded  by 
a  single  row  of  pillars. 

Monota,  Gr.  A  vase  with  one  ear  Tor 
handle). 


Monotriglyph,  Aicli.  The  intercolumniation 
in  ihc  Doric  order,  which  embraces  one  triglyph 
and  two  metopes  in  the  entablature.  ( Parker^ s 
Glossary  of  Architecture. ) 

Monoxylos,  Monoxylus,  Gr.  and  R.  {\xov6- 
^vXos).  Litci-ally,  licwu  or  made  out  of  a  single 
piece  (if  wood. 

Monsters,   in  Architecture.     (See  Centaur, 

GkIKI  IN,  (■.KOTKS(TnKS,  Sl'HINX,  &.C.) 

Monstrance,  Expositorium,  Chr.  {monstrarc, 
to  show).  iVn  ornumenUil  vessel  of  gold,  silver, 
silver-gilt,  or  gilded  or  silvered  copper,  repre- 
senting usually  a  sun  with  rays,  in  the  centre  of 
which  is  a  /«/////{?  or  glass  box  in  which  the  conse- 
crated wafer  is  carried  and  exposed  on  the  altars  of 
churches.  The  earliest  monstrances,  which  are 
now  calleil  c.xpositorics,  do  not  date  beyond  the 
1 2th  century.  Very  ancient  specimens  e.xist  at 
Rheims,  Namur,  6v:c. 

Montem.  An  annual  custom  at  Eton  ;  a  pro- 
cession of  boats  ad  iiiontciii.  (^ee  Brand,  i.  237.) 

Montero.  "A  close  hood  wherewith  tra- 
vellers preserve  their  faces  and  heads  from  frost- 
bitingand  weather-beating  in  winter."  {Cotgravc.) 

Monteth,  O.  E.  A  vessel  used  for  cooling 
wine-glasses  in.  [Hallru'elL) 

Mont-la-haut.  "A  certain  wier  (wire)  that 
raises  the  head-dress  by  degrees  or  stories." 
{Ladies'  Diet.,  1694.) 

Montmorency  Escutcheon.  (Sec  the  illustra- 
tion to  HU.\  riMi-FLASK.) 

Monumentum,  R.  {//lo/ieo,  to  remind).  In 
general,  any  token,  statue,  or  monument  in- 
tended to  perpetuate  the  memory  of  anything. 
Moimmentitm  scpitlchri  is  the  name  given  to  a 
tomb.  The  Monument  of  the  Great  Fire  of 
London,  erected  by  Sir  Christopher  Wren,  is  of 
the  Italo-Vitruvian-Doric  order,  of  Portland 
stone,  .and  consists  of  a  pedestal  about  21  feet 
square,  with  a ///;/M  27  feet,  and  a  fluted  shaft 
15  feet  at  the  base  ;  on  the  abacus  is  a  balcony 
encompassing  a  moulded  cylinder,  which  sup- 
ports a  flaming  vase  of  gilt  bronze,  indicative  of 
its  commemoration  of  the  Great  Fire.  Defoe 
describes  it  as  "  built  in  the  form  of  a  candle  with 
a  hantlsome  gilt  frame."  Its  entire  height  is 
202  feet,  and  it  is  the  loftiest  isolated  column  in 
the  world.  Its  interior  contains  a  spiral  stair- 
case of  345  black  marble  steps.   (See  CocHLis.) 

Monyal,  O.  E.  for  jMullion  (q.v.). 

Moorish  Architecture,  or  Arabian  or  Mo- 
hammedan architecture,  arose  at  the  beginning 
of  the  7ih  century  in  the  East,  and  in  Spain, 
Sicily,  and  Byzantium  in  Europe.  The  style 
originated  in  a  free  adaptation  of  different 
features  of  Christian  architecture,  and  their 
earliest  mosques  were  built  by  Christian  archi- 
tects. The  horse-shoe  arch  is  a  very  early 
characteristic  of  their  style,  and  the  pointed  arch 
appears  at  Cairo  and  elsewhere  three  centuries 
earlier    than    in    Europe.     The    most    perfect 


specimen  of  the  luxury  of  decoration  of  which 
this  style  is  capable  is  found  in  the  Alhambra. 
(See  Alhambraic  Architecture  ;  consult 
the  Essai  sur  r Architecture  des  Arabes  et  dcs 
A/ores,  by  Giraiilt  de  Fraiigy,  1S41.) 

Moor-Stone.  A  very  coarse  granite  found  in 
Cornwall  ami  some  other  parts  of  England,  and 
of  great  value  for  the  coarser  parts  of  building  ; 
it  is  also  found  in  inunense  strata  in  Ireland.  Its 
colours  are  chielly  black  and  white. 

Moot-hall,  O.  E.  A  public  assembly-house  ; 
a  town-hall,  &c.     (See  Moat.) 

Mora,  R.  {mora,  an  obstacle).  A  projection 
or  cross-bar  on  a  spear  to  prevent  its  penetrating 
too  far. 

Mordaunt,  Fr.  The  catch  for  the  tongue  of 
ihe  buckle  of  a  belt. 

Moresco  -  Spanish,  or  Saracenic  Textiles 
wrought  in  Spain,  are  remarkable  for  an  in- 
genious imitation  of  gold,  produced  by  shreds  of 
gilded  parchment  tut  up  into  narrow  flat  strips 
and  woven  with  the  silk. 

Moresque  or  Moresco-Spanish  Architecture 
is  the  work  of  Moori^li  workmen,  executed  for 
their  Christian  masters  in  Spain.  The  most  re- 
markable examples  are  in  the  city  of  Toledo 
(described  by  Street,  Gothic  Architecture  in  Spain). 
Morion.  A  head-piece  of  the  i6th  century, 
introduced  by  the  Spaniards,  who  had  copied  it 
from  the  Moors,  to  the  rest  of  Europe  about 
1550.  It  was  worn  as  late  as  the  reign  of 
Chaides  I.  There  were  peaked  morions,  coming 
to  a  point  at  the  top  ;  and  high  combed  morions, 
surmounted  by  a  kind  of  crest  or  ridge. 

Moriones,  R.  (i)  Idiots,  dwarfs,  or  deformed 
persons,  used  as  slaves,  to  afford  amusement  in 
the  houses  of  the  great.  (2)  A  dark-brown 
gem  ;  perhaps  the  smoky  topaz. 

Morisco,  O.  E.     (See  Morris  Dance.) 
Moristan,  Arab.     A  hospital. 
Morne,    Mornette.     The   head   of  a  blunted 
tilting-lance,  the  point  being  turned  back. 

Morning  Star,  O.  E.  A  club  called  also  a 
Holy  Water  Sprinkler  (q.v.). 

Morris  Dance,  O.  E.  (or  Moorish).  A  very 
ancient  dance,  of  masked  and  costumed  per- 
formers, with  bells,  &c. 

Morris  Pike,  O.  E.  (for  Moorish).  Long 
pikes  copied  from  those  of  the  Moors,  the  staves 
of  which  were  covered  with  little  nails. 

Morse,  Chr.  (Fr.  mordre,  to  bite).  The  clasp 
or  brooch  which  fastened  the  cope  on  the  breast. 
(See  the  illustration  to  Poi'E.) 

Mort,  ().  E.  (death).  The  notes  blown  on 
the  horn  at  the  death  of  a  deer. 

Mortuary  Palls,  in  the  Middle  Ages,  for  the 
covering  (jf  the  biers  of  dead  people  were  richly 
decorated.  One  at  Amiens  is  decorated,  upon 
white  stripes  on  a  black  ground,  with  skulls 
and  bones  and  the  words  "  memento  mori " 
interspersed. 


2l8 


WORDS   USED   IN 


Mosaic,  or  more  correctly  Musaic  Work. 
Opus  Musivum,  glass  mosaic  ;  Opus  Tesse- 
LATUM,  clay  mosaic  ;  Opus  Lithostrotum, 
stone  mosaic. 

Mosaic  Glass,  Millefiori.     (See  Glass.) 

Mose.  (I)  Probably  a  dish  ("Dyschmete" 
made  of  apples  was  called  "  Appulmoce "). 
(2)  P'or  Morse  (q.v.). 

Moton,  O.  E.  A  piece  of  armour  intended  to 
protect  the  right  arm-pit,  used  in  the  reigns  of 
Henry  VL,  Edward  IV.,  and  Richard  III. 

Mottoes,  in  Heraldry,  are  words,  or  very  short 
sentences,  sometimes  placed  above  the  crest, 
but  generally  below  the  shield.  Mottoes  are 
sometimes  emblematical  or  allusive,  and  fre- 
quently punning,  as  the  "  Set  on  "  of  the  Setons, 
the  "Tight  on"  of  the  Tittons,  and  the  "Est 
hie"  of  the  Eastwicks.     (See  Labels  [2].) 

Mould.     (See  Mold.  ) 

Mouldings.  A  general  term  for  the  varieties 
of  outline  given  to  suboixlinate  parts  of  architec- 
ture, such  as  cornices,  capitals,  bases,  &c.  These 
(described  in  their  places)  are  principally  :  the 
Fillet  or  List,  the  Astragal  or  Bead,  the 
Cyma  Reversa  or  Ogee,  the  Cyma  Recta 
or  Cyma,  the  Cavetto  or  hollow  moulding, 
the  OvoLO  or  quarter  round,  the  vScotia  or 
Trochilus.  These  are  frequently  enriched  by 
foliage,  cgg-and-tong7te  and  other  ornaments,  &c. 
(See  the  article  in  Parker'' s  Glossary  of  Arclii- 
tectiire  for  a  history  of  the  diversities  of  the 
mouldings  in  the  different  styles.) 

Moulinet.  A  machine  for  winding  up  a  cross- 
bow. 

Mound,  Her.     A  globe  encircled  and  arched 

over  with  rich  bands,  and  surmounted  by  a  cross- 

patee  ;     an    ensign   of  the  royal   estate.     (See 

,-- ,      Crown,  Orb,  Re- 

'■•(■ 


GALIA.) 

Mountain  or  Mi- 
neral Blue  (Green). 

(See  Carbonates 
OF  Copper.) 
Moustiers  Faience. 
Moustiers  in  Pro- 
vence is  one  of  the 
most  important  of 
the  French  ceramic 
centres.  The  mug 
represented  in  Fig. 
469  is  coloured  with 
namcnted  with  medallion 


Fig.  469.  Mug  of  Moustiers 
make. 


varied  enamels,  and 
and  Mi'caths. 

Muckinder,     Muckinger,    O.   E.    A    pocket- 
handkerchief  (sc.  dirty). 

Mueta,    Med.     Lat.     (Old    Fr.    mitelte).      A 
M'atch-tower. 

Muffler.     A  handkerchief  covering  the  chin 
and  throat,  and  sometimes  used  to  cover  the  face 
{mil file  ox  tiiuzzle). 
"  I  spy  a  great  peard  under  her  tnufflcr."  (Shakspeare.) 


Fig.  471. 


Muffs  were  introduced  into  England  from 
France  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  They  were 
previously  known  in  England,  but  were  sub- 
sequently more  common,  and  used  by  both 
sexes.  Very  little  variation  has  occurred  in 
their  manufacture. 

Muglias,  Arab.  A  kind  of  pastilles  ;  a  sub- 
stance employed  in  the  Middle  Ages  for  making 
odoriferous  beads ;  they  were  burnt  for  fumiga- 
tions. 

Mulctra,  Mulctrale,  Mulctrum,  R.  and  Chr. 
{i/iiilgeo,  to  milk).  A  milk-pail  for  milking 
cows.  In  Christian  archreology  it  is  a  pastoral 
vessel  which  is  a  eucharistic  symbol. 

Mullets,  Her.  Stars  gene- 
rally of  five,  but  sometimes  of 
six  or  more  rays.  Fig.  470  is 
of  the  date  1295,  and  Fig.  471 
its  development  in  1431. 

MuUeus,  Mule,  R.  [dikIIus, 
a  red  mullet).  A  red  half-boot, 
which  only  certain  magistrates 
had  the  right  of  wearing,  viz. 
the  ancient  dictators,  consuls, 
preetors,  censors,  and  a:diles. 

Mullions  or  Munnions, 
Arch.  The  slender  piers  which 
separate  a  window  into  seve- 
ral compartments. 

Multifoiled,    Arch.    Having 

many  Foils  (q.v. ).   This  term  is 

synonymous  with  polyfoiled. 

Mummy.     This  pigment  should  be  made  of 

the  pure  Egy]itian  asphaltum,    ground  up   with 

drying  oil  or  with  aml)er  varnish. 

Mummy- cloths  (Egyptian)  were  of  fine  un- 
mixed flaxen  linen,  beautifully  woven,  of  yarns 
of  nearly  100  hanks  in  the  pound,  with  140 
threads  in  an  inch  in  the  warp,  and  about  64  in 
the  woof. 

Muniment- rooms,  to  be  strong  and  fire-proof, 
were  erected  over  porches,  gateways,  &c.  They 
contained  charters,  archives,  &c.  (See  Char- 
ter-house.) 

Munnions,  Arch.,  for  Mullions  (q.v.). 
Mural.      Ccnerally,  on  a  wall;  as — 
Mural  Arch.    An  arch  against  a  wall ,  frequent 
in  the  aisles  of  medireval  buildings. 

Mural  Crown  (Her.) 
represents  masonry,  and 
is      embattled.  (See 

Corona.) 

Mural  Monument.  A 
tablet  fixed  to  a  wall, 
&c. 

Mural  Painting.  (See 
Fresco,  Tempera,  &c.) 

Murex,  R.  (i)  A  Triton's  horn  or  conch; 
(2)  murex  ferrciis,  a  caltrap,  thrown  down 
to  hinder  the  advance  of  cavalry,  its  long 
spikes  being  so  arranged  as  to  pierce  into  the 


472.  Mural 
crown. 


liorses'  feet,  and  so  disable  tlicni.  (Sec  Cal- 
TRArs. ) 

Murrey,  O.  E.  A  reddish  purple  or  mul- 
berry colour.     The  livery  of  the  House  of  York. 

Murrhina,  Murrhea,  and  Myrrhina,  R.  Mur- 
rhine  vases  ;  they  are  spoken  of  by  I'liny,  and  have 
given  rise  to  interminable  treatises  and  discus- 
sions, with  the  sole  result  that  no  light  whatever 
lias  I)ccn  thrown  on  the  nature  of  these  vases. 

Murrhine  Glass.     (See  Glass.) 


Fig.  473.  Walls  of  Megalopolis. 

Murus,  R.  Walls  as  defences  and  fortifi- 
cations, in  contradistinction  to  faries,  the  wall 
of  a  building.  Fig.  473  represents  a  portion  of 
the  walls  of  Megalopolis.      (See  Mcenia.) 

Muscarium,  R.  (imisca,  a  fly),  (i)  A  fly- 
flap.  Hence  (2)  The  tail  of  a  horse.  (3)  A 
case  in  which  papers  were  shut  up  in  order  to 
preserve  them  from  fly-stains. 

Muses,  the  personifications  of  the  liberal  arts, 
are  represented  conventionally  as  follows  : — • 

Calliope.  The  Muse  of  epic  poetry  ;  a  tablet 
and  stylus,  sometimes  a  roll. 

Cleio.  The  Muse  of  history;  seated  in  an 
arm-chair  with  an  open  roll  of  paper,  some- 
times with  a  sun-dial. 

Euterpe.  The  Muse  of  lyric  poetry;  with 
a  double  flute. 

Melpomene.  The  Muse  of  tragedy  ;  with  a 
tragic  mask,  the  club  of  Hercules,  and  sword  ; 
crowned  with  the  vine-leaves  of  Bacchus,  and 
shod  in  the  cotkurnits ;  often  heroically  posed 
with  one  foot  on  a  fragment  of  rock. 

Terpsichore.  The  Muse  of  choral  dance  and 
religious  song  ;  with  lyra  and  pkctrutn.  As  the 
Muse  of  religious  poetry,  her  expression  is  digni- 
fied and  earnest. 

Erato.  The  Muse  of  erotic  poetry  and  soft 
Lydian  music  ;  sometimes  has  the  lyre,  some- 
times is  represented  dancing,  always  gentle  and 
feminine  in  expression. 

Polyhymnia.  The  ^luse  of  the  sublime  hymn 
and  divine  tradition  ;  usually  appears  without 
any  attribute,  in  an  attitude  of  meditation  ; 
sometimes  the  inscription  MT0OT2  {of  the 
myth). 

Urania.      The  Muse    of   astronomy;    points 


with  a  staff  to  a  celestial  globe.     (Lachesis,  one 
of  the  Parca",  has  the  same  attributes.) 

Thalcia.  The  Muse  of  pastoral  life,  of 
comedy,  and  of  idyllic  poetry  ;  appears  with  the 
comic  mask,  a  shej)herd's  staff,  and  a  wreath  of 
ivy,  or  basket ;  sometimes  dressed  in  a  sheep- 
skin. 

The  Muses  are  sometimes  represented  with 
feathers  on  their  heads,  alluding  to  their  contest 
with  the  Sirens,  whom  they  stripped  of  their 
wing  feathers,  which  they  wore  as  oraaments. 
{Hirt.  Mythologisches  Bilderbuch,  \t.  203.) 

Museum,  Gr.  and  R.  (Moutreio;').  Literally, 
a  temple  of  the  Muses.  The  term  was  after- 
wards applied  to  an  establishment  founded  by 
Ptolemy  I.,  called  Soter,  at  Alexandria  in 
Egypt,  in  which  scholars  and  literary  men  were 
maintained  at  the  public  expense.  In  a  villa,  it 
was  a  grotto  or  retreat  to  which  people  retired 
for  meditation. 

Musivum  (opus),  R. 
{^ovailov).  This  term 
was  used  by  the  Romans 
to  denote  a  mosaic  of 
small  cubes  of  coloured 
glass  or  enamel,  in  con- 
tradistinction to  LlTHO- 
STROTUM  (q.v.),  which 
was  a  pavement  made 
of  real  stones  and  mar- 
bles of  different  colours  ; 
but  in  a  more  extended 
sense,  the  term  Musivum 
denotes  any  kind  of 
mosaic.  Figs.  474  and 
475  show  examples  of 
various  kinds.  Fig.  476 
is  a  mosaic  forming  a 
( )i:iis  musivum.  border. 

Muslin,  originally  es- 
teemed for  the  beauty  with  which  gold  was 
woven  in  its  warp,  took  its  name  from  the  city 
of  MousuU  in  Turkey  in  Asia. 


Fia 


Fig.  475.   Opus  musivum. 


Musquet.  A  long  heavy  match-lock  gun, 
introduced  from  Spain  in  the  Dutch  wars  of  the 
1 6th    century,    which  eventually  displaced  the 


WORDS    USED   IN 


harquel)us. 
LOCK.) 


(See  SxAPHAUN'CE  and  Wheel- 


Fig.  476.  Opus  musivum — bordering. 

Musquet-rest.  A  staff  with  a  forked  head 
required  to  support  the  musquet.  It  was 
trailed  by  a  string  from  the  wrist. 

Mustarde  Villars,  O.  E.  Either  (i)  a  kind  of 
cloth,  probably  so  named  from  JMoustier  de 
Villiers,  near  Harfleur  ;  or  else  (2)  (as  Stovve 
says)  "a  colour,  now  out  of  use."  Mus^trrd  wa^s 
a  favourite  colour  for  liveries  and  official  dresses 
in  the  15th  century. 

Mutatio,  R.  Literally,  change.  The  Ro- 
mans gave  the  name  of  niiitatioiies  to  the  post- 
houses  for  relays  of  horses  established  along  the 
high  roads  for  the  service  of  the  state. 


Mutch,  O.  E.  An  old  woman's  close  cap. 
{Fair/iolt.) 

Mute,  Fr.  This  tenn,  derived  from  the 
Latin  muta,  is  employed  by  ancient  authprs  as 
a  synonym  for  belfry,  turret,  or  bell-tcnver. 

Mutule,  Arch.  In  a  general  sense,  any 
stone  or  wooden  projection  which  stands  out 
beyond  the  surface  of  a  wall,  such  as  a  rafter, 
for  instance.  In  a  more  restricted  sense,  it  de- 
notes an  architectural  ornament  characteristic  of 
the  Doric  order,  consisting  of  a  square  block 
placed  at  equal  intervals  above  the  triglyphs 
and  metopes  in  a  Doric  cornice.  In  the 
Corinthian  order  mictiiles  are  replaced  by 
modillions. 

Mynchery,  A.S.  A  nunneiy.  The  word 
survives  in  local  dialects,  and  is  applied  to  the 
ruins  ;  e.  g.  of  the  ancient  mynichery  at  Little - 
more,  near  Oxford. 

Myrtle  Crown  for  bloodless  victors.  The 
myrtle  was  sacred  to  Venus.  It  flourished  on 
the  sea-coast  of  Italy  and  Greece.  The  wood  is 
very  hard,  and  is  used  for  furniture,  marquetry, 
and  turning.  Another  myrtle  wood  from  Van 
Diemen's  Land  is  beautifully  veined  for  cabinet 
work. 

Myth,  Gen.  {ySiBos,  lit.  that  which  is  spoken). 
The  name  given  to  obscure  traditions  handed 
down  from  remote  antiquity,  antecedent  to 
written  or  precise  history  ;  opposed  to  legendary 
record  (which  can  be  read). 


N. 


Nahlia.  Nablum.  A  stringed  musical  instru- 
ment ;  a  kind  oi  cithara  in  the  shape  of  a  semi- 
circle. 

Nacre,  Fr.  Alother-of-pearl,  the  iridescent 
inner  lining  of  the  pearl  mussel  or  oyster. 

Nacreous  Shells.  Iridescent  shells.  Several 
kinds  are  used  for  manufactures,  as  some  species 
of  Alelea-^rina,  Ttirbo,  Nautili,  &c. 

Nadir  (Arab.  nadJiir,  opposite).  The  part 
of  the  heavens  directly  under  our  feet ;  oppo- 
site to  the  Zenith. 

Nsenia.     (SeeNENiA.) 

Naga,  I\Ialay.  Jars  with  the  tigurc  of  a 
dragon  traced  on  them. 

Naga  Architecture  (Hind,  naga,  a  poisonous 
snake).  Temples  dedicated  to  the  worship  of 
the  seven-headed  snakes  are  found  in  Cashmere, 
remarkable  for  their  identity  of  style  with  the 
Grecian  Doric,  unlike  anything  found  in  any 
other  part  of  India.  [Consult  Fergusson,  His- 
tory of  Architecture,  ii.  703 — 732.] 


Nagara.  A  Hindoo  name  for  a  music-gallery 
in  front  of  the  Jain  temples. 

Nahinna.  A  Persian  manufacture  of  majo- 
lica. The  Comte  de  Rochechouart  saj's  that 
the  ancient  faience  of  Persia  is  as  admirable  as 
the  modern  is  detestable,  though  it  retains  a 
degree  of  oriental  elegance. 

Naiad.     A  water-nymph. 

Nail.    In  cloth  measure.  2 1  inches. 

Nail-head  Moulding.  Arch.  An  ornament 
formed  by  a  series  of  projections  resembling 
round  or  angular  nail-heads. 

Nainsook,  Hind.  A  thick  sort  of  jaconet 
maslin. 

Naipes,  Sp.  Playing-cards.  The  word  is 
supposed  to  be  derived  from  the  initials  of 
Nicolao  Pepin,  the  inventor.  {Diccionario  dc  la 
Lengua  Casfellaiia.)     Hence  the  Italian  nailn. 

Naked  Flooring,  Arch.  The  timber-work 
which  supports  a  tloor. 

Namby-pamby.       Affectedly     pretty.      Tire 


term  originated  in  criticism  of  an  English  poet 
of  the  17th  century — Ambrose  Phillips. 

Nancy  Biscuit.  A  peculiar  porcelain  made 
at  Nancy.  The  faiencerie  was  established  in 
1774  by  Nicolas  Lelong. 

Nankeen.  A  buff-coloured  cotton  cloth,  in- 
troduced from  the  province  of  Nankin,  in  China. 

Nan-mo,  Chinese.  A  beautiful  wood,  resem- 
bling cedar,  used  for  temples,  palaces,  and 
houses  of  state. 

Nantes.  INIanufactories  of  white  faience  were 
established  here  in  1588  and  1625  ;  and  that  of 
Le  Roy  de  Montilliee  and  others  in  the  i8th 
century. 

Naology.  The  science  of  temples.  (See 
Diiiilcv's  iViiolcgy,  or  a  Treatise  on  the  Origin, 
Progress,  and  Symbolical  Import  of  the  Sacred 
Structures  of  the  IVorld.) 


F'g-  477-  Narghilly — Persian. 

Naos,  Gr.  The  interior  apartment  of  a 
Greek  temple  ;  the  cclla  of  the  Roman  temple. 

Napery.  A  general  term  for  made-up  linen 
cloth. 

Naphthar,  Heb.  (lit.  thick  rvater).  The  name 
given  by  Nehemiah  to  the  substance  that  they  found 
in  the  pit  where  the  sacred  fire  of  the  temple 
had  been  hidden  during  the  Captivity.  This 
"thick  water,  which"  (the  legend  says)  "being 
poured  over  the  sacrifice  and  the  wood,  was 
kindled  by  the  gi-eat  heat  of  the  sun  and  then 
burnt  with  an  exceedingly  bright  and  clear 
fiame,"  was  the  naphtha  of  modern  commerce. 

Napiform  (Lat.  napiis,  a  turnip).  Turnip- 
shaped. 

Napkin  (little  nape).  A  pocket-handker- 
chief. 

"  Vour  napkin  is  too  little."  (Othello.) 


Napkin  Pattern.  A  decorative  ornament 
very  common  in  ("icrman  wood-carving  of  the 
15th  and  i6th  centuries.  (See  Linen  Scroll.) 
Naples  Majolicas  were  already  celebrated 
early  in  the  l6th  century.  M.  Jacquemart  de- 
scribes some  vases  of  colossal  size,  evidently 
constructed  for  "la  grande  decoration,"  being 
painted  on  only  one  face  ;  handles  in  the  form 
of  caryatids  add  to  the  majestic  appearance  of 
these  vases ;  the  subjects  are  scriptural,  exe- 
cuted in  blue  camayeu  picked  out  in  black  ;  the 
design  is  free,  elegant  though  rather  straggling, 
and  the  touch  is  bold  and  spirited. 

Naples  Yellow  (It.  ^i^iallolino).  A  com- 
pound of  the  oxides  of  lead  and  antimony, 
having  a  rich,  opaque,  golden  hue.  As  a  pig- 
ment for  oil-painting  and  for  porcelain  and 
enamel,  it  is  now  superseded  by  chromate  of  lead. 
As  a  water-colour  pigment  it  is  liable  to  blacken 
upon  exposure  to  damp  or  bad  air. 

Napron.  An  apron  used  by  mediaeval  masons. 
Limas  was  another  kind  of  apron  worn  by 
them. 

Nard  (Lat.  nardus).  Ointment  prepared  from 
the  spikenard  shrub. 

Nares,  Lat. (the  nostrils),  (i)  The  perforations 
in  the  register-table  of  an  organ,  which  admit 
air  to  the  openings  of  the  pipes.  (2)  The  issue 
of  a  conduit . 

Nargile  or  Narghilly,  Persian.  A  tobacco- 
pipe  with  an  arrangement  for  passing  the 
smoke  through  water.  The  illustration  is  the 
bowl  of  a  Persian  pipe  of  this  description,  in 
Chinese  porcelain.     (Fig.  477.) 

Nariform  (Lat.  naris,  the  nostril).  Nose- 
shaped. 

Narthex,  Chr.  The  vestibule  of  a  church  ; 
sometimes  within  the  church,  sometimes  with- 
out, but  always  further  from  the  altar  than  the 
part  where  the  "  faithful "  were  assembled.  Hence 
it  was  a  place  for  the  catechumens.  The  nar- 
thex communicated  with  the  Jiave  by  the 
"  beautiful  gates,"  and  with  the  outside  by  the 
"  great  gates. "  In  monastic  churches  the  nar- 
thex was  the  place  for  the  general  public. 

Nasal,  O.  E.  The  bar  of  a  helmet  which 
protected  the  nose. 

Nask,  Hind.     A  quoin,  or  coin-stone. 
Natalitii  Ludi,   R.     Games  in  the  circus  in 
honour  of  an  emperor's  birthday. 

Natatorium.  A  cold  swimming-pool  in  the 
baths.  That  at  Pompeii  is  of  white  marble 
twelve  feet  ten  inches  in  diameter,  and  about 
three  feet  deep,  with  three  marble  steps,  and  a 
seat  round  it  raised  about  ten  inches  from  the 
bottom.  There  is  a  platform  or  ambulatory 
round  the  bath,  also  of  marble.  (See  Sigma.) 
The  ceiling  is  vaulted,  with  a  window  in  the 
centre.    (See  Baptisterium.) 

Natatorium,  Chr.  A  baptismal  font  ;  Gr. 
KoKvjx^T]dpa  [piscina  probata). 


WORDS    USED    IN 


Natinz.  A  Persian  manufacture  of  majolica. 
(See  Nahinna.) 

Nativity.  While  the  Adoration  of  the  Magi 
is  one  of  the  commonest  subjects  of  early  Chris- 
tian art,  the  Nativity  is  one  of  the  rarest.  It  is 
not  found  in  any  catacomb  frescoes,  or  the 
mosaics  of  any  basilicas  or  churches.  The 
only  examples  are  sculptural,  and  this  on  ivories, 
gems,  &c.  On  these  generally  the  Child  is 
seen  wrapped  in  swaddling  clothes  as  the  cen- 
tral object,  the  star  appears  above,  the  Virgin 
on  a  rude  couch,  and  sometimes  St.  Josepli 
rapt  in  thought,  his  head  resting  on  his  hand  ; 
the  ox  and  the  ass  appear  behind,  and  shepherils 
with  curved  staves  stand  by  adoring. 

Natural.  In  Music,  a  character  marked  jj 
used  to  correct  the  power  of  a  previous  sharp  or 
flat.  A  natural  scale  is  a  scale  written  without 
sharps  or  flats. 

Naturalisti,  It.  Artists  who  work  on  the 
principle  of  a  close  adherence  to  the  forms  and 
colours  actually  combined  in  natural  objects. 
The  epithet  was  particularly  applied  as  a  term 
of  reproach  to  the  founders  of  the  modern  Dutch 
school  of  painting.     (See  Ideal.  ) 


Fig.  478,   Naumachia,  from  a  coin  of  Domitian. 

Naumachia  {vav%,  a  ship,  and  m^^XI.  a  battle). 

(1 )  A  spectacle  representing  a  sea-fight,  a  subject 
frequently  represented   on  coins   and  sculptures. 

(2)  A  building  erected  for  such  shows.  Napo- 
leon I.  had  a  theatre  at  Milan  filled  with  water 
for  a  sea-fight. 

Nautilus.  A  shell-fish  that  sails  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  sea  in  its  shell.  Its  spiral  univalve 
shell  is  a  common  motive  in  ornamental  design. 

"  Learn  of  the  little  nautilus  to  sail, 
Spread  the  thin  oar,  and  catch  the  driving  gale." 

KPoJ-c.) 


Fig.  480.  Naval  crown. 


Fig.  479.  Nautilus.     Device  of  the  Affidati  Academy. 

The  illustration  is  the  device  of  the  Affidati,  an 
Italian  literary  Academy,  with  the  motto  "  Safe 
above  and  below." 

Navalis  Corona. 
(See  CoROXA  N.wa- 
Lis.)     (Fig.  480.) 

Nave,  Arch,  (so 
called  from  its  vaulted 
roof  resembling  in 
shape  an  inverted  ship 
(navis);  oxhomjiave, 
the  centre  of  any- 
thing). The  middle  part  or  body  of  a  church 
between  the  aisles,  extending  from  the  choir  to 
the  principal  entrance.  The  Germans  call  this 
part  of  a  church  "Schiff." 

Navette,  Navicula,  Chr.  The  vessel,  in  the 
shape  of  a  boat,  in  which  incense  is  placed  for 
the  supply  of  the  thurible. 

Navicella,  Chr.  A  celebrated  mosaic,  at 
Rome,  of  a  ship  tossed  by  storms  and  assailed 
by  demons  ;  emblematic  of  the  Church. 

Neanderthal.  A  valley  near  Dusseldorf,  in 
which  bones  and  skulls  were  found  of  men 
asserted  to  have  heen  /ncaclu/fu'tc. 
Neat-house,  O.  E.  A  cattle-shed. 
Nebris,  Gr.  (from  vf^phs,  a  fawn).  A 
fawn's  skin,  worn  originally  by  hunters  ;  an 
attribute  of  Dionysus,  and  assumed  by  his 
votaries.  It  is  represented  in  ancient  art  as 
worn  not  only  by  male  and  female  bacchanals, 
but  also  by  Pans  and  Satyrs.  It  was  commonly 
put  on  in  the  same  manner  as  the  a^is,  or 
goat's  -skin,  by  tying  the  two  fore-legs  over  the 
right  shoulder,  so  as  to  allow  the  body  of  the 
skin  to  cover  the  left  side  of  the  wearer. 

Nebular  (Lat.  nelntla,  a  mist).  Belonging  to 
the  nebu!;v,  or  clusters  of  stars  only  visible  as  a 
light,  gauzy  appearance  or  mist  in  the  skies. 


Nebule  Moulding.     A  decorated  moulding  of 
Norman  architecture,  so    called  from  the  edge 


Fig.  481.     Nebule  Moulding. 


forming  an  undulating  or  waving  line.    (See  Fig. 
4S1.) 

Nebulee,      Her. 

A      dividing     and 

border  line,   as  re- 

f-~^-\      presented   in    Fig. 


cr> 


4S; 


Nebulous. 

Fig.  482.  Nebulee.  Cloudy  or  hazy. 

Nebuly,       Her. 
Ornamented  with  light  wavy  lines. 

Neck,  Arch.  The  plain  part  at  the  bottom 
of  a  Roman  Doric  or  other  capital,  between 
the  mouldings  and  the  top  of  the  shaft.  (.See 
Hypotrachelium.) 

Necklaces.  An  ornament  common  to  all  ages 
and  nations.  The  ancient  Egyptians  of  both 
sexes  wore  them  of  gold  or  beads,  generally  with 
a  large  drop  or  figure  in  the  centre,  and  strung 
of  the  various  religious  emblems;  amethysts, 
pearls,  gold  or  cornelian  bottles,  imitations  of 
fish,  shell,  and  leaves  ;  finally,  an  infinite  variety 
of  devices.  (See  IVilkinsoji's  Ancient  Egyptians, 
ii.  343. )  An  illustration  of  a  common  form  of 
Greek  necklaces  is  given  under  Crotalium.  The 
British  women  of  the  earliest  ages  wore  neck- 
laces of  jet,  ivory,  and  amber,  beads,  shells, 
&c.,  besides  gold  links  hooked  together.  (See 
also  MoNiLE,  Torque.)  The  Anglo-Norman 
ladies  do  not  appear  to  have  worn  necklaces, 
and  no  medieval  examples  are  found  earlier  than 
the  15th  century.     (See  Figs.  303,  304,  483.) 

Neck-mouldings,  Arch.  The  mouldings  at 
the  bottom  of  the  capital,  in  Gothic  architecture. 

Necrodeipnon,  Gr.  A  feast  after  a  funeral  ; 
a  common  suliject  on  tombs.  A  horse's  head 
is  usually  placed  in  one  corner  of  the  representa- 
tion, as  an  emblem  of  death  as  a  journey. 

Necrologium,  Chr.  A  book  kept  in  religious 
houses  for  the  names  of  the  founders  and  bene- 
factors to  be  mentioned  in  the  prayers. 

Necromancy  (Gr.  v^Kphs,  the  (lead,  and  txavr^ia, 
prophecy).  Calling  up  the  spirits  of  the  dead 
for  divination  ;  hence  generally  applied  to  con- 


juring. Necromancy  was  practised  in  two  ways 
by  inspection  of  the  entrails,  and  by  invoking 
the  dead. 


Fig.  483.  Necklace.     Costume  of  a  Roman  lady  of  the 
i6th  century. 


Necropolis,  Gr.  A  city  of  the  dead  ;  a 
cemetery. 

Nectar,  Gr.    The  drink  of  the  gods. 

Necysia,  Gr.  Offerings  of  garlands  of  flowers 
and  other  objects  made  at  the  tombs  of  deceased 
relatives  on  the  anniversary  of  the  day  of  death, 
or,  as  some  suppose,  on  their  birthdays.  (See 
Genesia.) 

Needfire,  or  Fire  of  St.  John  Baptist 
(Old  Germ.  N'odfyr,  Niedfyr).  A  supersti- 
tious  practice   of    the    ancients,   derived    from 


224 


WORDS    USED   IN 


a  pagan  source,  of  celebrating  the  birthday 
of  St.  John  Baptist  at  the  midsummer  solstice 
(St.  John's  Eve)  by  lighting  fires,  carrying  about 
firebrands,  or  rolling  a  burning  wheel.  The 
practice  is  one  of  many  examples  of  the  caution 
with  which  the  evangelizing  ecclesiastics  of  the 
Middle  Ages  refrained  from  abruptly  disturbing 
the  deeply-rooted  superstitions  of  the  ancient 
Germans.  [Consult  Grimm's  German  Mytho- 
logy-,  Brand,  Popular  Antiqinties.'\ 
Needle,  Arch.     K\\  obelisk  ((\.\.). 


Fig.  4S4.     Needle  Point  Lace. 

Needle  Point  in  relief.  To  Venice  belongs 
the  invention  of  the  two  most  perfect  produc- 
tions of  the  needle — "Point  coupe,"  and  Vene- 
tian point  in  relief.  Various  other  wonderful 
products  of  the  needle  are  included  under  the 
general  name  of  Venetian  point,  all  of  excpiisite 
workmanship.  The  needle  point  in  relief  is 
made  by  means  of  cotton  placed  as  thick  as  may 
be  required  to  raise  the  pattern  ;  an  infinity  of 
lieautiful  stitches  are  introduced  into  the  flowers, 
which  are  surrounded  by  a  pearl  of  geometric 
regularity.  The  engraving  is  an  exquisite 
specimen  of  the  fine  raised  needle  point. 

Nef  or  Ship.  A  costly  and  curious  piece  of 
jilate  tor  the  table,  used  as  an  epergne  in  the 
Middle    Ages.     In  the  i6th  century  they  were 


perfect  models  of  actual  ships,  with  masts,' 
yards,  shrouds,  and  sailors  climbing  in  the  rig- 
ging. They  were  filled  with  sweetmeats,  and  were 
sometimes  put  on  wheels  ;  and  there  is  one  at 
Emden  in  Hanover  from  the  hull  of  which 
wine  was  drunk. 

Negative.  In  Photography,  a  picture  oil  glass 
having  the  lights  and  shadows  reversed,  from 
which  positives  may  be  printed. 

Neginoth,  Heb.  A  general  term  for  stringed 
musical  instruments. 

Nehiloth,  Heb.  (root  chalal,  to  perforate).  A 
general  term  for  perforated  wind  instruments  of 
music. 

Nelumbo,  Chinese.  A  fruit-tree  closely  con- 
nected with  the  Buddhist  legends,  and  from  its 
symbolical  significance  and  adaptability  to  orna- 
mentation, commonly  represented  on  porcelain. 
(See  yacqiieviart.  Hist,  de  la  Ceramique?) 

Nenia,  R.  The  funeral  song  which  the  hired 
mourners  sang  at  a  Roman  funeral,  in  praise  of 
the  deceased.  Lessiis  was  their  wailing  or  cry 
of  lamentation. 

Neimphar  (It.  neniifar').  The  great  white 
water-lily  of  Europe. 

Neocori,  Or.  and  R.  (i)  Originally  sweepers 
of  the  temple.  (2)  In  early  times  applied  to 
the  priests  in  charge  of  temples.  (3)  Under 
the  Roman  emperors,  to  all  Asiatic  cities  which 
had  temples  dedicated  to  an  emperor  ;  it  occurs 
in  this  sense  (Necoxc^pos)  on  the  coins  of  Ephesus, 
Smyrna,  and  other  cities. 

Neoteric,  Gr.     Of  recent  origin  ;  modem. 

Nepaul  Paper.  A  strong  unsized  paper,  made 
in  Nepaul  from  the  pulverized  bark  of  the 
Daphne  papyracea.  Sheets  of  this  paper  are 
sometimes  made  many  yards  square. 

Nephrite.     A  mineral.     (See  Jade.) 

Neptunalia.  Festivals  celebrated  at  Rome 
on  the  23rd  of  July,  in  honour  of  Neptune. 
The  people  built  huts  of  branches  and  foliage 
about  the  streets. 

Nereids,  Gr.  Nymphs  of  the  sea,  who  were 
the  constant  attendants  of  Neptune. 

Nero  Antico,  It.  Antique  marble  of  Egyp- 
tian and  other  ancient  statuary,  of  an  intense 
black,  pi'obably  the  result  of  ages  of  exposure, 
as  no  marble  of  the  same  intensity  of  blackness 
is  found  in  any  quarries.  Marble,  called  also 
nero  antico,  of  two  degrees  of  beauty,  is  quarried 
at  Aubert  (Girons)  in  France  ;  and  the  mauso- 
leum of  Napoleon  I.  is  constructed  of  this 
stone. 

Nerved,  Her.     Having  fibres,  as  leaves. 

Nerves,  Arch.  The  name  is  sometimes  applied 
to  the  ribs  and  mouldings  on  the  side  surface 
of  a  vault. 

Nessotrophium,  Gr.  A  place  in  a  Roman 
villa  for  breeiling  domestic  ducks.  It  was  sur- 
rounded by  a  high  wall,  on  which  was  a  high 
ledge  with  nests  for  the  birds.     A  pond  was  dug 


in   the    middle   of  the    enclosure,    which  was 
planted  witii  shrubs. 

Net  Tracery,  Arch.  A  simple  and  beautiful 
form  of  tracery  of  the  Dcroi-afn/  ytcriod,  consist- 
ing of  a  series  of  loops  resembling  the  meshes  of 
a  net,  each  loop  being  quatrefoiled.  An  exam- 
ple occurs  in  the  east  cloister  of  Westminster 
Abbey. 

Nete,  dr.  The  shortest  string,  or  highest 
note,  of  tlic  seven-stringed  lyre.     (.Sec  Mese.) 

Netherstocks,  O.  E.  The  name  given  to 
sit>i-l-/;!!^s  m  the  i6th  century,  as  continuations 
of  the  trunk-hose  or  upper  stocks, 

Nethinim,  Heb.  (from  nafkan,  to  give).  The 
servants  of  the  priests  and  Levites  about  the 
Temple. 

Nettle-cloth.  A  material  made  in  Germany 
of  very  thick  cotton,  used  as  a  substitute  for 
japanned  leather,  on  the  peaks  of  caps,  &c. 

Network  {flatorium  opus).  An  ancient 
method  of  embroidery  in  England,  used  for 
church  use  or  household  furniture,  l3y  darning 
or  working  the  subject  upon  linen  netting.  This 
method  chiefly  prevailed  in  the  14th  century. 

Neuma  or  Pneuma  (lit.  a  breath).  A  musi- 
cal passage  consisting  of  a  number  of  notes 
sung  to  one  syllable,  or  sim- 
ply to  a  sound,  as  "ah  "  pro- 
longed. "  In  hujus  fme  netima- 
tizamus,  id  est  jubilamus,  dum 
finem  protrahimus,  et  ei  velut 
caudam  accingimus." 

Neutral  Colour  is  that  re- 
sulting from  a  combination  of 
blue,  red,  and  yellow,  result- 
ing in  grey. 

Neutral  Tint.  An  artificial 
pigment  used  in  water-colours, 
composed  of  sepia,  and  indigo 
and  other  blues,  with  madder 
and  other  lakes;  producing  a 
scale  of  neutral  colours. 

Neuvaines,  Fr.  Chr,  Set 
prayers  repeated  for  nine  con- 
secutive days. 

Nevers  Faience.     (.See  Ni- 

VERXAIS.) 

Newcastle  Glass.  A  cro7vn 
Ljlass,  held  the  best  for  win- 
dows from  1728  to  1830, 
when  it  was  superseded  by  the 
improved  make  of  sheet  glass. 
It  was  of  an  ash  colour, 
subject  to  specks,  streaks, 
and  other  blemishes,  and  fre- 
quently warped. 

Newel,  Arch.  The  upright 
central  pillar  supporting  a 
geometrical  staircase. 

Newel  Stairs,  Arch.  Where 
the  steps  are  pinned  into  the 


Fig.  435.  Xichc  in 

the  Sigma  of  the 

Calkarium. 


wall,  and  there  is  no  central  pillar,  the 
staircase  is  said  to  have  an  open  or  hollow 
newel.     (See  Joinery.) 

Niche,  Arcii.  (It.  nicchia,  a  sea-shell).  A 
recess  in  a  wall  for  a  statue  or  bust.     (Fig.  485.) 

Niche-vaulting',  Arch.  (Germ.  Mitscheli^e- 
ivdlbe).  A  form  of  roofing-  in  a  semi-cupola 
design,  common  in  the  choirs  of  churches. 

Nick,  Old  Nick,  O.  E.  (Icelandic  nikr ; 
A.S.  nicor,  a  water-god).     The  devil. 

Nickel  (contraction  of  Kupfernickel,  or  Nick's 
copper,  a  term  of  derision  given  to  it  by  the 
German  miners).  A  white  or  reddish-white 
metal,  from  which  nickel-silver  is  made.  It  is 
used  to  a  large  extent  in  the  arts,  being  re- 
markable for  the  ])eculiar  whiteness  and  silver-like 
lustre  which  it  communicates  to  other  metals 
when  alloyed  with  them. 

Nickel-silver.  German  silver,  or  white 
metal,  a  compound  of  tin  and  nickel. 

Niello.  The  art  of  chasing  out  lines  or  forms, 
and  inlaying  a  black  composition  called  nigellum 
or  niello,  was  probably  well  known  to  the 
Greeks.  The  Byzantines  compounded  for  this 
purpose  silver,  lead,  sulphur,  and  copper,  and 
laid  it  on  the  silver  in  a  powder ;  being  then 
passed  through  the  furnace,  it  melted  and  incor- 
porated with  the  solid  metal.  A  process  pro- 
ducing a  similar  result  of  black  tracery  is  prac- 
tised in  porcelain  painting,  and  called  Niello- 
enamel. 

Nigged  Ashlar,  O.  E.  Stone  hewn  with  a 
pick  or  a  pointed  hammer,  presenting  a  gnawed 
or  nibbled  surface  :  from  the  Swedish  nag^a,  to 
gnaw. 

Nilometer.  A  building  erected,  a.d.  847, 
in  the  island  of  Rhoda,  opposite  to  Caii-o,  for 
recording  the  annual  rise  of  the  Nile  (i.  e.  16 
cubits).  It  is  a  slender  octagonal  shaft  about 
20  feet  in  height,  with  a  Corinthian  capital. 
(See  the  Builder,  xvii.  255.) 

Nimbed,  Her.  Having  the  head  encircled 
with  a  nimbus ;  usually  represented  by  a  circular 
line. 

Nimbus  (Lat.  ni/nbus,  a  bright  or  black 
cloud).  In  Christian  art,  a  disc  or  plate,  com- 
monly golden,  sometimes  red,  blue,  or  green, 
or  banded  like  a  rainbow,  placed  vertically  be- 
hind the  heads  of  persons  of  special  dignity  or 
sanctity  as  a  symbol  of  honour.  After  the 
Sth  century  living  persons  were,  in  Italy,  dis- 
tinguished by  a  square  nimbus,  which  some- 
times assumed  the  form  of  a  scroll  partly  unrolled. 
The  nimbus  is  of  heathen  origin.  Virgil  de- 
scribes Juno  as  "  nimbosuccincta."  The  heads  of 
the  statues  of  the  gods,  and  the  Roman  emperors, 
after  they  began  to  claim  divine  honours,  were 
decorated  with  a  crown  of  rays.  On  medals  of 
the  Christian  emperors  also  the  nimbus  is  found, 
e.g.  Constantine.  In  illuminated  MSS.  it  is 
found  on  Pharaoh,  Ahab,  and  other  kings.     It 


226 


WORDS  USED  IN 


is  a  familiar  symbol  of  dignity  or  power  in  the 
East,  but  does  not  appear  as  a  Christian  emblem 
before  the  6th  century.  [See  the  article  Nimbus 
in  the  Diet,  of  Christian  Aiitiquitics.\  (See 
Aureole,  Glory,  Vesica  Piscis,  &.z.) 

Nincompoop,  O.  E.  A  corruption  of  the  Latin 
lion  compos  ;  a  fool. 

Ninth.  In  Music,  an  interval  consisting  of 
an  octave  and  a  tone,  or  semi-tone. 

Nisan,  Heb.  The  month  in  the  Jewish  calendar 
answering  to  our  April. 

Nitrate  of  Silver,  used  in  photography,  is  silver 
dissolved  in  nitric  acid. 

Nivarius  (saccus),  R.  A  bag  of  snow  used  a> 
a  wine-cooler.     (See  Collum  Vinarium.) 

Nivernais  Fai- 
ence. An  impor- 
tant branch  of  the 
ceramic"  art,"  esta- 
blished,', in « 1 608  at 
Nevers  •  in '  France 
by  the  brothers 
Gonrade..'  _,  (Fig. 
486.  )• 

Nobbled  Stone, 
Arch.  Stone 
roughly  rounded  at 
the  quarry  to  di- 
minish its  bulk  for 
transport.' 

Noble.  A  gold 
coin  worth  6s.  Sii. 
(Fig.  487.) 

Nodes.  In  As- 
tronomy, the  two  points  where  the  orbit  of  a 
heavenly  body  intersects  the  ecliptic. 

Nodus,  Arch.  The  Latin  name  for  a  key- 
stone, or  a  /'OSS  in  vaulting. 

Nog,  O.  E.  Timbers  built  into  walls  to 
strengthen  the  structure.  They  show  on  the 
plastering  of  houses  in  ornamental  patterns.  In 
Kent  these  houses  are  called  "  wood  noggen  " 
houses. 

Noggin,  O.  E.  "  A  mug  or  pot  of  earth 
with  a  large  belly  and  narrower  mouth." 


Fig.  486.  Jar.     Nivernais 
Faience. 


Fig.  487.  Noble  of  Henry  \. 


Nogging,  Arch.  Brickwork  in  panels  car- 
ried between  quarters. 

Nome,  Egyp.  (-.oixosK  A  division  or  district 
of  Egypt  ;  there  were  forty-four  in  all.  Eacli 
noma  was  placed  under  the  protection  of  a 
special  divinity,  and  ruled  by  a  resident  military 
governor. 

Nonagon.     A  nine-sided  polygon. 
Nones,    (i)  R.    One  of  tiie  three  divisions  of 
the  Roman  month  ;  the  ninth  days  before  the 
Ides   of  each   month.     (2)  Chr.     One    of    the 
Hours  of  Prayer  (q.v.). 

Nonunia,  O.  E.  A  quick  time  in  music, 
containing  nii>e  crotchets  between  the  bar>. 
{Halli-u'eU.)       ■         ,.,. 

Norman  Architecture.  It  was  introduced  into 
England  atthe  Conquest,.\.D.  lo6,6,ahd  wa's  super- 
seded iriuhe  I2th' century  by.  the-  EarhvEnghsJi 
style.  .Solid  '  massive  masonry,  round-headed 
doors  and  windows,  and  low  square  central  tower 
are  (broadly)  its  characteristics.  Among  details 
the  zigi^ag  and  the  billet  mouldings  are  the  most, 
iloticeflble.     (Fig.  488.) 

'  Norman  Pottery,  Mediaeval.  The  illustration 
is  from  a  pavement  of  a  church  of  the  I2th 
century.  "Nothing,"  says  Jacquemart,  ''is 
more  curious  than  the  study  of  the.se  tiles,  in 
which,  with  rudimentaiy  means,  art  already 
begins  to  manifest  its  power.  There,  iii  a  grace- 
ful chequer-work,  the  fleur-de-lis  of  l-'rantc 
heightens  at  intervals  a  seme  of  trefoils  and 
rosettes  ;  scrolls  of  notched  leaves  combine  in 
graceful  borders;  circles  divided  crosswa\s 
receive  in  their  sections  stars  and  heraldic 
suns  ;  here  are  armour-clad  warriors,  mounted 
upon  horses  richly  caparisoned,  &c.  —  all  that 
picturesque  fancy  assisted  by  the  resources  of 
heraldry  could  invent  to  animate  the  cold 
compartments  of  the  pavement,  and  give  a 
meaning  to  the  vast  naves  trodden  every  day 
by  the  Christian  multitude."  {^Histoire  d-j  r Art 
Ct'raiiiiijiie.)     (Fig.  489.) 

Norns,  Nomas,  Icelandic.  The  three  Fates, 
whose  names  signify  the  Past,  the  Present,  and 
the  Future. 

Norroy  King  at  Arms.  Tiic 
third  of  the  kings  at  arms,  whc,.-,o 
jurisdiction  lies  ti>  ilic  nortJi  of 
the  Trent. 

North  Side  of  a  churcii  "  was  re- 
garded as  tlie  source  of  the  cold 
wind,  and  the  haunt  of  .Sat.in. 
In  some  Coniisii  churches  thevc 
is  an  entrance  calletl  the  deviTs 
door,  adjoining  the  font,  which 
was  only  opened  at  the  time  of 
the  renunciation  made  in  baptism, 
for  the  escape  of  th.c  fieniL  In 
consequence  of  these  superstitions, 
and  its  sunless  aspect,  the  nor- 
thern    parts    of    clutrchyards    are 


ART^AND  ARClI.tOLOGV 


127 


Fig.  488.  Norman  Architecture.     The  Round  Church,  Cambridge. 


usually    devoid    of   graves."     {IVallcott,  Sacred 
Arc/uro/og}'.) 

Norwegian  Architecture.  The  timber-built 
churches  are  of  great  interest,  and  exhibit  the 
wonderful  durability  of  the  Norwegian  pine. 
They  are  generally  in  the  form  of  a  cross,  with 
a  tower  in  the  centre  ending  in  a  cupola  or 
spire,  and  with  high  pitched  roofs.  The  orna- 
mental details  are  elaborate  and  richly  carved. 
The    whole  is   often  painted  of  a  rich  brown 


Fig.  489.  Incrusted  Tile.     Norm.-in.     Middle  Ages. 


colour ;  sometimes  of  a  bright  red.  Some  o 
these  churches  date  from  the  lith  or  12th 
century,  and  are  an  imitation  in  wood  of  the 
masonic  style  of  the  period. 

Nosocomium,  R.  {voao-Kop-uov).     A  hospital. 

Notatus,  R.  {nolo,  to  mark).  A  slave 
branded  with  a  hot  iron. 

Note  of  a  Room.  The  vibrations  of  the  air 
in  a  chamber  or  vaulted  .space  produce  a  musical 
note  proper  to  the  dimensions  and  other  con- 
ditions of  the  place,  which  a  good  musical  ear 
can  recognize  and  identify.  [See  T.  R.  Swif/i's 
Aioiistics,  pp.  S3 — 87.] 

Nottingham  White.  White  lead.  (See  Car- 
bonate OF  Lead.) 

November  (Lat.  uovem,  nine).  The  niuth 
month  of  the  Roman  year,  which  began  with 
March.  It  consisted  originally  of  thirty  days,  but 
Julius  Ca.sar  added  one  to  it.  Augustus,  how- 
ever, reduced  it  to  its  original  number. 

Nowed,  Her.  Coiled  in  a  knot,  as  n  snake. 
The  illustration  (Fig.  490)  is  the  ordinar}-  device 
of  the  house  of  Savoy — the  "  true  lovers'  knot  ;" 
with  the  Latin  motto,  "  It  binds  but  constrains 
not." 

Nowel,  O.  E.  (Fr.  uod,  from  natalis).  A 
cry  of  joy  ;  properly  that  at  Cliristmas,  of  joy 
for  the  birth  t/ the  Saviour.  It  originally  signi- 
fied the  feast  of  Christmas. 

Nubilarinm,  R.  A  shod  u>ed  as  a  bam  ;  it 
was  situated  cli  sc  to  the  tlirc-^liing-lloor. 

Numella,  Nnmellns,  R.     A  kmd  of  pillory 


Q  2 


228 


WORDS    USED   IN 


for  keeping  men  and  animnls  in  a-  fixed  posi- 
tion. It  was  made  use  of  in  surgical  operations, 
and  as  an  instrument  of  torture,  .' 


Fig.  490.  Kovved.     Device  of  the  House  of  Savoy. 

Numismatics  {numisma,  coined  money).  The 
science  of  coins  and  medals.  The  earhest 
known  coins  were'  issued  by  the  Greeks,  pro- 
bably in  the  8th  century  B.C.  (See  the  Article 
in  the  Encyclopadia  Britan.,  8th  edition,  from 
which  reference  can  be  taken  to  exhaustive 
treatises  on  the  various  ramifications  of  this 
science.) 

Nummud,  Persian.  A  carpet  of  felt  much 
used  in  Persia. 

Nun's  Thread.  A  kind  of  thread£formerly 
made  to  a  large  extent  in  Paisley. 


Nun' a  Work  (Fr.  ccjivre  de  noimain).  As 
eavly  as  the  14th  century  needlework  was  gene- 
rally so  described.  Ahciefit  lace  is  still  so  called 
in  many  parts  of  the  country. 

Nundinse  {novemdma: ;  from-  iiovem,  nine, 
and  dies,  days).  Romaiv  weeks  ;  the  nomen- 
clature including  the  day  before  and  that  after 
the  seven  days.  The  name  was  given  to  the 
M'eekly  w/rtr^vZ-days  at  Rome.  '.•■      '    ■ 

Nupta,  K.{nul'o,  to  wed).   A  married  woman. 

Nuremberg  Vase.  Fig.  491  is  one  of  the 
gems,  of  the  Renaissance  period,  issued  from 
Nuremberg  ;  a  vase  with  portraits  heightened 
with  enamels  and  gold.     {jfattpieDiarl^ 

Nurhag  ■  (Sardinian  N'oraga).  Primitive 
buildings  in  the  island  of  Sardinia,  of  remote 
antiquity,  having  turrets  as  high  as  30  to  60 
feet,  and  containing  stones  of  100  cubic  feet 
each  in  their  structure.  [See  Waring,  Stone 
Mo)nimciitsJ\ 

Nurspell.  An  old  English  game  like  trap, 
bat,  and  ball.  It  is  played  with  a  kibble,  a  mir, 
and  a  spell.  When  the  end  of  the  spell 'is  struck 
with  the  kibble,  the  mcr  rises  into  the  air,  &c. 

Nut.     In  Christian  symbolism,  an  emblem  of 


111.  =1.-1 


io 


Fig.  492.  Nymphaeum  of  Egeria,  near  Rome. 


the  Divinity  of  Christ  hidden  in  His  manhood. 
St.  Augustine  has  a  long  treatise  on  the  sym- 
bolism of  the  husk,  shell,  and  kernel  of  the  nut. 
{^Sen?i.  de  temp.  Dominic,  ante  Nativ. ) 


Fig.  491.  NurtMiberg  Vase,  enamelled  in  relief. 


Fig.  493.  Nymphaeum  at  Nismes  (restored). 


Nut  Oil.  This  medium  for  colour-grinding  is 
derived  from  the  wahiut  ;  as  a  vehicle  it  is  pre- 
ferred to  linseed  oil,  and  is  the  quickest  dryer. 
(See  IMediums,  Oils.) 

Nutmeg  Ornament,  Arch.  A  common  fea- 
ture in  Early  luiglish  work  in  the  north  of 
England,  but  not  in  the  south.  It  resembles 
half  a  nutmeg,  and  is  carved  at  certain  dis- 
tances apart  in  the  hollow  of  a  dripstone  at 
St.  Mary's  Church,  Nunnionkton,  Yorkshire. 

Nuttoo,  Hind.  A  nose-stud  or  ornament 
worn  by  Indian  women,  often  set  with  bril- 
liants, rubies,  emeralds,  and  pearls. 

Nymphaeum,  Nympheum  {vvfitpaiou  and  pvfi- 
cty(7oi').  Literally,  a  building  consecrated  to  the 
nymphs.  It  was  a  large  and  richly-decorated 
chamber,  with  columns,  niches,  and  statues,  and 


a  fountain  in  the  centre.  Nymphpca  were  often 
erected  near  the  head  of  a  spring,  and  formed 
cool  and  agreeable  retreats,  l^'ig.  492  rei)rescnts 
a  jiortion  of  the  ruins  of  the  nymph;\;um  of 
Egeria,  near  Rome ;  and  Eig.  493  the  interior  of 
the  nymph;\)um  at  Nismes,  restored.  In  Chris- 
tian times  the  fountains  or  cisterns  common  at 
the  doors  of  churches  were  called  nyniphcca. 

Nymphs.  Inferior  goddesses  of  the  moun- 
tains, forests,  waters,  or  meadows.  Those  pre- 
siding over  rivers,  &c.,were  Oceanides, Naiads, 
Nereids  ;  those  over  mountains,  Oreiads  ; 
those  over  woods  and  trees.  Dryads  and 
Ha.madryads  ;  those  over  valleys,  Nap.«^, 
&c.  They  were  represented  in  art  as  beautiful 
young  women.  The  waters  of  Hades  had  their 
presiding  nymphs,  the  Avernales. 


o. 


0  was  used  as  a  numeral  by  the  ancients  to 
represent  11,  and  with  a  dash  over  it  (O)  to 
denote  11,000. 

0,  O.  E.  Anything  circular.  Shakspeare 
calls  the  stars  "  those  fiery  O's." 

Oak-apple  Day,  O.  E.  The  29th  of  May,  in 
commemoration  of  the  escape  of  King  Charles  in 
the  oak-tree. 

Oak-tree,  the  emblem  of- virtue,  force,  and 
strength,  is  frequently  introduced  in  ancient 
sculpture.  In  Christian  art  an  attribute  of  St. 
Boniface,  in  allusion  to  his  cutting  down  a 
Druid  ical  oak. 

Oasis  (from  the  Coptic  onah,  a  resting-place). 
One  of  the  verdant  spots  that  occur  at  intervals 
in  the  deserts  of  Africa  ;  hence  any  fertile  spot 
in  a  desert,  with  the  obvious  symbolical  applica- 
tion. 

Oast-house,  O.  E.     A  kiln  for  drying  hops. 

Oban.  The  principal  gold  coin  of  Japan, 
worth  about  4/.  2s. 

Obba,  Gr.  and  R.  (S,u)3i|).  A  drinking- 
vessel  of  earthenware  or  wood,  probably  funnel- 
shaped  ;  hence — 

Obbatus,  Gr.  and  R.  Made  in  the  shape  of 
an  obba,  that  is,  terminating  in  a  point.  The 
term  is  often  applied  to  the  cap  of  the 
Dioscuri. 

Obelisk  {o^eXicTKos,  lit.  a  small  spit).  Also 
called  a  needle.  A  tall,  rectangular,  monolithic 
column,  of  slightly  pyramidal  shape,  invented 
by  the  Egyptians  ;  in  nearly  every  case  they 
are  covered  from  the  base  to  the  top,  and  on  all 
four  sides,  with  hieroglyphic  symbols.  (Fig.  494.) 

Oberon.     The  king  of  the  fairies. 


Obex,  R.  {ohjicio,  to  obstruct).  Any  contriv- 
ance to  keep  a  door  closed,  such  as  a  bolt,  lock, 
latch,  iron  bar,  &c. 

Oblata,  Chr.  The  sacred  bread.  This  word 
was  more  commonly  applied  to  the  nnconsccrated 
loaf,  and  Hostia  to  the  consecrated.  (For  par- 
ticulars respecting  the  preparation  and  the  form 
of  oblates,  see  the  article  Elements  in  Smith 
and  Cheethani,  Diet,  of  Christian  Antiquities^ 
In  the  same  manner  Oblati  were  lay-brothers 
in  a  monastery  who  had  not  taken  the  vows. 

Oblate.  Flattened  or  shortened  like  the 
earth  at  the  poles.  The  earth  is  an  oblate 
spheroid. 

Oblationarium,  Chr.  A  small  table  placed 
near  the  high  altar,  or  at  the  end  of  one  of  the 
side  aisles,  on  which  the  people  laid  their  offer- 
ings. It  was  also  used,  when  in  the  choir,  to  hold 
the  sacred  utensils  in  place  of  the  credence-table. 
In  the  Greek  Church  the  oblationarium  is  still 
used  for  the  bread,  wine,  and  sacred  vessels 
required  in  the  mass. 

Oble,  Oblete  (Lat.  oblata),  O.  E.  The  con- 
secrated wafer  distributed  to  communicants  at 
mass. 

"  Ne  Jhesu  was  nat  the  oble 
That  reysed  was  at  the  sacre." 

{Hart.  MS.) 

Hence,  a  wafer-cake,  sweetened  with  honey, 
and  made  of  the  finest  wheaten  bread. 

Oboe  or  Hautboy  (from  Fr.  haul,  high,  and 
bois,  wood).  A  wind  instrument  like  a  flute, 
sounded  through  a  reed. 

Obolo,  Mod.  A  copper  coin,  worth  about 
a  halfpenny,  circulated  in  the  Ionian  Islands. 


J30 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Obolos,  Gr.  (derived  from  6&ohhs,  a  brooch,  ori- 
ginally). A  small  copper  coin  worth  the  sixth  part 


Fig.  494.  Egyptian  Obelisk. 

of  a  drachm.  The  obolos  in  later  times  was  of 
bronze  ;  but  in  the  best  times  of  Athens  it  was 
of  silver.  Its  value  in  the  .<^ginetan  standard 
was  ri66  of  a  penny. 

Obscoena,  Chr.  Obscene  representations  fre- 
quently met  with  in  Christian  iconography, 
which,  according  to  De  Canmont,  are  "to  warn 
the  faithful  that  they  ought  to  enter  the  temple 
with  pure  hearts,  leaving  outside  all  the  passions 
that  soil  the  soul." 

Obsidian.  A  volcanic  glass  found  near  vol- 
canoes, used  in  anticiuity  for  the  manufacture  of 
mirrors,  axes,  knives,  &c.     (.See  Glass.) 

Obstragulum,  R.  A  long  leather  strap 
{amenttni/)  worn  as  a  fastening  to  the  crefidd. 

Obstrigillum,  R.  A  shoe,  the  sides  cf  which 
were  lengthened  into  a  lappet  over  the 
instep. 

Obturaculnm.   Obturamentum,  R.  (ohturo,  to 


stop  up).     A  stopper  for  the  neck  of  a  bottle 
or  the  mouth  of  a  vessel. 

Obverse.  Of  a  coin,  the  face,  or  side  which 
bears  the  principal  sjTiibol.  The  other  side  is  the 
Reverse. 

Ocal,  Span.     Coarse  silk. 

OccabuB,  R.  (oKKo^os).     A  kind  of  spoon. 

Occidental  Diamond.  A  precious  stone  of 
inferior  hardness  and  beauty. 

Occultation.  The  disappearance  or  eclipse 
of  one  heavenly  body  behind  another. 

Ocellata,  R.  (lit.  marked  with  ocelli  or  spots). 
Marbles  used  as  playthings  by  children. 

Ocellated.  Full  of  eyes  ;  said  of  a  peacock's 
tail.     (See  Fig.  398.) 

Ochre.  Argillaceous  earth  of  different  colours 
which,  when  finely  ground,  is  used  as  a  pigment. 
Red  ochre  is  a  ibrm  of  specular  iron  ore  ;  Itoich 
ochre  is  a  variety  of  haematite.  The  yellow 
ochres  become  red  when  calcined,  but  the 
finest  reds  are  made  from  those  which  are  brown 
in  the  bed.  Native  red  ochre  is  called  red 
chalk  or  reddle  in  England.  Spanish  Brown, 
'Indian  A'ed,  Venetiati  Red,  and  the  yellow 
ochres  have  nearly  the  same  composition.  The 
other  ochres  are  known  as  Oxford,  Roman,  and 
stone  ochres,  and  as  terra  di  Sienna  and  lunher. 
They  are  all  valuable  and  durable  pigments  for 
oil,  water,  or  enamel  painting.    (See  Am.^tita.) 

Ocrea,  R.  A  gieave ;  a  piece  of  armour  which 
covered  the  shin-bone  from  below  the  knee  to 
the  ankle.  It  was  generally  richly  ornamented 
by  designs  embossed  or  chased  upon  it.  (Modern 
Jami;es.) 

Octagon.  A  figure  of  eight  equal  sides,  con- 
sidered as  an  emblem  of  regeneration  ;  conse- 
f juently  the  proper  fomi  for  baptistries  and  fonts. 
{Fairholt.) 

Octahedron.  A  solid  contained  by  eight  equal 
sides,  which  are  equilateral  triangles. 

Octastyle,  R.  (owTct-o-TuXos).  An  octastyle 
portico  is  a  portico  having  eight  columns  in 
front ;  octastyle  pediment,  a  pediment  supportetl 
by  eight  columns.  The  pediment  of  the  Par- 
thenon at  Athens,  from  which  the  Elgin  Mar- 
bles come,  is  an  octastyle. 

Octave,  (i)  In  Music,  the  longest  interval 
in  the  diatonic  scale  ;  as  from  do  to  (/.:',  or  c  to 
C.  (2)  Chr.  Eight  days,  or  the  eighth  day  after 
a  Church  festival  (the  festival  being  included) 
kept  as  a  repetition  or  pi'olongation  of  the  festival. 
It  is  a  Western  custom  unknown  to  the  Eastern 
Church. 

October.  The  eighth  month  of  the  old  Roman 
year,  but  the  tenth  in  the  calendar  of  Numa, 
Julius  C;esar,  &c.  It  was  sacred  to  Mars,  and  a 
horse  called  the  October  equus  was  annually  sacri- 
ficed to  Mars. 

Octofoil,  Her.  A  double  quatre/oil;  the 
difference  of  a  ninth  son. 

Octophoron     or    Octaphoron,     Gr.    and    R. 


(vitTU>(l>!jpOv}. 

slaves. 


A  litter  [Lxtiia)  borne  by  eight 


Ocularium,  Med.  Lat. 
The  narrow  slit  or  o|)en- 
ing  for  the  sight  in  a  hel- 
met.    (See  Fig.  495.) 

Oculus,  Chr.  A  round 
window  of  frequent  oc- 
currence in  the  tympanum 
of  the  pediment  in  Latin 
basilicas,  and  occasion- 
ally in  certain  churches 
(jf  tlie  nth  century. 

Ode  ((,'5^,  a  song).  A 
short  lyrical  poem,  in- 
tended to  be  sung  to  the 
accompaniment  of  an  in- 
strument, especially  the 
lyre;  hence  the  expres- 
ksion  lyric  poetry. 

Odeoa  {(f^flov ;  4^ri,  a 
>ong).  A  small  theatre 
at  Athens,  built  Ijy  Peri- 
cles for  musical  perform- 
ances. By  analog}',  the 
name  was  applied  to  any 
theatre  built  on  a  circular  plan  and  covered  with 
a  roof,  like  that  of  Athens,  shown  in  Fig.  496. 


:.  495.  Ocularium 
in  a  helmet. 


Fig.  496.  Ground-plan  of  the  Odeon  at  Athens. 


(Ecos,  (Ecus,  Gr.  (oIkos).  A  Greek  house ; 
the  term,  however,  denoted  rather  a  large 
apartment  resembling  the  atrium,  but  entirely 
shut  in,  that  is  to  say,  without  impluvium. 
In  Fig.  497,  A  is  the  cecus ;  B,  C,  two 
rooms  forming  offices  ;  D,  a  tablinum  ;  E,  a 
portico  ;  G,  the  entrance  to  the  house  ;  H, 
work-rooms ;  T,  the  triclinium.  (Ecus  tetra- 
stylos  was  a  house  in  \\hich  four  columns 
supported  the  roof;  cecus  Corinthiiis,  having 
one   order   of  columns    supporting    an    archi- 


trave,   cornice,     and    an     arched     roof;  ' acus 
Egyptius,    in    which  the    pillars  supported 


Fig.  497.  Ground-plan  of  a  Greek  house. 

galleiT  with  a  paved  floor,  forming  a  walk 
round  the  apartment  ;  above  these  pillars  others 
were  placed,  one-fourth  less  in  height  ;  and 
between  the  upper  columns  were  placed  win- 
dows ;  and  the  cccits  Cyzicenics,  which  looked 
to  the  north,  and,  if  possible,  faced  gardens, 
to  which  it  opened  by  folding-doors,  was  a 
summer-house.     fSee  DoMUS. ) 

(Eil-de-boeuf,  Arch.     A  small  round  or  oval 
windo\A-  in  a  roof. 

(Billets.     (See  Oillets.) 

(Enochoe  (Gr. 
olvos,  wine,  and 
Xf«j  to  pour). 
An  earthen  vase 
used  to  take 
the  wine  out  of 
the  crater  and 
distribute  it  into 
cups.  It  is  the 
vase  carried  by 
the  goddesses,  and 
used  for  libations. 
(Figs.  498,49s a.) 
CEnophorum,(ir. 
and  R.  \olvo- 
<p6pov).  A  light 
case  or  basket  for 
carrying  wine. 

CEnopolium,Gr. 
and       R.      (oiVo- 

TrdiXiov).  The  shop 

FlK.  4Q&.  <i-nocnue,  decorated  r  i      i  i_ 

with  zoophori,  or  bands  of  a   dealer  who 

of  animals  sold  wine    to    be 


233 


WORDS  USED  IN 


carried  away ;  distinct  from  the  taberna  mcrito7-ia 
or  dei'crsoria,  which  was  a  pubUc  tavern. 

OfPendix,  R.  A  string  by  which  the  apex, 
or  cap  worn  by  the  flamens,  Sahans,  or  other 
members  of  priestly  colleges,  was  fastened  under 
the  chin. 

Offertoria,  Chr.  (i)  The  anthems  sung  in  a 
Christian  church  while  the  oblations  were  re- 
ceived ;  mentioned  by  Isidonis,  A.D.  595: 
' '  Offertoria  quK 
in  sacrificiorum 
honore  canuntur." 
(2)  I-arge  plates, 
which,  in  the 
Christian 
churches  of  Gaul, 
served  to  collect 
the  bread  which 
the  Christians  had 
just  laid  on  the 
altar.  A  beau- 
tiful specimen  of 
such  dishes,  found 
in  Siberia  in  1867, 
and  described  by 
Rossi,  is  6  inches 
in  diameter,  and 
weighs  1 2  lbs.  It 
has  a  relief  in 
repousse  w  o  r  k, 
consisting  of  a 
cross  planted  on  a 
Fig.  49S  a.  CEnochoe,  or  Wine-jug,  small  globe  stud- 
in  black  glazed  earthenware.        ^jg^     with     Stars 

beneath  which 
issue  the  four  rivers  of  Paradise ;  and  on  either 
side  stand  two  nimbed  angels,  holding  a  rod  in 
the  left  hand,  and  raising  their  right  hand 
towards  the  cross  in  token  of  adoration.  De 
Rossi  regards  this  dish  as  the  work  of  Byzantine 
goldsmiths  of  the  6th  century.  (3)  At  Rome, 
acolytes  went  in  and  out  amorig  the  people,  and 
collected  the  offerings  in  napkins  of  fine  linen  or 
richer  material  called  also  offertoria, 

OflFertories,  in  Egyptian  archeology,  are  offer- 
ings made  to  the  gods,  of  various  shapes;  such 
as  outstretched  hands  supporting  a  cup,  or 
spoons  of  ivory,  wood,  or  bronze,  the  handle  of 
which  is  formed  by  a  human  figure. 

OfS.cina,  R.  A  workshop,  in  contradistinc- 
tion to  tabernay  a  store,  and  apotheca,  a  shop  ; 
thus,  officina  ccrarioriivt  was  a  goldsmidi's 
Avorkshop;  officina  fullomwi,  a  fuller's  establish- 
ment. 

Oifuscati.  One  of  the  Italian  literary  aca- 
demies. They  bore  for  their  device  a  bear, 
roused  from  his  natural  heaviness  by  the  stings 
of  bees,  with  the  motto,  "  Stings  (or  points)  will 
.sharpen  steel." .    (Fig.  499.) 

Ogam,  Celtic.  'Ihe  sacred  Avriting  of  the 
Druids.     (Cf.  Ogham.) 


Ogee  Arch  or  Contrasted   Arch  or   Mould- 
ing,   Arch.     An    arch   or   moulding  described 


Fig.  499.    Device  of  the  Offuscati  Academy. 

by  means  of  four  centres,  so  as  to  be  alter- 
nately concave  and  convex.  It  was  fre- 
quently employed  in  fifteenth-century  monu- 
ments, and  its  constant  recurrence  in  the  later 
Gothic  or  flamboyant  architecture  has  given 
rise  to  its  French  name  of  ogival. 

Ogham.  A  kind  of  short-hand  WTiting  or 
cipher  in  use  among  the  ancient  Irish.   (6".) 

Ogivale,  Fr.  A  French  architectural  term 
of  constant  occurrence,  applied  to  the  architec- 
ture of  the  medireval  period  in  France,  during 
which  the  pointed  arch  was  used. 

Ogive,  Fr.  Arch.  A  pointed  arch  ;  not  the 
Ogee. 

Ogivette,  Arch.     A  small  ogee. 

Ogress,  Her.      A  pellet  or  black  roundle. 

Oil  Painting  was  introduced  in  Flanders  by 
the  brothers  Van  Eyck  in  1410,  and  in  Italy  by 
Antonello  da  Messina  in  or  about  1455. 

Oillets  or  Oylets.     Loopholes. 

Oils.  The  fixed  oils  used  in  painting  are 
linseed,  walnut,  and /(^//j,  purified  and  rendered 
drying  by  the  addition  of  litharge.  They 
should  be  pale  in  colour,  limpid,  and  trans- 
parent, and  should  dry  quickly  :  mit  oil  in  a 
few  hours,  linseed  in  a  day,  and  poppy  oil  in 
thirty -six  to  forty  hours.  The  essential  oils  used 
in  painting  are  turpentine,  for  diluting  the  pig- 
ments ground  in  oil,  and  spike,  or  lavender,  for 
wax  and  enamel  painting. 

Oinerusis,    Gr.  (ojV-^puo-ts).     (See   Arysti- 

CHOS.) 

.  Ointment-box,  in  Christian  art,  is  the  attri- 
bute of  St.  Maiy  Magdalene,  St.  Joseph  of 
Arimathrea,  and  other  saints. 


Oiron,  a   small   town  in   Fiance  (so   named 
from  the  Hocks  of  geese  which  circle  round  it 


Fig.  500.   Covered  Tazza  ;  Faience  of  Oiron. 
In  the  Louvre. 

Oi-rond  in  winter),  is  the  place  where  the  fine 
faiences,  usually  called  Henri  II.  ware,  were 
made.  "  Here  is  France,"  says  M.  Jacquemart, 
"in  the  l6th  century  in  possession  of  a  pottery, 
the  discovery  of  which  is  attributed  200  years 
later  to  England."  ■  .There  are  only  about  fifty 
pieces  known,  five  of  which  may  be  seen  in  the 
South  Kensington  Museum. 

Okel,  Egyp.  A  caravanserai.  A  large 
covered  court  surrounded  by  two  stories  of 
galleries,  of  which  the  lower  is  used  as  shops, 
&c.,  and  the  upper  one  as  lodging-rooms. 

Oldham.  A  coarse  kind  of  cloth  originated 
at  Oldham  in  Norfolk,  temp.  Richard  II. 

Olibanum.     A  gum-resin  used  for  incense. 

Oliphant,  A.S.  An  elephant ;  hence  a  hunt- 
ing-horn of  ivory. 

Olive.  A  blue-grey  colour  ;  violet  mixed  with 
green. 

Olive(-tree).  (l)  In  Christian  art,  the  em- 
blem of  peace  and  concord,  and  frequent  on 
early  Christian  tombs  in  the  catacombs,  with  or 
without  the  dove.  (2)  Arch.  Its  leaf  was  intro- 
duced into  sculpture  by  the  ancients,  in  wreajhs 
or  garlands.  The  Corinthian  order  is  enriched 
with  o//tr-leaves,  as  are  almost  all  the  antiques  at 
Rome  of  this  order.  (3)  R.  The  corona  olcagina, 
an  honorary  wreath  made  of  olive-leaves,  was 
conferred  by  the  Romans  on  soldiers  and  com- 
manders  through  whose  instrumentality  a  triumph 


had  been  obtained  when  they  were  not  personally 
present  in  the  action.  (4)  Gr.  Itwas  the  olive-\.x<tQ 
that  Minerva  caused  to  spring  from  the  ground 
in  the  citadel  at  Athens.  (5)  The  colour  and 
grain  of  the  wood,  and  of  the  root  portion  espe- 
cially, are  very  beautiful,  and  valuable  for  de- 
corative and  cabinet  work. 

Olivette.     A  P'lemish  name  iox  poppy  oil. 

Olivine.  A  variety  of  chrysolite  of  a  dark 
green,  commonly  called  bottle-green  colour. 

OUa,  R.  An  earthenware  vessel  of  very 
common  make.  It  resembled  our  flower-pots, 
but  had  swelling  sides,  and  was  covered  with  a 
lid.  It  was  used  for  cooking  meat  and  vege- 
tables and  for  preserving  grapes  (z/ivz  ollaria), 
and  as  a  cinerary  urn  {olla  ossKaria  or  cineraria). 
Hence — 

Olla-podrida,  Sp.  A  stew  of  meat  and  vege- 
tables mixed,  common  in  .Spain.  The  word  is 
used  to  describe  any  other  incongruous  mixture. 

Ollarium,  R.  A  niche  in  a  sepulchral  cham- 
ber, in  which  the  olla  ossiiaria  was  placed.  (See 
Cinerarium,  Fig.  160.) 

Olpe,  Gr.  (oXTrrj).  A  kind  of  aryhallos  with  a 
curved  handle,  but  no  spout  (originally  a  leather 
oil-flask). 

Olympiad,  Gr.  ('OAi;^7rias).  The  period  of 
four  years  between  two  consecutive  celebrations 
of  the  Olympic  games.  The  first  Olympiad 
began  B.C.  776. 

Olympic  Games,  Gr.  Games  instituted  by 
Hercules  in  honour  of  Jupiter  Olympius ;  they 
were  the  most  ancient  and  celebrated  in  all 
Greece.  They  derived  their  name  from  Olympia, 
in  Greece,  where  they  were  celebrated.  They 
were  finally  suppressed  by  Theodosius,  a.d.  394. 

Ombre.     A  kind  of  damask. 

Ombros.  The  name  for  a  particular  quality 
of  jnadder. 

Omophagi,  Gr.  {o3ixo-(payoi,  sc.  ^alres,  i.  e. 
flesh-eating  banquets).  Festivals  held  at  Chic 
and  Tenedos  in  honour  of  Bacchus. 

Omophorion.  (i)  An  article  of  female  dress, 
worn  on  the  slioidders.  (2)  A  vestment  of  the 
Greek  Church,  consisting  of  a  long  woollen  band 
with  embroidered  crosses.  It  is  typical  of  the 
lost  sheep  borne  home  on  the  shoulders  of  the 
Shepherd. 

Onager,  Onagrus,  R.  An  engine  for  hurling 
stones  of  great  size. 

Onicolo  or  Nicolo.  A  variety  of  the  onyx, 
with  a  deep-brown  ground,  on  which  is  a  band 
of  bluish  white,  used  for  making  cameos. 

Onocentaurs.  Fabulous  animals,  half  man, 
half  ass. 

Onychomancy  (onyx,  a  nail).  Divination  by 
means  of  the  marks  on  the  nails  of  the  hands. 

Onyx  (ui'i'l,  a  finger-nail).  ( i )  A  general  name 
for  the  varieties  of  the  agate  which  con- 
sist of  alternate  layers  of  white,  brown,  or 
black,  greatly  valued  by  the  ancients  for  cameos. 


234 


WORDS  USED  IN 


In  the  Christian  syml)olisni  the  onyx  typifies 
Innocence  and  candour.  (See  Onicolo. )  (2) 
The  name  has  also  been  applied  by  the  ancients 
to  Oriental  alabaster.  (3)  Onyx  marble  was  a 
name  given  to  Algerian  marble  from  Oran,  of 
which  "pure  white,  brilliant  red,  golden  yel- 
low, and  hues  of  green,  with  every  variety  of 
striation  and  flocculence,  exist."  [Seethe  j5/^//r/- 
ing  Neii's.  xiv.  4S9.] 

Opa,  Ope,  Gr.  Arch.  (ottt]).  A  cavity  in  which  a 
tie-beam  {(igiiiiiii)  rests ;  ^\'hence  the  space  in- 
cluded between  two  inrai  or  tigtta  was  called 
mctopa  or  intcvtigmitn. 

Opacity.     Want  of  transparency . 

Opaion,  Gr.  Arch.  The  panels  on  a  ceiling 
formed  by  the  intersection  of  its  beams. 

Opal.  A  semi-transparent  stone,  remarkable 
for  the  play  of  colours  that  it  exhibits.  -  Three 
varieties  are,  the  •  oriental  opal,  called  also  the 
noble  opal  and  the  harlequin  opal,  remarkable 
for  its  flashes  of  brilliant  colours  having  a 
triangular  disposition.  The  affection  that  the 
ancients  entertained  for  this  beautiful  gem  was 
unbounded.  The  Roman  senator  Nonnius  pre- 
ferred exile  to  parting  with  a  brilliant  opal  the 
size  of  a  filbert  which  Marc  Antony  coveted. 
The /ire  opal  is  furnished  principally  by  Mexico. 
Its  colour,  more  pronounced  than  that  of  the 
oriental  opal,  and  the  carmine  or  vinous  red  tint 
of  its  fires,  permit  it  to  be  easily  recognized. 
The  common  opal  displays  very  little  fire  ;  its 
colour  is  milk-white,  which,  joined  to  a  texture 
extremely  homogeneous,  renders  it  semi-trans- 
parent.    [Z.  Dieitlafait.l 

Opal  Glass,  called  also  Milk-white  Glass ; 
prepared  for  globes  to  lamps,  &c. 

Opales,  Opalia,  R.  Festivals  of  Ops,  the 
wife  of  .Saturn,  which  were  held  every  year  on 
the  fourteenth  of  the  calends  of  January  (19th  of 
December). 

Opalescent.  Having  a  play  of  colours  like 
the  opal. 

Open-tide,  O.  E.  The  season  between 
Epiphany  and  Ash- Wednesday,  when  mamages 
were  publicly  solemnized. 

Opera.  A  lyrical  drama  set  to  music  ;  origi- 
nated at  Florence  in  the  1 6th  century.  [Con- 
sult Doni  (passim),  Arteaga  Manfredini,  Signo- 
relli,  &c.  ;  also  Dr.  Bnrney's  Tours  and 
Correspondence,  and  Grimm's  Co7'respondence.'\ 

Operculum,  R.  A  cover  for  any  kind  of 
earthenware  vessel. 

Ophicleide  (o<pJs,  a  serpent,  and  kAsIj,  a  key). 
A  wind  instrument  of  brass  or  copper  made  in 
the  form  of  a  serpent.  Generally,  the  bass  of  a 
military  band. 

Ophiomancy,  Gr.     Divination  by  snakes. 

Ophiomorphous.     Snake-shaped. 

Ophite  or  Ophiolite.  Green  porphyry  or 
Sekpenti.n'E. 

Ophites,  Chr.     A  sect  which  arose  in  the  2nd 


century  in  the  Christian  Church.  They  believed 
that  the  Serpent  who  tempted  Eve  was  Christ  him- 
self.  They  are  also  called  Serpentinians.  (6'.) 


(Jpima  Spolia.     Trophy 


Opima  Spolia,  R.  The  "  spoils  of  honour, " 
consisting  of  armour  set  up'  as  a  trophy  and 
dedicated  in  the  temple  of  Jupiter  Feretrius  at 
Rome.  These  were  spoils  taken  from  the  chief 
of  a  hostile  army,  who  had  been  killed  by  the 
hand  of  a  Roman  general.  Plutarch  asserts 
that  the  spolia  opima  were  actually  taken  only 
three  times. 

Opinicus,  Her.  A  fabulous  heraldic  monster; 
a  dragon  before  and  a  lion  behind,  withacamels 
tail. 

Opisthodomos,  Gr.  (on-io-erf-Sojuos).  Latin,  Pos- 
ticum.  A  small  chamber  placed  at  the  back 
of  a  temple,  to  which  the  priests  alone  had 
access. 


Oporotlieca,  Gr.  (diru'po'dvKri).  A  store-house 
fur  fruits. 

Oppidan.  At  Eton  College,  a  boy  who  is 
not  a  king's  scholar,  and  boards  in  the  town. 


Fig.  502.  Oppidum  and  carceres  of  the  circus  of 
Caracalla. 


Oppidum,  R.  A  fortified  town,  and  thence 
the  mass  of  buildings  occupying  the  extremity 
of  a  circus,  in  which  were  the  stalls  for  the 
chariots  and  horses  {careens).  Fig.  502  gives 
a  representation  of  the  oppidum  in  the  circus  of 
Caracalla. 

Optical  Correction  is  a  name  given  to  the 
task  of  adapting  art  objects,  or  architectural 
proportions  and  ornaments,  to  the  circumstances 
of  distance  or  comparison  in  which  they  are  to 
be  exhibited.  Belzoni  observes  that  the  heads 
of  colossal  Egyptian  statues  are  proportionally 
larger  than  the  lower  members.  (For  numerous 
examples  of  this  contrivance,  see  the  article  in 
the  Architectural  Publication  Society's  Dic- 
tionary.) 

Optics  (Gr.  oTTTouai,  to  see).  The  science  of 
the  nature  and  properties  of  light ;  of  its  changes 
as  it  penetrates  or  is  reflected  or  absorbed-  by 
bodies  ;  of  the  structure  of  the  eye,  and  the 
Laws  of  vision  ;  and  of  instnnnents  in  connexion 
with  sight.  It  is  thus  closely  connected  with 
the  science  of  colour,  and  the  arts  in  general. 
The  earliest  treatise  extant  on  this  science  is 
Euclid's  Optica  et  Catoptrica.  (Cf.  Dr.  Smith's 
Optics,  &c.) 

Optigraph.  A  telescope  for  copying  land- 
scapes.    (See  Claude  Glass.) 

Optostratum,  R.  (oittos,  brick,  and  crrpwTov, 
strewn).  A  brick  pavement,  often  arranged  in 
a  herring-boned  pattern,  as  in  the  Opus  Spica- 

TUM.      (Fig.  509.)  ; 

Opus  Albarium.'    (.See  Stucco.) 

Opus    Alexandrinum.      A    mosaic    flooring 


much  used  by  the  Romans,  consisting  of  geo- 
metric figures,  atid  generally  of  only  two  kinds 
of  tessera,  red  and  black  on  a  white  ground.  (See 
MusivuM  Opus.) 

Opus  Araneum  (spider- work).  A  kind  of 
embroidery,  Ijlh  century;  modern  "guipure 
d'ari." 

Opus  Consutum.  Applique  work  in  embroi- 
deiy.     (See  Applique.) 

Opus  Filatorium.  A  kind  of  embroidery, 
14th  century  ;  mmlern  "  filet  brode." 

Opus  Greecum,  R.  Inlaid  pavement.  (See 
MusivuM  Opus.) 

Opus  Incertum,  R.  A  Roman  method  of 
Iniilding  ;  the  construction  of  walls  of  very  small 
rough  stones,  not  laid  in  courses,  but  held  toge- 
ther by  the  mortar. 


Fig.  504.  Pseiidisodomum  opus,  with  a  course  of  opus 
insertum. 

Opus  Insertum,  R.  A  Roman  method  of 
building,  of  courses  of  flat  tiles,  the  most  durable 
of  all.  Such  courses  were  also  introduced  in 
the  other  kinds  of  stone  and  brick  walls,  in 
which  they  served,  as  bond-courses,  and  also 
kept  the  damp  from  rising  from  the  ground. 


Fig.  503.  Alexandrinum  opus. 


Fig.  503.  Musivum  opus.  1 

Opus  Musivum.     Mosaic.     (See  MusivuM.) 

Opus  Pectineum  (comb-wrought ).  Woven  work 
imitating  end  >roidery. 

Opus  Phrygianum,  R.  Fine  embroidery. 
(See  Okpurey.) 

Opus  Plumarium  (feather-stitch).  Embroidery 


2^,6 


WORDS  USED  IN 


of  which  the  stitches  overlap  one  another  like 
the  feathers  of  a  bird. 


construction,    with  an   ornamental   surface    re- 
semliling  the  meshes  of  a  net. 

Opus  Spicatum,  R.     Hening-bone  masonry. 


Fig.  506.  Pseudisodomum  opus. 

Opus  Pseud-iso-domum,  Gr.  (lit.  quasi-equal 
structure).  A  Greek  method  of  building  in 
which  the  courses  are  (l)  parallel  and  unequal, 


Fig.  io7'  Gate  of  Lions  at  Mycenae. 
I'seudisodomum  opus. 

but  regular  among  themselves,  as  in  Fig.  506  ; 
or  (2)  irregular  altogether,  as  in  the  Gate  of 
Lions  at  Mycenoe,  Fig.  507  (or  in  Fig.  504). 


Fig.  508.  Structura  reticulata. 

Opus  Pulvinarium  (cushion-style).  Embroi- 
dery like  modern  Berlin  work,  generally  used 
for  cushions. 

Opus  Reticulatum,  R.     A  Roman  method  of 


Fig.  509.  Spicatum  opus. 

Or,  Her.  The  metal  gold,  expressed  in  en- 
graving by  small  dots,  as  on  Fig.  375. 

Or  basane,  Fr.  Leather  stamped  in  gold, 
used  as  hangings  in  the  i6th  and  17th  cen- 
turies. 

Ora,  R.  The  cable  which  fastened  the  stern 
of  a  ship  to  the  shore,  while  the  ANCORALEkept 
her  head  out  to  sea. 

Ora.  An  old  Saxon  coin  of  16  or  20  pence 
in  value. 

Orange.  The  colour  formed  by  the  mixture 
of  5  parts  of  red  and  3  parts  of  yellow.  It  is 
the  complementary  of  blue.  The  nearest  pig- 
ment is  cadminm  yellow. 

Orange  Chrome.  A  sub-chromate  of  lead, 
which  yields  a  beautiful  orange  pigment. 

Orange  Madder -lake.     (See  Madder.) 

Orange  Minium.     (See  Minium.) 

Orange  Vermilion.  A  durable  pigment  for 
oil  and  water  colours,  in  colour  resembling  red 
lead. 

Orange  Yellow.  A  yellow  inclining  to  red, 
represented  by  molybdate  of  lead.  (Austed, 
Elementa)y  Course.') 

Orange-tree.  In  Christian  art,  symbol  of  the 
"  Heavenly  Bride." 

Oranti,  It.  The  name  given  to  certain  male 
and  female  figures  found  in  the  catacomb  fres- 
coes at  Rome,  represented  with  the  hands  spread 
in  the  Eastern  attitude  of  prayer. 

Orarium,  R.  A  scarf  or  handkerchief  thrown 
to  the  crowd  in  a  circus,  to  wave  to  the  chariot- 
drivers.  In  Christian  archaeology,  (i)  A  scarf 
affixed  to  the  pastoral  staff;  as  early  as  the 
13th  century.  (2)  The  stole.  (3)  The  border 
of  an  ecclesiastical  vestment.  {Flanehe.)  (See 
Stole,  Sudarium.) 

Orb.  One  of  the  emblems  of  sovereignty 
with  which  kings  are  solemnly  invested  at  their 
coronation.  It  is  a  globe  surmounted  by  a  cross, 
and  is  held  in  the  palm  of  the  left  hand.  In 
Art  it  is  a  common  attribute  of  the  Infant 
Saviour. 

Orca,  Gr.  and  R.  (op/crjor  Cpxa).  An  earthen- 
ware vessel  of  large  size,  but  smaller  than  the 


amphora  j  it  was  used  for  holding  salted  fish. 
The  diminutive  is  orcuht ;  the  modern  Italian 
oirio. 

Orchestra,  Clr.  and  R.  (opxvfTTpa,  i.e.  dancing- 
place).  The  lowest  part  of  the  Greek  and 
Roman  theatres  ;  usually  occupied  by  the  chorus. 
It  contained  an  altar,  on  which  sacrifices  to 
Bacchus  were  sometimes  made.  ? 

Orchestrino.  A  modern  musical  instrument 
invented  by  Poulleau.  It  was  shaped  Like  a 
pianoforte  with  similar  finger-keys,  and  the 
sounds  were  produced  by  the  frictionof  a  bow 
upon  strings. 

Orchestrion..  A  modern  portable  organ,  in- 
vented Viy  tlie  Abbe  Vogler  aljout  17S9.  A 
similarly-named  instrument  invented  in  1796  by 
Kunz,  a  lk)hemian,  consisted  of  a  pianoforte 
coml)ined  with  some  organ-stops. 

Orcula.     Diminutive  of  (7;rr;. 

Order.  In  classical  architecture,  a  column 
entire;  i.e.  base,  shaft,  capital,  and  entablature. 
There  are  usually  said  to  be  five  orders :  the 
Tuscan,  Doric,  Ionic,  Corinthian,  and  Com- 
posite. 

Orders  of  Knighthood.     (See  Knighthood.) 

Ordinary,  Her.  An  early  principal  charge  of 
a  simple  character. 

Oread.     A  mountain-nymph. 

Oreae,  R.  {ora,  the  mouth).  A  snaffle-bit 
for  horses. 

Oreiller,  Her.     A  cushion  or  pillow. 

Oreillettes,  Fr.  Ear-pieces  on  helmets  ;  1 5th 
and  1 6th  centuries. 

Orfrays.  The  gold,  silver,  or  silk  em- 
broidery on  rich  garments,  chiefly  sacerdotal 
ornaments.     The    term    has    two    derivations ; 


Fig.  510.  Regals  or  Portable  Organ. 


some  derive  it  from  aurum  Phrygium,  because 
the  Phrygians,  who  were  excellent  embroiderers, 
were  considered  to  have  invented  the  style; 
otliers  take  it  to  be  from  aurum  fractum 
(broken).  In  mediceval  Latin  the  term  for 
orfrays  was  aurifrigia,  aurifrisa,  aurifrisiis^  and 
aurifrixiis.  '   •■ 

Organ.  Organs  are  said  to  have  been  first  intro- 
duced into  France,  a.d.  289,  from  Greece.  A 
large  organ  existed  in  Westminster  Abbey  in  the 
loth  century.  Portable  organs  called  also  Re- 
gals were  also  common.  The  antique  organs 
had  no  key-boards,  which  were  introduced  in 
the  nth  century,  simultaneously  with  the  inven- 
tion of  the  musical  stave  (Cf.  Hydraula.) 
The  Regals  or  jiortable  organ  is  an  attribute 
of  St.  Cecilia.     (Fig.  510.) 

Organdi.     A  kind  of  muslin. 

Organistrum,  O.  E.  A  musical  instrument, 
resembling  the  modern  hurdy-gurdy,  played  by 
two  persons,  of  whom  one  turned  the  handle, 
while  the  other  played  the  keys. 

Organolyricon.  A  musical  instrument  in- 
vented in  Paris  in  iSio  by  M.  de  St.  Pern.  It 
consists  of  a  pianoforte  with  two  rows  of  keys, 
and  contains  twelve  different  wind  instruments, 
viz.  three  flutes,  an  oboe,  a  clarionet,  a  bassoon, 
horns,  trumpet,  and  fife. 

Organzine.  Thrown  silk  of  a  very  fine  tex- 
ture.  {S.) 

Orgies,  Gr.  (opyta).  Festivals  of  Bacchus  at 
which  all  who  were  present  were  carried  away 
by  frenzy.  The  same  term  was  also  used  to 
denote  the  festivals  of  Ceres  and  those  of  the 
Cabirl 

Orgues,  Fr.  Med.  (i)  Pieces  of  timber,  pointed 
and  shod  witli  iron,  hung  like  a  portcullis  over 
a  gateway,  to  be  let  down  in  case  of  attack. 
(2)  An  arrangement  of  gun-barrels,  the  pre- 
cursor of  the  mitrailleuse.    {S.) 

Orgyia  (from  opiyta,  to  extend).  A  Greek 
measure  of  length,  representing  the  distance 
from  end  to  end  of  the  outstretched  arms,  or  the 
height  of  the  human  figure.  It  was  equal  to 
four  cubits  or  six  feet,  and  was  one-hundredth 
of  a  stadium. 

Orichalcum  (from  opos  and  x°-^'<-^^t  i-  e. 
Diountaiii  bronze).  A  metallic  compound,  akin 
to  copper  and  bronze,  which  was  highly  prized 
by  the  ancients.      It  was  probably  brass. 

Oriel  or  Oriole,  Chr.  {on'olum,  a  little  en- 
trance). A  projecting  angular  window,  gene- 
rally triangrdaror  pentagonal  in  shape.  A  large 
bay  or  recessed  window  in  a  church  or  in  an 
apartment.  The  word  has  been  used  in  many 
senses,  with  the  general  meaning  of  a  recess 
within  or  a  projection  from  a  building.  A  small 
oratory. 

Orientation,  Chr.  The  arrangement  of  a 
church  by  which  a  worshipper  faces  the  east  at 
prayers. 


238 


WORDS   USED   IN 


Oriflamme.  The  ancient  royal  banner  of 
France,  coloured  purple-azure  and  gold.  It  w-as 
split  into  five  points,  and  sometimes  bore  upon 
it  a  saltire  wavy,  from  the  centre  of  which 
golden  rays  diverged. 

Orillon,  Fr.  A  mass  of  earth  lined  with  a 
wall  on  the  shoulder  of  a  bastion,  for  the  pro- 
tection of  a  gun. 

Orle.  (i)  Arch. 
A  fillet  or  listel 
placed  beneath  the 
ovolo  of  a  capital. 
(2)  In  Heraldry,  a 
subordinary  foiTned 
of  a  border  of  a 
shield  which  is 
cliarged  upon  ano- 
ther and  a  larger 
Fig.  SI  I.  Orle  or  crest- wreath.       gj^jgjj_         (^^       n^^Mz 

wreath  or  torse  which  encircled  the  crest,  com- 
posed ordinarily  of  silk  of  two  colours  twisted 
together,  and  representing  the  principal  metal 
and  tincture  in  the  wearer's  armorial  bearings. 
{Planche) 

Orleans.  A  cloth  made  of  worsted  and 
cotton. 

Orlo.     A  Spanish  musical  instrument. 

Orlop-deck  of  a  ship.  That  over  the  hold, 
on  which  the  cables  are  stowed. 

Ormolu,  Fr.  (w,  gold,  and  vioiihi,  ground). 
72 '43  copper,  25*2  zinc,  and  2 '65  tin  ;  used  for 
cheap  jewellery,  &c.  Mosaic  gold,  another  name 
for  such  a  metal,  is  composed  of  65  copper  and 
35  zinc. 

Ormolu  Varnish.  A  copper,  bronze,  or 
imitation-gold  varnish. 

Ornithon,  R.  {hpviQwv).  A  poultry-yard  or 
aviary. 

Orpharion,  O.  E.  A  kind  of  lute.  {Halli- 
well. ) 

Orpheon.     A  musical  instrument. 

Orphrey.  An  old  English  word  for  gold 
embroidery,  from  the  Latin  aiiriphryginm.  (See 
Orfrays.) 

Orpiment  (Lat.  auripignuntiDii  ;  Ang.  king's 
ycUoTo).  A  yellow  pigment  of  arsenic  with 
sulphur,  or,  when  the  arsenic  predominates,  an 
orange  colour.  The  finest  native  orpiment 
comes  from  Persia,  and  is  called  golden 
orpimeMt- 

Orpin,  O.  E.,  contraction  of  Orpiment. 
Yellow  arsenic. 

6rrery.  A  machine  for  representing  in  a 
model  the  motions  and  relative  positions  of  the 
heavenly  bodies. 

Orrice  or  Orris.  A  peculiar  pattern  in  whicli 
gold  or  silver  lace  is  worked.  The  edges  are 
ornamented  -vfTCa.  conical  figures,  place<l  at 
oqual  distances,  with  spots  between  them. 

Orthostata,  Gr.  ( opedffTara,  i.  e.  standing 
upright),     (i)  The  facings  of  a  wall,  consisting  of 


different  materials  from  the  internal  part  of  it. 

(Fig.  512.)     (2)  An  anta  or  pilaster. 
Orthron.     (See  Hours  of  Prayer.) 
Oscen,  plur.  Oscines.  R.  {os,  mouth,  and  cayio, 

to  predict).     A  bird  ortirds  from  whose  singing 

it  was  possible  to  draw  auguries 


fc.   u  ,  Ilk-  It—  Ife^ttfa^  '*= 


Wit-lt=-ta=jfe 


rii  Hill b>  fe  1^  i-^  i.:^iiL^-w^l 
^it^-Ur  ^^  lit  aLUfci 


^t^ 


■iPiriiiiii^ 

!•  ig   51      Orthostita    Fac  ng  of  1  Greek  wall 

Oschophoria,  Gr.  (o(rx''-'?"^P"'>  i-  ^-  vine-branch- 
bearing).  Athenian  vintage  festivals,  instituted 
in  honour  of  Bacchus  and  Ariadne  by  Theseus, 
or  according  to  other  authorities,  in  honour  of 
Dionysus  and  Athena,  in  which  those  who 
took  part  carried  vine-boughs  loaded  with  grapes. 
The  festival  was  concluded  by  a  race  on  the  sea- 
shore from  the  temple  of  Bacchus  to  that  of 
Minerva.  The  victor's  prize  was  a  cup  called 
Pentaploa, because  it  containedyfz'd? ingredients: 
wine,  honey,  cheese,  meal,  and  oil. 

Oscillatio,  R.  A  swing.  The  Roman  swings 
are  represented  having  legs  like  a  chair. 

Oscilla,  R.  (dimin.  of  os,  mouth  or  face). 
Small  images  or  masks,  generally  of  Bacchus, 
hung  up  in  vineyards  to  ensure  a  good  crop, 
and  practically  useful  to  scare  off  birds  from  the 
grapes. 

Osculare,  Osculatorium,  Chr.     (See  Pax.) 

Ossarium  and  Ossuarium,  R.  {os,  a  bone).  A 
sarcophagus  of  earthenware,  stone,  or  marble,  in 
which  the  vessel  containing  the  cremated  ashes 
of  the  dead  was  placed. 

Ossature,  Arch,  (from  the  Italian  ossatura, 
skeleton).  The  skeleton  or  framework  of  a  Gothic 
roof  or  a  window.  In  the  roof,  the  ossature  com- 
prises the  nerves,  the  transverse  or  longitudinal 
archef>'  the  diagonal  rib,  &c.  ;  in  a  window,  the 
iron  fnaming. 

Osteau,  Arch.  An  old  term  used  to  denote 
the  rose'^ilaced  in  the  upper  part  of  a  mullioned 
window ;  it  was  also  applied  to  a  rosace  and  a 
medallion. 

Ostinati.  An  Italian  literary  academy,  whose 
device  was  a  p)Tamid  blown  from  all  quarters 
by  the  winds,  with  the  obstinate  motto,  ^^Frustra" 
(in  vain). 


Ostium.  R.  A  lobby  inside  the  entrance  door 
of  a  Roman  house,  deep  enough  to  contain  a 
small  porter's  lodge  on  one  side,  and  leading  to 
an  inner  door  which  opened  on  the  Atriim. 
The  street  door  was  called  Janua.  (See 
DoMrs.-) 

Ostrich  Eggs,  Chr.  The  jM-actice  of  sus- 
pending eggs  of  ostriches  in  churches  was  pro- 
bably introduced  from  the  East  by  Crusaders. 

"In  some  churches  two  eggs  of  ostriches,  and  other 
things  which  cause  admiration,  and  which  are  rarely 
seen,  .ire  acc\istomed  .to  be  suspended  :  that  by  their 
means  the  people  may  be  drawn  to  church,  and  have 
their  minds  the  more  aflectcd.'"  (Dununiius  on  Sym- 
bol! sat.) 

Ostrum,  R.  A  puiple  colour  used  by  the' 
ancients,  produced  from  the  juice  of  the  inurex 
fish. 

Othone.  Chr.     (See  Stole.) 

Ottone,  It.     Brass.    - '      . 

Oubliettes,  Fr.  Subterranean  dungeons,' 
into  which  prisoners  were  thrown  to  be  oiiblics 
(forgotten).  The  side  walls,  were  in  some  cases 
armed  with  strong  sharp  blades,  -Hhich  cut  the 
victims  to  pieces  as  they  fell.  It  should  be 
mentioned  that  in  many  cases  cesspools  have 
been  mistaken  for  oubliettes. 

Ouch  Or  Nouche,  O.  E.  An  ornament  of  the 
lirooch  kind  ;  a  jewel.  (Mod.)  The  setting  of 
a  precious  stone. 

Oudenardes.  Tapestry  landscapes  first  made 
at  that  place  ;  called  also  ' '  tapisseries  de  ver- 
dure.^^ 

Ourania,  Gr.  (oypano,  i.  e.  in  the  air).  A 
game  at  catch-ball. 

Outline,  which  has  no  real  existence  in  nature, 
is  defined  by  Aristotle  as  irepas  a-repeov,  "the 
boundary  of  solid  form."  The  only  light  and 
shade  used  in  outlines  is  the  greater  lightness  or 
darkness  of  the  lines. 

Outre,  Fr.     Exaggerated,  fantastic,  absurd. 

Oval  (Lat.  ovum,  an  egg).  The  oval,  formed 
of  a  continuous  curve,  differs  from  the  Ellipse, 
which  is  equally  broad  at  both  ends,  in 
having  one  end  narrower  than  the  other,  and  is 
sometimes  called  a  false  ellipse.  Ovals  in  win- 
dows, arches,  and  other  parts  of  architecture 
e.^ist,  but  are  rare. 

Ovatio.  ,A  lesser  triumph  distinguished  from 
Triumphus.  The  general  entered  the  city  on 
foot,  and  dressed  in  the  toga  prajtexta  of  a  magis- 
trate, attended  only  by  musicians,  and  knights 
and  plebeians  ;  and  the  sacrifice  by  which  the 
ceremony  concluded  was  a  sheep  (ovis)  instead  of 
a  bull  ;  hence  the  word  ovation. 

Overstory,  Arch.     The  Clerestory. 

Overture  (Fr.  ouvertnre,  an  opening ;  It. 
sln/otiia).  Instrumental  music  preceding  an 
opera,  &c. 

ftvile,  R.  Literally,  a  sheep-fold,  and  thence 
an  enclosure  in  the  Campus  Martius  in  which 


each  centun,'  assembled  before  proceeding  to 
place  its  votes  {tabell(e)  in  the  urn  (eista).  It 
was  divided  into  compartments  approached 
through  narrow  piassages  cMcdpontes  qx ponticuli. 
On  entering,  the  citizens  received  their  voting- 
tablets  {tabclhe'),  and  \\hen  they  had  consulted 
within  the  enclosure,  they  passed  out  by  another 
pons,  at  which  they  threw  their  votes  into  the 
chest  (cista). 


Fig.  513.  Ovolo  or  Quarter-round. 

Ovolo,  Arch,  (from  the  Latin  ovum),     (i)  A 
convex  moulding  showing  tiie  quarter  of  a  circle, 


Fig.  514.  Egg  and  dart  mo.ilding. 

and  thence  called  quarter-round.  (2)  The  echinus 
of  the  Doric  capital.  (3)  An  ornament  composed 
of  eggs,  separated  either  by  tongues  fFig.  277) 
or  by  darts  (Fig.  514).     (See  EcHixus. ) 

Ovum,  Egg,  R. 
Conical  egg-shaped 
balls  which  were  plac- 
ed upon  the  spina  of 
a  circus,  on  a  stone 
table  supported  by  four 
columns.  (Fig.  515.) 
There  was  a  second 
table  at  the  other  end 
of  the  spina,  on  which 
were  placed  small 
marble  dolphins.  Ovum 
OrphiiUiiL,  or  Orphic 
egg,  was  the  mysterious 
symbol  employed  by 
Orpheus  to  denote  the 
procreative  principle 
with  which  the  whole 
earth  is  pervaded.  Oviun  aui^uiuum  was  an 
oval  ball  of  glass  worn  by  the  Druids  round 
their  neck  ;  so  named  because,  as  was  asserted, 
it  was  produced  from  the  mingled  saliva  of  two 
serpents  {angiies\. 

Owl.     With  tne  Athenian^  the  owl  was  the 


Fig.  515.  Ovum. 
Egg-shaped  balls. 


240 


WORDS    USED   IX 


emblem  of  prudence  and  wisdom  ;  the  bird  of 
Athene.  In  Christian  art  it  symbolizes  darkness 
and  solitude,  and  hence  unbelief. 

Ox.  In  Christian  art  the  attribute  of  St. 
Luke  ;  the  emblem  of  the  priesthood  and  of 
sacrifice.  In  representations  of  the  Nativity  an 
ox  and  an  ass  are  commonly  introduced. 

Ox-gall.  The  bile  or  bitter  fluid  secreted  by 
the  liver  of  the  ox  ;  when  refined  it  is  used  in 
oil  and  water-colour  painting  to  fix  and  thicken 
the  colours.     (See  Gall.)  I 

Oxford  Ochre.  An  o.\ide  of  iron  used  as  a 
pigment  of  a  brownish  yellow  in  oil  and 
water  colours.     (See  Ochre.) 

Oxide  of  Zinc.  A  u<hite  pigment  which  is 
more  permanent  in  resisting  gases,  than  the 
white  lead. 


Oxides  of  Copper.  The  pigments  derived 
from  these  were  well  known  to  the  ancients. 
Modem  pigments  are  Blue  Vcrditer,  Brunswick 
Green,  Verdigris,  and  Ema-ald  or  Scheele's 
Green  (q-v.). 

Oxybaphoi,  Gr.  Small  cymbals  in  the  shape 
of  vinegar-saucers. 

Oxybaphon  {o^vBi.(pov).  A  Greek  term  applied 
to  a  bell-shaped  vase  with  a  plain  foot  and  a 
moulded  rim,  synonymous  with  the  Latin  Ace- 
tabulum (q.v.). 

Oyelet,  Oylet.     (See  Oillets.) 

Oyer  and  Terminer.  Ancient  law-French. 
The  words  mean  to  hear  atid  to  determine,  and 
express  the  authority  or  commission  given  to 
an  appointed  court  of  justice. 


P. 


Packfong  or  Pakfong.  A  Chinese  name  for 
Argentine,  or  German  silver. 

Paean  (Gr.  -naidv).  A  hymn  to  Apollo,  of 
gratitude  or  propitiation.  It  was  also  used 
as  a  battle-song  before  and  after  an  engage- 
ment. 

Paenula,  R.  A  thick  cloak  with  a  hole 
to  put  the  head  through ;  it  was  furnished 
with  a  hood,  and  was  worn  in  travelling,  or  as  a 
protection  against  cold  and  rain. 

Pagai,  Hind.  A  kind  of  short  double  oar, 
with  broad  ends  resembling  small  scoops. 

Paganalia,  Paganales,  R.  A  rustic  festival 
which  took  place  yearly  towards  the  end  of 
Januaiy  or  the  beginning  of  February,  seven 
days  after  the  Semcntivi€.  It  was  the  festival 
of  villages  (fagi)  and  of  villagers  i^pagani), 
whence  its  name.  Sacrifices  were  offered  in 
honour  of  Proserpine,  goddess  of  vegetation. 
As  the  old  religion  continued  to  prevail  in  the 
villages  long  after  that  of  Christ  was  established 
in  the  towns,  the  words  pagan  and  unbeliever 
gradually  became  synonymous. 

Paganica  (sc.  pila),  R.  A  ball  covered  with 
leather  and  stuffed  with  feathers  or  down  ;  it 
took  its  name  from  the  peasants  or  country 
people  {pagani),  who  used  it  for  playing  a  game 
the  nature  of  which  is  not  known. 

Pagina,  R.  (lit.  a  thing  fastened).  This 
term,  when  synonymous  with  scheda,  signifies  a 
page  of  paper,  the  page  of  a  volume  ;  or  else  it 
serves  to  denote  one  of  the  columns  of  writing 
which  cover  a  sheet  of  paper. 

Pagoda,  Mind,  (i)  A  religious  building  of  the 
Hindoos.   The  great  ancient  pagodas  of  India  are 


monolithic  temples  he\vn  out  of  rocky  moun- 
tains ;  but  the  term  is  also  applied  to  temples 
built  in  the  open  air.  (2)  Gold  coins  formerly  cur- 
rent in  India  were  called  pagodas. 

Pagoda-stone.  A  limestone  containing  taper- 
ing fossil  shells  shaped  like  a  Chinese  pagoda 
at  the  top. 

Pagodite.  A  stone  much  used  by  the 
Chinese  for  carving  into  pagodas  and  other 
ornaments. 

Pagus,  R.  Any  lofty  site  in  the  country 
capable  of  being  easily  turned  into  a  fortified 
post  by  means  of  a  few  siege  works.  The  name 
was  extended  to  the  country  surrounding  a  for- 
tified ^^llage  ;  and  each  of  the  country  tribes 
was  divided  by  Numa  into  a  certain  number  of 
pagi._ 

Paile.  An  old  term  used  to  denote  a  striped 
cloth  of  floss  silk  manufactured  at  Alexandria 
in  Egj'jJt,  and  thence  a  mantle,  canopy,  or 
pavilion. 

Pala,  It.  An  altar  front.  The  Pala  d'oro 
of  St.  IMark's,  Venice,  is  a  celebrated  specimen 
of  Byzantine  art.  It  is  of  silver-gilt  ornamented 
with  gems  and  enamels,  with  Greek  and  Latin 
inscriptions  in  niello,  and  representations  from 
sacred  artd  profane  history.  It  was  originally 
made  at  Constantinople  in  976,  but  has  been  re- 
paired in  1 105,  in  1209,  and  in  1345,  by  which 
it  has  lost  much  of  its  original  character. 

Pala,  R.  A  spade,  or  scoop  in  the  form  of  a 
spade,  and  thence  the  Isezil  of  a  ring. 

Palaestra  (iraXaiffTpa).  A  place  for  wrestling, 
formerly  part  of  the  gymnasium.  (.See  Gymna- 
sium.) 


Palanga.     (See  Phalang/E.)    Hence  :— 

Palanquin.  A  covered  conveyance  for  one 
person,  carried  on  the  shoulders  of  men  in  In- 
dia and  China.  They  are  often  very  splendidly 
carved,  and  decorated  with  tapestry,  ornamental 
vooil.s,  and  inlaid-work. 

Palaria,  R.  An  exercise  practised  by  young 
Roman  recruits,  which  consisted  of  hurling 
javelins  (//A;)  against  a  siake  (pci/its)  fixed  in 
the  ground.      (See  Pki..  ) 

Pale,  Gr.  (irdKri).  A  Greek  term  having  the 
same  meaning  as  LUCTA,  LUCTAMEN,  Lucta- 

MENTUM  (([.v.). 

Pale,  Tier.  One  of  the  ordinaries.  Pale- 
wise  or  In  Pale,  arranged  vertically  one  above 
the  other,  as  the  lions  of  England.    (See  Per.) 

Paleste,  Gv.  (iraAaio-TTj,  i.  e.  palm  of  the  hand). 
A  lineal  measure  used  by  the  Greeks  equal  to 
the  quarter  of  a  foot,  or  a  little  more  than  three 
inches.     (See  Palmus.) 

Palette.  "Setting  the  palette  "  is  arranging 
the  colours  for  use.  This  is  always  done  in  a 
certain  order  regulated  by  the  key  in  which  the 
picture  is  to  be  painted.  The  order  generally 
recommended  is  to  begin  with  white,  and  then 
proceed  through  the  yellows,  reds,  and  blues  to 
black.  The  Egyptians  used  palettes  of  a  long 
rectangular  form  ;  one  side  higher  than  the 
other,  had  two  or  three  saucers  sunk  in  it  to 
hold  cakes  of  colour  or  ink  ;  the  other  side 
was  notched  to  receive  the  calami  or  cut  reeds 
used  as  writing-pens. 

Palettes  or  Roundels,  in  Armour,  are  round 
plates  or  shields  hung  on  the  armour  to  defend 
the  joints  of  the  arm,  necessarily  left  free  for 
action. 

Palilia,  R.  A  festival  in  honour  of  Pales, 
the  goddess  of  shepherds  and  flocks  ;  it  was 
held  on  the  2 1st  of  April. 

Palimpsest  (iraAi'/u-'I'TjfToy,  lit.  scraped  again). 
A  parchment  the  writing  on  which  had  been 
erased,  so  that  it  might  be  used  again.  Monu- 
mental brasses  are  found  to  have  been  re- 
versed and  used  a  second  time.  In  both  cases 
the  most  ancient  writing  or  inscription  is  gene- 
rally the  most  valuable  and  interesting. 

Palindrome  (jaXiv,  again,  and  SpJ/xoy,  a 
course).  A  sentence  which  reads  the  same  when 
read  backwards  or  forwards.  Such  is  the  Greek 
inscription  on  the  ancient  font  in  the  chapel  of 
Duhvich  College:  ^^  vv^ovavoix-f\p.a}xi)p.ova.vo-i/i.v.^' 
"Purify  the  heart  and  notthe  countenance  alone." 

Palissy  Ware.  The  pieces  to  which  Palissy 
owes  his  reputation,  in  the  first  place,  are  the 
so-called  "  rustic  pottery  "  {rustiqucs  Jigulines), 
"  dishes  or  vases  where  upon  a  rough  ground 
strewn  with  fossil  shells,  lizards  and  salaman- 
ders are  running,  frogs  jumping,  snakes  crawling 
or  sleeping,  or  more  still,  in  a  streamlet  of 
water  wriggling  eels,  pointed-nosed  pikes,  trout 
with  spotted  scales,  and  a  thousand  others  of 


our  fresh-water  fishes  are  swimming."  When 
afterwards  he  worked  in  the  capital,  he  did  not 
give  up  his  rustic  compositions,  but  mixed  them 
with  the  human  figure.    "There  is  an  identity  of 


/'Ji^ 


Fig.  516.  Palissy  Jug. 

style  in  all  his  figures  and  compositions ;  such 
as  the  Diana,  Plenty,  &c. ,  framed  round  with 
delicate  and  ingenious  ornaments  drawn  in  the 
taste  of  the  period."     {Jaajiiemart.) 

Paliurus.  A  thorn-bush  with  long  sharp 
spikes,  common  on  the  coasts  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean, where  it  is  called  Chrisfs  thorn,  because 
it  is  said  to  have  furnished  material  of  which  the 
Crown  of  thorns  was  woven. 

Palla,  Gr.  and  R.  A  robe  of  state  worn  by 
patrician  ladies,  and  frequently  represented 
on  statues  of  goddesses.  Palla  cithara'dica 
was  the  name  given  to  a  long  robe  which 
musicians  wore  upon  the  stage  ;  Apollo  is  often 
represented  with  this  garment,  especially  when 
he  is  surnamed  Citliaradiis  and  Mttsagetes. 
Palla  Gallica  was  a  short  garment  like  a 
Tabard,  open  in  front  and  behind  ;  it  was  worn 
by  the  Gauls  and  adopted  by  the  Romans,  who 
called  it  Caracalla  (q.v.). 

Palla  Corporalis,  Chr.  The  veil  for  the  Pyx. 
(See  Corporal.) 

Palladium,  (i)  An  image  of  Pallas  Athene, 
kept  carefully  hidden,  and  revered  as  the  safe- 
guard of  the  place  where  it  lay.  The  most  cele- 
brated was  the  Palladium  of  Troy,  said  to  have  been 


242 


WORDS   USED  IN 


thrown  from  Olympus  by  the  hand  of  Zeus.  It 
was  about  three  cubits  high,  and  represented  the 
goddess  sitting  with  a  spear  in  her  right  hand,  and 
in  her  left  a  distaff  and  spindle.  (2)  The  term 
has  been  applied  to  a  metal  discovered  by  Dr. 
Wollaston  in  1803,  obtained  from  platinum, 
which  it  resembles  in  colour  and  lustre. 

Pallium  (Gr.  luinov).  A  large  square 
woollen  sheet  or  blanket  worn  by  the  Greeks 
over  the  shoulders,  and  fastened  like  the  Abolla 
round  the  neck  with  a  brooch  {fibula) ;  it 
formed  the  principal  article  of  the  amictus  or 
Greek  dress.  (Hence  the  expression  to/(?//;V7/^,  or 
cloak  over,  an  offence.)  (2)  Chr.  A  vestment  be- 
stowed by  the  Pope  on  all  patriarchs  and  arch- 
bishops on  their  accession  to  office  as  the  symbol 
of  their  ecclesiastical  power.  The  material  is 
obtained  from  the  wool  of  two  lambs  slain  on 
the  Eve  of  St.  Agnes.  The  modern  pallium  of 
the  Church  is  a  short  white  cloak  ornamented 
with  a  red  cross,  which  encircles  the  neck  and 
shoulders,  and  falls  down  the  back.  The  pall 
or  pallium  is  a  charge  in  the  arms  of  the  Sees  of 
Canterbury,  Armagh,  and  Dublin. 

Pall-mall.  The  ancient  form  of  the  game  of 
croquet,  "  wherein  a  round  box  bowle  is  with  a 
mallet  strucke  through  a  high  arch  of  yron 
standing  at  either  end  of  an  ally."  {Coi^ravc.) 
"This  game  is  used  at  the  long  alley  near 
St.  James's,  and  vulgarly  called  Pell-Mell. " 
{Blojiiit's  Glossary,  1681.) 

Palm.  The  ancient  classical  emblem  of  vic- 
tory and  triumph  was  early  assumed  by  the 
Christians  as  the  universal  symbol  of  martyr- 
dom. In  England  we  understand  by  palm,  not 
the  leaves  of  a  palm-tree, 
but  ' '  the  yelowe  that  grow- 
eth  on  wyllowes." 

Palm-leaf,    Arch.       An 
architectural  ornament 

bearing  more  or  less  resem- 
blance to  a  palm-leaf,  em- 
ployed for  mouldings,  and 
for  the  decoration  of  the 
corners  of  the  ceilings  in 
Doric  cornices  ;  and  in  an- 
tefixa;,  as  crownings  for 
the  pediment  and  as  acro- 
tcria.  Figs.  516a  and  516b  represent  palm-leaves 
of  terra-cotta. 

Palmus,  Gr.  and  R.  A  measure  of  length. 
Of  the  Greek  palnnis  the  greater  {ffmOaij.^)  con- 
tained nine  finger-breadths,  and  the  less  (ttoAo- 
KTTT])  four.  The  greater  Roman  palviiis  contained 
twelve  finger-breadths  or  about  nine  inches,  and 
the  less  four  finger-breadths.  The  greater  palvnts 
was  taken  from  the  length  of  the  hand  or 
span,  the  less  from  the  breadth  of  it. 

Palstave,  Celt.  A  wedge-shaped  axe  used  by 
the  Celtic  nations  in  war  for  battering  the 
armour  of  the  enemy.     (See  Fig.  255.) 


Fig.  516  a.  Palm  leaf 
Ornament. 


Fig.  516  b.  Architectural  Palm-Ieaf 
Ornament. 


Paltock  (mo- 
dem paletot). 
"A  short 
cloake  with 
sleeves,"  i.  e. 
a  great-coat. 

Paludamen- 
tum,  R.  A 
military  cloak 
\\  om  over  their 
armour  by  the 
L,'enerals  and 
superior  of- 
ficers of  the 
Roman  army  ; 
an  officer  thus 
dressed  was 
said  to  be 
paliidatus.  (See 
Fig.  44.) 

Palus,  R. 
{pango,  to  fix). 
A  stake  plant- 
ed in  the  earth, 
against  which 
recruits  hurled 
their  javelins  (pila).  The 
mediaeval  Pel  (q.v. ). 

Pam,  O.  E.  The  knave 
of  clubs.  {Ilallhi'ell.) 

Pammachium  (iroMMa- 
Xioj/).  A  synonym  for  Pan- 
cratium (q.v.). 

Panache,  Her.  A  plume 
of  feathers  set  upright  and 
borne  as  a  crest.  Fig. 
5 1 7  is  from  the  seal  of  Ed- 
ward Courtenay,  A.D.  1400. 
Panarium,  R.  {panis, 
bread).  A  bread-basket  ; 
a  pantry  in  which  bread  was 
kept. 

Panathensea,  Gr.  {TlavaQrivaia).  Festivals  of 
Minerva  Athene  among  the  Athenians,  so  called 
because  they  formed  the  festival  of  all  the 
peoples  placed  under  the  protection  of  Minerva 
(■Kuv,  all,  and  'A6r]pn).  There  were  the  Greater 
and  Lesser  Panathenrea ;  the  former  being  held 
every  five  years,  the  latter  every  three  years. 
The  procession  at  the  Greater  festival  is  the 
subject  of  the  friezes  from  the  Parthenon  now 
in  the  British  Museum.  (See  Elgin  Marbles.) 
They  represent  the  solemn  transportation  of  the 
pcpliis  of  Athene  to  her  temple,  in  which  nearly 
the  whole  of  the  population  took  part,  on  foot, 
on  horseback,  or  in  chariots.  Old  men  carried 
olive-branches,  young  men  attended  in  armour, 
and  maidens  carried  baskets  of  flowers. 

Panaulon.  An  enlarged  German  flute  with 
sixteen  finger-keys ;  invented  recently  by  Trexler 
of  Vienna.   It  is  available  as  a  bass  to  other  flutes. 


Fig.  517-   Panache. 


Pancratium,  R.  (fromiTdv  eveiy  :  and  Kpdros 
force).  A  wrestling  and  boxing  match,  in  wliich 
the  combatants  employed  every  means  to  disable 
each  other ;  and  the  contest  Avas  continued 
until  one  of  the  combatants  owned  himself 
disabled  by  holding  up  a  finger,  or  was  killed. 

Paned,  O.  E.     Striped. 

Paned  Hose,  lirceches  formed  of  stripes, 
with  small  panes  or  squares  of  silk  or  velvet. 
(//.,/I;ur//.) 

Panegyris,  Egyp.  (Travfiyvpti).  A  popular 
festival  of  Egypt,  to  which  the  whole  country 
was  summoned  in  order  to  celebrate  the 
thirtieth  anniversary  of  the  reigning  monarch. 

Panels,  ^Vrch.  The  sunken  compartments  in 
wood  and  stone-work;  very  abundant  in  Gothic 
architecture  as  ornaments  on  walls,  ceilings,  &c. 
After  the  expiration  of  Gothic  architecture, 
panelling  in  great  measure  ceased  to  be  used  in 
stone-work. 

Panel  Picture.  A  painting  on  a  board  or 
panel. 

Panisci,  R.  (Xlavla-Koi,  dimin.  from  Tldv). 
Literally,  small  Pans,  small  rustic  gods  no  bigger 
than  pigmies. 

Pannetier  Green.  A  handsome  and  durable 
emerald  green,  prepared  by  a  secret  process  by 
its  inventor,  J\I.  Pannetier.  It  is  sold  at  a  high 
price. 

Panoply  {jTavoTzXia).  A  complete  suit  of 
armour.     (See  Armour.) 

Pantables  (for  Paxtofles).     Slippers. 

"  Hee  standeth  upon  his  pantables,  and  regardeth 
greatly  his  reputacion."  {Sakcr's  Narboniis,  1580.) 

Pantaloon.  From  the  Italian //(7«A7/6v;/t'(plant 
the  lion)  ;  the  Venetian  standard-bearers  (of 
the  lio'i  of  St.  Mark)  being  so  called,  who  wore 
tight  hose,  the  name  came  to  be  given  to  tight 
hose  in  general.  In  ancient  pantomimes.  Pan- 
taloon was  always  a  Venetian.  (See  Harle- 
quin.) 

Pantaloons,  O.  E.  "Garments  made  for 
merry-andrews,  that  have  the  breeches  and 
stockings  of  the  same  stuff,  and  joined  together 
as  one  garment."  {Halli'odl.) 

Panthea,  Gen.  (Trar-fleia).  Statues  or  figures 
which  combine  the  symbols  of  several  divinities. 

Pantheon  {ttuv,  every,  and  Qfbs,  god).  A 
temple  dedicated  to  all  the  divinities  collectively. 
That  at  Rome  is  now  a  Christian  church.  It  is 
circular,  150  feet  in  height  and  in  diameter, 
with  a  domed  roof. 

Pantherinae,  R.  Panther-tables ;  of  wood 
striped  like  the  skin  of  a  panther.  (See  Ti- 
GRix.y..) 

Pantobles,  Pantoffles,  O.  E.     Slippers. 

Pantofles,  O.  E.     Slippers  or  wooden  jjattens. 

Pantograph.  An  instrument  for  enlarging 
or  reducing  plans  and 'designs,  largely  used  in 
the  arts,  e.  g.  in  machine  embroidery. 

Pantomime    {-KavThs,    of  everything ;    fufios, 


mimic).  Gesture  and  action  applied,  without 
speech,  to  represent  emotion  ;  hence  applied 
to  the  form  of  theatrical  performance  which 
consists  entirely  or  principally  of  gesture  and 
action. 

Paper.     (See  Ciiarta.) 

Papier-mache,  Fr.  Paper-pulp ;  made  by 
compressing  the  pulp,  or  by  pasting  together 
difl'crent  thicknesses  of  paper,  to  the  hardness 
and  consistency  of  wood.  It  is  an  invention  of 
the  1 8th  century,  and  originated  in  snuff-boxes 
called  after  their  manufacturer  "Martins." 
The  ])rocess  has  since  been  developed  to  great 
perfection  by  the  invention  of  new  varnishes 
and  methods  of  ornament,  the  princi]ial  of 
which  are  gilding  and  bronzing,  pearl  and  gem 
inlaying,  &c.  (See  a  paper  by  /i.  Hunt  in  the 
Artjoitrnal,  1851.) 

Papilio,  R.  (lit.  a  butterfly).  A  military 
tent,  so  called  because  the  curtains  opened  and 
shut  like  the  wings  of  a  butterfly. 

Papyrus.  The  paper  made  of  the  papyrus 
plant,  used  by  the  Egyptians  and  other  nations 
of  antiquity.  T\iC  Papyrus  rolls  on  which  im- 
portant relics  of  Egyptian  literature  and  art  have 
come  down  to  us,  were  formed  of  a  sheet  of 
papyrus  rolled  on  a  slender  wooden  cylinder. 
They  have  mostly  been  discovered  in  mummy 
cases,  and  contain  illustrations  of  funeral  cere- 
monies and  religious  emblems  relating  to  the 
future  of  the  soul.  Others  are  historical  or  lite- 
rary, and  some  have  been  discovered  containing 
caricatures  and  comic  illustrations.  (Cf.  Liker.) 

Parada,  Celt.  A  tent  or  awning  stretched 
over  the  deck  of  a  vessel,  and  thence  a  cabin 
hung  with  tapestry. 

Paradise  or  Parvise,  Chr.  (i)  A  vestibule  or 
courtyard  in  front  of  a  church.  The  term  must 
thus,  at  a  certain  period,  have  been  synonymous 
with  iiarthex  or  porch.  At  the  present  day  the 
term  is  applied  to  the  open  space  to  be  found 
in  front  of  cathedrals  or  public  buildings.  (2) 
The  word  is  sometimes  applied  to  the  room 
that  is  often  found  above  church  porches.  (See 
Cloister  Garth.) 

Paradisus  (TrapaSeiiros).  A  Persian  park  or 
pleasure-garden,  enclosed  within  a  wall,  elabo- 
rately planted  and  irrigated,  and  stocked  with 
animals  for  the  chase.  Hence  the  Garden  of 
Eden  was  so  called. 

Paragauda,  Paragaudis,  R.  An  embroidered 
band  of  silk  or  gold  thread  sewn  on  to  a 
tunic. 

Paraison,  Fr.  A  term  in  glass,  equivalent  to 
the  English  Metal  (q.v.). 

Paralus  (TrapaXos).  The  name  of  an  Athenian 
state  vessel,  kept,  like  that  of  the  Doge  of  Venice 
in  modern  times,  for  state  and  religious  cere- 
monies. A  sister  vessel  was  named  the 
Salamini.\;  they  were  both  fast-sailing 
triremes. 


244 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Paramese,  Gr.  (next  to  middle),  or  Trite 
(third).  The  third  treble  note,  immediately 
above  the  mese,  of  the  seven-stringed  lyre.  (See 
Mese.) 

Paranete,  Gr.  (beside  the  shortest).  The 
second  trelile  note  of  the  seven-stringed  lyre. 
(See  Mese.) 

Parapet,  It.  (parare petto,  to  defend  the  breast). 
A  wall  breast-high  on  a  fortification,  roof,  or 
other  gallery.     (See  Crenels.) 

Paraphernalia  (from  the  Greek  irapdtpipva.). 
That  which  a  wife  brings  besides  her  dower  ;  i.e. 
her  personal  attire  and  ornament. 

Parasang.  A  Persian  measui-e  of  distance, 
about  30  Greek  stadia  or  3|  English  miles. 

Paratorium.     (See  Oblationarium. ) 

Parazonium,  R.  (Trapa^oSi'ioj').  A  short  sword 
or  kind  of  dagger  worn  by  the  tribunes  and 
superior  officers  cf  the  Roman  army  attached 
to  their  belt  on  the  right  side.  This  sword  was 
shorter  than  the  gladius  worn  by  the  common 
soldier  on  the  right  side. 

Parchment.  The  finer  kind  of  parchment 
known  as  velhim  is  from  the  skins  of  calves,  kids, 
and  dead-bom  lambs.  The  stout  parchment  of 
drum-heads  is  from  the  skin  of  the  wolf,  although 
that  of  the  ass  or  calf  is  sometimes  used.  The 
parchment  of  battledores  is  from  the  skin  of  the 
ass,  and  that  used  for  sieves  from  the  skin  of  the 
he-goat.  The  green  parchment  used  in  book- 
binding is  coloured  by  means  of  Verdigris.  (See 
Liber.  )  The  name  comes  from  the  Latin 
Pergamentum.  Eumenes,  King  of  Pergamus, 
has  the  honour  of  the  invention. 

Parentales,  Parentalia,  R.  Festivals,  also 
called  Febriiales,  which  were  held  by  the  Romans 
in  honour  of  deceased  ancestors. 

Pargetting,  Parge-work,  O.  E.  In  Archi- 
tecture, an  old  term  for  the  ornamental  plaster- 
work  common  on  the  outside  walls  of  timber- 
built  houses  of  Queen  Elizabeth's  and  earlier 
periods. 

Parhypate,  Gr.  (beside  the  longest).  The 
second  bass  note  of  the  seven-stringed  lyre 
(See  Mese.) 

Parian  Chronicle.  A  slab  of  Parian  marble, 
among  the  so-called  Arundel  Marbles  in  the 
University  of  Oxford,  containing  a  chronological 
record  of  Greek  history  from  B.C.  1582  to  B.C. 
264. 

Parian  Marble  from  the  island  cf  Paros  was 
of  extremely  fine  grain,  easy  to  work,  and  of  a 
creamy  white.  The  marble  rnnv  called  Parian 
has  a  coarse  sparkling  grain,  which,  however, 
takes  a  high  finish.  (^Rcdford,  Ancietit  Sculp- 
ture.) 

Paries,  R.  The  wall  of  a  house  or  any  build- 
ing, in  contradistinction  to  vmrtts,  vmri,  which 
denoted  the  walls  of  a  city. 

Paris  Black.  A  name  for  IvoRY  Black 
(q.v.). 


Paris  Blue.  A  very  handsome  dark  violet- 
blue  pigment.  "  Its  great  qualities  of  body  and 
intensity  of  coloration  will  always  ensure  it  a 
large  sale  ;  moreover,  its  mixture  with  chrome 
yellow  produces  a  fine  greai-ciiniabar  or  leaf- 
grccn."  (Habich.) 

Paris  Lake.     (See  Carminated  Lakes.) 

Parlour  (Lat.  parlatorinm).  (i)  The  old 
"  speke-house "  in  a  convent  for  inmates  to 
speak  with  their  friends.  (2)  Any  private 
room. 

Parma,  R.  (ttopm')).  A  shield,  usually  of 
circular  form,  carried  in  the  Roman  anny  by 
the  light-armed  troops  or  light  infantry  (^jelites) 
and  the  ca^'ally  {eqiiitcs'].  The  parina  thraci- 
dicaused  by  the  class  of  gladiators  called  T/iraces 
was  not  round,  but  in  the  form  of  a  small 
Scutum  (q.v.). 

Parquet.  French  flooring  of  inlaid  wood- 
work. 

Parsley,  Arch.  In  eveiy  period,  but  especially 
in  Romano- Byzantine  and  Gothic  art,  parsley- 
leaves  have  been  abundantly  made  use  of  in 
architectural  decoration. 

Parthenon.  The  famous  temple  of  Minerva 
in  the  Acropolis  at  Athens.  The  finest 
example  of  the  Grecian-Doric  style  of  ar- 
chitecture;  built  by  Pheidias,  454 — 43S  B.C. 
Fergusson  says,  "For  beauty  of  detail,  and  for 
the  exquisite  perception  of  the  highest  and  most 
recondite  principles  of  art  ever  applied  to  archi- 
tecture, it  stands  utterly  and  entirely  alone  and 
unrivalled — the  glory  of  Greece. "  {Hist,  of 
Architecture.')  The  celebrated  frieze,  525  feet  in 
length,  ran  all  round  the  outer  wall  of  the  cella 
close  up  to  the  ceiling.  The  best  work  on  the 
Parthenon  sculptures  is  by  Michaelis  (Der  Par- 
///^;w;/,  Leipzig,  1871).    (See  Elgin  Marbles.) 

Partisan,  O.  E.  A  knrd  of  short  pike,  intro- 
duced temp.  Edward  III. 

Partlet,  O.  E.  A  ruff.  "  A  maydens  necker- 
chefe  or  lynnen  parlette." 

Party,  Parted,  Her.     Divided.     (See  Per.) 

Parvise.     (See  Paradise.) 

Paschal  Taper,  Chr.  A  large  wax-candle 
which  was  consecrated  during  the  service  on 
Easter  Eve,  and  lighted  on  Sundays  from 
Easter  to  Whitsuntide,  with  five  grains  of  in- 
cense attached  to  it  to  indicate  the  five  mova- 
ble feasts  of  the  year. 

Pasquinade,  It.  A  lampoon  ;  so  called  from 
Fasqiiiiio,  an  Italian  barber  at  Rome,  whose  door 
was  opposite  to  the  statue  of  a  gladiator  on  which 
such  satirical  writings  were  posted. 

Passamen,  O.  E.     A  kind  of  lace.     (Hall.) 

Passant,  Her.  Walking  and  looking  for- 
ward. Passant  gtiardaiit,  walking  and  looking 
out  from  the  shield  ;  passant  regiiardant, 
walking  and  looking  back  ;  passant  7-epassa)it, 
walking  in  opposite  directions.  (Fig.  518, 
5I9-) 


Passe-partout,  Fr.  A  light  picture-frame 
of  cardboard,  having  the  inner  edges  generally 
gilt. 

Passementerie,  Fr.  Trimming,  lace,  or  tape 
of  gold,  silver,  lace,  or  thread. 


Fig.  518.  Passant. 


Fig.  519.  Passant  guardant. 


Passion,  Instruments  of  the — a  frequent 
subject  in  ecclesiastical  decoration  of  the  Middle 
Ages — are,  the  Pitcher  from  which  Jesus 
poured  water ;  the  Towel — represented  as 
hanging  on  a  ring — wherewith  He  wiped  the 
Apostles'  feet ;  the  Two  Swords  which  they 
showed  Him,  when  He  said,  "  It  is  enough  ;" 
the  Ear  of  Malchus  ;  St.  Peter's  Sword, 
represented  as  a  small  falchion;  the  Post  to 
which  the  Saviour  was  bound  ;  the  Scourge  ; 
the  Crown  of  Thorns  ;  the  Reed  wherewith 
He  was  smitten  on  the  head  ;  the  Cross  ;  the 
Ladder  ;  the  Nails  ;  the  Spear  of  Longinus, 
crossed  by  the  Reed  with  the  Sponge  ;  the 
Fire  at  which  St.  Peter  warmed  himself;  the 
Cock  ;  the  Pincers,  and  a  Heart  pierced 
with  five  wounds. 

Passus,  R.  A  pace,  from  the  point  where  the 
heel  leaves  the  ground,  to  where  the  same 
heel  is  set  down  ;  five  Roman  feet.  Milk  pas- 
sjitim,  or  a  thousand  such  paces,  formed  the 
Roman  mile. 

Pasta  Verde,  It.  Sap-green;  a  vegetable 
green  pigment  prepared  from  the  berries  of  the 
buckthorn. 

Pastel.  The  French  name  for  coloured 
crayons.  Pastel-painting  was  much  used  for 
portraits  in  the  beginning  of  the  19th  cen- 
tury. 

Pasticcio,  It.  An  imitation  of  the  style  of 
another  painter  in  an  independent  design. 

Pastophori,  Gr.andEgyp.(7ra(rTo-(popof).  Priests 
who,  at  certain  ceremonies,  carried  small  shrines 
(i/aos)  containing  the  image  of  a  deity,  which 
were  hidden  from  the  eyes  of  the  crowd  by  a 
veil  of  different  colours  called  -naa-rbs,  whence 
■naaTov  (pepeiv  (to  carry  the  fastos),  the  term 
applied  to  the  priests  who  performed  this  duty. 
The  keepers  of  the  temple  were  also  so 
called. 

Pastophoria,  Chr.  Small  apses  flanking  the 
principal  apse  in  a  basilica,  in  whicli  the  con- 
secrated bread  was  kept. 


Pastoral 

Staff,  Chr. 
The  pedum 
of  antiquity 
and  emblem 
of  a  bishop's 
pastoral  re- 
sponsibility is 
distinct  from 
the  Crozier 
(q.v.)  of  an 
archbishop, 
and  has  a 
crook  head. 
Pastouraux, 
C  u  b  i  c  a  1 
stones,  usu- 
ally of  two 
c  o  1  o  u  r  s, 
applied  in 
the  orna- 
mentation of 
Romano-By- 
zantine ar- 
architecture. 
Patagium, 
R.  A  band 
of  purple,  or- 
with  gold  or- 
naments or 
e  m  broidery, 
which  was 
placed  round 
the  neck  and  down  the  front  of  a  woman's  tunic 
{tunica  mulichris). 

Patee  or  Pattee,  Her.  A  small  cross  with 
the  arms  widening  towards  the  ends. 
Patella.  Diminutive  of  Patera  (q.v.). 
Patena,  R.  and  Chr.  A  manger  of  wood, 
stone,  or  marble  for  holding  food  for  horses  ; 
when  it  was  divided  into  several  compartments, 
these  were  called  loculL  (See  LocuLUS.)  In 
Christian  archreology,  patena  was  the  term 
applied  to  a  small  plate  of  gold  or  silver,  used 
in  the  celebration  of  mass  to  cover  over  the 
chalice,  and  to  hold  the  pieces  of  the  host  after 
it  has  been  broken  by  the  priest. 
Patent  Yellow.  (See  Turner's  Yellow.) 
Patera,  dimin.  Patella  ((piaK-n).  Flat  plates 
or  dishes  for  holding  fluids  for  domestic  use, 
and  wine  for  libations  in  the  sacrifices.  The 
common  kinds  were  of  red  earthenware,  orna- 
mented with  designs  in  black.  Others  were  of 
bronze  or  silver,  often  richly  decorated  with 
chasing,  &c.  (Compare  Patina.)  In  Archi- 
tecture, a  great  variety  of  flat  ornaments  used  in 
all  styles  of  architecture  are  improperly  called 
patera,  the  word  applying  properly  to  cir- 
cular ornaments  resembling  the  classical  dish 
often  found  on  friezes  of  classical  architec- 
ture.    (Fig.  521,  522.) 


Fig.  520.   Bishop's  Pastoral  Staff. 


246 


WORDS  USED  IN 


I  ij;.  521.   Patera. 


Fig.  522.  Side  viuw  ,  .showing  the  depth  of  the  patera. 

Paternosters  or  Bead-ornament,  (i )  A  rosary. 
(2)    Architectural  ornanients   in   the    form    of 


(L 


CX^AwCXXJCJkXJ 


Fig.  523.  Paternosters. 

berries  or  beads  (Fig.  523),  -which  decorate 
bands  or  other  mouldings,  and  which  often 
occur  above  ovolos. 

Patibulum,  R.  An  instrument  of  punish- 
ment in  the  form  of  a  forlc  (furca),  between  the 
prongs  of  which  the  criminal's  neck  was  placed. 
His  hands  were  fastened  to  the  prongs  of  the 
fork,  and  in  this  condition  {patilmlatus)  he  was 
flogged  through  the  city.  The  name  oi paiilnduni, 
or  crux  patilmla7-ia,  was  also  given  to  a  cross  to 
which  criminals  were  nailed. 

Patina.  The  rust  of  antiquity  found  on 
bronzes  and  coins  ;  it  cannot  be  removed  by 
rubbing  or  wetting  it.  It  varies  with  the  nature 
of  the  soil,  and  in  some  cases  the  surface  ac- 
quires the  smoothness  and  colour  of  malachite. 

Patina,  R.  An  earthenware  vessel,  used  gene- 
rally for  cookery.  It  was  deeper  than  the 
patera,  but  less  deep  than  the  olla. 

Patonce,  Ilcr.  A  variety  of  the  heraldic 
cross. 

Patriarchal,  Her.  A  variety  of  the  heraldic 
cross,  with  a  short  cross-bar  on  the  upper  limb. 


Patrick,  Order  of 
St.,  indicated  by  the 
letters  K.P.,  was  in- 
stituted by  George  III. 
in  1783.  The  badge 
or  jewel  is  of  gold 
enamelled  and  oval  in 
form,  and  is  worn  sus- 
pended from  a  collar 
formed  of  alternate 
roses  and  harps,  or 
from  a  broad  sky-blue 
ribbon. 

Patten,  Fr.  (i)  A 
woman's  clog.  (2) 
The  base  of  a  column. 
Patulous.  Spread- 
ing. 
Paul  Veronese  Green. 
An  arscnite  or  arseniate  of  copper.  A  fine  and 
durable  colour,  used  either  lor  oil  or  Avater- 
colour  painting.     (See  EMERALD  Green.) 

Pavilion.    Arch.      A   projecting    apartment, 
usually  with  a  dome  or  turret. 


Fig.  524.   fSadge  of 
"St.  Patrick. 


Fig.  525.   Pavimentum  (sectile). 


Fig.  526.  Pavimentum  (sectile). 

Pavimentum,  R.  A  pavement  formed  by 
means  of  pieces  of  tile,  crushed  stones,  flints, 
and  other  materials  set  in  a  bed  of  ashes  or 
cement,  and  consolidated  by  beating  down  with 
the  rammer  (paviciila),  whence  its  name  o( paz'i- 
vtciitum.  There  were  various  kinds  oi pavimejifa  : 
the  secf/k  (Figs.  525,  526),  the  tesseUatu7n  or 
icsseris  striictuni,  the  vervi'ujilatitm,  the  saclplu- 
ratuDi,  and  the  icstaceiiin,  &c. 


Pavo.     (See  Peacock.) 

Pavonaceum  (sc.  opus),  R.  An  arrange- 
ment of  materials  placed  so  as  to  overlap  one 
another,  and  bearing  more  or  less  resemblance 
to  the  feathers  in  a  peacock's  tail. 

Pavonine.     Coloured  like  a  peacock's  tail. 

Pax,  Paxboard,  Chr.  A  representation  of 
the  Crucilixiiin  upon  a  piece  of  wood  or  metal, 
with  a  hamlle  at  the  back.  It  was  kissed 
by  the  priest  in  the  mass  at  the  words  '■'■  Pax 
Domini  sit  sciitt'er  z'ol'iscum"  and  afterwards 
passed  roimd  to  be  kissed  by  the  congregation. 
It  was  also  spelt  Paxbrede.   Also  called  Oscui.A- 

TOKIUM. 

Peach-stone  Black,  prepared  from  calcined 
stones  of  fruits,  is  a  handsome  colour,  but  has  a 
reddish  tinge.  Ground  with  oil  and  white  lead, 
the  colour  called  old  i^ray  is  obtained. 

Peacock,  R.  and  Chr.  In  antiquity  the 
peacock  was  sacred  to  Juno,  and  is  called 
Junonia  avis.  It  is  represented  on  Roman  im- 
perial coins  bearing  the  empresses  up  to  heaven, 
as  the  eagle  does  the  emperors  ;  and  hence  in 
Christian  archeology  is  the  symbol  of  the  re- 
surrection.    (Her.,  see  Fig.  398,  In  Pride.) 

Pea-green.     (See  Chrysocolla.) 

Pean,  Her.  One  of  the  furs  ;  represented  in 
gold  spots  on  a  black  ground. 

Pean  or  Paean.     A  song  or  shout  of  triumph. 

Pearl.  A  secretion  of  the  mollusc  ;  in  its 
normal  development  a  thickening  of  the  shell, 
which  supplies  viollier-of-pearl ;  abnormally, 
forming  globules  for  the  purpose  of  encysting 
foreign  substances  intruded  within  the  shell, 
which  are  the  precious  pearls  used  in  jewellery. 

Pearl,  in  Chinese  the  emblem  of  talent,  is 
put  by  the  Chinese  on  porcelains  destined  for 
rewards  of  poets  and  other  laiiirati  in  China. 

Pebble.  A  name  given  by  lapidaries  to 
many  different  stones. 

Pechblende  or  Pech-urane,  Germ.  An  ore  of 
uranium  and  iron,  used  in  porcelain  painting  and 
glass,  producing  a  handsome  greenish-yellow 
pigment. 

Pecten,  Egyp.  and  R.  {pecto,  to  comb),  (i)  A 
comb  for  the  hair  ;  among  the  Egyptians  and 
Romans  they  were  made  of  boxwood  or  ivorj-. 
(See  Comb.)  (2)  A  weaver's  comb  for  pressing 
the  threads  of  the  web  firmly  together.  (3)  A 
comb  for  carding  flax  or  wool.  (4)  A  reaper's 
"comb,"  used  in  several  countries,  especially 
Gaul,  instead  of  a  sickle,  for  plucking  the  ears 
of  wheat  from  the  stalk.  (5)  A  haymaker's 
rake,  (S;c. 

Pectinated.    Having  teeth  like  a  comb. 

Pectoral,  Gen.  {pectus,  the  breast).  A  plate 
forming  the  front  of  a  cuirass,  and  thus  covering 
the  chest. 

Peculium,  R.  Property  or  earnings  which  a 
slave  or  a  filius  fainilias  was  permittetl  to 
acquire  and  consider   as   his  own,  although  in 


strict  law  it  belonged  to  the  master  or  father. 
The  slave  was  sometimes  allowed  by  agreement 
to  use  this  peculium  for  the  purpose  of  pur- 
chasing his  liberty. 

Pecunia,  R.  Money  ;  so  called  from  pecus, 
a  herd  of  cattle,  Man's  primitive  medium  of  ex- 
change. 

Pedal.  In  Music,  a  passage  where  the  harmony 
moves  upon  a  sustained  sound,  which  is  either 
the  dominant  or  the  tonic  of  the  key. 

Pede-cloth,  Chr.  A  carj-iet  laid  on  the  space 
between  the  altar  and  the  rails. 

Pedestal,  Gen.  The 
base  of  a  structure ; 
the  base  supporting  a 
statue,  group,  or  mo- 
numental column.  A 
pedestal  has  three 
parts  :  the  base  or  foot 
next  the  ground,  the 
dado  or  die  forming  the 
centre,  and  the  cornice 
or  surbase  mouldings  at 
the  top.  Fig.  527  re- 
presents a  half-section 
of  the  base  of  Trajan's 
column  at  Rome  ;  Fig. 
528  a  half-section  of 
the  base  of  the  column 
dedicated  to  Antoninus 
Pius,  and  preserved  in 
the  Pio  Clementino 
Museum  at  Rome ; 
lastly,  Fig.  529  gives  a 
part  of  the  pedestal 
or  base  of  the  Pan- 
drosium  at  Athens  ; 
when,  however,  pedes- 
tals support  caryatides 
or  columns,  they  are 
more  commonly  called 
Stylobates  (q.v. ). 

Pedica,  R.  (i)  A 
snare  by  which  an  ani- 
mal is  caught  by  the 
foot  (pes).  (2)  Fetters 
or  irons  worn  on  the 
feet  by  slaves. 

Pediculated,  Arch. 
Sustained  or  supported 
by  a  Pedicule  (q.v.). 
Pedicule,  Arch.  A 
small  pillar  which 
serves  as  a  support  to 
anything ;  whence  the 
expressions  mofiopedi- 
culated  (with  a  single 
pedicule)  (Fig.  387), 
and  poly  pediculated 
(with  several  pedi- 
cules). 


i'iK.  527.   Pedestal  of 
Trajan's  Column. 


mM':i'/Mmmiih 


Fig.  528.  Pedestal. 

of  Column  of 

Antoninus  Pius. 


248 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Pediluvium.       (See 

AliU  TlUNS.) 

Pediment,  Arch. 
The  triangular  crown- 
ing of  a  portico,  usu- 
ally supported  by  a 
row  of  columns.  (Fig. 
26.)  The  temples  of 
antiquity  generally  had 
two  pediments,  one  on 
each  face.  The  inner 
part  of  the  pediment 
is  called  the  Tym- 
panum (q.v.). 

Pedum,  Gen.  {,pes, 
afoot).  A  shepherd's 
crook, or  curved  stick  for 
catching  goats  or  sheep 
by  the  leg.  Fauns  and  satyrs  are  often  represented 
carrying  the  pastoral  crook,  and  it  is  the  attri- 
bute of  Thalia,  as  the  muse  of  pastoral  poetry. 
(See  under  Peplum.)  In  Egyptian  archaeology 
it  is  a  symbol  of  authority,  and  is  frequently 
to  be  seen  in  the  hands  of  Osiris  and  the 
Pharaohs  ;  the  Egj'ptian  term  for  it  is  hyq.  (Cf. 
Hycsos.)  In  early  Christian  art  it  is  an  attri- 
bute of  Our  Lord  as  the  Good  Shepherd.  Repre- 
sentations of  the  pedum  are  of  frequent  occur- 
rence in  the  catacomb  paintings.  (See  Pastoral 
Staff.) 


Fig.  529.  Pedestal  of  the 
Androsium  at  Athens. 


f'g-  530'  Pegasus.     Device  of  Cardinal  Rembo. 


_  sus.  A  horse  with  wings ;  emblem 
of  fame,  eloquence,  poetic  study,  \an(l  contem- 
plation. A  bronze  medal  of  Cardinal  Bcmbo, 
the  great  Italian  author  of  the  16th  century,  in 


the   Museum   at  South  Kensington,  shows  his 
device  given  above.     (Fig.  530.) 

Pegma,  R.  (tt^^mo,  i.e.  a  thing  fastened). 
( l)  This  term  denotes  generally  anything  made  of  a 
number  of  boards  joined  together.  (2)  In  a  more 
restricted  sense  it  means  a  theatrical  machine 
of  several  stages  {tabiilatd) ,  one  above  the  other, 
which  could  be  raised  or  lowered  by  balance 
weights.  On  such  stages  gladiators  called  pe£-- 
7/iares  fought  in  the  amphitheatres,  and  battles 
and  other  scenes  were  represented.  When  they 
were  used  in  sacrifices,  the  victim  was  slaughtered 
in  an  upper  stage  and  the  priest  stood  in  one 
under  the  ground,  and  was  afterwards  brought 
up  to  be  shown  to  the  people  with  the  blood 
of  the  victim  upon  him.  In  theatres  similar 
pegmata  were  employed  for  the  purpose  of 
changing  the  scenery.  (3)  Lastly  the  term  was 
used  to  denote  any  kind  of  wooden  furniture 
or  joinery  in  a  house,  such  as  shelves,  side- 
boards, bookcases,  &c. 

Pegola,  It.  Greek  pitch ;  boiled  resin  for 
varnishes. 

Pel,  O.  E.  (Lat.  fahts).  A  post,  six  feet  in 
height,  set  firmly  in  the  ground,  to  be  hewn  at 
with  sword  or  mace  for  exercise.  The  weapons 
were  double  the  ordinary  weight,  and  the 
swordsman  had  to  cover  himself  from  imaginary 
blows  in  return  with  a  shield,  called  ^fan,  also 
of  double  weight.  (See  Quintain.)  (Consult 
RIcyrick,  vol.  i.  145.)  The  pel  was  in  the  same 
way  set  up  as  a  mark  to  throw  spears  at,  and  for 
archery  practice- 

Pelecinon,  Gr.  A  sun-dial  so  called  because 
it  ended  in  a  "dove-tail  "  [iTiKiKlvos). 

Pelican  tearing  open  her  breast  to  feed  her 
young  with  her  own  blood  w^as  an  early  symbol 
of  the  Redemption  and  of  the  virtue  of  Charity. 
As  a  device  it  was  borne  by  William  of  Orange, 
with  the  appropriate   motto  '■'■  Pre  lege,  grcge  et 


t'g'  531  •  A  Pelican  in  its  piety. 

n'^6'"  (for  the  law,  the  peojile,  and  the  king); 
a   slight  modification  of  thijt  of  Alphonso  the 


Wise.      (Fig.  531.)    It  is  descrihcd  in  Heraldry 
as  '■'■  a  pelican  in  its  piety P 

Pelisse  (from  pellis,  a  skin).  A  robe  made  of 
fur. 

Pellet,  Her.     A  black  roundle. 

Pellicatus,  R.  {pellis,  a  skin).  Literally, 
covered  with  skin.  The  term  was  specially 
applied  to  earthenware  vessels  which  were 
covered  over  with  skin  in  order  to  keep  the 
provisions  they  held  fresh. 

Pellitus,  R.  (pellis,  skin).  Clothed  by  means 
of  skins;  dressed  in  furs. 

Pelluvia,  Pelluvium,  R.  (pes,  a  foot,  and  Ino, 
to  wash).  A  basin  in  which  the  feet  were 
washed,  in  contradistinction  to  the  vessel  called 
mallttz'ium. 

Pelta,  Gr.  (7re\TTj).  A  small  shield  made  of 
some  light  material,  such  as  wood  or  wicker- 
work,  and  covered  with  leather.  In  shape  it 
was  sometimes  elliptical,  but  more  often  cut  away 
at  the  top,  so  that  at  that  part  it  resembled  a 
crescent.     (Compare  Clii'eus.) 

Pelvis,  R.  A  general  term  used  in  ancient 
times  to  denote  any  kind  of  circular-shaped 
vessel.  The  term  corresponded  to  the  Greek 
TreAt/ca. 

Penates  {penns,  food).  Household  gods  who 
were  believed  by  th-^  ancients  to  be  the  be- 
stowers  of  all  the  worldly  blessings  enjoyed  by 
a  family. 

Pencil.  A  collection  of  rays  of  light  con- 
verging to  a  point  is  so  called. 

Pendant.     In  Heraldry,  drooping. 

Pendant  Key-stone.  A  synonym  of  Pen- 
DENTiVE.     (See  this  word  and  FuRCA.) 

Pendants,  Arch.  Ornaments  hanging  down 
from  the  ceilings  and  roofs  of  Gothic  architec- 
ture. Generally,  a  pair  of  pictures  or  statues 
appropriate  to  each  other  are  called  pendant 
each  of  the  other. 

Pendentives,  Arch.  In  a  spherical  roof  inter- 
sected with  groined  compartments,  the  term 
pendentives  was  applied  to  the  surfaces  included 
between  such  compartments.  The  same  term 
is  applied  to  the  surfaces  included  in  the  angles 
formed  by  a  groined  vaulting  at  its  spring. 

Penetrale,  R.  An  inner  apartment.  (Cf. 
Adytum.) 

Penicillum,  Penicillus,  R.  {penis,  a  tail). 
(Gr.  vrroypa(pLs.)  A  painter's  pencil  or  brush. 
The  brashes  of  the  ancients  were  made  either 
with  hair  or  a  kind  of  seaweed  or  sponge. 

Peniculus.     Synonym  of  Penicillu.m. 

Penna,  R.  A  quill,  a  large  and  strong  feather, 
in  contradistinction  to  plnwa,  which  denotes  the 
small  feathers  spread  over  a  bird's  body  ;  and 
thence  a  writing-pen,  which  was  used  instead  of 
the  arundo  or  calamus. 

Penna,  Med.  During  the  Middle  Ages  this 
tenn  was  used  to  denote  the  battlements  of  a 
castle  wall,  and  thence  the  castle  itself. 


Fig.  532.  Pennon. 


Pennon,  Her.  An 
armorial  lance-llag, 
pointctl  or  swallow- 
tailed  at  the  fly, 
borne  by  knights. 

Pentachord.  Any 
musical  instrument 
having  five  strings ; 
a  system  of  five 
sounds. 

Pentacle  (It. 
pentacolo).  A  talis- 
man ;  a  figure 
formed  of  two 
triangles,  intersect- 
ing so  as  to  form  a  six-pointed  star.  A  frequent 
object  in  early  ornamental  art. 

Pentagon.  A  figiue  of  five  sides  and  five  angles. 

Pentagraph.       A    mechanism     contrived    to 

facilitate  the  copying  of  drawings  on  a  different 

scale,    invented    by    Christopher    Scheiner,     a 

Suabian  Jesuit,  in  the  i6th  century. 

Pentahedron.  A  solid  figure  having  five  equal 
sides. 

Pentalpha.     The  pentacle  was  so  called. 
"A  star  of  five  points,  composed  of  five  A's  interlaced, 
was  formerly  made  by  physicians  the  symbol  of  health, 
under  the  name  of  Pentalpha."  {J\Icnestr!er.) 

Pentaptych.  An  altar  painting  of  five  or 
more  leaves.     (See  DiPTYCH.) 

Pentaspastos,  Gr.  (iro^Ta-o-TratrToj).  A  kind  of 
pulley,  the  block  of  which  contains  a  system  of 
five  pulleys  {orhicnli).  This  engine  was  em- 
ployed to  lift  great  weights. 

Pentastyle,  Arch.     A  portico  of  five  columns. 

Pentathlon,  Gr.  Greek  games  similar  to  the 
QuiNQUEKTiu.M  (q.v.)  of  the  Romans,  fre- 
quently represented  on  ancient  vases. 

Pentelic  Marble  from  a  mountain  of  that 
name  near  Athens,  of  which  the  Parthenon  and 
other  temples  are  built,  has  a  beautiful  luarin 
yellowish  tone,  comparable  to  ivory.  All  the 
Athenian  statues  are  of  this  marble. 

Penteloris.     (See  Paragauda.  ) 

Pent-roof,  Arch.  A  roof  sloping  only  from  one 
side  ;  lience  a  pent-house  for  a  house  or  shed 
covered  by  such  a  roof. 

Penula'     (See  P.4i;NUi,A.) 

Penumbra  (Lat.  pene,  almost,  and  tinibra, 
shade).  The  part  of  a  picture  where  the  light 
and  shade  blend  together. 

Peperino,  It.  (pcpe,  pepper).  A  pepper- 
coloured  building-stone  much  used  in  the  con- 
struction of  ancient  Rome,  formerly  called  Lapis 
Albanus. 

Peplum  and  Peplus,  Gr.  {irewXov  and  TTfTrAos). 
The  robe  peculiarly  proper  to  Minerva.  (See  Pan- 
ATHEN.E.v.)  A  large  full  robe  or  shawl  worn  by 
women,  corresponding  to  the  hiniation  ox  pallium 
of  the  men.  On  occasions  of  funerals  or  weddings 
this  shawl  was  thrown  over  the  head  as  a  veil. 


250 


WORDS  USED  IN 


The  choicest  productions  of  the  loom  in  anti- 
quity weve  fie/i/i ;  and  the  most  splendid  dyes, 
and  curious  workmanship,  and  skilful  designs 
were  lavished  ujron  their  manufacture.  They 
were  a  common  form  of  offering  to  the  treasures 
of  the  temples.  A  fine  statue  in  the  British 
Museum  represents  the  Muse  Thalia  wearing 
ihepe/>/os  and  chilon,  and  holding  the  pastoral 
/^(////;/ in  her  hand.     (Fig.  533.) 


!•"'?•  533-  Thalia,  the  Muse  of  Comedy. 
Wearing  the  chiton  and peploz. 

Per,  Her.  In  blazoning  the  divisions  of  a 
shield  the  term  "/''''."  signifying  "  by"  or  "by 
means  of,"  is  employed  sometimes  alone,  and 
sometimes  (having  the  same  signification)  with 
the  word  "  party  "  or  "  parted."  The  following 
are  the  primary  divisions  of  a  shield  : — Fig.  <?, 


Per  Pale,  or  Parted  per  Pale,  or  Party  per  Pale  ; 
Fig.  /',  Per  Fes se  or  Pa7-ted  per  Fesse ;  Fig.  c. 
Per  Cross  or  Quarterly  {Per  Pale  and  Per  Fesse 
together);  Fig.  d,  Per  Bend ;  Y'lg.  c.  Per  Bend 
Sinister ;  Fig.  /,  Per  Saltire  {Per  Bend  and 
Per  Bend  Sinister)  ;  Fig.  g,  Per  Chevron ;  Fig. 
h.  Per  Tieree  or  Tiereee  (divided  into  three 
equal  divisions  by  two  vertical  lines).    (Boiitell.) 


/  s  h 

Divisions  of  the  heraldic  shield. 


Pera,  R.  (ir-ripa).  A  wallet  or  haversack  of 
leather  or  hide,  which  was  carried,  slung  over  the 
shoulder,  by  travellers,  peasant.s,  and  beggars. 
The  Cynic  philosophers,  anticipating  the  frater- 
nity of  the  GuEUX,  adopted  the  M^allet  as  a 
distinctive  part  of  their  costume. 

Pergula,  R.  (pergere,  to  continue  on).  Gene- 
rally, any  construction  added  to  another  beyond 
the  original  plan,  generally  in  the  way  of  a 
lean-to  ;  e.  g.  a  balcony  built  over  the  colon- 
nades of  a  forum,  or  a  gallery  placed  on  a 
house-top  ;  a  room  in  which  paintings  were  e.x- 
hibited  ;  a  lecture-room,  &c. 

Periactos,  R.  {irepl-aKTos,  i.e.  that  turns 
round).  A  theatrical  machine  used  by  the 
ancients  ;  it  was  of  very  simple  construction, 
being  formed  of  three  frames  arranged  so  as  to 
form  a  triangidar  prism,  on  each  face  of  which  a 
different  scene  was  painted.  At  each  side  of 
the  stage  there  was  a  periactos  which  turned  on 
pivots  as  required,  so  as  to  admit  of  a  rapid 
change  of  scene. 

Periapts,  O.  E.  Charms  worn  about  the 
neck.    {Sliakspcare.) 

Peribole,  Gr.  and  R.  {irepiPoK^,  an  enclosing). 
The  sacred  enclosure  of  a  temple,  which  was 
in  some  instances  of  sufficient  size  to  contain 
not  only  altars  and  statues  of  the  god,  but 
shrines  and  a  sacred  wood.  In  Christian  archi- 
tecture the  word  was  used  for  the  wall  of 
enclosure  of  the  choir,  &c. 

Peridot,  Fr.  A  yellow  gem  suj^jiosed  to  be 
the  tcpa:  of  the  ancients. 

Peridrome,  dr.  and  R.  (irepi-Spofx^,  a  running- 
round).  A  gallery  or  covered  promenade  which 
ran  round  a  temple  or  other  building. 


ART  AND  ARCII/EOLoen- 


251 


Perigee.  Near  tlic  cailli  ;  figuratively  "  at  its 
lowest." 

Perihelion.  Near  tlic  ■^wn  ;  Jigurativcly '^ Vii 
its  higliost." 

Perimeter.     The  outline  of  a  rectilinear  figure. 

Peripatetics.  Disciples  of  Aristotle,  who 
icalkcd  about  during  his  lectures  in  the  Lyceum 
at  Athens. 

Peripetasma  {irepi-TrfTafffia).  A  general  term 
including  anything  that  is  flat  and  hung  up  or 
spread  out,  such  as  a  covering,  tapestry,  hang- 
ings, curtains,  <S:c. 

Periphery,  Gr.  and  R.  {irepi-(pfp€ia).  (i)  The 
circumference  of  a  curvilinear  figure.  (2)  Orna- 
ments in  relief  executed  on  the  sides  of  vases, 
mnning round  them.     (See  CuusnE.) 

Periptery,  Arch,   {inpi- 

c='^—^^     ^-  TTxepor,      lit.    with    wings 

%i^"^i^  around).     A  huilding  sur- 

M  L  rounded    by     columns    at 

■  I  equal  distances  one   from 
4        7      V  the  other ;  the  distance  be- 

■  fc'  tween  the  wall  of  enclosure 

■  ■  :         and   the    colonnade  being 
^iB     iM%|  I         equal  to  that  between  the 

columns.  Peripteral  temples 
are  distinguished  as  wo- 
iiopteral,  or  those  with  a 
single  row  of  columns  ; 
dipteral,  those  with  two 
rows  ;  pseudo-dipteral,  or 
buildings  with  one  row  of 
columns  standing  apart 
and  one  embedded  ;  lastly, 
pseudo-peripteral  (Fig.  535),  or  buildings  whose 
columns  are  embedded  in  the  wall. 

Periscelis,  Cir.  (Trepi-o-K-eAis).  (i)  An  anklet 
worn  by  Oriental  and  Greek  women,  and  less 
frequently  by  Roman  ladies  also.  (2)  The  word 
is  sometimes  used  iorfeminalia  (q.v.). 

Peristerium,  Chr.  A  kind  of  canopy  sur- 
rounding the  sacred  vessels  containing  the  host. 
The  eucharistic  doves  are  called /t';7.f/(?;-(?. 

Peristroma,  R.  {inpi-aTpoifxa).  In  gener.al, 
anything  used  as  a  covering,  in  especial  that 
which  is  spread  over  a  bed,  and  thence  curtains, 
carpets,  or  hangings. 

Peristyle,  Arch.    [irspi-ffTvAov).     A  building 
the  ////tvw;- of  which  is  surrounded  with  columns, 
the  opposite  of  Peripteros  ;  a  building  may, 
however,  be  peripteral  and  yet  possess  a  peristyle. 
The  term  is  also  a  Greek  name  for  the  Atrium. 
Perivalium,     Med.     A     Latin     word    used 
in    the    Middle    Ages  to  denote  the  choir  of  a 
church,  or  the  .'^talJs  of  the  choir. 
Permanent  White.   (.See  Constant  White.  ) 
Pero,  R.      A  tall  boot  reaching  to  the  calf, 
made  of  untanncd  leather  with  the  fur  on.  worn 
by    shepherds    and    agricultural    labourers,   and 
still  common  in  Italian  villages. 
Perogue.     (See  riROOUi:.) 


Fig-  535-  Ground-plan 
of  a  psciido-pcriptcral 
temple. 


Perpend-stone,  Arch.  .\  large  stone  reach- 
ing through  the  wall,  visible  (111  iioth  sides. 

Perpendicular  Style  of  Architecture.  The 
third  and  last  of  the  pointed  or  Clolhic  styles  of 
architecture  used  in  England.  It  was  developeil 
from  the  Decorated  during  the  latter  part  of  the 
14th  century,  and  continued  in  use  till  the 
middle  of  the  i6th,  when  it  gave  way  to  the 
style  called  ]'',Li/,AnETiL\N.  it  is  peculiar  to 
England.  Its  chief  characteristics  are  a  general 
prevalence  of  perpendicular  lines,  panelling  of 
flat  surfaces,  and  the  multiplicity  of  small  shafts 
with  which  the  piers,  &c. ,  are  overlaid. 

Perron,  Arch.  A  staircase,  or  ilight  of  steps, 
outside  a  buikling. 

Perse,  Fr.      Lliintz. 


Fig.  536.  Persian  Bowl. 


Fig.  537.  Flask.  Persian. 


252 


WORDS  USED  IN 


^y^i^^t^E^^^e^^^^WA^WA 


7^'/^ 


Fig.  538.  Persian  Plaque,  with  polychrome  decoration. 


A  thin  inferior  silk  used  for  lining 
Persiennes).     Venetian 


Persian. 
garments. 

Persian   Blinds  (Fr. 
blinds. 

Persian  Pottery.  The  illustrations  (from 
Jacquemart's  History  of  the  Ceramic  Art)  are 
(Fig.  536)  a  bowl  of  soft  porcelain,  blue  ex- 
ternally and  decorated  with  abundant  vegetation 
and  fantastic  birds  with  peacocks'  tails ;  (Fig. 
537)  a  flask,  also  of  soft  porcelain,  charac- 
terized by  a  blackish-blue  scroll  encircling 
the  principal  subject;  and  (Fig. 538)  a  faience 
tile  which  J\I.  Jacquemart  considers  pure  Mo- 
hammedan art,  is  very  interesting  for  the  sub- 
ject that  it  represents — the  caaba  or  sacred 
mosque  of  Mecca,  the  object  of  the  Moham- 
luedan  pilgrimage.  (Consult  Souvenir  <fnn 
voyai^e  en  J'erse,  Coviie  de  Kochchouart.) 

Persian  Red.     (See  Indian  Red.) 

Persiana,  It.  (i)  A  silk  with  a  pattern  of 
large  flowers.     (2)  Venetian  blinds  ;  Persiennes. 

Persians,  Gr.  and  R.(7r€p(rtKa).  Columns  the 
shafts  of  which  consist  of  figures  of  Persian 
slaves  ;  they  are  also  known  as  Persian  columns. 


great    blocks    of 

and   6  feet  in  thickness. 

richly    ornamented,    the 


Vi^ 


Fig.  539.  Persona  comica, 


Persona,  Gr.  and  R.  A 
mask  worn  by  actors  upon 
the  stage  ;  there  wore  persona: 
tragica;,  comicce  (Fig.  539)» 
mutcc,  &c.,  that  is,  masks  for 
tragic,  comic,  or  mute  per- 
sons, &c.  The  custom  is  at- 
tributed to  that  of  smearing 
the  face  with  certain  juices 
and  colours,  and  appearing 
in  disguise  at  the  festivals  of 
Dionysus ;  and  is  probably  as 
old  as  the  drama  itself. 

Perspective.  The  art  of  re- 
presenting on  a  flat  surface 
the  appearance  of  objects 
from  one  given  point  of  view. 
Linear  perspective  \'i  the  science 
by  which  the  principles  of 
geometry  are  applied  in  this  art. 
(See  Aerial  and  Isometri- 
CAL  Perspective.) 

Pertica,  R.  A  rod,  pole,  or 
stick  ;  a  foot,  or  measure  of 
length  divided  into  twelve 
inches  (imcice)  and  sixteen 
fingers  (digiti). 

Perticae,  Chr.  In  mediaeval 
architecture,  beams  behind 
the  altar  in  a  church,  from 
which  relics  were  suspended 
on  days  of  festival. 

Peruque.     (See  Wigs.) 
Peruvian      Architecture. 
The     Peruvian    temples    and 
palaces     were    generally    low 
and  spacious,    constructed   of 
stone    often    3S    feet   by    18 
The   interiors    were 
sides    of    the    apart- 
ments being    thickly 
studded  with  gold  and 
silver.     Niches  in  the 
walls  were  filled  with 
images   of  plants  and 
animals,  also  of  the 
]^recious  metals.    The 
Western  wall  of  the 
ii-mple    was     placed 
lu    receive    the    first 
rays  of  the  rising  sun 
upon  a  statue  of  the 
god    engraved    on   a 
plate     of    gold    and 
thickly  studded  with 
emeralds     and     pre- 
ciou>  stones. 

Pes,  R.  A  foot ; 
the  standard  mea- 
sure of  length,  com- 
posed of  12  uncics  or 


indies,  or  i6  (iigili,fii!ger-l>n-adlhs.     It  equalled 
1 1  "6496  inches  English. 

Pesante,  It.     A  weight  =  half  a  drachm. 


Fig.  540.  Vase  of  Pesaro  Ware. 

Pesaro  Ware.  The  particular  characteristic 
of  the  mother-of-pearl  majolica  of  Pesaro  is  a 
pale,  limpid  yellow,  associated  with  a  pure  blue; 
under  the  effect  of  luminous  rays  these  colours 
become  animated  and  shootout  in  pencils  of  red, 
golden  yellow,  green,  and  blue  of  remarkable 
intensity,     (jacqiicinart.)     (Fig.  540.) 

Peseta,  Sp.  A  silver  coin,  about  the  fourth 
of  a  Mexican  dollar;  about  lohi. 

Pesillo,  It.  Small  scales  used  for  weighing 
gold  and  silver,  and  gems. 

Pessi  (Gr.  ireircrof).  Draughts.  (See  Latrun- 
Cl'LI.) 

Pessulus,  R.     A  bolt  for  a  door. 

Petasus,  Gr.  and  R.  (TreVao-os,  i.  e.  that 
which  spreads  out),  (i)  A  soft  felt  hat  with 
broad  brim.  (2)  The  winged  cap  of  Mercury. 
Most  of  the  horsemen  in  the  Panathenaic  pro- 
cession (see  Elgin  Marbles)  wear  the  petasus. 
In  Greek  art  it  is  a  conventional  sign  of  a 
traveller.      (Compare  PiLEUS.) 

Petaurum,  R.  [ireTavpuf,  lit.  a  perch  for  fowls). 
A  machine  employed  in  the  Roman  games ; 
probably  a  fixed  "see-saw." 

Peter-boat,  O.  E.  A  river  Jis/icrman's 
wherry. 

Petit  Canon,  Fr.  A  kind  of  printing-type ; 
t'vo-Unc  in  English. 

Petit  Gris,  Er.     Minever  fur.     (See  Vair.) 

Petit  Texte,  Fr.  A  kind  of  printing-type  ; 
bixviei: 

Petoritum,  R.  An  open  four-wheeled  car- 
riage, a  kind  of  cart  used  for  conveying  slaves. 
Its  Gallic  origin  is  indicated  by  the  etymology 
of  the  word,  viz.  pctocr,  four,  and  r//,  a  wheel. 

Petronel  (Er.  poictrinal).  A  ])iece  of  artillery 
or  fire-arm,    used  in    the    l6th  century,    which 


was  afterwards  converted  into  a  clumsy  gun 
called  a  blunderbuss.  It  was  the  medium  be- 
tween the  arcpiebus  and  the  pistol. 

Petunse,  Chinese.  A  fine  clay  used  for  porce- 
lain ;  a  kind  of  kaolin. 

Peulvan,  Celt.     (See  Menhir.) 

Pewter.  An  alloy  of  100  parts  of  tin  to  17  of 
antimony  ;  or  89  tin,  7  antimony,  and  2  copper. 
Tin  and  zinc,  and  lead  and  tin,  are  sometimes 
used  to  make  pewter.  The  ancient  guild  of  the 
Pewterers'  Company  have  their  hall  in  Lime 
Street. 

Phaecasia,  Gr.  and  R.  {<paiKa.(nov).  White 
shoes  worn  by  different  classes  among  the 
Greeks  and  Romans,  but  more  especially  by  the 
priests  and  gynmasiarchs. 

Plialse  or  Falae,  R.  Wooden  towers  which 
were  erected  temiiorarily  in  a  circus  for  the 
display  of  sham  fights  and  captures  of  cities. 
(Compare  Pegma.) 

Phalangae,  Palangae,  R.  (^ipaKwy^.  A  pole 
employed  for  carrying  purposes.  Two  men  took 
the  ends  of  this  pole  upon  the  shoulders,  the 
burden  being  suspended  from  it  in  the  middle. 
The  same  tenn  was  also  applied  to  the  rollers 
placed  beneath  objects  whose  weight  rendered 
them  difficult  to  move.  The  persons  who  made 
use  of  phalanga  for  carrying  anything  were 
called  phalaiti^arii. 

Phalanx,  Gr.  A  close  compact  mass  of  in- 
fantry soldiers  drawn  up  in  files,  usually  eight 
deep.  The  Theban  phalanx  was  twenty-five 
in  depth. 

Phalarica.     (See  Falarica.) 

Phalerae,  R.  {(paXapa). 
Medals  of  gold,  silver,  or 
bronze  (Fig.  541),  worn 
upon  the  breast  as  a  mili- 
tary decoration,  and  fre- 
quently displayed  on  the 
harness  of  the  horses. 

Phannel,  O.  E.  (See 
Fanun.  ) 

Phantasmagoria.      Lite- 
rally,    a       procession      of 
images.     A    name   applied 
especially    to    dissolving  views    shown   by  the 
alternate  use  of  each  of  two  magic  lanterns. 

Pharetra,  Gr.  and  R.  {(papirpa).  A  quiver. 
This  was  made  of  hide  or  leather,  often  richly 
ornamented  with  gold,  painting,  or  braiding. 
It  had  a  lid,  and  hung,  from  a  belt  over  the  right 
shoulder,  on  the  left  hip.  (See  Corytus, 
Quivers.) 

Pharos,  Pharus,  Gr.  and  R.  {(pdpos).  A 
lighthouse ;  the  name  was  derived  from  that 
which  Ptolemy  Philadelphus  erected  in  the 
island  of  IMiaros,  at  the  entrance  to  the  harbour 
of  Alexandria,  in  Egypt. 

Phaselus,  Egyp.  ^(tjydariAoi).  A  light  Egyp- 
tian boat,  long  and  narrow  in  shape,  and  made 


Fig.  541.  Gallic 
Phalera. 


254 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Fig.  544.  Part  of  the  Frieze  of  the  temple  of  Apollo  Epicurius  near  Phigalia. 


Fig.  54-'.  Phaskon. 


of  very  slight  materials,  such  as  osier,  papyrus, 
and  terra-cotta  ;  it  derived  its  name  from  the  re- 
semblance it  bore  to  the  pod  of  a  bean  ((^ao-jjAos). 
Phaskon,  Gr.  A 
vessel  of  a  flattened 
ovoid  form,  with  a 
long  spout,  and  a  han- 
dle at  the  top,  like 
the  askos. 

Phenakistoscope 
{(pffaKLCTTtKiis,     decep- 
tive,   and    (TKonew,    to 
view),     or      Spectro- 
scope.    A  toy  for   illustrating  the  duration  of 
impressions   on   the   retina   of  the  eye.       (See 
Spectra.) 

Phenicine.     An  indigo  purple  pigment. 

Pheon,  Her.  A 
pointed  spear  -  head 
borne  with  the  point  in 
base.  {Boittell.)  ' '  The 
fcon,  or  pheon,  was  a 
barbed  javelin ;  the 
heads  of  these  are 
still  heraldic  bearings, 
and  from  their  figure, 
we  find  the  barbs 
cscalloped,  or  invecked 
as  the  heralds  term  it,  aside."  (i\Icyrick.) 
Pheretrum.  (See  Feretrum.) 
Phiala,  Phiale,  Gr.  {(pidkn).  The  Greek 
term  synonymous  with  the  Latin  Patera. 
But  Jacqiumart  says,  "Quant  a  la  phiale, 
sorte  de  fdite  houteille  qui  nous  a  donne  le 
mot  fiolcx  ellc  figure  asscz  souvent  dans  les  m.ains 
des  divinites." 

Phigalian  Marbles.  Friezes  in  the  Hellenic 
room  of  the  British  Museum,  from  a  temple  to 
Apollo  Epicurius,  near  the  ancient  Phigalia  in 
Arcadia.     There  are  twenty-three  slabs  in  high 


543.  Pheon. 


relief,  eleven  representing  the  battle  between  the 
Centaurs  and  the  Lapitha;,  and  the  rest  the 
contest  of  the  Greeks  and  Amazons.  They  are 
attributed  to  the  same  period  as  the  Parthenon, 
but  are  considered  inferior  in  style  and  workman- 
ship.    (Fig.  544.) 

Philactery.     (See  Phylactery.) 

Philomel.     Poetical  for  the  nightingale. 

Philyra  and  Philura,  Gr.  (cpiAtypa).  Strips 
of  papyrus  used  for  making  a  sheet  of  writing- 
paper  ;  ten  or  twelve  strips  of  papyrus  were  first 
glued  together  lengthwise,  and  at  the  back  of 
these  a  sufficient  number  of  strips  were  fastened 
crosswise  to  double  the  thickness  of  the  surface 
so  obtained. 

Fhimus,  Gr.  {i^{.\x6s).  A  Greek  term  synony- 
mous with  Fritillus  (q.v. ). 

Phiolse  Rubricatae.     (SeeSANCuiNOLENTA.) 


Fig.  545.  Phxnix.     Device  of  Cardinal  Trent. 
Phoenix,  Chr.     In  Christian  arck-eology  the 


phcenix,  which  is  consumed  by  concentrating  the 
sun's  rays  in  its  body,  and  immediaicly  rises 
again  from  its  ashes,  represents  the  mystery  of 
tlie  resurrection  after  death.  In  this  sense  it  was 
adoptetl  frecjuently  as  a  device  by  ecclesiastics. 
(See  1!f:xn<)1'.  )  In  blazon  it  is  always  repre- 
sented as  issuant  from  (lan~.es.     (Fig.  545- )  ' 

Phorminx,  Gr.  ((pdpiJLiy^).  llo'mer's  epithet 
for  the  ancient  /jvv.  It  was  a  large  lyre,  ami 
resembleil  the  citliara  of  later  times,  or  the 
modern  guitar.  It  was  used  at  an  early  period 
singly,  or  for  accomjinnying  recitations. 

Photogalvanography.  An  art  invented  by 
Mr.  Paul  I'retsch,  of  Vienna,  for  printing  from 
photographs  by  the  medium  of  gutta  jjcrcha. 
For  a  descrijition  of  the  process,  see  the  Manual 
of  FhotOi^ra/'Ity,  5th  edition,  pp.  269,  270. 

Photoglyphic  Engraving.  An  invention  of 
]Mr.  Fox  Talbot  (1S58)  for  engraving  on  metal 
plates  by  the  action  of  light.  {'iQQFhoioip'apkic 
'Jonriia!,  vol.  v.  p.  58.) 

Photography.  A  great  many  processes  of 
producing  pictures  by  the  action  of  the  sun's 
rays  upon  a  sensitive  surface  are  included  under 
this  general  term,  such  as  the  Daguerreotype,  the 
Talbotype,  &c.  [Consult  in  the  first  instance 
R,  Hunt's  Manual  of  Photography,  from  which 
reference  can  be  taken  to  other  authorities.] 

Photolithography.  The  art  of  preparing 
lithographic  stones  for  printing  from,  by  the 
medium  of  photography. 

Photometallography.  A  process  of  etching 
on  metal  plates,  by  the  action  of  light,  invented 
by  Mr.  C.  J.  Burnett  (1S58).  (See  Photographic 
yoiirnal,  vol.  v.  p.  97.) 

Photometer.  An  instrument  for  measuring 
the  intensity  of  light. 

Phototype.     A  plate,  like  an  engraved  plate, 
produced  from  a  photograph,  for  printing  from. 
Photozincography.     The  art  of  preparing  zinc 
plates    for   printing    from,    by   the   medium   of 
photography. 

Phrase.  In  Music,  a  passage  of  melody  or 
harmony  containing  a  musical  idea,  more  or 
less  complete  in  respect  of  cadence. 

Phrygian.  Applied  to  music  of  a  lively 
kind.     (Cf.  Lydiax.) 

Phrygian  Work,  O.  E.  Embroidery.  (See 
Orfrays.) 

Phrygianum  (opus).  A  name  given  to  all  fine 
embroidery  by  the  Romans,  at  a  period  when  the 
work  of  the  Phrygian  women  was  most  perfect. 
Phrygio,  R.  A  Phi7gian,  or  embroiderer, 
because  the  inhabitants  of  Phrygia  had  the 
reputation  of  being  excellent  embroiderers. 

Phylactery,  Gen.  {(pvAaKTriptov,  a  preserva- 
tive), (i)  A  general  temi  which  included  any 
kind  of  amulet  worn  about  the  person  as  a 
protection  against  dangers  of  all  kinds.  (2 
Strips  of  parchment  or  vellum,  upon  which 
the  Jews   transcribed  passages  from  the  sacred 


books,  and  which  they  either  wore  upon  the 
arm  or  the  forehead,  in  a  small  leather  box. 
(3)  In  the  Middle  Ages  the  term  was  applied 
to  the  scrolls  held  in  the  hands  of  angels  or 
other  persons  represented  in  painting  or  sculpture. 
These  scrolls  bore  inscriptions.  (See  Lahkls.) 
Phylaka,  Gr.  ((pvXaKr)).  A  prison  ;  a  Greek 
term  corresponding  to  the  Latin  words  Cakcer 
and  Ergastulum  (q.v.). 

Phytography.  A  process  of  nature-printing 
from  ]ilants,  by  passing  them  between  soft  metal 
plates  through  a  rolling  press. 

Piazza,  It.  A  scjuare  or  open  place  sur- 
rounded by  buildings,  generally  .supported  by 
]iillars,  and  forming  a  vaulted  promenade ; 
hence  the  term  is  sometimes  applied  to  the 
archways  of  a  colonnade. 

Pibroch,  Scotch.     Bagpipe  music. 
Pica  (pie).     Printing  type  of  the  size  formerly 
used  in  jirinting  the  pit;  or  service-book. 

Piccadilly,  Old  Fr.  A  high,  broad,  peaked 
collar  or  ruff,  tc/np.  James  I.  The  tailor  who 
made  these  ruffs  is  said  to  have  l^uilt  the  street 
called  by  this  name. 

Piccagium,  Med.  Lat.  (English  use).  Money 
paid  in  fairs  for  breaking  ground. 

Piccolo,  It.  A  small  flute.  Small  pianofortes 
are  so  called  also. 

Pictura,  R.  (pingo,  to  paint).  The  art  of 
painting  ;  pictura  in  tabula,  a  painting  on  wood  ; 
pictura  in  liriteo  or  in  sipario,  a  painting  on 
canvas  ;  pictura  iniista,  a  painting  in  encaustic 
or  wax  ;  pictura  7ido  tcctorio,  a  fresco-painting. 
Embroidery  was  called  pictura  tcxtilis. 

Picturatus,  R.  Painted  ;  tabella  picturata,  a 
painted  panel ;  lintcum  picturatiim,  embroidered 
linen. 

Piece  de  Maitrise,  Fr.    A  test-work  produced 
by  an   apprentice  to  prove   his  competence  to 
become  a  master  of  his  art  or  craft. 
Piedouche,  Fr.     A  bracket-pedestal. 
Pieds  de  Herisson,  Fr.     Fabulous  animals  so 
called  represented  on  Persian  pottery,  mentioned 
by  Jacquemart  (p.   152) ;  having  the  legs  of  a 
stag,    the   tail   of  a   tiger,   and  the  head  of  a 
woman.     The  legend  is  that  Mohamet  and  Ali 
will  mount  such  beasts  on  the  Day  of  Judgment. 
Piers,  in  Architecture,  are  the  perpendicular 
supports  from  which  arclics  spring. 

Pieta,  It.  A  picture  or  statue  of  the  Body 
of  Christ,  attended  by  the  Virgin  Mary,  or  by 
holy  women  and  angels. 

Pietra  Dura.  Mosaic  panelling  of  hard 
pebbles  of  variegated  colours,  representing  fniit, 
birds,  &c.  in  relief,  and  used  as  a  decoration  for 
coffers  and  cabinets  in  the  15th  century. 

Pietre  Commesse,  It.  Costly  inlaid-work  re- 
presenting flowers,  fruit,  (S:c.,  in  precious  stones 
— such  as  agates,  jaspers,  lapis  lazuli,  &c.  — intro- 
duced in  Florence  in  the  17th  century,  and  still 
maintained  in  the  royal  manufactory  of  that  city. 


256 


WORDS  USED  IN 


The  finest  examples  are  in  the  chapel  of  the 
Medici  attached  to  the  cathedral  church  of 
St.  Lorenzo. 

Pig.  A  black  pig  was  represented  at  St. 
Anthony's  feet,  representing  his  victory  over 
sensuality  and  gluttony.  The  monks  of  the  order 
of  .St.  Anthony  used  to  keep  herds  of  consecrated 
pigs. 

Pigments.  The  colours  used  in  painting.  A 
large  number  are  described  in  their  order. 
Standard  works  on  ancient  and  modem  pig- 
ments are  Eastlakc^s  Materials  for  a  History  of 
Painting ;  Merrifield's  Ancient  Art  of  Paint- 
ing ;  //nndertp fund's  Art  of  Painting  restored  to 
its  Simplest  and  Surest  Principles.  An  exh  austive 
catalogue  of  other  works  on  the  subject  has  been 
issued  by  the  Librarian  of  the  South  Kensington 
Museum. 

Pike.  A  celebrated  infantry  weapon  now  re- 
placed by  the  bayonet,  consisting  of  a  strong 
spear  or  lance  with  a  spike  at  the  butt  for  fixing 
in  the  ground.  The  shape  of  the  head  has  varied 
at  different  periods. 

Pila,  R.  This  word  has  different  meanings, 
according  as  the  first  syllable  is  long  or  short. 
In  the  first  case  it  denotes  (i)  a  mortar  ;  (2) 
a  pillar  or  conical  pier  for  supporting  the 
superstructure  of  a  bridge  ;  (3)  a  iDreakwater. 
When  the  first  syllable  is  short,  the  word  denotes 
(l)  a  playing-ball.  The  game  of  ball,  from  the 
earliest  times  to  the  fall  of  the  Roman  Em- 
pire, was  one  of  the  favourite  exercises  of 
the  Greeks  and  Romans.  In  the  baths  and 
the  gymnasiums  a  room  {spharisteriiwi)  was 
set  apart  for  the  purpose.  Pila  was  a  small 
ball  ;  follis,  a  large  one  filled  with  air  :  other 
balls  were  \he  paganica  and  the  harpastiim.  (2) 
Pi/a  vitrea,  a  glass  globe.  {3)  A  dummy  made  to 
roughly  imitate  the  human  fomi. 

Pilaster,  It.  A  square  pillar  on  a  wall, 
partly  embedded  in  it,  one-fourth  or  one-fifth  of 
its  thickness  projecting. 

Pile,  (i)  Her.  One  of  the  ordinaries,  inform 
like  a  wedge.  (2)  An  arrow  used  in  hunting, 
with  a  round  knob  below  the  head,  to  prevent  it 
penetrating  too  far.  (3)  The  nap  or  surface  on 
velvet. 

Pileatus,  R.  One  who  wears  the  pileiis,  or 
skull-cap  of  felt ;  it  was  specially  worn  by  the 
seafaring  classes,  and  also  by  the  Dioscuri 
(Castor  and  Pollux). 

Pilentum,  R.  A  state  carriage  in  which  the 
Roman  ladies  rode  when  attending  any  ceremony, 
whereas  for  purposes  of  recreation  or  for  visiting 
they  made  use  of  the  carpentnni  or  the  karma- 
vtaxa. 

Pileolus,  R.  Diminutive  of  PiLEUS  ;  it  was 
a  small  felt  skull-cap  which  hardly  covered  the 
to]i  (if  the  head. 

Pilaus,  Pileum,  R.  (wiAos,  felt).  A  kind  of 
close-fitting  felt  cap  worn  more  particularly  by 


the  seafaring  classes.  The  pilens  varied  in  form 
amongst  the  different  nations  by  whom  it  was 
adopted  ;  it  was  worn  exclusively  by  men.  The 
most  familiar  form  of  the  pileus,  in  art,  is  the 
Phrygian  bonnet,  or  cap  of  liberty.  (Cf. 
Petasus.) 

Pillar  Dollars  are  Spanish  silver  coins, 
stamped  on  the  obverse  with  the  royal  arms  of 
.Spain  supported  by  two  columns. 

Pillion,  O.  E.  A  soft  pad-saddle  with  a  foot- 
rest,  for  a  woman  or  child  to  ride  on  behind  a  man. 

Pillow  or  Head-stool,  Egyp.  A  kind  of  rest 
for  the  head,  made  sometimes  of  stone  (onyx, 
alabaster,  or  sandstone),  but  more  generally  of 
wood,  and  used  by  the  Egyptians  to  support  and 
raise  the  head  during  sleep.  In  form  it  was  a 
half-cylinder,  and  the  base  was  more  or  less 
raised  above  the  ground.  This  kind  of  pillow  is 
still  in  use  at  the  present  day  among  various 
peoples,  particularly  the  Nubians,  the  Japanese, 
and  the  Ashantees  of  Western  Africa. 

Pillow-beres,  O.  E.  Pillow-cases.  They  were 
at  all  times  an  object  of  rich  ornamentation. 

Pillow  Lace.  Lace  worked  by  hand,  bv 
throwing  hohbins  upon  a  cushion  or  pillow.  (See 
Lace.) 

Pilum,  R.  A  javelin  ;  the  missile  weapon 
of  the  Roman  infantry,  but  used  likewise  as  a 
pike  for  charging  the  enemy.  It  was  a  thick 
strong  weapon,  6  feet  3  inches  in  length,  half  of 
wood  and  half  of  iron,  with  a  barbed  head  of  9 
inches  of  solid  iron.  The  term  also  denotes  a 
heavy  pestle  for  bruising  things  in  a  mortar. 

Pilus,  Med.  Lat.  (Fr.  pien).  A  pointed  club 
or  javelin. 

Pina,  Sp.     An  amalgam  of  silver. 

Pinacotheca,  Gr.  and  R.  (irivaKo-driKT]).  A 
picture-gallery,  one  of  the  ordinary  adjuncts 
to  Greek  or  Roman  houses  of  wealthy  private 
persons. 

Pinaculum,  Gr.  and  R.  (a  ridge  or  crest). 
A  roof  terminating  in  a  ridge,  the  ordinary 
covering  for  a  temple,  whereas  private  houses 
had  a  fiat  roof. 

Pinchbeck.  An  alloy  of  85  per  cent,  copper 
or  brass,  and  15  per  cent,  zinc  ;  named  after  its 
inventor.     It  is  sometimes  called  tomlmck. 

Pindaric.  Of  verses,  irregular  in  metre  ;  like 
the  ver-es  of  the  lyric  poet  Pindar. 

PJngle  Pan,  Scotch.  A  small  tin  ladle  used 
for  mixing  children's  food. 

Pink  Madder.     (See  1\L\dder.) 

Pinking.  Stamping  out  borders  and  edges 
upon  textile  fabrics  with  a  cutting  instrament. 

Pinks  {Yk.  stil  de  grain).  These  are  water- 
colour  pigments  of  a  yellow  or  greenish-yellow 
colour  produced  from  the  precipitation  of  vege- 
table juices,  such  as  saffron,  aloes,  buckthorn- 
berries,  broom-flowers,  <S:c.,  upon  chalk  or 
whiting.  Thty  M'e  Italian  pink,  sometimes  called 
yello-M  lake;  bivron  pink,  rose  pink,  ZiwXDiitchpink. 


Pinna,  R.  (lit.  a  wing).  (i)  The  top  of  an 
embattled  ivall,  the  battlements.  (2)  The  blade  of 
a  nulilcr. 

Pinnacle,  Arch.  A  small  spire,  generally 
with  four  sides  and  ornamented ;  it  is  usually 
placed  on  the  tops  of  buttresses,  both  external 
and  internal. 

Pins.  Metal  pins  were  introduced  into  this 
country  from  France  in  1543,  previous  to 
which  ladies  were  accustomed  to  fasten  their 
dresses  with  skewers  of  box-wood,  ivory,  or 
bone. 

Pipe.  A  musical  wind-instrument,  represented 
in  the  14th  century,  in  Strut fs  Sports  and  Pas- 
times, as  used  with  the  tabor  to  accompany 
mountebanks,  &c.    (See  also  AuLOS,  PiTO,  &c.) 

Pipe-clay.  An  oily  clay  found  in  large 
quantities  in  Devonshire ;  used  for  moulding 
earthenware,  but  chiefly  for  tobacco-pipes. 

Piriform,  Arch.  Pear-shaped.  The  term  is 
applied  to  roofs  domed  in  the  form  of  a  pear  ; 
the  Baptistery  of  Parma  may  be  cited  as  an 
example. 

Pirogue.  An  Indian  canoe,  hollowed  out  of 
a  solid  tree. 

Piscina,  R.  {piscis,  a  fish).  (i)  A  fish- 
pond, an  indispensable  appendage  to  the  villa  of 
a  wealthy  Roman.  (2)  A  large  uncovered  tank 
in  the  open  air  used  as  a  swimming-bath,  and 
distinct  from  the  baptisferinm,  which  was  under 
cover.  (3)  Piscina  liinaria  was  the  reservoir  of 
an  aqueduct.  In  medieval  archceology  the  name 
was  given  (i)  to  credence-tables;  (2)  to  bap- 
tisteries.   (See  Baptisterium,  Natatorium.) 

Pise-work.  A  method  of  constructing  very 
durable  walls  of  blocks  oi kneaded  ea)-th.  It  was 
probably  suggested  by  the  building  processes  of 
the  ants,  and  Pliny  calls  such  wdWsforinacicc. 

Pistillum,  Pistillus,  R.  A  pestle  for  a 
mortar. 

Pistol.  Invented  at  Pistoia  in  Tuscany.  (See 
Pallas  Arniata,  Sir  yatnes  Turner,  1670  ;  Mey- 
7-ick,  iii.  76.) 

Pistole.  A  Spanish  gold  coin,  worth  about 
l6-r. ;  the  fourth  of  a  doubloon. 

Pistolese,  It.  A  long  dagger  or  stabbing- 
knife  of  Pistoia. 

Pistrina,  Pistrinum,  R.  {pistor,  a  miller). 
Originally  this  term  denoted  a  mill  for  grinding 
grain ;  later  on  it  was  used  exclusively  to  de- 
note a  house  of  correction  for  slaves  who  had 
to  turn  the  mill.  The  work  was  of  a  most 
laborious  kind. 

Pistris,  Pistrix,  R.  {irlarpis).  (i)  A  marine 
monster,  representations  of  which  are  to  be  seen 
on  the  walls  of  several  houses  at  Pompeii  (in 
the  legend  of  Theseus  and  Andromeda).  It  is 
always  represented  with  the  head  of  a  dragon, 
and  the  fins  and  tail  of  a  fish  ;  and  was  adopted 
in  early  Christian  art  for  the  fish  that  swallowed 
Jonah,     (2)  A  military  engine. 


Pitch-blende.  An  ore  used  in  porcelain 
painting.  It  produces  a  fine  orange  colour  ;  also 
a  black. 

Pitch-pipe.  A  sort  of  whistle  for  ascertaining 
the  pitch  of  a  musical  instrument,  or  for  setting 
the  key-note. 

Pithos,  R.  [(irldos).  A  large  earthenware  jar 
with  a  narrow  neck,  used  in  ancient  and  modern 
times  for  storing  wine  and  oil.  It  appears 
upon  a  bas-relief  in  the  Villa  Albani  as  the  tub 
of  Diogenes. 

Pito,  Sp.  A  Mexican  name  for  the  pipe  of 
the  Aztecs,  which  resembled  a  flageolet.  It  was 
made  of  red  clay,  and  had  four  finger-holes. 
The  young  man  selected  as  a  victim  at  the 
sacrifice  to  Tezcatlepoca  was  carefully  instructed 
before  his  death  in  the  art  of  playing  this  instru- 
ment, and  as  he  ascended  the  temple  or  teo- 
calli  to  the  sacrifice,  he  broke  a  flute  upon 
each  of  the  steps  of  the  temple. 

Piu,  It.  Rather  ;  used  in  Music,  as  pin  forte, 
rather  loud. 

Pix  or  Pyx,  Chr.  (Try|ij).  (i)  A  box  to  keep  the 
unconsecrated  altar-breads  in.  It  was  generally 
circular,  with  a  pointed  cover,  and  richly 
enamelled.  (2)  The  vessel  in  which  the  holy 
eucharist  was  suspended  over  the  altar.  (3) 
The  box  kept  at  the  British  Mint  to  contain 
the  coins  selected  to  be  tried  in  assay,  to  as- 
certain  whether  the  coinage  is  of  the  standard 
purity.  (See  Ciborium  [3],  Monstrance, 
cS:c.) 

Pizzicato  (It.).  An  expression  in  music ; 
playing  on  the  violin  like  a  harp. 

Placage,  Fr.     Veneering  or  inlaying. 

Plack,  Scotch.  A  small  copper  coin  formerly 
current  in  Scotland  ;  equal  to  the  third  of  an 
English  penny. 

Placket,  O.  E.     A  petticoat.  {Shakspeare. ) 

Plafond,  Plafonner,  Fr.  Arch,  {plat-fond). 
The  French  term  for  a  ceiling,  often  the  subject 
of  elaborate  architectural,  carved,  or  painted 
decoration.  The  peculiar  foreshortened  per- 
spective characteristic  of  figure-pictures  on  a 
ceiling  is  hence  described  us  "  plafonne  ;"  and  it 
is  generally  said  of  a  painter  distinguished  for 
bold  foreshortenings,  "II  excelle  a.  plafontier." 
Plafonds  of  different  periods  are  found  of  wood, 
lath  and  plaster,  or  stone. 

Plaga,  R.  A  hunting-net,  the  diminutive  of 
which  \s  plagula  (small  net) ;  the  latter  term  also 
denotes  the  curtains  hung  round  a  couch  or  litter, 
a  width  of  cloth,  a  strip  of  paper,  <S:c. 

Plagula.    (See  Plaga.) 

Planchet.  A  name  for  the  smooth  coin  pre- 
pared for  stamping  before  it  has  passed  under 
the  die. 

Planeta.  A  robe  worn  hy  priests,  resembling 
the  Dalmatic  (see  Fig.  236)  worn  by  deacons. 
(See  CiiAsur.LE.) 

Planetary  Machine.     (See  Orrery.) 

s 


258 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Planisphere.  A  projection  of  the  sphere  and 
its  various  circles  on  a  plane  surface. 

Planta  Genista,  Her. 
The  broom-plant  badge 
of  the  Plantagenets. 

Plaque,  Fr.  A  flat 
plate  of  metal  or  painted 
china.  Limoges  enamels 
of  the  15th  century  are 
described  as  plaques. 

Plasm.     A  mould   or 

r"        r    T>i    .   r-     •  .        matrix. 

Fig.  ^i,(i.  Planta  (jenista.  -..  . 

"  ^^  Plasma.       A      green 

transparent  chalcedony  found  in  India  and  China. 

Plaster  of  Paris.  The  cement  or  plaster  ob- 
tained from  gypsum,  originally  prepared  near 
Paris.  It  is  usually  sold  in  the  form  of  white 
powder,  and  is  largely  used  in  the  arts.  Ver- 
rocchio  (1435 — 1488)  is  said  to  have  been  the 
first  sculptor  to  cast  moulds  in  plaster  of  Paris. 
(See  Gypsum.) 

Plastic  Art.  Sculpture  ;  opposed  to  Graphic 
Art,  or  painting,  &c. 

Plastron,  Fr.  A  fencing-pad  to  cover  the 
body.  Plastron-de-fcr  was  an  iron  breastplate 
worn  under  the  hauberk,  especially  when  the 
latter  was  of  ringed  mail. 

Plat-band.     (See  T/enia.) 

Plata,  Sp.     Silver  (hence  our //rt/f). 

Plate,  Her.     A  silver  roundle. 

Plate-armour,  consisting  entirely  of  metal 
plates,  became  general  during  the  15th  cen- 
tury. 

Plate-glass.  A  superior  kind  of  thick  glass, 
used  chiefly  for  mirrors  and  for  large  windows. 

Plate-jack,  O.  E.     Coat  armour. 

Plate-marks.     (See  Hall-marks.) 

Plate-paper  is  a  thick  soft  paper  expressly 
prepared  for  printing  engravings  upon. 

Platea,  Gr.  and  R.  (TrAaTtTa,  i.e.  broad).  A 
wide  fine  street  in  a  city,  in  contradistinction  to 
a  small  street  called  angiportiis,  which  means 
literally  a  narrow  street. 

Platen.  Of  a  printing-press,  the  flat  part  by 
which  the  impression  is  made. 

Plateresca,  Sp.  A  name  given  to  goldsmiths' 
work  of  the  14th  and  15th  centuries,  which  re- 
flected the  complicated  and  delicate  forms  of 
ornament  applied  in  the  pointed  architecture  of 
the  period. 

Plates  are  properly  illustrations  taken  from 
copper  or  steel  engravings  ;  cuts  are  impressions 
from  wood-blocks. 

Platina.     Twisted  silver-wire. 

Platina  Yellow.  Two  pigments,  one  of  a  pale 
yellow  colour,  the  other  resembling  cadtniuni 
yellow,  are  sold  under  this  name. 

Plating  is  the  art  of  covering  metals 
with  a  thin  surface  of  silver  or  gold  for  orna- 
ment. 

Platinum  (Sp.  Hata,  silver).     A  white  metal 


exceedingly  ductile,  malleable,  and  difficult  of 
fusion.  It  is  found  in  the  Ural  Mountains  and 
in  South  America,  and  is  much  used  in  gold- 
smiths' work  in  Russia. 

Plaustrum,  R.  {plaudo,  to  nimble).  A  two- 
wheeled  cart  drawn  by  two  oxen,  and  used  for 
conveying'agricultural  produce";  plaustrum  majus 
was  a  much  larger  cart  mounted  on  four  wheels. 
It  had  a  long  pole  projecting  behind,  on  which 
blocks  of  stone  or  other  cargo  could  be  balanced 
on  planks  attached.  The  wheels  {tympana) 
were  of  solid  wood  nearly  a  foot  in  thickness, 
and  their  creaking  was  heard  to  a  great  dis- 
tance (hence  the  name). 

Plectrum  or  Plektron,  Gr.  and  R.  (from 
TrArfffcreii',  to  strike).  A  short  stem  of  ivory  or 
metal  pointed  at  both  ends,  used  to  strike  the 
chords  of  the  lyre,  the  harbiton,  the  cithara, 
and  some  other  stringed  instruments. 

Plemochoe,  Gr.  and  R.  (TrArj/io-xo??,  i.  e.  that 
pours  a  flood).  A  vessel  in  the  shape  of  a  top  ; 
it  resembled  the  cotyle. 

Plenitude,  Her.  Said  of  the  moon  when  in 
full. 

Plenshing-nail.  A  large  nail  for  fastening 
the  planks  of  floors  to  the  joists. 

Plethron,  Gr.  The  basis  of  land  measure- 
ment, being  100  feet  square,  or  10,000  square 
feet.  As  a  lineal  measure,  lOO  feet,  or  about  loi 
of  English  measurement. 

Plinth,  Arch.  (ttAiV&os).  Lit.  a  tile  or  brick, 
and  thence  the  lower  projecting  base  of  a 
column,  pedestal,  or  wall,  which  resembles  a 
strong  square  tile  placed  beneath  the  last  torus 
at  the  base  of  a  column.     (See  Abacus.) 

Plinthium,  R.  {irXivQiov^,  A  sun-dial,  so 
called  because  its  divisions  were  marked  on  a 
flat  surface  (ttAiVOo?). 

Plocage,  Fr.     Carding-wool. 
Plombage.      Lead  work. 
Plombagine.     Plumbago. 
Plostellum.     Diminutive  of  Plaustrum. 
Ploughs    are     mentioned    in     Deuteronomy 
(1451  B.C.),  and  represented  on  Egyptian  sculp- 
tures of  still  earlier  date.     The  Roman  plough 
of  the  date  of  our  era  is  described  by  Virgil. 

Plough  Monday  was  the  name  given  by 
our  ancestors  to  the  first  Monday  after  the 
Epiphany,  the  return  to  labour  after  the  Christ- 
mas holiday. 

Plumae,  R.  (lit.  feathers).  The  scales  of 
armour,  arranged  to  imitate  feathers.  (See 
Penna.) 

Plumarium  Opus.     (See  Opus  P.) 
Plumbago.     A    carburet   of    iron   commonly 
known  as  black    lead,    also   called   GRAPHITE, 
used     for    making     cmcibles     and    black-lead 
pencils. 

Plumbeous  Wares.  Lead-glazed,  by  the  ad- 
dition of  an  oxide  of  lead  in  the  preparation  of 
the  glaze.     (See  Pottery.) 


Plumbum,  R.  (lit.  lend).  A  general  term  de- 
nciting  anything  that  is  made  of  lead,  sucli  as 
a  lead  pipe,  a  slinger's  bullet,  <S:c. 


seat.       Fig.    54S      shows     tlie    fodinm    of    a 
seiDulchral  chamber.    In  an  amphitheatre, /^^//ww 


Fig.  547.  Pluteus. 

Pluteus,  R.  A  general  term  including  any- 
thing  made  of  boards  adapted  to  afford  a  support, 
cover,  passage,  &c. ;  and  thus  sometimes  used 
as  a  synonym  for  inuscuhis  or  protective  shed. 
Fig.  547,  ^pluteus  upon  three  wheels,  was  used 
for  protecting  soldiers  conducting  an  approach 
at  the  foot  of  a  rampart.  These  phitei  were 
covered  with  the  skins  of  animals,  which  were 
wetted  to  protect  the  machines  from  fire ;  and 
helped  to  deaden  the  shock  of  missiles. 

Plynteria,  Gr.  (irXwrripia,  washing).  Festivals 
held  at  Athens  in  honour  of  Athena  Aglauros, 
in  which  the  statue  of  the  goddess  was  stripped 
of  its  garments  and  ornaments  and  washed.  It 
was  carefully  concealed  in  the  mean  time,  and 
the  city  being  thus  in  a  manner  deprived  of  its 
protecting  divinity,  the  day  was  considered  an 
ill-omened  one. 

Pnigeus,  R.  (7r*'i7ei<s,  lit.  a  choker).  A  kind 
of  funnel  employed  to  stop  or  repress  the  air  in 
a  hydraulic  organ. 

Pnyx,  Gr.  The  site  in  Athens  where  the 
EccLESi.-E  were  held.  It  was  a  semicircular 
rising  ground,  with  an  area  of  12,000  square 
yards,  levelled  with  a  pavement  of  large  stones, 
and  surrounded  by  a  wall,  behind  which  was  the 
Bema  or  platform  from  which  speakers  ad- 
dressed the  people. 

Pocillum  orToculum,  R.  Any  cup  or  glass  for 
drinking,  distinct  from,  the  Crater  for  mixing, 
and  the  Cyathus  for  ladling  the  wine.     (Cf. 

POKAL.) 

Poddisoy,  Padusoy,  O.  E.  (Fr.  pou  de  scie). 
A  rich  jilaiii  silk. 

Podera,  Gr.  {-rroSrip-ns,  i.e.  reaching  to  the  feet). 
A  rich  linen  dress  worn  by  Greek  women,  the 
edges  of  which  were  indented. 

Podium,  Arch.  (■!r6Sioi',  lit.  a  small  foot). 
A  low  wall  or  basement,  generally  with  a 
plinth  and  cornice,  running  round  a  room  or  in 
front  of  a  building,  forming  a  sort  of  shelf  or 


Fig.  548.  Podium  running  round  a  sepulchral  chamber. 

was  the  name  for  a  raised  basement  which  ran 
like  a  high  enclosure  round  the  whole  circum- 
ference of  the  arena.  Lastly,  the  term  is  some- 
times used  as  a  synonym  for  a  socle,  and  a  con- 
sole or  bracket. 


S  2 


Fig.  549.  Point  Lace  a  bride  picot^e. 

Poele,  Fr.  (lit.  a  frying-pan).  A  square 
shield  with  a  raised  edge  and  a  grating  on  it, 
which  resembled  the  German  baking-dish.  In 
a  tournament,  the  joust  "<>  la  poele'''  was  the 
most  dangerous  of  all,  as  the  champions  fought 
bare-headed  and  without  armour.  Their  horses 
were  blindfolded,  and  a  coffm  was  brought  into 
the  course  before  the  combat  commenced. 
{Meyj-ick.') 


26o 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Point  Lace  a  bride  picotce  ground.  This  lace 
is  made  with  the  neeiUe  (see  Needle  Point), 
some  parts  of  the  pattern  only  slightly  raised  in 
relief  being  united  by  stitches  called  bride 
picotce.     (Fig.  549.) 

Point  of  Sight.  The  principal  vanishing 
point,  in  perspective,  to  which  the  horizontal 
lines  converge. 

Pointed  or  Christian  Architecture  is  generally 
called  Gothic  ;  and  is  a  general  term,  de- 
scriptive of  all  the  styles  that  have  prevailed 
subsequent  to  the  introduction  of  the  pointed 
arch,  commencing  with 
the  nth  century. 

Pointel.  The  medi- 
reval  stylus  or  gra- 
phium  (q.v.). 

Points.  In  the  15th 
and  1 6th  centuries,  be- 
fore the  introduction 
(if  buttons,  the  dif- 
ferent parts  of  dress 
were  fastened  with 
ribands,  having  orna- 
mental points  or  metal 
tags  at  the  end.  (See 
Fig.  559.) 

Poitrine,  Fr.  A 
breastplate  for  man 
or  horse. 

Pokal,  Germ.  (Lat. 
pociiluiii).  Adrinking- 
cup.     (Fig.  550.) 

Poke,      O.    E.     A 
bag ;  modern  pocket. 
Poker         Pictures. 
Drawings  burned  upon 
wood  with  hot  irons  ; 
much     patronized     in 
the  iSth  century. 
Pol,  Edepol,  R.    A 
familiar  oath  or  adjuration  especially  employed 
by  the  Roman  women  ;    it  was  an  abbreviation 
of  By  Pollux ! 

Polariscope.  An  instrument  for  exhibiting 
the  polarization  of  light. 

Pole-axe.  A  weapon  of  the  15th  century, 
combining  a  hatchet,  a  pike,  and  a  serrated 
hammer.  Used  principally  by  cavalry. 
Poleyns,  Fr.  (See  Gexouillieres.) 
PoUubrum  and  Polubrum,  R.  An  old  term 
for  which  there  was  substituted  later  on  tnal- 
lut'inin,  aquiniauale,  aqniiiiinariiiiit,  trullcinn  ; 
it  was  a  kind  of  basin  for  washing  the  hands,  the 
xipvi'^,  x^poyiTTTpov  of  the  Greeks. 

Polos,  Gr.     A  kind  of  sun-dial.     (See  HoRO- 

LOGIUM.) 

Polyandrion,  Chr.  (Gr.  TroXv-ifSptof).  A 
common  sepulchre  in  which  more  than  four 
bodies  were  liuried.      (See  LocULUS.) 

Polychord.     An  instrument  for  application  to 


Fig.  550.  Pokal,  or  German 
Tankard. 


the  pianoforte  for  coupling  together  the  strings 
of  two  octave  notes. 

Polychromy.  Colouring  statuary,  bas-reliefs, 
and  architecture  ;  to  be  distinguished  from 
forming  them  of  variously-coloured  materials. 
This  was  not  done  by  painting  with  an  opaque 
colour,  but  a  sort  of  staining  of  the  surface  by 
thin,  transparent  colouring  matter.  M.  de 
Quincy  states  that  the  fine  preservation  of  the 
surface  of  some  antique  statues,  such  as  the 
Apollo  Belvedere,  Hercules  of  Glycon,  and 
Venus  de  Medici,  is  attributable  to  the  use  of 
wax  colouring.  Stones  of  various  colours  were 
used  to  represent  different  parts  of  the  figure, 
and  in  busts  of  the  Roman  emperors  the  dress  is 
frequently  of  coloured  marble,  while  the  flesh  is 
of  white.    [Consult  Redfords  Ancient  Sculpture.'^ 

Polyhedron.  A  solid  with  many  faces  or  planes. 

Polyptyca,  Gr.  (ttoXu-tttux")-  (i)  Tablets,  a 
sufficient  number  of  which  are  put  together  to 


Fig.  551.  A  Silver  Engraved  Pomander,  or  Scent-box, 
shown  open  and  closed. 


form  what  \ve'  now  call  a  note-book.  (2)  A 
polyptych ;  a  iiictuic  with  several  compart- 
ments.     (Cf.  Dll'TYCII.) 

Polystyle,  Arch.  Surrounded  liy  several 
rows  of  columns,  as  in  Moorish  arciiitccturo. 
The  porticoes  of  a  Greek  temple  had  never 
more  than  ten  columns  in  front  (dccastyle). 

Pomander,  U.  K.  {ho\\\  po/mnc  d\i>iil'>r, -ptr- 
fume  apple).  A  scent-box  worn  at  the  end  of 
the  hanging  girdles  of  the  i6th  century.  (See 
PouNCET-i!OX.)  (Tig.  551.)  Consult  an  in- 
teresting monogi-aph  by  A'.  //.  Sodcn  Smith, 
'''Notes  on  Poma/ii/c'rs." 

Pomme,  Her.     A  green  roundle. 

Pomcerium,  R.  {J>ost  and  //nrniim  {mums) 
behind  the  walls).  A  line  enclosing  a  town, 
marked  out  at  intervals  by  stone  pillars.  When 
the  limits  of  the  town  were  extended,  the  foma- 
rium  could  not  be  changed  without  augury  by 
i\\&  jus pomarii,  and,  in  any  case,  only  by  a  town 
whose  inhabitants  had  contributed  to  the  exten- 
sion of  the  limits  of  the  empire. 

Pompa,  R.  and  Gr.  (ttoiUtttj).  A  solemn  pro- 
cession, especially  that  with  which  the  games  of 
the  circus  were  preceded. 

Pondus,  Weight,  R.  (pendo,  to  suspend). 
An  object  used  for  weighing,  either  with  the 
balance  {libra),  or  the  steel-yard  {statera).  The 
same  term  was  also  applied  to  a  weaver's 
weights  ;  these  were  of  stone,  terra-cotta,  or  lead. 


Fig.  552.   Pons. 

Pons,  R.  {Gr.yicpvpa).  (i)  A  bridge ;  the  cause- 
way iaq;i,vr)  which  traversed  the  Roman  bridge 
was  paved  with  large  jsolygonal  stones  ;  on  either 
side  of  it  was  a  pathway  {cnpido).  Fig.  552 
shows  the  Roman  bridge  at  St.  Chamas,  at  the 
ends  of  which  were  erected  triumphal  arches  [for- 
nkes\.  (See  Fornix.)  Pons  sublicius  was  a 
wooden  bridge  built  upon  piles  ;  pons  suffragio- 
rum,  the  voting-bridge  over  which  the  electors 
passed  as  they  came  out  of  the  septum  to  cast 
their  vote  {iabella)  into  the  urn  (cista).    It  is  pro- 


bable that  the  Greek  bridges  were  of  wood. 
(2)  A  wharf  or  landing-stage  by  the  water-side. 

Poongi,  Hindoo.  A  curious  musical  instrument 
made  of  a  gourd,  or  sort  of  cocoa-nut,  into  which 
two  pipes  are  inserted.  It  is  the  instrument 
played  by  the  Samjiuris,  or  snake-charmers,  to 
the  performing  cobras. 

Pope.  The  illustration  represents  the  Pope 
of  Rome  in  full  pontificals,  viz.  the  tiara, 
consisting  of  three   crowns  of  gold   decorated 


Fig.  553.    Pope  in  full  pontificals. 

with  precious  stones  and  suiTnounted  by  a  cross, 
and  over  a  rochet  (surplice)  of  silk  a  mantle 
of  gold  work  plentifully  ornamented  with 
pearls.  The  under  vestment,  which  is  long,  is 
of  hyacinth  colour.     The  slippers  are  of  velvet 


262 


WORDS  USED  IN 


with  a  cross  of  gold,  which  all  who  wish  to 
speak  to  the  Pope  reverently  kiss.  Late  mediaeval 
artists  attributed  this  costume  to  the  First  Person 
of  the  Trinity.  It  is  given  also  to  St.  Clement, 
St.  Cornelius,  St.  Fabian,  St.  Gregory,  St. 
Peter,  and  St.  Sylvanus. 

Popina,  R.  A  tavern  or  refreshment-place 
where  food  was  sold,  in  contradistinction  to 
caupona,  which  was  a  shop  for  selling  wine. 

Popinjay,  O.  E.     A  parrot. 

Poplin.  A  textile  of  modern  introduction, 
woven  of  threads  of  silk  and  worsted. 

Poppy,  Chr.  This  plant,  the  seed  of  which 
affords  a  soporific  oil,  symbolizes,  in  Christian 
iconograpliy,  death. 

Poppy  Oil.  A  bland  drying  oil,  obtained  from 
poppy-seed,  and  used  in  painting.     (See  OiLS.) 

Poppy-head.  A  term  in  decorative  art  for  the 
carved  cnnaments  with  which  the  tops  of  the 
uprights  of  wood-work,  such  as  the  ends  of 
benches,  backs  of  chairs,  bedposts,  (Sic,  were 
crowned. 

Popularia,  R.  The  second  maniamim  or 
tier  of  seats  in  an  amphitheatre. 

Porcelain  (Ancient  Chinese)  (from  the  Por- 
tuguese porcellana,  little  pigs  ;  a  name  given  to 
cowrie-shells  by  the  early  traders,  and  applied 
to  porcelain,  which  they  thought  was  made  of 
them,  or  because  it  resembled  the  interior  of  a 
shell).  A  fine  species  of  transparent  earthen- 
ware, the  chief  component  part  of  which  is 
silex.  (^Fairholt.)  The  most  ancient  examples 
of  porcelain  in  China  are  circular  dishes 
with  upright  sides,  very  thick,  strong,  and 
heavy,  and  which  invariably  have  the  marks 
of  one,  two,  or  three  on  the  bottom  thus: 
I.  II.  III.  The  colours  of  these  rare  speci- 
mens vary.  The  kinds  most  highly  prized  have 
a  brownish-yellow  ground,  over  which  is  thrown 
a  light  shot  sky-blue,  with  here  and  there  a 
dash  of  blood-red.     The  Chinese  say  there  are 


^UC 


but  a  few  of  these  specimens  in  the  country, 
and  that  they  are  more  than  a  thousand  years 
old.  {^Foi-tune. )  The  first  imitations  of  Chinese 
porcelain  in  Europe  date  from  the  1 6th  century, 
under  the  Medici  family,  and  include  specimens 
supposed  to  have  been  designed  by  the  imme- 
diate pupils  of  Raffaelle.  (See  Raffaelle- 
WARE.)  Among  the  next  earliest  produced  is 
that  of  Fulham,  by  Dr.  Dwight,  in  1671,  and  of 
St.  Cloud  in  France  about  1695. 


Fig-  554-  Pent-house  Porch. 


F'g-  555-  Ground-plan  of  a  Cupola  Porch. 

Porch,  Arch.  A  structure  placed  in  front  of 
the  door  of  a  church  or  other  building,  and  very 
variable  in  form.  In  the  ancient  basilicas  the  ves- 
tibule is  more  commonly  called  Narthex  (q.v.). 
Fig.  554  shows  a  wooden  porch  also  called  a 
poit-honse  poirh,  and  Fig.  555  a  plan  of  what  is 
called  a  cupola  porch,  from  the  fact  that,  its 
ground  being  circular,  it  is  surmounted  by  a  dome. 

Porcupine  (Fr./^r^  epic).     Hereditary  device 


Fig,  556.  Porcupine.    Device  of  Louis  XII. 


of  the  Valois  family.  The  "  Order  of  the  Por- 
cupine" was  instituted  in  1397  by  Louis,  Duke 
of  Orleans,  and  abolislied  by  Louis  XIL,  who 
retained  tlie  badge  (Fig.  556),  anilliad  his  cannon 
marked  with  a  porcupine.  In  numismatics  his 
golden  "ecus  au  pore  epic  "  are  rare  and  highly 
valued. 

Porcupine-wood.  The  ornamental  wood  of 
a  palm,  the  markings  of  which  in  the  horizontal 
section  resemble  porcupine  ijuills. 

Porphyry.  A  hard  stone  much  used  in 
Egyptian  sculpture,  and  for  sarcophagi.  It  was 
of  a  fine  red  colour,  passing  into  purple  and 
green,  and  susceptible  of  a  fine  polish.  (See 
also  Rosso  Antico.) 

Porporino,  It.  A  yellow  powder  substituted 
for  gold  by  media:val  artists.  It  was  com- 
pounded of  quicksilver,  sulphur,  and  tin. 


Fig-  557-  Porta  (Gate  of  Perusium). 

Porta,  R.  This  term  denotes  the  gate  of  a 
city,  a  large  gate  in  any  enclosure,  in  contra- 
distinction to  Janua  and  Ostium  (q.v.),  which 
denote  the  doors  of  a  building.  Fig.  557 
shows  the  ancient  gate  of  Perugia. 

Portcullis.  A  kind  of  iron  grating,  form- 
ing an  outer  door,  which  slided  up  and  down 
perpendicularly  in  the  grooves  of  a  bay.      It  was 


suspended  by  a  chain,  which  could  instantly  be 
lowered,  as  occasion  required,  in  order  to  pre- 
vent ingress  and  cut  off  all  communication.  By 
the  Greeks  and  Romans  they  were  called  portis 
catai-adcc,  and  in  the  Middle  Ages  they  were 
known  as  Saracenic  gates. 

Portcullis,  Her.  A  defence 
for  a  gateway,  borne  as  a 
badge  by  the  Houses  of 
Beaufort  and  Tudor.  Motto, 
' ' Altera scciirifas."  (Fig. 558.) 
Porticus,  Portico,  R.(^or/a). 
A  long  colonnade  serving  as 
a  covered  promenade.  In 
an  amphitheatre,  the  covered 
gallery  at  the  top  which 
was  appropriated  to  women  or  slaves.  A 
wooden  gallery  covered  over  with  a  roof,  but 
in  some  cases  entirely  open  on  the  side  of  the 
countiy.      (See  Templum.) 

Portisculus,  R.  A  director's  staff  wielded  on 
board  ship  by  the  officer  who  gave  the  time  to 
the  rowers  to  make  them  row  in  unison. 

Portrait  Painting.  The  earliest  portrait  on 
record  is  that  of  Polygnotus,  painted  by  himself, 
B.C.  400.  Giotto  is  said  to  have  been  the 
earliest  successful  portrait  painter  of  modern 
times.  The  different  sizes  of  portraits  are  the 
following  : — 

ft.  in.  ft.  in. 

Bishop's  whole  length  8  10    by     5  10. 

Whole  length 7  10     „     410. 

Bishop's  half-length 4     S     „      3     8. 

Half-length  42      „      34. 

Small  half-length 3     8     „     2  10. 

Kit-cat 30      ..     2     4- 

Three-quarter  size 2     6      ,,      2     i. 

Head  size 20,,      18. 

Portula.  A  wicket  made  in  a  large  gate  in 
order  to  give  admittance  into  a  city  without 
opening  the  porta  or  large  gate. 

Posnett,  O.  E.     A  little  pot. 

Postergale,  Chr.     A  Dorsal  (q.v.). 

Postern  {posterna,  a  back-door).  A  private 
gate  in  a  rampart,  either  upon  the  platfonn 
or  at  the  angle  of  a  curtain,  and  opening 
into  the  ditches,  whence  it  was  possible  to  pass 
by  the  pas-de-simris,  without  being  seen  by  the 
besiegers,  into  the  covered  way  and  the  glacis. 

Posticum,  R.  (Gr.  irapadvpa).  (i)  A  back 
door  to  a  Roman  house.  (2)  In  Architecture, 
the  part  of  a  building  opposite  to  the  fa9ade  ; 
the  posterior  fa9ade. 

Postis,  R.  The  jamb  of  a  door,  supporting 
the  lintel  or  linicn  superius. 

Postscenium,  R.  The  part  of  a  Roman 
theatre  behind  the  stage,  in  which  the  actors 
dressed,  and  the  appointments  and  machines 
were  kept. 

Potichomanie.  A  process  of  ornamenting 
glass  with  coloured  designs  on  paper,  in  imita- 
tion of  painted  porcelain. 


264 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Potter's  Clay,  found  in  Dorsetshire  and 
Devonshire,  is  used  for  modelling  and  for 
pottery ;  mixed  with  linseed  oil,  it  is  used  as  a 
ground  in  painting. 

Pottery  (Fayence,  Terraglia),  as  distinct  from 
porcelain,  is  formed  of  potter's  clay  mixed  with 
marl  of  argillaceous  and  calcareous  nature,  and 
sand,  variously  proportioned,  and  may  be  classed 
under  two  divisions :  Soft  (Fayence  a  pate 
tendre),  and  Hard  (Fayence  a  pate  dure),  ac- 
cording to  the  nature  of  the  composition  or  the 
degree  of  heat  under  which  it  has  been  fired  in 
the  kiln.  What  is  known  generally  in  England 
as  earthenware  is  soft,  while  stone-ivarc,  Queen's- 
ware,  &c.,  are  hard.  The  characteristics  of  the 
soft  wares  are  a  paste  or  body  which  may  be 
scratched  with  a  knife  or  file,  and  fusil)ility 
generally  at  the  heat  of  a  porcelain  furnace. 
These  soft  wares  may  be  again  divided  into 
four  subdivisions  :  nnglazed,  lustrous,  glazed,  or 
enamelled.  Among  the  three  first  of  these  sub- 
divisions may  be  arranged  almost  all  the  ancient 
pottery  of  Egypt,  Greece,  Etruria,  and  Rome ; 
as  also  the  larger  portion  of  that  in  general  use 
among  all  nations  during  mediDsval  and  modern 
times.  The  glazed  wares  may  be  again  divided 
into  silicious  or  glass-glazed  ivares,  and  pluni- 
beojis  or  lead-glazed.  In  these  subdivisions  the 
foundation  is  in  all  cases  the  same.  The  mixed 
clay  or  "  paste"  or  "  body"  is  formed  by  the 
hand  or  on  the  wheel,  or  impressed  into  moulds  ; 
then  slowly  dried  and  baked  in  a  furnace  or 
stove,  after  which,  on  cooling,  it  is  in  a  state  to 
receive  the  glaze.  This  is  prepared  by  fusing 
sand  or  other  silicious  material  with  potash  or 
soda  to  form  a  translucent  glass,  the  composition 
of  the  glaze  upon  vitreous  or  glass-glazed  v/ares. 
The  addition  of  oxide  of  lead  constitutes  the 
glaze  ol pluniheoiis  wares  ;  and  the  further  addi- 
tion of  the  oxide  of  tin  produces  an  enamel  of 
an  opaque  white  of  great  purity,  which  is  the 
characteristic  glazing  of  stanniferous  or  tin- 
glazed  wares.  Most  of  the  principal  seats  of  the 
manufacture  of  pottery,  and  a  description  of 
the  objects  manufactured,  and  methods  used  in 
the  manufacture,  will  be  found  mentioned  under 
their  respective  headings. 

Poulaines,  Fr.  Long- toed  boots  and  shoes, 
introduced  in  1384.     (See  Cracowes.) 

Pounce  -  paper.  A  kind  of  transparent 
tracing-paper,  free  from  grease,  &c. ;  made  in 
Carlsruhe. 

Pounced.     In  Engraving,  dotted  all  over. 

Pouncet-box,  O.  E.  A  perfume-box,  carved 
with  open  work.     (See  Pomander.) 

Pouranamas,  Hind.  Very  ancient  books  of 
India,  which  give  a  part  of  Hindoo  history 
from  the  beginning  of  the  Hindoo  monarchy,  or 
the  time  of  the  king  Ellou  or  Ella. 

Pourpoint,  Fr.  A  quilled  doublet,  worn  in 
the    14th  and  15th  centuries.     The  illustration 


represents  a  Venetian  gallant  of  the  l6th  century. 
(See  Gambeson.) 


Fig.  559.  Pourpoint.     Worn  by  a  Venetian  youth 
of  the  i6th  centurj'. 


Powder-blue  is  pulverized  pipe-clay,  a  good 
"pounce"  for  transferring  designs  upon  linen 
for  embroidery. 

Powdered,  Her.     (See  SftMfi.) 

Powers,  Chr.  Guardian  angels,  usually 
represented  bearing  a  staff.     (See  Angels.) 

Praecinctio,  R.  (frcreingo,  to  gird).  A  lobby 
running  quite  round  the  circle  formed  by  the 
cavecc  in  the  interior  of  a  theatre  or  am]ihi- 
theatre  ;  the  same  term  is  also  used  to  denote 


Fig.  560.  Praifurniumhypocaust. 


the  passages  between  the  tiers  of  scats  comprisetl 
witliin  each  inicnianiitii.  According  to  their 
importance,  theatres  and  amphitheatres  were 
divided  into  two,  three,  and  sometimes  four 
pra^cinctiones. 

Prsefericulum,  R.  A  metal  basin  without 
handles,  used  for  holding  sacred  utensils. 

PrsefiCEe,  R.  Women  hired  as  mourners  at 
the  funerals  of  wealthy  persons. 

w—  Praefurnium,  R. 
Xhe  moutli  t)f  a 
furnace  placed  be- 
neath a  liypocaiisis 
or  heating-stove  in 
a  set  of  l)aths.  Fig. 
560  shows  the/r^- 
funiinm  of  a  hy- 
pocausis  which 
was  drawn  upon 
the  walls  of  a  la- 
conkiim  situated 
near  the  church 
of  St.  Cecilia  at 
Rome.     (See  Hy- 

POCAUSIS.) 

Prsetexta,  R.  A  Toga  with  a  broad  purple 
border.  It  was  introduced  by  the  Etruscans, 
and  was  the  costume  assigned  to  priests  and 
magistrates,  to  boys  before  they  came  of  age, 
and  to  women  before  their  marriage.  (See 
Tor.A.)    (Fig.  561.) 

Praetorium,  R.  The  tent  of  the  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  army  ;  it  was  so  called  because 
in  the  earliest  times  of  Rome  the  consul  who 
commanded  the  army  bore  the  title  of  pi-cctor. 
The  residence  of  a  governor  of  a  province  was 
also  called  pnTtoriiim,  and  finally  the  name 
was  given  to  any  large  house  or  palace. 

Prandiutn,  R.  {prandco,  to  breakfast).  The 
midday  meal,  which  came  between  breakfast 
(^jcntacuhiin)  and  dinner  (avna). 

Prastura.     (See  Upapitha.) 

Prea-koul,  Hind.  An  upright  stone  or  sacred 
boundary  among  the  Khmers. 

Preasat,  Hind.  The  tower  of  the  Khmers  ; 
frcasat-stHpai  means  little  tower  ;  prcasat-phra- 
danircy,  the  elephant  tower  of  the  king. 

Precarium,  Chr.  A  temporary  benefice 
granted  to  a  layman  by  the  Church  ;  the  holder 
of  the  benefice  was,  however,  bound  to  pay  the 
Church  certain  dues. 

Predella,  It.  A  ledge  behind  the  altar  of 
a  church  on  A\hich  the  altar-piece  was  placed, 
containing  small  pictures,  of  similar  subjects  to 
the  altar-piece. 

Prefericulum,  R.  A  shallow  metal  bowl  used 
in  sacrifices  for  carrying  the  sacred  vessels.  Its 
shape  resembled  the  patera. 

Premier  Coup.     (See  Prima  Painting.) 

Pre-Raphaelites.  A  modern  school  of 
painters,  who,   throwing  aside  all  conventional 


laws  and  traditions  in  art,  direct  their  study  to 
the  forms  and  colours  of  Nature. 

Presentoir,  Fr.  An  epergne  or  table-stand 
for  flowers  ;  made  very  shallow,  on  a  tall  and 
richly-decorated  stem.  A  favourite  subject  of 
the  goldsmith's  art  in  the  i6th  century. 


Fig.  561.  Roman  maiden'wearing  the  toga prcetcxta. 

Pressed  Glass,  Glass  pressed  into  a  mould 
by  a  machine  ;  differing  from  blaiuti  glass. 

Presto,  It.     In  Music,  quickly. 

Priapeia,  R.  {TTpi6.TTna).  Festivals  in  honour 
of  Priapus  ;  they  were  held  chiefly  at  Lamp- 
sacus. 

Pricket.  A  young  stag  of  two  years,  when 
his  horns  begin  to  sprout. 


266 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Prie-Dieu.     A  kneeling-desk  for  prayers. 

Prima  Painting  (in  French,  feinhire  au 
premier  coup)  is  a  modern  style  directed  to  the 
avoidance  of  extreme  finish,  described  in  a  work 
hy  Hundertpfiaid,  "  The  Art  of  Painting  restored 
to  its  Simplest  and  Surest  Friiuiples." 

Primary  Colours.  Blue,  yellow,  and  red, 
from  which  all  colours  are  derived. 

Primero,  O.  E.  A  game  at  cards  mentioned 
by  Shakspeare. 

Primicerii,  Chr.  This  term  had  several 
meanings,  but  it  was  usually  employed  to  de- 
note the  first  person  inscribed  on  a  list,  because 
the  tablet  on  which  the  names  were  written  was 
covered  with  wax  ;  whence  primi-cerius  (from 
cera,  wax),  the  first  upon  the  wax.  In  cathe- 
dral churches  the  primicerius  presided  over  the 
choir,  and  regulated  the  order  and  method  of 
the  ceremonies. 

Priming.     (See  Grounds.) 

Prince's  Metal  or  Prince  Eupert's  Metal. 
An  alloy  of  72  parts  of  copper  and  28  parts 
of  zinc,  which  has  a  resemblance  to  gold. 

Princedoms  or  Principalities,  Chr.  An 
order  of  THRONES  of  angels  ;  usually  represented 
in  complete  armour,  carrying  pennons.  (See 
Fig.  24. ) 

Principes,  R.  A  body  of  heavy-armed  foot- 
soldiers  ;  thus  named,  because,  in  the  order  of 
battle,  they  were  placed  first. 

Principia,  R.  {prineeps,  chief,  foremost). 
The  headquarters  in  a  Roman  camp,  comprising 
not  only  the  tents  of  the  general  and  the  supe- 
rior officers,  but  also  an  open  space  in  which 
justice  was  administered  and  sacrifices  offered  to 
the  gods  ;  it  was  in  the  same  open  space  that 
all  the  standards  of  the  legion  were  set  up. 

Priory,  Chr.  A  monastery  attached,  as  a 
rule,  to  an  abbey ;  there  were  also,  however, 
priories  which  formed  the  head  of  an  order.  In 
the  order  of  Malta  each  tongue  comprehended 
several  great  priories. 


Fig.  562.   Prismatic  mouldings. 

Prismatic  (mouldings).  A  kind  of  moulding 
resembling  the  facets  of  a  prism  (Fig.  562), 
which  is  sometimes  met  with  in  archivolts 
of  the  Romano-Byzantine  period.  The  same 
term  is  likewise  applied  to  mouldings  charac- 
teristic of  the  flamboyant  style,  which  assume, 
especially  in  their  base,  the  form  of  prisms. 

Proaron,  Gr.  and  R.  {Trp6apof ;  a-pvai,  to  draw 
water).  A  vessel  of  a  flattened  spheroid  form, 
with  two  handles. 


Proaulium,  R.  {pro,  in  front  of).  The  vesti- 
bule of  any  building. 

Prochous,  Gr.  {-Kpoxoos,  i.  e.  thing  for  pour- 
ing out).  A  small  jug  for  pouring  liquid  into  a 
cask  ;  it  had  a  narrow  neck,  a  very  large  handle, 
and  a  pointed  mouth. 

Procoeton,  Gr.  and  R.  (irpo-KoiTiv).  An 
antechamber  or  room  preceding  other  rooms  or 
chambers. 

Prodd,  O.  E.  A  light  cross-bow,  used  by 
ladies,  temp.  Elizabeth. 

Prodomos,  Arch.  (irprf-So/xos).  The  fa9ade  of 
a  temple  or  building,  and  sometimes  the  porch 
of  a  church. 

Profile.  The  side  view  of  the  human  face. 
It  is  observed  by  Fairholt  that  ' '  a  face  which, 
seen  directly  in  front,  is  attractive  by  its  rounded 
outline,  blooming  colour,  and  lovely  smile,  is 
often  divested  of  its  charms  when  seen  in  profile, 
and  strikes  only  as  far  as  it  has  an  intellectual 
expression.  Only  where  great  symmetry  exists, 
connected  with  a  preponderance  of  the  intellec- 
tual over  the  sensual,  will  a  profile  appear  finer 
than  the  front  face." 

Projectura,  R.  The  beaver  of  a  helmet. 
Proletarii,  R.  The  proletariate,  or  Roman 
citizens  of  the  lowest  class  of  the  people,  so 
called  because  they  contributed  nothing  to  the 
resources  of  the  republic  except  by  their  off- 
spring {proles) ;  being,  as  they  were,  too  poor 
to  pay  taxes. 

Prom,  Hind,  An  ornamented  carpet  in 
Khmer  art. 

Prometheia.  An  Athenian  festival  in  honour 
of  Prometheus,  with  a  torch-race  {lampade- 
phorid). 

Promulsis.  The  first  course  at  a  Roman 
dinner,  arranged  to  stimulate  the  appetite  ;  eggs 
were  a  principal  ingredient,  whence  the  proverb 
ab  ovo  usqzie  ad  mala  (from  first  to  last). 

Pronaos,  R.  {Tvp6-vaos).  A  portico  situated 
in  front  of  a  temple  ;  it  was  open  on  all  sides, 
and  surrounded  only  by  columns,  which,  in 
front,  supported  not  only  the  entablature,  but 
the  pediment  {fastiginm). 

Proper,  Her.  Said  of  a  thing  exhibited  in 
its  natural,  or  proper,  colour. 

Proplasma,  Gr.  and  R.  {wp6-ir\a(rfia).  A 
rough  model  or  embodiment  of  the  sculptor's 
first  idea,  executed  by  him  in  clay. 

Propnigeum,  Gr.  and  R.  The  mouth  of  the 
furnace  of  the  Hypocausis  (q.v.). 

Propylaea,  Gr.  The  open  court  at  the  entrance 
to  a  sacred  enclosure  ;  e.  g.  an  Egyptian  temple, 
or  especially  the  Acropolis  at  Athens. 

Prora,  R.  (Trpaipa).  The  prow  or  fore-part  of 
a  ship,  whence  proreta,  a  man  who  stood  at  the 
ship's  head  ;  proreus  was  a  term  also  used.    (See 

ACROSTOI.IUM.) 

Proscenium,  R.  (Trpo-ffurifiov).  The  stage  in 
a   Greek   or   Roman   theatre ;    it  included  the 


whole  platform  comprised  between  the  orchestra 
and  the  wall  of  the  stage  ;  the  term  was  also  used 
sometimes  to  denote  the  wall  of  the  stage  itself. 

Proscenium,  Mod.  The  ornamental  frame  on 
which  the  curtain  hangs. 

Prostyles,  R.  (Trpc^-o-ri/Aoj).  A  building  or 
temple  which  has  a  porch  supported  by  a  row 
of  columns. 

Proteleia,  Gr.  (Trpo-TeXeio).  Sacrifices  which 
were  offered  to  Diana,  Juno,  the  Graces,  and 
Venus  prior  to  the  celebration  of  a  marriage. 

Prothyrum,  Gr.  (Trpd-Oupoi').  With  the  Greeks, 
the  vestibule  in  front  of  the  door  of  a  house, 
where  there  was  generally  an  altar  of  Apollo, 
or  a  statue  or  laurel-tree;  with  the  Romans, 
the  prothyrum  was  the  corridor  or  passage 
leading  from  the  street  to  the  atrium  (Fig.  563). 


Fig.  563.  Entrance  (Prothyrum)  of  a  Roman  house. 

Prototype  {izpHiTov,  first ;  tvitov,  mould).  The 
model  of  a  plastic  design ;  hence  figm-atively, 
a  type  or  forerunner. 

Protractor.  An  instrument  for  laying  down 
and  measuring  angles  upon  paper. 

Protypum,  Gr.  and  R.  (TrpJ-ruTro*').    A  model, 


first  model  or  mould  for  making  any  object  in 
clay,  sucli  as  antefi.xce. 

Prussian  Blue.  A  valuable  pigment  of  a 
greenish-blue  colour,  of  great  body,  trans- 
parency, and  permanency  ;  a  mixture  of  prus- 
siate  of  potash  and  rust,  or  oxide  of  iron.  (See 
Cyano(;en.) 

Prussian  Brown.  A  deep-brown  pigment, 
more  permanent  tlian  madder. 

Psaltery.  A  stringed  instrument  or  kind  of 
lyre  of  an  oblong  square  shape,  played  with  a 
rather  large  plectrum. 

Pschent,  Egyp.  The  head-dress  of  the 
ancient  kings  of  Egypt,  which  should  properly 
be  called  sk/ient,  since  the  /  only  represents  the 
article  t/w.  This  head-dress  is  the  emblem  of 
supreme  power,  the  symbol  of  dominion  over 
the  south  and  north.  It  is  a  diadem  composed 
of  the  united  crowns  of  the  Upper  and  Lower 
Egypts. 

Psephus,  Gr.  {■^ri(pos).  A  round  stone  used 
by  the  Athenian  voters  to  record  their  votes. 

Pseudisodomum  {opus).     (See  Opus  Pseudi- 

SODOMUM.) 


Fig.  564.  Ground  plan  of  a  Pseuilodipteral  Temple. 

Pseudodipteros,  Gr.  and  R.  {^iv^o-^'nmpos). 
A  building  or  temple  which  presents  the  ap- 
pearance of  being  surrounded  by  a  double 
colonnade,  though  it  possesses  only  a  single 
one,  which  is  separated  from  the  walls  of  the  cella, 
as  in  the  dipteral  arrangement.      (Fig.  564.) 

Pseudoperipteros,  Gr.  and  R.  (il-euSo-TrepiirTe- 
por).  A  building  or  temple  which  presents  the 
appearance  of  being  surrounded  by  a  colonnade, 
although  in  reality  it  does  not  possess  one,  the 
columns  being  embedded  in  the  walls  of  the  cella. 
(See  Peripteros,  under  which  an  example  of 
this  kind  of  temple  is  given.) 

Pseudothyrum,  Gr.  and  R.  ('\iiv^6-dvpov). 
Literally,  a  false  door,  and  thence  a  secret  door, 
or  door  hidden  by  some  means  or  other. 

Pseudourbana  (sc.  (cdi/iiia),  R.  The  dwell- 
ing-house of  the  owner  of  a  farm,  which  was 
distinct  from  the  buildings  set  apart  for  the 
farm  people  and  the  slaves,  xhcfainilia  rustica. 

Psili,  Gr.  (ildAoi).  Light-armed  troops,  who 
wore  skins  or  leather  instead  of  metal  armour,  and 
fought  generally  with  bows  and  arrows  or  slings. 


268 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Psyche,  Fr.     A  cheval-glass  or  mirror, 

Psycter,  Gr.  {\pvKTrip).  A  metal  wine-cooler, 
often  of  silver,  consisting  of  an  outer  vessel  to 
contain  ice,  and  an  inner  vessel  for  the  wine. 

Pterotus,  R.  {TmpuiT6s).  That  which  has 
wings  or  ears  ;  an  epithet  applied  to  the  drink- 
ing-cup  called  calix. 

Puggaree,  Hind.  A  piece  of  muslin  worn  as 
a  turl)an. 

Pugillares,  R.  Writing-tablets  small  enough 
to  be  held  in  the  hand  (piigillus),  whence  their 
name. 

Pugio,  R.  (Gr.  ludxaipa).  A  short  dagger, 
without  a  sheath,  worn  by  officers  of  high 
rank. 

Pulpitum,  R.  The  tribune  of  an  orator,  or  the 
chair  of  a  professor.  In  a  theatre  the  term  was 
used  to  denote  the  part  of  the  stage  next  to  the 
orchestra.    (See  Proscenium.) 

Pulviuar,  R.  {pulvinns,  a  cushion).  A 
cushion  or  bolster,  and  thence  a  state  couch  or  a 
marriage-bed. 

Pulvinarium,  R.  (i)  A  room  in  a  temple,  in 
which  was  set  out  the  pidvinar  or  couch  for  the 
gods  at  the  feast  of  the  Lectisternium.  (2) 
See  Opus  Pulvinarium. 


:^:,.iMi^SS^ms^m 


Fig.  565.  Pulvinatus. 

Pulvinatus,  R.  Having  a  contour  similar  to 
that  of  a  cushion  or  bolster,  and  thence  the 
cylinder  formed  by  the  swelling  of  the  volute  at 
the  side  of  the  Ionic  capital.      (Fig.  565.) 

Pumice-stone.  A  kind  of  lava  of  less  specific 
gravity  than  water.  The  dome  of  the  mosque 
of  St.  Sophia  at  Constantinople  is  built  of 
pumice-stone. 

Punchau.     (SeelNTi. ) 

Punctum,  R.  A  vote  or  suffrage,  because  in 
early  times  each  citizen,  instead  of  laying  down 
a  tessera  or  tablet  with  his  vote,  passed  in  front 
of  the  rogator,  or  voting  officer  who  had  the  list 
of  candidates  before  him,  and  pricked  a  hole 
{piinctuin)  in  the  tablet  against  the  name  of  the 
candidate  for  whom  the  vote  was  given. 

Punkahs.  Swinging  fans  suspended  from 
the  ceilings  of  houses  in  India,  often  richly 
embroidered  and  decorated  with  feathers,  bril- 
liant insects,  gold  and  silver,  &c. 

Puntilla,  Sp.     A  narrow  point-lace  edging. 

Pupa,  R.  A  doll  ;  a  child's  plaything.  Dolls 
of  terra-cotta  have  been  found  in  various  coun- 
tries.    In  Egypt  dolls  have  been  found,  made 


out  of  wood,  painted,  and  in  perfect  proportion, 
with  glass  beads  on  the  head  in  imitation  of 
hair.  As  a  rule,  the  ancient  dolls  are  made 
with  movable  joints. 

Puppis,  R.  The  poop  or  after-part  of  a 
vessel  as  opposed  to  the  prora  or  prow.  (See 
Prora.) 

Purbeck-stone.  A  rough  grey  sandstone 
from  Dorsetshire,  largely  used  for  building 
purposes  in  London. 

Purim  (Festivals  of),  Heb.  Jewish  festivals 
called  Festivals  of  the  Lots,  instituted  in  memory 
of  Esther,  who  had  averted  the  peril  with 
which  Haman  threatened  the  Jews  ;  they  were 
so  called  because  the  favourite  of  Ahasuerus  was 
to  have  decimated  the  Jews  by  casting  lots  to 
see  who  should  be  put  to  death. 

Purple,  Gen.  An  insignia  of  authority  per- 
taining to  certain  magistrates  who  wore  purple 
robes  or  bands  of  purple  on  their  attire.  There 
were  two  kinds  of  purple,  the  amethyst  and 
the  Tyrian  ;  the  former  was  a  deep  violet,  and 
obtained  from  a  shell-fish  {imtrcx  triiiiculiis) ; 
the  Tyrian  was  more  brilliant  and  had  a  redder 
tinge ;  it  was  obtained  from  the  murex  bran- 
dan's. 

Purple  is  red  graduated  with  blue,  the  red 
predominating  ;  red  with  black  makes  purple- 
lilack.  Purple  pigments  are  madder  purple, 
violet  mars,  burnt  carmine  (for  water-colours). 

Purple  Lakes  and  Gi-een  Lakes  are  made  by 
mixing  yelkno  lakes  with  blue  pigments.  (See 
Yellow  Lake.) 

Purple  Madder.     (See  Madder.) 
Purple-wood.       A    beautiful     deep-coloured 
Brazilian  wood,  used   for  marquetry  and  inlaid- 
work,  but  principally  for  the  ramrods  of  gims. 


Fig.  566.  Puteus.  Manhole  of  an  Aqueduct. 

Purpure,  Her.     Purple. 

Purree,  Hind.  A  bright  golden-yellow  pig- 
ment prepared  from  camel's  dung.  (See  Indian 
Yellow.) 

Pursuivants.  The  lowest  order  of  officers  in 
Herald's  College ;  of  whom  there  are  four, 
called  respectively  Rouge  Croix,  Rouge  Dragon, 
Blue  Mantle,  and  Portcullis.     In   the    Middle 


Ages  these  officers  were  attached  to  the  house- 
holds of  the  nobiUty,  and  bore  titles  generally 
taken  from  the  armorial  insignia  of  their  lords. 

Puteal,  R.  A  place  struck  by  lightning,  and 
thus  rendered  sacred ;  in  order  to  keep  it  from 
the  tread  of  profane  feet,  it  was  surrounded  by  a 
low  wall  similar  to  that  which  protected  a  well 
(^p(ftits) ;  whence  the  name  oi piiUal. 

Puteus,  R.  (i)  A  well  fed  by  a  spring  or  an 
underground  stream  of  water  ;  (2)  an  ojiening 
or  manhole  of  an  aqueduct  (Fig.  566)  ;  (3)  a  pit 
for  preserving  grain. 

Puticuli,  Puticulse,  R.  Common  pits  in 
which  the  bodies  of  those  slaves  and  paupers 
were  buried,  who  had  not  the  means  to  pay  for 
a  funeral  pyre  or  a  private  tomb. 

Puttock,  O.  E.  A  base  kind  of  hawk. 
[Shakspiarc. ) 

Pyanepsia,  Gr.  {irvaviyli/ia).  Ancient  "Bean- 
feasts." Athenian  festivals  in  honour  of  Apollo, 
instituted  by  Theseus  after  his  victory  over  the 
Minotaur;  they  were  so  called  because  beans 
were  cooked  for  the  banquet  in  honour  of  the 
god  {iTvavos,  a  bean,  and  'i^eiv,  to  cook). 

Pyat,  O.  E.     A  magpie. 

Pykers,  O.  E.     A  kind  of  fishing-boats. 

Pylon,  Egyp.  (ttvXuiv).  A  monumental  gate 
composed  of  two  lofty  and  massive  pyramidal 
towers,  forming  the  entrance  to  the  enclosure  of 
the  great  Egyptian  temples.  The  interior  of 
a  pylon  contained  staircases  and  chambers.  A 
splendid  example  in  full  preservation  is  that  of 
the  temple  at  Esneh  on  the  Nile. 

Pyra,  Gr.  and  R.  (irupa,  lit.  the  burning- 
place).  A  funeral  pile  before  it  was  set  on  fire, 
in  contradistinction  to  rogiis,  a  funeral  pile 
which  has  been  lighted.  It  was  built  in  the  form 
of  an  altar  with  four  equal  sides,  which  were 
frequently  covered  with  foliage  of  dark  leaves  ; 
and  cypress-trees  were  placed  in  front  of  the 
pile.  The  corpse  was  placed  on  the  top,  in  the 
bier  {Lxtica)  on  which  it  had  been  borne  to  the 
place.     (See  Funeral  Ceremonies.) 

Pyraeum,  Pers.  [irvpiiov).  A  place  in  which 
the  Persians  kept  the  sacred  fire  {fiiros,  fire). 
At  Bactria  there  were  seven  pyrcea,  in  honour 
of  the  seven  planets. 

Pyramid  (Egyptian,  Pi-rama,  a  mountain). 
In  the  hieroglyphics  called  Almmer,  "a  great 
tomb,"  which  it  essentially  is,  or  rather  a 
great  cairn  over  the  cave  tomb  excavated  in  the 
live  rock  immediately  under  its  apex.  This 
sepulchral  chamber  having  been  connected 
with  the  upper  world  by  a  passage  sloping 
downrwards  from  the  north,  the  graduated 
structure  was  regularly  built  over  it,  the  propor- 
tions of  the  base  to  the  sides  being  constantly 
preserved,  and  the  whole  forming  always  a 
perfect  pyramid  ;  so  that  the  building  could  be 
continued  during  the  whole  lifetime  of  its 
destined    tenant,    and    covered  and  closed   in 


immediately  upon  his  death.  It  is  on  record 
that  from  Seneferoo,  the  first  king  whose  name 
has  been  found  upon  monuments,  to  the  last  of 
the  Sixth  Dynasty,  i.  e.  during  the  whole 
]ieriod  of  the  Ancient  Empire,  every  king  of 
Egypt  built  a  pyramid.  (Consult  Vysc,  Pyramids 
o/Gezch.) 

Pyrotechny  [irvp,  fire,  and  rtx^v,  art).  The 
art  of  making  fireworks.  The  Chinese  had 
great  skill  in  this  art  long  before  its  introduction 
into  Europe,  and  are  at  this  day  unrivalled  in  it. 
The  best  English  work  on  the  subject  is  per- 
ha]is  that  by  G.  W.  Mortimer  (London,  1853). 

Pyrrhica,  Gr.  (Tri/pp/x??).  A  war-dance 
in  great  favour  with  the  early  Greeks,  and  fre- 
quently represented  in  sculptures,  in  which 
warriors  brandished  their  weapons  and  went 
through  a  mock  combat. 

Pythia,  Gr.  (t^vQm).  (i)  A  priestess  of 
Apollo  at  Delphi,  represented  seated  on  the 
ss^cYed  tripod.  (See  CORTINA.)  (2)  Games  insti- 
tuted at  Delphi  in  honour  of  Apollo,  and  of 
his  killing  the  Pytho,  the  monstrous  serpent 
born  from  the  waters  in  Deucalion's  flood. 

Pythoness.  Synonym  of  Pythia  (q.v.).  The 
term  was  also  used  to  denote  certain  sorceresses, 
such  as  the  pythoness  of  Endor. 

Pyx,  or  Pix,  Cloths.     (See  Corporals.) 


Fig.  567.     Small  Ivory  Pyx.     Ninth  Century  (?). 


Pyx.  The  word  in  its  earliest  meaning  in- 
cluded any  small  box  or  case,  and  often  in  the 
Middle  Ages  it  contained  relics.  Thus  in  the 
Durham  treasury  there  was  "  a  tooth  of  St. 
Gengulphus,  good  for  the  falling  sickness,  in  a 
small  ivory  pyx."  The  pyx  used  for  the  sacra- 
ment was  usually  ornamented  with  religious 
subjects,  other  than  the  incidents  of  the  lives  of 
saints.     (Fig.  567.) 

Pyxis,  Gr.  and  R.  (ti;|1j,  lit.  a  box-wood 
box).     A  casket,  trinket-box,  or  jewel-case. 


270 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Q. 


Many  Old  English  words  are  indifferently  spelt  ivith  qu,  ch,  and  c  ;  such  as  quire,  choir 

quoif,  coif,  S(c. 


Quadra,  R.  Generally,  any  square  or 
rectangular  object  ;  such  as  a  table,  plinth, 
or  abacus. 

Quadragesima,  Chr.  Lent  is  so  called, 
because  it  has yi'r/j'  days. 

Quadrans,  R.  (a  fourth  part).  A  small  bronze 
coin  worth  the  quarter  of  an  as,  or  about  a 
farthing. 

Quadrant.  An  instniment  for  measuring 
celestial  altitudes ;  superseded  by  the  Circle. 
(See  Sextant.)  (Consult  Lalande,  Astronomie, 
§  2311,  &c.,  3me  edition). 

Quadrantal,  R.  A  square  vessel  used  as  a 
measure,  the  solid  contents  of  which  were 
exactly  equal  to  an  amphora.  A  standard 
model  was  kept  in  the  temple  of  Jupiter 
Capitolinus. 

Quadrelle,  O.  E.  A  mace,  with  four  lateral 
projections,  ornamental  like  the  leaves  of  a 
flower.  {i^tQ  Flanche,  Cycl.  ^yCcj/ww^,  Plate  xii. 
16.) 

Quadrellus,  Med.  Lat.  A  quarrel  for  a  cross- 
bow. 

Quadriforjs,  R.  A  door  folding  into  four 
leaves. 

Quadriga,  R.  Generally  Quadrigse  (Greek 
TfTpaopia  or  TedpiiriTos).  A  chariot  in  which 
four  horses  were  yoked  abreast.  The  two 
strongest  horses  were  harnessed  under  the  yoke 
in  the  centre  ;  the  others  were  fastened  on  each 
side  by  means  of  ropes.     (See  Currus.) 

Quadrigatus,  R.  A  silver  denarius,  so  called 
from  its  having  a  quadriga  on  the  reverse. 

Quadrilateral.     Four-sided. 

Quadriliteral.     Consisting  of  four  letters. 

Quadrille,  Med.  (It.  squadriglia,  dimin.  of 
squadra — our  "squadron" — a  small  partyof  troops 
drawn  up  in  a  square).  Small  parties  of  richly- 
caparisoned  horsemen,  who  rode  at  tournaments 
and  public  festivals.  The  modern  dance  so 
called  was  introduced  in  1808. 

Quadriremis,  R.  A  galley  with  four  banks 
of  rowers. 

Quadrisomus,  Chr.  A  sarcophagus  with 
compartments  for  four  bodies.  One  discovered 
in  the  Vatican  cemetery  at  Rome  contained  the 
bodies  of  the  first  four  popes  called  Leo.     (Cf. 

BiSOMUS.) 

Quadrivalves,  Arch.     (See  QUADRIFORIS.) 
Quadrivium    (lit.    of  four  ways).     The   four 


minor  arts  of  arithmetic,  music,  geometrj-,  and 
astronomy.     (See  Trivium.) 

Quadrivium,  R.  A  place  where  fourroadsmeet. 

Quadrumane.  Having  four  prehensile  hands 
or  feet,  like  monkeys. 

Quadruplatores,  R.  Public  informers,  who 
were  rewarded  with  a  fourth  part  of  the 
criminal's  property  on  obtaining  a  conviction. 

Quaestiones  Perpetuae,  R.  Permanent  tribu- 
nals established  at  Rome  to  take  cognizance  of 
criminal  cases. 

Quaestorium,  R.  In  a  Roman  camp,  the 
q7urstor''s  tent ;  this  was  in  some  cases  near  the 
porta  decumana,  or  the  rear  of  the  camp ;  in 
others,  on  one  side  of  the  Pr.^TORIUM  (q.v.). 

Quaich,  Queish,  or  Quegh,  Scotch.  An  old- 
fashioned  drinking-cup  or  bowl,  with  two 
handles.     (English  Maser  [?].) 

Quality-binding,  Scotch.  A  kind  of  worsted 
tape  used  in  the  borders  of  carpets. 

Qualus,  R.  (Gr.  Kalathos,  q.v.).  A  wicker- 
work  basket. 

Quandary,  O.  E.  (from  Fr.  qu^cn  dirai-je  ?). 
Doubt  and  perplexity. 

Quannet.  A  tool  for  working  in  horn  and 
tortoise-shell. 

Quarnellus,  Med.,  in  fortification.  (See 
Crenel.  ) 

Quarrel  (Fr.  canran),  Arch.  A  lozenge- 
shaped  brick,  stone,  or  pane  of  glass ;  a 
glazier's  diamond. 

Quarrel,  O.  E.  An  arrow  for  the  cross-bow 
with  a  four-square  head. 

Quarter-deck,  on  a  ship  of  war.  The  deck  abaft 
the  mainmast,  appropriated  to  the  commissioned 
ofiicers.  These  were  originally  of  great  height, 
corresponding  with  the  lofty  forecastle  for 
soldiers,  and  helped  to  make  the  ships  top- 
heavy  and  unmanageable.  A  commission  on 
ship-building  in  1618  says, — 

"  They  must  bee  somewhat  snugg  built,  without 
double  galUrj-s,  and  too  lofty  upper  workes,  which 
overcharge  many  shipps,  and  make  them  coeme  faire, 
but  not  worke  well  at  sea." 

Quarter-gallery  of  a  ship.  A  balcony  round 
the  stem. 

Quarter-round,  Arch.  The  ovolo  moulding 
(q.v.). 

Quarter-tones  (Gr.  diesis),  in  Music,  were 
the  subiect  of  much  discussion  among  the  an- 


Fig.  s6S.  Royal  Arms  of 

England,  tcvip.  Edward  III., 

quartered  with  the  tleur-de-lys 

of  France. 


cient  Greeks,  but  they  were  used  on  the  lyre  for 
an  occasional  "grace-note.''  Aristoxenos  says 
"no  voice  could  sing  three  of  them  in  suc- 
cession, neither  can  the  singer  sing  less  than  the 
quarter-tone  correctly,  nor  the  hearer  judge  of 
it."     (Consult  C/iappelfs  IIIsL  of  A/iisii-.) 

Quartering,  Her. 
Marshalling  two  or 
more  coats  of  arms 
in  the  different 
quarters  of  the  same 
shield.  (Fig.  568.) 
Quartet,  Quar- 
tetto.  It.  A  piece 
of  music  for  four 
performers,  each  of 
whose  parts  is  ol>li- 
gaio,  i.  e.  essential 
to  the  music. 

Quartile.     In  As- 
tronomy,        distant 
from  each  other  90 
degrees,  or  a  quarter  of  a  circle. 

Quasillum  (dimin.  of  Qualu.s,  q.v.)  was 
a  small  basket  in  which  the  quantity  of  wool 
was  measured,  which  was  assigned  to  a  slave  to 
spin  in  a  day's  work. 

Quatrefoil.  An  ornament  in 
pointed  architecture  consisting 
of  four  foils.  The  term  is  like- 
wise applied  to  a  rosace  fonned 
of  four  divisions,  which  figures 
frequently  in  the  upper  part  of 
pointed  windows. 

Quatrefoil  or  Primrose,  Her. 
A  flower  or  figure  having  four  foils  or  conjoined 
leaves. 

Quattrocento,  It.  (lit.  four  hundred).  A 
term  applied  to  the  characteristic  style  of  the 
artists  who  practised  in  the  1 5lh  century  ;  it  was 
hard,  and  peculiar  in  colour  as  well  as  in  form 
and  pose.  It  was  the  intennediate  of  that  pro- 
gressive period  of  art,  which,  commencing  with 
Fra  Angelico,  Masaccio,  jNIantegna,  Botticelli, 
and  other  celebrated  painters,  between  a.d. 
1400  and  1500, 
reached  excellence 
in  the  i6th  century 
(the  cinque  cento) 
with  Leonardo  da 
Vinci  and  Ra- 
phael. 

Quaver.  A 
musical  note  of 
very  short  time 
r=  half  a  crotchet. 
Queen.  Crown 
of  Her  Majesty. 
(See  Fig.  570.) 
„.  r-  fu  Queen -post  (an- 

Fig.  370.  Crown  of  Her  .^  -7 

Majesty  the  Queen.  Ciently  fnck-post 


or  {side-post),  Arch.  An  upright  post  similar  in 
use  and  position  to  the  King-post,  but  rising, 
not  in  the  centre  to  the  point  of  the  gable,  but 
midway  between  the  wtW  and  the  centre. 

Queen's  Boots.  The  interesting  fact  in  English 
archa-ology  is  not  generally  known,  that  Her 
Majesty's  boots  are  provided  for  by  an  annual 
tax  of  two  shillings  (on  the  whole)  upon  the 
village  of  Ketton  in  Rutlandshire  "■pro  ocrcis 
regiiice. " 

Queen's  Ware.  A  cream-coloured  glazed 
earthenware  of  the  Wedgwood  manufacture  at 
liurslem,  1759-70. 

Queen's  Yellow.  A  colour  formed  from  the 
subsulphate  of  mercuiy. 

Queintise,  O.  E.  A  dress  curiously  cut  or 
ornamented.     (See  Cointoise.) 

Querpo  (for  Cuerpo).     Partly  undressed. 

Querpo-hood.     A  hood  worn  by  the  Puritans. 

"  No  face  of  mine  shall  by  my  friends  be  viewed 
In  Quaker's  pinner,  or  in  qiierpo-\\OQA. 

{A  rchaeologia,  vol.  xxvii.) 

Queshews,  O.  E.  Cuisses;  aiTnour  for  the 
thighs. 

Queue,  Fr.  A  support  for  a  lance.  It  was 
a  large  piece  of  iron  screwed  to  the  back  of  the 
breastplate,  curved  downward  to  hold  down 
the  end  of  the  lance. 

Queue  Fourchee,  Her.  Having  a  double 
tail,  or  two  tails. 

Quichuas.  Remarkable  specimens  of  pottery, 
from  this  Peruvian  coast  province,  doubtless  of 
remote  antiquity,  resemble  in  their  freedom 
from  conventionality  and  successful  imitation  of 
natural  forms  all  primitive  Egyptian  and  other 
sculpture.  Jacquemart  describes  the  vase  of  the 
illustration  (on  page  214)  as  the  chef-d''Q:uvre  of 
American  ceramics  ;  and,  from  the  close  resem- 
blance of  the  features  of  the  figure  represented 
to  certain  groups  of  prisoners  on  the  Egj-ptian 
bas-reliefs,  as  well  as  to  the  ethnic  type  of  the 
ancient  Japanese  kings,  makes  important  de- 
ductions with  reference  to  the  dispersion  of 
mankind,  and  the  commerce  of  the  old  and  new 
worlds  in  prehistoric  times. 

Quicksilver,  alloyed  with  tin-foil,  forms  the 
reflecting  surface  of  looking-glasses,  and  is 
largely  used  in  the  operations  of  gilding  and 
silvering  metals. 

Quilled,  Her.  A  term  used  to  blazon  the 
quills  of_/£a///(r.r;  thus  a  blue  feather  having  its 
quill  golden  is  blazoned — a.  [eathci  az.,  qui//ed  or. 
{Boutell.) 

Quilts  for  bed-coverings,  in  England,  were 
formerly  made  of  embroidered  linen  with  em- 
blems of  the  evangelists  in  the  four  corners. 
At  Durham,  in  1446,  in  the  dormitory  of  the 
priory  was  a  quilt  "cum  iiij'^''  evangelibtis  in 
corneriis."     The  Very  Rev.  Daniel  Rock  {Tex' 


272 


WORDS    USED   IN 


tile  Fabrics)  suggests  that  this  gave  rise  to  the 
old  nursery  rhyme  : — 

"  Matthew,  Mark,  Luke,  and  John, 
Bless  the  bed  that  I  he  on." 

Quinarius.  A  Roman  coin  =  half  a  denarius, 
or  five  asses. 

Quincaillerie,  Fr.  A  general  term  for  all 
kinds  of  metallurgical  work  in  copper,  brass, 
iron,  &c. 


Fig.  571.  Qiunce.     Device  of  the  Sforzas. 

Quince,  Her.  The  ^^  Porno  cotogno"  the  em- 
blem of  the  town  of  Cotignola,  adopted  by  the 
founder  of  the  Sforza  family  who  was  born 
there.  The  Emperor  Robert  of  Bavaria  added 
a  lion  in  14CI  as  a  reward  of  an  act  of  bravery, 
to  "support  the  quince  \v\\}s\  his  left  hand  and 
defend  it  with  his  right,"  adding  "  guai  a  chi  lo 
tocchi !"     (Fig.  571.) 

Quincunx,  R.  (i.  e.  five-twelfths  of  anything), 
(i)  A  Roman  bronze  coin,  equivalent  to  five- 
twelfths  of  an  as,  and  weighing  five  ounces 
{ujtcia:).  (2)  An  arrangement  of  five  objects  in 
a  square ;  one  at  each  corner,  and  one  in  the 
middle.  (3)  l\\  gardening,  said  of  trees  planted 
in  oblique  rows  of  three  and  two,  or  in  a  (jiiin- 
ciinx  (No.  2). 

Quincupedal,  R.  A  rod  five  feet  in  length, 
for  taking  measurements  in  masonry. 

Quindecagon.  A  plane  figure  having  fifteen 
sides  and  fifteen  angles. 

Quinite.  A  Spanish  textile  of  hair  with  silk 
or  other  thread. 

Quinquagesima,  Chr.  The  fiftieth  day  before 
Easter;  Shrove  Sunday.     {S.) 

Quinquatrus  (or  — ia),  R.  Festivals  of  Mi- 
nerva, celebrated  on  the  19th  of  March.  They 
lasted  five  days  ;  on  the  first  no  blood  was  shed, 
but  on  the  last  four  there  were  contests  of 
gladiators.  Another  festival  called  Qninqiiatriis 
vtinores,  also  in  honour  of  Minerva,  was  cele- 
brated on  the  ides  of  Jime. 

Quinquennalia,  R.     Games  celebrated  every 


four  years  at  Rome  ;  instituted  by  Nero,  A.D.  60. 
They  consisted  of  music,  gymnastical  contests, 
and  horse-races. 

Quinqueremis,  R.  A  galley  with  five  banks 
of  oars. 

Quinquertium,  R.  (Gr.  Pentathlon).  A  gym- 
nastic contest  of  Greek  origin,  so  called  because 
it  consisted  of  five  exercises,  viz.  leafing,  run- 
ning, 'corestling,  throtving  the  discus,  and  thrffiu- 
i)ig  the  spear.  Introduced  in  the  Olympic 
games  in  01.  18. 

Quintain,  O.  E.  A  post  set  up  to  be  tilted 
at  by  mounted  soldiers  ;  sometimes  a  man  turn- 
ing on  a  pivot ;  sometimes  a  flat  board,  on  a 
pivot,  with  a  heavy  bag  of  sand  at  the  other 
end,  which  knocked  the  tilter  on  the  back  if  he 
charged  unskilfully.  (See  Strutt,  Sports  and 
Pastimes,  p.  89,  Plates  ix.  and  x.) 

Quintana,  R.  A  causeway  fifty  feet  wide 
in  a  Roman  camp. 

Quintetto,  It.  A  piece  of  music  for  five  per- 
formers, ohligati.     (Cf.  Quartet.  ) 

Quintile.  In  Astronomy,  distant  from  each 
other  72  degrees,  or  :\.  fifth  of  a  circle. 

Quippa,  Peru  v.  (lit.  a  knot).  A  fringe  of 
knotted  and  particoloured  threads,  used  to 
record  events  in  ancient  Mexico. 

Quippos  or  Quippus,  Peruv.  A  plaited  cord 
of  strings  of  different  colours  and  lengths,  used 
as  a  substitute  for  writing  among  the  ancient 
Peruvians. 

Quire.     O.  E.  for  Choir. 

Quirinalia,  R.  A  festival  sacred  to  Romulus 
—  Quirinus — held  on  the  17th  of  February,  as  the 
anniversary  of  the  day  on  which  he  was  sup- 
posed to  have  been  carried  up  to  heaven.  The 
festival  was  also  called  Stultortim  feria.     (See 

FORNACALIA.) 

Quirk,  Arch.  An  acute  channel  by  which 
the  convex  parts  of  Greek  mouldings  (the  ogees 
and  ovolos)  are  separated  from  the  fillet  or 
soffit  that  covers  them.  In  Gothic  architecture 
quirks  are  abundantly  used  between  mouldings. 

Quishwine,  Quusson,  and  Qwissinge.  Old 
ways  of  spelling  the  word  "  cushion." 

Quivers.  The  ancient  Greeks  and  Etruscans, 
the  Normans  and  Saxons  wore  quivers  (fharetra) 
on  a  belt  slung  over  the  shoulder.  Archers  of 
the  1 2th  to  14th  century  carried  their  arrows 
stuck  in  their  belts. 

"  A  shefe  of  peacock  arwes  bryght  and  kene 
Under  /lis  belt  he  bare  ful  thriftely." 

{CJiauccr.) 

Quivers  were  probably  introduced  into  England 
in  the  15th  century. 

Quoif  or  Coif,  O.  E.  A  close-fitting  cap  worn 
by  both  sexes,  and  by  lawyers,  temp.  Elizabeth. 

Quoin  or  Coin,  (i)  Arch.  The  external 
angle  of  a  building.     (2)   O.  E.     A  wedge. 

Quoits.  A  very  ancient  game  derived  from 
the  Roman  Discus  (q.v.). 


R. 


Ra.  The  sun-god  with  hawk  head  is  a  com- 
mon object  of  Egyptian  jiottery  and  architec- 
tural ornament,  subseijuent  to  tlie  Asiatic  in- 
vasions. It  typifies  the  union  of  the  yellow 
Asiatic  and  the  native  Egyptian  races. 

Rabato,  Sp.  A  neck-band  or  ruff.  (See 
Rkuato.) 

Rabbet  (from  rchatcd).  In  Joinery  a  groove 
in  the  edge  of  a  board. 

■    Rabyte,    O.  E.    (for    Aral)yte).       An    Arab 
horse. 

Racana,  Chr.  A  blanket  of  hair-cloth  pre- 
scribed for  the  couches  of  monks,  &c.,  in 
summer. 

"  Pro   anis  nzc///«/>  propter  Kstus  utanlur." 

Rack,  O.  E.  The  last  fleeting  vestige  of  the 
highest  clouds. 

Racon,  O.  E.  The  pot-hook  by  which  vessels 
are  suspended  over  a  fire.     (See  Galows.) 

Radiant,    Rayonee.       Encircled    with    rays. 

(Fig.  395-) 

Radius,  R.  A  pomted  rod  employed  by 
certain  professors  of  astronomy  and  mathematics 
for  tracing  figures  on  the  sand.  Also  the 
spoke  of  a  wheel,  a  ray  of  light,  and  lastly,  a 
stake      used     in      constructing      intrenchments 

Radula,  R.  A  scraper,  an  iron  tool  used  for 
paring  or  scratching  off. 

Raiffaelle-ware.  A  fine  kind  of  Urbino 
majolica,  the  designs  for  which  were  probably 
furnished  by  pupils  of  the  great  master. 

Rag.  In  Masonry,  stone  that  breaks  in  jagged 
pieces. 

Bagged  Staff,  Her.     (See  Ragul^e.) 

Ragman's  or  Rageman's  Roll,  O.  E.  (i) 
In  History,  a  roll  of  the  nobles  of  Scotland, 
who  swore  fealty  to  Edward  I.  at  Berwick,  in 
1296  ;  hence  (2)  a  game  of  chance,  in  which  a 
number  of  versified  descriptions  of  character 
were  drawn  from  a  roll  by  the  members  of  a 
company;  13th  to  15th  century.  The  game 
survives  among  children  of  the  present  age 
in  the  custom  of  drawing  Twelfth-Night  cha- 
racters. 

Ragstone.     A  rough  kind  of  sandstone  found 

in  Kent. 

Ragulee,    Ra- 
J~lJ~LJ~Lf~LJ~l-n-        guly,  Her.     Ser- 
Fig.  572.  Ragulee.  rated.     A    "rag- 

ged     staff,"      or 
"staff  ragulte,"    is    a    part    of  a   stem    from 


which  the  branches  have  been  cut  off  roughly. 

The  illustration  is  the  well-known  device  of 
tlie  Earls  of  War- 
wick, originating 
with  Arthgal,  one 
of  the  Knights  of 
the  Round  Table ; 
because,  says  Le- 
land,  "  this  Arthgal 
took  a  here  in  his 
arms,  for  that,  in 
Britisch,  soundeth  a 
bere   in  Englisch." 

(Fig-  573-) 

Rahal,  Arabic. 
A  load  for  a  camel ; 
about  5  cwt. 

Rains,  or  Raynes, 
Cloths    (a.d.     1327 
—  1434,  &c.).    Fine 
linen  woven  at  Rennes  in  Brittany. 

Raj  eta,  Sp.  A  coarse  cloth  of  mixed 
colours. 

Rallum,  R.  A  piece  of  iron  on  the  end 
of  a  stick,  used  to  scrape  off  earth  from  the 
plough-share. 


Fig-  573-  Bsar  and  Ragged 
Staff. 


Fig.  574.  Assyrian  Battering-ram. 


Ram,  in  Christian  iconography,  is  a  sjTnbol 
not  fully  explained.  It  was  probably  connected 
with  the  idea  of  a  manfulyfj^///  \\iih  the  powers 
of  evil.  Two  rams  face  to  face  with  a  cross 
between  them  are  a  frequent  symbol.      (Consult 

T 


^74 


WORDS    USED   IN 


Martigny,      Diet,      dcs     Atiiitj.       Chret.     s.  v. 
Belier.) 

Ram,  O.  E.  for  rain.     {Shakspeare.') 
Ram  or  Battering-ram.     (See  Aries.)     The 
illustration    (Fig.    574)    is   from     the    Assyrian 
sculptures,  showing  the  invention  of  the  testudo 
to  be  of  great  antiquity. 

Ramadhan.  The  ninth  month  of  the  Arabian 
calendar,  and  the  Mohammedan  month  of 
fasting  ;  it  is  followed  by  the  festival  of  the 
Little  Bairain. 

Ramalia,  R.  {ramus,  a  ram).  Roman  festi- 
vals instituted  in  honour  of  Ariadne  and 
Bacchus. 

Ramillete,  Sp.  A  nosegay  ;  a  pyramid  of 
sweetmeats  and  fruits. 

Rampant,      Her.       Erect,     one    hind     paw 
on    the     ground,     the   other   three    paws    ele- 
vated ;  the  animal  look- 
ing   forward,  and  hav- 
ing his  tail  elevated. 

Rampant  gnardant, 
Her.  The  same  as 
rampant,  but  looking 
out  of  the  shield. 

Rampant  reguar- 
dant,  Her.  The  same 
as  rampant,  but  look- 
ing backv/ards. 

Ranseur,  Fr.  A  sort 
of  partisan  in  use  in 
the  time  of  Edward 
IV.,  having  a  broad 
long  blade  in  the 
centre,  and  projecting 
shorter  blades  on  each 
side. 

Rantletree,  Scotch, 
(i)  The  beam  in  the 
chimney  from  which 
the  crook  is  suspended, 
when  there  is  no  grate 
(Angl.  Galows.  See 
(2)  A  tree  chosen  with 
two  branches,  which  are  cut  short,  and  left 
in  the  shape  of  a  Y,  built  into  the  gable 
of  a  cottage  to  support  one  end  of  the  roof- 
tree. 

Rapier,  introduced  from  Spain  in  the  i6th 
century,  remained  the  favourite  weapon  of  gen- 
tlemen. It  is  a  light  sword  with  a  narrow  blade 
adapted  only  for  thrusting.  It  used  to  be  called 
a  tuck. 

Rapier-dance.  A  theatrical  dance  still  prac- 
tised in  Yorkshire,  consisting  of  evolutions  of 
the  dancers  with  naked  r.apiers  round  a  per- 
former who  kneels  in  the  centre  and  finally 
simulates  death.     (Compare  Sword-dance.) 

Raploch,    Scotch.      Coarse  undyed    woollen 
dotli. 
Rareca.     Peruvian  aqueducts ;    distinct   from 


Fig.  575.  Lion  Ramp.int. 


also  Reekixg-hook). 


the  subterranean  aqueducts  called  Huircas  or 
Piiichas  (q.v.). 

Rash.  "  A  species  of  inferior  silk,  or  silk  and 
.  stuff  manufacture. "  {Nares.) 

Raster,  Eastrum,  R.  {rado,  to  scrape).  A 
rake. 

Rat.  In  Chinese  symbolism,  the  month  of 
November.     (See  Tchy  Periods.) 

Rath,  Celtic.  An  ancient  fortress  or  castle 
of  the  Irish  chiefs,  consisting  of  a  circular  in- 
trenched enclosure,  with  buildings  in  the  centre. 

Rational,  Heb.  A  square  piece  of  richly- 
embroidered  doth  worn  by  the  Jewish  hi'di 
priest  upon  the  breast,  above  the  ephod. 

Ratis,  R.  A  raft  of  strong  beams  or  planks  ; 
and  thence  a  flat  boat,  a  bridge  of  boats, 
&c. 

Raunle-tree.  Scotch  ;  for  Raxti.e-tree 
(q.v.). 

Raven,  the  ensign  of  the  ancient  Danes,  wasthe 
bird  of  Odin.  In  Christian  art,  the  emblem  of 
Divine  Providence  (in  allusion  to  the  history  of 
Elisha);  attriljute  of  certain  saints,  especially  of 
ascetics.     (See  Crow.) 

Ray,  Chr.  The  fish  {lina  diaudaii)  which 
was  burned  by  Tobias  (vii.  2,  3),  and  the  eggs 
of  which  are  still  burnt  for  intermittent  fevers 
among  the  Greeks.     {Harris,  408. ) 

Ray,  O.  E.  (i.  e.  rayed).  Striped  cloth  much 
worn  in  the  13th  and  14th  centuries. 

Raynes,  O.  E.  (from  Rennes  in  Brittany). 
Fine  linen. 

"  Cloth  of  raynes  to  sleep  on  soft."  [C/tanccr.) 

Rayonnee,  Her.     (See  Radiant.) 

Real  (Eng.  Royal).  A  Spanish  coin.  There 
are  two  kinds  :  a  real  of  plate,  \\ox\\\  a^^d.,  and 
a  realofvelloit,  worth  zhd.      (Cf.  Rial  ) 

Realgar.  A  red  pigment,  formed  of  arsenic 
in  combination  with  sulphur.  A  fugitive  and. 
corrosive  pigment.  (See  Merimee,  De  la  Peiti- 
tiire  a  riiuile,  p.   124.) 

Realism,  Realistic,  in  Art.  (See  Ideal  and 
Real.) 

Rebated.  Turned  back,  as  the  head  of  a 
Morne  or  jousting-lance. 

Rebato,  Sp.  The  turn-down  collar  of  the 
15th  and  1 6th  centuries. 

Rebec,  Sp.  A  musical  instrument  of  three 
strings,  tuned  in  fifths,  and  played  with  a  bow 
like  a  fiddle.  It  was  originally  introduced  into 
Spain  by  the  Moors. 

Rebiting.  A  process  of  renewing  the  lines  of 
a  worn-out  plate,  by  etching  them  over  again ; 
a  difficult  and  dehcate  operation,  which  is  rarely 
performed  with  entire  success. 

Rebus,  Her.  An  allusive  charge  or  device. 
A  ton  or  tun  pierced  by  a  bird-bolt  is  in  the 
church  of  Great  St.  Bartliolomew,  of  which 
Prior  Bolton  was  the  last  prior. 


Fig.cy?-  Rebus  (Prior  Bolton). 
The  Kelt  and  Tun, 


Fig.  578.    Cross 
Kecercelie. 


"  Prior  Rnlton 
With  his  bolt  and  tun  " 

(Ben  yoiisor:.) 

Recamo,  Sp. 

Embroidery        of 
raised  work. 

Recel,  Sp.  A 
kind  of  striped 
t;i)ieslry. 

Receptorium,  R. 
{irccpto,  to  re- 
ceive). A  kind  of 
parlour,  also  call- 
ed saliitatoriuin, 
which  generally 
adjoined  the  an- 
cient basilicas. 

Recercelee, 
Her.      A    variety 
of  the  heraldic  cross. 

Recheat,  O.  E.  A  sound 
on  the  horn  to  call  dogs 
away  from  the  chase. 

Recinctus.       Equivalent 
in    meaning    to    DisciNC- 
R)'\S)/  TUS(q.V.). 

^^-^^^i'  Recorders.     A    musical 

instrument  mentioned  by 
Shakspeare.  It  resembled 
a  very  large  clarionet. 
Milton  also  speaks  of 

'  the  Dorian  mood 
Of  flutes  and  so/t  recorders." 

[Paradise  Lost,  i.  550.; 

Recta,  R.  A  straight  tunic,  made  out  of  a 
single  piece,  which  took  the  form  of  the  body  ; 
it  hung  from  the  neck,  and  fell  down  as  far  as 
the  feet. 

Rectilinear  figures  are  those  composed  en- 
tirely of  straight  or  right  lines. 

Red.  One  of  the  three  primary  colours,  pro- 
ducing with  YELLOW,  orange,  and  with  BLUE, 
violet.  The  principal  red  pigments  are  car- 
mine, vermilion,  chrome  red,  scarlet  lake,  madder 
lake,  light  7-ed,  burnt  sienna,  {oxyellnu  reds  ;  and 
Venetian  red,  Indian  red,  crimson  lake,  for  blue 
reds.  Red,  in  Christian  art,  represented  by  the 
ruby,  signified  fire,  divine  love,  the  Holy  Spirit, 
heat  or  the  creative  power,  and  royalty.  In  a  bad 
sense,  red  signified  blood,  war,  hatred,  and 
punishment.  Red  and  black  combined  were  the 
colours  of  purgatory  and  the  devil.  (See  Real- 
gar, Indigo.) 

Red  Chalk  or  Reddle  is  a  mi.vture  of  clay  and 
red  iron  OCHRE,  used  as  a  crayon  in  drawing. 
(See  Ochre.) 

Red  Lake.     (See  Carmine.) 

Red  Lead.  A  pigment  which  mixes  badly 
with  other  pigments.     (See  Minium.) 

Red  Ochre  includes  Indian  red,  scarlet  ochre, 
I)idian  ochre,  reddle,  &c. 


Red  Orpiment.     (See  Realgar.) 

Redan,  the  simplest  kind  of  work  in  field 
fortification,  generally  consists  of  a  parapet 
of  earth,  divided  on  the  plan  into  two  faces, 
which  make  with  one  another  a  salient  angle, 
or  one  whose  vertex  is  towards  the  enemy. 

Reddle.     (See  Red  Chalk.) 

Redimiculum,  R.  {redimio,  to  bind  round). 
A  long  string  or  ribbon  attached  to  any  kind  of 
head-dress. 

Redoubt  is  a  general  name  for  nearly  every 
kind  of  work  in  the  class  of  field  fortifications. 

Redshank,  Scotch.  A  Highlander  wearing 
buskins  of  red-deer  skin,  with  the  hair  out- 
wards. 

Reduction.  In  Art,  a  copy  on  a  smaller 
scale.  Tiic  work  is  done  mechanically  by  a 
process  of  subdivision  of  the  original  into  seg- 
ments or  squares. 

Reekie,  Scotch.  Smoky  ;  hence  Auld  Reekie, 
the  city  of  Ixlinburgh. 

Reeking-hook,  O.  E.  A  pot-hook  hung  in 
the  chimney,  to  suspend  vessels  over  an  open 
fire.     (See  Galows.) 

Re-entering,  in  Engraving,  is  the  sharpening 
or  deepening  with  a  graver  the  lines  insuffi- 
ciently bitten  in  by  the  acid. 

Refectory,  Mod.  (reficio,  to  refresh).  A  hall 
in  which  the  monks  of  a  monastery  assembled 
to  take  their  meals ;  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant rooms  of  the  establishment ;  it  was 
often  divided  into  two  naves  by  a  row  of  columns 
called  the  spine  (spina),  which  received  the 
spring  of  the  vaultings  forming  the  roof  of  the 
refectory. 


T  2 


Fig.  579.  Regals  or  Portable  Organ. 


276 


WORDS    USED   IN 


Reflected  Lights  thrown  by  an  illuminated 
surface  into  the  shadows  opposed  to  it,  modify 
the  Local  Colour  of  every  object  that  we 
observe  in  nature,  and  should  accordingly  be 
made  to  do  so  in  painting. 

Eeflexed,  Reflected,  Her.  Curved  and  carried 
backwards. 

Refraction  is  the  diversion  of  a  ray  of  light 
which  occurs  when  it  falls  obliquely  on  the  sur- 
face of  a  medium  differing  in  density  from  that 
through  which  it  had  previously  moved.  The 
differently-coloured  rays  have  different  degrees 
of  refrangibility.  Refraction  is  the  cause  of 
the  phenomena  of  the  mirage.  Fata  Morgana, 
&c.,  and  presents  to  us  the  light  of  the  sun 
before  his  actual  emergence  above  the  horizon. 

Regal  or  Regals,  O.  E.  (i)  A  small  por- 
table organ,  with  single  or  double  sets  of 
pipes  (the  attribute  of  St.  Cecilia,  and  of 
saints  and  angels  of  the  heavenly  choir).  The 
illustration  (Fig.  579)  of  an  angel  playing  the 
regals,  is  taken  from  an  ancient  MS.  (2)  A 
kind  of  harmonica,  with  sonorous  slabs  of 
wood. 

Regalia.  The  ensigns  of  royalty.  The  re- 
galia of  England  are  the  crown,  sceptre,  verge 
or  rod  with  the  dove,  St.  Edward's  staff,  the 
orb  or  mound,  the  sword  of  mercy  called 
Curtana,  the  two  swords  of  spiritual  and  tem- 
poral justice,  the  ring  of  alliance  with  the 
kingdom,  the  armillse  or  bracelets,  the  spurs  of 
chivalry,  and  some  royal  vestments  ;  and  are 
kept  in  the  Jewel  Office  in  the  Tower  of  Lon- 
don. The  Scottish  insignia,  a  crown,  a  sceptre, 
and  a  sword  of  state,  are  kept  in  the  Crown- 
room  at  Edinburgh.  The  illustration  shows 
the  regalia  and  state  vestments  of  the  Grand 
Duke  of  Tuscany,  in  the  i6th  century.  (Fig. 
580.) 

Regifugium,  R.  (lit.  flight  of  the  king). 
An  annual  festival  held  on  the  sixth  day  of  the 
calends  of  March  (24th  of  February),  in  comme- 
moration of  the  flight  of  Tarquin  and  the  esta- 
blishment of  the  Roman  republic. 

Regioles,  Fr.  Chr.  Small  doors  in  the  con- 
fessio  or  martyrium  of  an  altar,  containing 
relics  of  a  saint  or  martyr.  The  faithful  used 
to  introduce  handkerchiefs  by  these  doors,  that 
they  might  consecrate  them  by  contact  with  the 
relics. 

Regrating  or  Skinning,  in  Masonry,  is  the 
process  of  scraping  or  hammering  off  the  outer 
surface  of  old  stones  to  make  them  look  white 
and  new  ;  it  has  been  greatly  abused  in  the 
restoration  of  ancient  buildings. 

Reguardant,  Her.  Turning  the  head  and 
looking  back  ;  emblematic  of  circumspection 
and  prudence. 

Regula,  R.      A  straight  nile  used  by  artisans. 

Regulares,  Chr.  Horizontal  rods  of  wood  or 
metal  in  churches  for  the  suspension  of  veils  or 


curtains.     These  were  often  made   of  gold  or 
silver,  with  a  row  of  images  on  the  upper  part. 


Fig.  580.  Regalia.    Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany  in  state 
costume,  with  crown  and  sceptre,  &c. 

Regulus  (in  Greek  PaatXiaKos)  is  the  name 
given  by  ancient  astronomers  to  a  line  drawn 
from  the  polar  star,  between  the  pointers, 
&.C.,  to  the  bright  star  called  a  Leonis  or  Cor 
Leonis  (the  lion's  heart)- 

Reindeer,  Her.  A  hart  with  double  antlers, 
one  pair  erect,  the  other  drooping. 

Reisner-work.  A  corrupt  spelling  of  the 
name  of  Riesener,  a  celebrated  worker  in  mar- 
quetry in  France  in  the  1 8th  century. 

"  Riesener  used  tulip,  rosewood,  holly,  maple,  labur- 
num, purple-wood,  &c.  Wreaths  and  bunches  of  flowers, 
exquisitely  worked  and  boldly  designed,  form  centres  of 
his  marquetry  panels,  which  are  often  plain  surfaces  of 


one  wood.  On  the  sides,  in  borders  and  compartments, 
we  fwul  diaper  patterns  in  three  or  four  quiet  colours." 
(Sec  VollcH,  .Indent  and Moiicrn  Furniture, &c.) 

Belief  (It.  rilicvo).  Sculpture  i)rojccting — 
Alto-rei.ikvo,  more  than  half;  iMk/,/,o-kk- 
i.iEVO,  exactly  half;  ISasso-ukmevo,  less  than 
half.  (See  also  Rondo  Bosso,  Intaglio 
Rei.ievato,  Stacciato.) 

Reliquary,  Chr.  A  portable  shrine  or  casket 
made  to  contain  relics.  A  reliquary  made  to  be 
worn  round  the  neck  was  called  cncolpiiiin  {4v 
K6\Tr(j>,  in  the  ho^om),  phrlacteriit/n,  &c.;  one  to 
be  carried  processionally,yiv-(f/'/'«w.  (See  Fere- 
tory, Fii(.  307.) 

Remarque,  Fr.  A  slight  sketch  on  the  mar- 
gin beneath  an  etching  or  engraving,  to  denote 
the  earliest  proof  impressions. 

Removed,  Her.     Out  of  its  proper  position. 

Remuria,  R.  A  Roman  festival  in  honour 
of  Remus,  held  on  the  third  of  the  ides  of 
May  (13th  of  May)  on  the  Palatine  mount,  on 
the  spot  where  Remus  had  taken  the  auspices, 
and  where  he  was  buried. 

Renaissance  (lit.  new-birth  or  revival).  The 
term  is  popularly  applied  to  the  gradual  return 
to  classical  principles  in  Art  in  the  13th  and  14th 
centuries.  The  Italian  renaissance,  begun  by 
NiCCOLA  PiSANO  in  architecture  and  sculpture, 
and  by  GlOTTO  in  painting,  was  fostered  by  the 
Medici  family,  and  culminated  in  Leonardo, 
^lichelangelo,  and  Raphael.  Teutonic  art 
(Flemish,  German,  and  Dutch)  had  also  their 
periods  of  revival.  It  is,  however,  impossible 
to  indicate  their  representatives  without  entering 
upon  debateable  questions.  Goldsmith's  work, 
pottery,  and  other  tiseful  arts  passed  through 
parallel  periods  of  revival  concurrent,  or  nearly 
so,  with  those  in  painting. 

Rengue,  Sp.  A  kind  of  gauze  worn  on 
official  robes  in  Spain. 

Reno  and  Rheno,  R.  A  very  short  cloak, 
often  made  of  skins,  peculiar  to  the  Gauls  and 
Germans,  and  adopted  by  the  Roman  soldiery. 

Repagula,  R.  (lit.  fastening  back).  A  double 
fastening  to  a  door  ;  of  two  bolts  {pc'ssitli),  one  of 
which  was  shot  towards  the  right,  and  the  other 
to  the  left. 

Replica.  A  duplicate  of  a  picture,  done  by 
the  same  painter. 

Repose.     (See  Riposo.) 

Repositorium,  R.  \repo)io,  to  lay  down).  A 
sideboard  for  plates  and  dishes  in  a  dining-room; 
it  was  divided  into  several  stories,  and  formed 
a  kind  of  dinner-wagon  ;  and  many  examples 
were  richly  ornamented,  and  inlaid  with  varie- 
gated woods,  or  tortoise-shell  and  silver,  &c. 

Repousse,  Fr.  Metal-work  hammered  out 
from  behind  into  ornaments  in  relic'f. 

Requiem,  Chr.  The  Roman  Missa  pro  De- 
fitnctis,ox  service  for  the  dead,  beginning  with  the 
anthem  ^'■Requiem  ittcrnam  dona  as,  Doniinc." 


Rerebrace,  O.  E.  (for  the  French  arriire 
bras).     Armour  for  the  upper  part  of  the  arm. 

Rerebrake,  O.  E.  A  pommel  at  the  back  of 
a  saddle  to  support  the  horseman  under  the 
shock  of  a  tilting-bout.      (See  Mcyrick,  vol.  ii. 

P-  I37-) 

Reredos,  Chr.  (i)  The  wall  or  screen  at  the 
back  of  an  altar.  In  the  primitive  churches, 
in  which  the  bishop's  seat  was  at  the  back  of 
the  altar,  there  was  no  reredos.  Its  introtluction 
dates  from  the  period  (about  the  1 2th  century) 
when  the  episcopal  seats  and  the  choirs  were 
established  in  front  of  the  altars.  (2)  The 
Rood-screen  was  sometimes  so  called.  (3) 
The  open  hearth  was  so  called.  Hollinshed 
relates  that,  before  the  invention  of  chimneys, 
"each  man  made  his  fire  against  a  rercdosse  in 
the  hall,  where  he  dined  and  dressed  his  meat." 

Rere-supper  (Fr.  arricre  soiiper).  The  last 
meal  taken  in  the  day;   15th  century. 

Resins.  (See  Amber,  Copal,  Damara, 
Mastic,  &c. ) 

Ressaunt,  O.  E.  Arch.  An  obsolete  term 
applied  to  members  of  architecture  inflected  or 
curved  like  an  Ogee  moulding. 

Rest.  In  Music,  a  character  denoting  silence 
for  a  length  denoted  by  the  character  used  to 
express  the  rest,  i.e.  semi-breve,  minim,  eroiehet, 
quaver,  &c. 

Restoration.  In  Architecture,  a  drawing 
of  an  ancient  building  in  its  original  design. 

Retable  (Fr.),  Chr.     (See  Reredos.) 

Rete  and  Reiis,  R.     A  net. 

Retiarius.  A  gladiator  whose  only  arms 
were  a  trident  and  net ;  with  the  latter  he  tried 
to  embarrass  the  adversary  by  casting  it  over  his 
head,  and,  having  done  so,  to  wound  him  with 
the  trident ;  failing  in  their  throw,  their  only 
resource  was  to  run  round  the  arena  preparing 
the  net  for  a  second  attempt.  They  fought 
generally  with  the  Mirmillones,  and  had  no 
helmet  nor  other  protective  armour  excepting 
for  the  left  arm.     (See  Gladiators.) 

Reticella  (Lat.  reliciilns,  a  little  net).  This 
was  the  first  known  needle-made  lace,  produced 
in  all  lace-making  countries  under  different 
names.  (See  Greek  Lace.  )  It  was  made  in 
several  ways  :  the  first  consisted  in  arranging  a 
network  of  threads  on  a  small  frame,  crossing 
and  interlacing  them  in  various  complicated 
patterns.  Beneath  this  network  was  gummed  a 
piece  of  fine  cloth,  open  like  canvas,  called  quin- 
tain (from  the  town  in  Brittany  where  it  was 
made).  Then  with  a  needle  the  network  was 
sewn  to  the  quintain  by  edging  round  those 
parts  of  the  pattern  which  were  to  remain  thick, 
then  cutting  away  the  superfluous  cloth  : 
hence  the  name  of  cutwork  in  England.  A 
more  simple  mode  was  to  make  the  pattern  de- 
tached without  any  linen  ;  the  threads  radiating 
at  equal    distances    from    one    common    centre 


278 


WORDS   USED  IN 


served  as  a  frame-work  to  others,   which  were 
united  to  them  in  geometric  forms  worked  over 


w^^(^<!^^%»X#IC.#l#I^I#IC4l#I< 


^»^i#i#r#%»^^^tLc>i4i«»i#i< 


I.  Venetian  Reticella  Lace. 


with    hutton-hole  stitch   (or  poi7it  notti).     The 
engraving  shows   a  fine  specimen   of    reticella 


from  Venice,  1493.  (See  also  Milan  Reti- 
cella.) 

Reticulated.  Latticed  like  the  meshes  of  a 
net  {rcte). 

Reticulated  Glass.     (See  Glass.) 

Reticulated  Porcelain  is  an  Oriental  product, 
of  which  the  outer  side  is  entirely  cut  out  in  geo- 
metric patterns,  honeycomb,  circles  intercrossed 
and  superposed  to  a  second  vase  of  similar,  or  of 
simply  cylindrical  form.  Fig.  582  is  a  specimen 
of  this  style. 

Reticulated  Work,  Arch.  (Lat.  reticulata 
stnictiira,  literally,  made  like  a  net).  Masonry 
constructed  with  diamond-shaped  stones,  or 
Quarrels,  shown  in  Figs.  493  and  583.     The 


HOACIIOWL^. 


Fig.  582.  Reticulated  Vase.     Japanese. 


Fig-  5^3-  Reticulatum  opus. 

latter  shows  one  of  the  mouths  of  the  cloaca 
opening  on  the  Tiber.  Reticulata  fenestra  was  a 
window  grated  over  with  bars  of  wood  or  metal 
crossing  in  the  form  of  network. 

Reticulum,  R.     Diminutive  oi  rete,  a  net. 

Retinaculum,  R.  {retineo,  to  hold  back).  A 
rope  used  to  moor  a  vessel  to  the  shore. 

Retorted,  Her.     Intertwined. 

Retro-choir,  Chr.  Arch.  Chapels  behind  or 
about  the  choir. 

Reverse.  The  back  of  a  medal.  In  very 
ancient  coins  this  had  no  mark  except  that  of 
the  instrument  by  which  it  was  fixed  to  receive 
the  stamp  oi '(\\&  obverse.  By  degrees  this  grew 
into  a  figure  of  a  dolphin  or  some  other 
animal.  Some  ancient  Greek  reverses  are 
i)itaglios  of  the  stamp  in  relief  of  the  obverse. 
Complete  reverses  appear  on  Greek  coins 
al)out  500  B.C.,  and  are  of  exquisite  execution. 
(Cf.  Obverse.  ) 

Revinctum  (opus),  R.  {rrc'incio,  to  bind  fast). 
Dove-tailed  masonry.     (See  Fig.  269.) 

Rhabdion  (lit.  a  small  rod).  An  instrument 
used  in  encaustic  painting,  with  which  the  wax 


Fig.  5S4.  Rhyton.     Greek  Drinking-cup. 

tints  were  blended.  It  was  probably  flat  at  one 
end,  and  kept  heated  in  a  small  furnace  close  at 
hand.     (See  Eastlake,  Materials^  &c. .  i.  154.) 

Bheda,  R.  A  roomy  four-wheeled  carriage, 
of  Gallic  origin,  with  several  seats.  The  driver 
was  called  Rhedarius. 

Bheno,  Gr.  \l>7]v,  a  sheep).  A  sheepskin 
cloak,  covering  the  shoulders  and  as  far  as  to  the 
waist,  worn  by  the  ancient.  Germans  as  a  pro- 
tection against  rain. 

Rhingrave.  The  petticoat  breeches  worn  in 
the  reign  of  Charles  II.   {Planche.') 

Bhomboid.  "An  equilateral  oblique  parallelo- 
gram. " 

Ehomphaea,  Komphaea,  Eumpia,  R.  A 
sword  with  a  long  blade,  used  by  the  Thracians. 

Ehyton,  Gr.  and  R.  (^yrbi/,  lit.  flowing).  A 
drinking-vessel  of  earthenware  in  the  form  of  a 
horn  or  trumpet  ;  in  many  instances  with  a  handle. 

Eial  or  Eoyal  ( Sp.  real).  A  Spanish  coin  intro- 
duced into  England  in  i6th  cent.     (See  Real.) 


Fig.  5S5.  Rial.    Queen  Elizabeth- 


Eiband  or  Eibbon  (Welsh  rliihin  ; 
Irish  n/i/i/'/i,  6ic.).  A  long  narrow 
web  of  silk  worn  for  ornament  or 
use  ;  especially  for  a  l>aif^e  of  devo- 
tion in  love  or  war. 

"See  in  the  lists  they  wait  the  trumpet's 
sound  : 
Some    love-device   is  wrought   on  every 

sword, 
And    every   ribbon    bears    some   mystic 
word." 

{Granvi/^e.) 

The  Ribbons  of  the  various  orders 
of  Knighthood  are: — of  the  Gar- 
ter, a  broad  dark  blue  ribbon 
passing  over  the  left  shoulder ;  of 
the  Thistle,  a  broad  dark  green 
ribbon ;  of  St.  Patrick,  a  light 
blue ;  of  the  Bath,  red ;  of  the 
Star  of  India,  pale  blue  with 
white  borders. 

Eibbon,  Eiband,  Her.  A  diminu- 
tive of  a  Bend. 

Eibibe.     A  kind  of  fiddle;  15th 
centuiy. 
Bibs,    Arch.     Projecting  bands   on   ceilings, 
&c. 

Eica,  R.  A  square  piece  of  cloth  with  a 
fringe,  worn  by  priests  and  women  on  the  head, 
and  especially  by  the  former  when  they  were 
offering  a  sacrifice  ;  ricula  was  a  smaller  veil 
worn    in     the     same     fashion.       (Cf.    Flam- 

MEUM.) 

Bice-paper.  A  delicate  vegetable  film  brought 
from  China,  and  used  as  a  substitute  for  draw- 
ing-paper in  the  representation  of  richly- 
coloured  insects  or  flowers,  &c. 

Bidels.  French  word  for  bed-curtains  ;  15th 
centurv. 

Eimenato.  It.     (See  Critsca.) 
Eing   Mail.     Flexible  armour  of  iron   rings 
interwoven  ;    introduced  from  the  East  by  the 
Crusaders. 

Eings.  The  symbolic  use  of  signet-rings  is 
mentioned  in  many  passages  of  the  Holy  Scrip- 
tures, especially  as  a  transfer  of  authority  ;  as 
Pharaoh  to  Joseph  (Gen.  xli.  42), 
Ahasuerus  to  Haman,  &c.  A  large 
collection  of  Egyptian  signet-rings 
is  in  the  British  Museum,  many 
being  much  too  large  to  be  worn  on 
the  hand.  EGYPTIAN  rings  were  of 
ivory,  porcelain,  or  stone,  but  gene- 
rally of  gold.  The  Etruscans 
and  Sabines  wore  rings  at  the 
foundation  of  Rome,  753  B.C.,  those 
of  the  former  being  remarkable  foi 
beauty  and  intrinsic  value.  The 
Laced/EMONIANS  wore  iron  rings. 
The  Romans  also  under  the  Re- 
public were  proud  of  wearing  an 
iron    ring ;    under  the    Empire   the 


2  So 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Fig.  586.  Ring  of  chiselled  iron. 
French.     i6th  century. 


Fig.  587.     Venetian  Ring, 
century. 


i6th 


privilege  of  wearing  a  ring  raised  the  wearer  to 
the  equestrian  order.  Greek  and  Roman  rings 
were,  generally  speaking,  massive  and  simple,  and 
of  obvious  value 
in  metal  and 
stone,  until  in 
the  degenerate 
times  of  the 
Empire  luxury 
spread,  and  the 
lower  classes  be- 
gan to  disfigure 
themselves  with 
cheap  jewellery. 
Solid  rings  were 
carved  out  of 
rock  -  crystal  in 
Christian  times  ; 
and  others  were 
made  of  stone, 
chiefly  of  cal- 
cedony.  Rings 
of  amber,  glass, 
earthenware,  and 
other  materials 
were  exhumed  at 
Pompeii.  The 
Britons  and  Saxons  had  beautiful  jewel- 
lery. The  former  wore  the  ring  on  the  middle 
finger;  the  Anglo-Saxons  on  the  third  finger  of 
the  right  hand,  which  was  thence  poetically 
called  the  "  golden  finger. "  A  beautiful  speci- 
men of  enamelled  art  is  the  gold  ring  of  Ethel- 
wulf,  king  of  Wessex  (the  father  of  Alfred  the 
Great),  now  in  the  medal  room  of  the  British 
Museum.  Among  the  niello  rings  of  the 
Saxon  period  is  one  in  the  British  Museum  in- 
scribed "  Ahlreds  owns  me,  Eanred  engraved 
me."  Plain  wire  rings,  or  plain  bands  of  metal 
merely  twisted  round  the  finger,  are  common 
objects  in  Saxon  tombs  ;  but  the  most  beautiful 
specimens  of  this,  as  of  other  branches  of  the 
goldsmith's  art  in  antiquity,  are  from.  IRELAND. 
In  Scandinavia  the  earliest  forms  are  spiral, 
and  of  simple  workmanship.  Rings  were  a  part 
of  the  official  jewellery  of  kings,  bishops,  and 
cardinals  ;  and  the  fishermaiC s  ring,  with  a  re- 
presentation of  St.  Peter  in  a  boat  fishing,  was 
the  papal  ring  of  investiture.  A  copious  litera- 
ture on  this  special  subject  deals  with  the  super- 
stitions, ceremonies,  customs,  and  anecdotes 
connected  with  finger-rings,  as  well  as  with  their 
exemplification  of  the  history  of  the  development 
or  decadence  of  art.  A  collector  divides  his 
rings  into  Aiitiipic,  J\lcdi(€val,  and  Modern ;  the 
former  period  ending  A.D.  8co,  and  classified  by 
nationalities.  The  later  collections  are  classi- 
fied as  Official:  ecclesiastical,  civil,  and  military; 
or  Personal,  viz.  signet-rings,  love  and  marriage, 
mourning,  &c.;  historical,  religious  (i.  e.  devo- 
tional,   &c.),   magic,  and    simply    ornamental. 


(The  substance  of  the  above  is  drawn  from 
Fi7iger-ring  Lore,  &c.,  by  W.  Jones,  Chatlo, 
1S77  ;  arid  Antique  Gems,  by  the  Rev.  C.  IV. 
A'in^.  For  the  significance  of  rings  in  con- 
nexion with  the  history  of  Christianity,  see  Smith 
and  Chcetham,  Diet,  of  Christ.  Ant.  s.  v.) 

Kinman's  Green.     (See  Cobalt.) 

Rip-rap,  Arch.  A  builder's  term  for  a  foun- 
dation of  loose  stones. 

Riposo,  It.  The  rest  of  the  Holy  Family 
during  the  Flight  into  Egypt  is  often  shortly 
designated  the  Riposo ;  it  is  treated  by  difierent 
masters  in  a  great  variety  of  styles. 

Riscus,  R.  (yio-Kos).  A  wardrobe  or  chest 
for  clothes. 

Rising,  Ronsaant.  Her.  Said  of  birds  about 
to  take  wing. 

Rivers,  Chr.  The  four  rivers  of  Paradise  are 
variously  represented  in  primitive  Christian 
art  ;  e.  g.  the  I/AMB  standing  on  a  mountain, 
from  which  they  flow  ;  or  they  are  personified, 
and  symbolize  the  four  Evangelists  :  the  Gihon 
is  St.  Matthew ;  Pison,  St.  John  ;  Tigris, 
St.  Mark  ;  and  Euphrates,  St.  Luke.  The  fol- 
lowing lines  in  one  instance  accompany  such  a 
representation  on  an  engraved  copper  plate  : — 
"  Fons  paradisiacus  per  flumina  quatuor  exit  ; 
Hec  quadriga  levis  te  Xpe  per  omnia  vexit." 
In  CLASSIC  art  generally,  rivers  are  personified 
as  half-prostrate  figures  reclining  upon  an  urn, 
and  marked  by  certain  attributes  ;  e.  g.  of  the 
Nile,  a  hippopotamus ;  of  the  Tiber,  a  wolf 
suckling  Romulus  and  Remus  ;  other  rivers  by 
the  flora  or  by  certain  cities  of  their  banks,  &c. 
(Consult  Didron,  Iconographie  Chrit.;  Mar- 
iigny,  &c.) 

Roan.  (1)  A  kind  of  leather  much  used  for 
bookbinding  ;  it   is    of  sheepskins  tanned   with 


■-.-■^J— T-^ 

1 

r 

rm 

■'J       j      .  1 

1 

J 

lIM  .  C  0  C  C  E  1  V  i 

-  0  s 

E  X 

c 

:■! 

'■      Jl            J            1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Jl  ii 

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1 

1 

Fig.  5S3.     Robur.     Prison  at  Rome. 


sumach.      (2)  Said    ot    a    hay   or    sorel  horse 
marked  with  t;rey. 

Robigalia,  R.  Roman  festivals  held  every 
year  011  tlie  sixth  of  the  calends  of  May  (25th 
of  April),  in  honour  of  tiie  t;;oil  Robigus,  to  pre- 
serve the  wheat  from  mildew. 

Roborarium  [ro/'itr,  strength).  An  enclosure 
within  a  wooden  palisade. 

Bobur,  R.  The  subterranean  dungeon  of  a 
prison  {cara'r),  in  which  criminals  were  executed. 
In  Fig.  588  the  character  of  the  rolnir  is  clearly 
seen  ;  it  is  that  of  the  prison  of  Ancus  Martins 
and  Servius  Tullius  at  Rome,  of  which  some 
ruins  still  remain. 

Rochet,  Chr.  (Lat.  rochctum ;  Anglo-Saxon 
roc,  a  loose  upper  garment).  A  short  surplice 
without  sleeves,  open  at  the  sides  ;  imitated 
from  a  linen  outer  garment  of  the  same  name, 
much  worn  by  women  in  the  14th  century. 
Chaucer  says, — 

"There  is  no  clothe  syttoth  bette 
On  daraoselle  than  doth  rokette." 

Rock-crystal.  A  material  much  used  for 
carving  in  China.  Fortune  says,  "  Fine  speci- 
mens of  rock-crystal,  carved  into  figures,  cups, 
and  vases,  are  met  with  in  the  curiosity  shops  of 
Foo-chow-foo.  Some  of  these  specimens  are 
white,  others  golden  yellow,  and  others  again 
blue  and  black.  One  kind  looks  as  if  human 
hair  was  thrown  in  and  crystallized.  Jmitatioiis 
of  this  stone  are  common  in  Canton,  made  into 
snuff-bottles,  such  as  are  commonly  used  by  the 
Chinese."  The  Greek  name  (KfivaraWos,  ice) 
refers  to  the  belief  that  it  was  frozen  water  ; 
the  Indians  believe  it  to  be  the  husk  of  which 
the  diamond  is  the  kernel,  and  call  it  the  unripe 
diamond ;  in  Japan  it  is  cut  into  round  balls 
used  for  cooling  the  hands;  in  China  also  it  is 
extensively  carved  ;  in  the  Middle  Ages  it  was 
highly  valued  throughout  Europe  as  a  detector 
of  poison.  Still  more  recently  crystal  balls  have 
been  supposed  to  have  magical  influence,  and 
used  for  divination  and  conjuring. 

Rockets,  O.  E.  Slabs  of  wood  used  on 
lances,  during  exercise,  for  the  same  purpose  as 
the  buttons  of  foils. 

Rococo,  It.  The  style  of  decoration  into 
which  that  of  the  Louis  Quinze  period  culmi- 
nated, distinguished  for  a  superfluity  of  confused 
and  discordant  detail.     (See  Louis  XV.) 

Rod.  In  measurement,  16^  feet  linear,  or 
272J  square  feet. 

Rodomel,  O.  E.  The  juice  of  roses,  mixed 
with  honey. 

Rogus,  R.  A  funeral  pile  when  in  process 
of  burning,  in  contradistinction  to  Pyka  (q.v.). 

Rokelay,  O.  E.     A  short  cloak. 

Roll-moulding  (Arch.),  profusely  used  in  the 
Early  English  and  Decorated  styles,  is  a  round 
moulding,  divided  longitudinally  along  the 
middle,  the  upper  half  of  which  projects  over 


the  lower.  Roll  and  fillet  moulding  is  a  roll- 
moulding  with  a  square  fillet  on  the  face  of 
it. 

Rolls  of  Arms.  Heraldic  records  of  ancient 
armorial  insignia,  preserved  on  strips  of  parch- 
ment. The  earliest  known  are  of  the  13th  cen- 
tury.  (Consult  i>*w/ /<•//. ) 

Romal,  Hind.  A  silk  fabric,  of  which  cotton 
imitations  are  made  in  England. 


Fig.  589.  Temple  of  Vesta  at  Tivoli,  with 
Roman-Corinthian  columns. 

Roman  Architecture  is  a  combination  of  the 
Etruscan  and  the  GVvt'/C',  principally  distinguished 
from  the  latter  by  the  circular  arch,  and  the 
monopteral  or  circular  temple  unknown  to  the 
Greeks,  but  a  favourite  form  with  the  tomb- 
building  ancestors  of  the  Etruscans.  ^\).q  orders 
of  Roman  architecture  were  the  Doric  and 
Ionic,  detrimentally  modified  ;  the  Corinthian, 
which  they  greatly  enriched  ;  and  the  Com- 
posite, of  which  the  upper  part  of  the  capital 
was  Ionic,  and  the  remainder  Corinthian.  The 
distinguishing  feature  of  the  Roman  architecture 
is,  however,  less  in  the  modifications  of  the  orders, 
than  in  their  application  in  composite  arcades,  or 
plain  arches  of  Etruscan  design,  faced  by  and 
supporting  a  purely  ornamental  arrangement  of 
a  long  horizontal  entablature  on  two  columns. 
(Consult  Ferpissoti,  Hist,  of  Arch.,  vol.  i.) 


282 


WORDS    USED   IN 


Roman-Doric  Order  of  Architecture.  A  de- 
teriorated imitation  of  the  Grecian-Doric, 
adopted,  with  considerable  modifications,  by 
modern  ItaUan  architects. 

Roman  Ochre  or  Italian  Earth.  A  pigment 
of  a  rich  orange-yellow,  used  both  raw, and 
burnt  in  oil  and  water-colours.      (See  Ochre.) 

Roman  Sepia  is  sepia  (q.v.)  mixed  with 
red. 

Romanesque.  A  degenerated  and  hybrid 
style  of  architecture  and  ornament,  transitional 
from  the  classical  Roman  to  the  introduction  of 
the  Gothic.  In  the  architecture  there  is  an 
incongruous  combination  of  the  horizontal  and 
arched  methods  of  construction ;  and  in  the 
ornament  a  similar  dissonance  of  natural  and 
conventional  or  fanciful  objects.  Fairholt  calls 
it  the  classic  rococo.  Fergiisson  {Hist,  of  Arch., 
vol.  i.  p.  352)  defines  the  Romanesque  as  "that 
modification  of  the  classical  Roman  form,  which 
was  introduced  between  the  reigns  of  Constan- 
tine  and  Justinian,  and  was  avowedly  an  attempt 
to  adapt  classical  forms  to  Christian  purposes." 
He  says,  "If  Romanesque  is  to  be  applied  to 
our  Norman  architecture,  the  Parthenon  ought 
to  be  called  Egyptianesque,  and  the  Temple  at 
Ephesus  Assyriancsqiie."  There  seems  to  be 
no  universally-received  definition  of  this  term. 

Rondache,  Fr.  A  round 
shield  for  foot -soldiers.  It 
had  a  slit  near  the  top  to 
look  through,  and  another  at 
the  side  for  the  sword. 

Ronde  Bosse  (It.  rondo 
hosso).  Sculpture  in  relief 
with  a  complete  rounded  out- 
line, detached  from  the 
ground. 

Rood,  Chr.  (i)  A  cross 
or  crucifix.  (2)  A  space  of 
1 2 10  square  yards ;  the 
fourth  of  an  acre.  (3)  In 
building,  36  square  yards  of 
work.  (4)  As  a  linear  mea- 
sure variable,  from  21  feet 
to  36  yards. 

Rood-beam,  Chr.  The 
beam  across  the  church  by 
which  the  rood  was  sup- 
ported when  there  was  no 
rood-loft. 

Rood-cloth,  Chr.  The 
veil  by  which  the  large 
cnicifix  or  rood  was  hidden 
during  Lent. 

Rood  -  loft,  Rood  -  screen, 
Chr.  A  gallery,  generally 
placed  over  the  chancel 
screen  in  parish  churches,  in 
which  the  cross  or  rood  was 
set  to  view. 


Rood-tower,  Rood-steeple,    Chr.      Arch.     A  • 
tower   or  steeple    of  a  cruciform   church,  built 
above  the  intersection,  i.  e.  immediately  over  the 
rood. 

Roquelaure.  "  A  short  abridgment  or  com- 
pendium of  a  cloak,  which  is  dedicated  to  the 
Duke  of  Roquelaure." 

Rorarii,  R.  {i-os,  the  dew).  A  body  of  light 
skirmishers  in  the  Roman  army,  who  were 
ranged  in  the  second  rank  of  the  triarii,  with  the 
accensi  behind  them  in  the  third  line.  They  took 
their  name  from  the  light  missiles  which  they 
scattered  upon  the  enemy,  which  were  like  the 
drops  of  rain  before  a  thunder  shower.  It  was 
their  business  to  begin  the  attack,  and  retire 
behind  the  triarii  when  pressed.  Their  skir- 
mishing was  a  prelude  to  the  charge  of  the 
heavy-armed  spears  (Jiastati). 

Rosary,  Chr.  A  string  or  chaplet  of  beads 
for  numbering  prayers,  an  Oriental  and  ante- 
Christian  custom  of  great  antiquity.  They  are 
called  tasbih  by  the  Indian  Mohammedans ; 
in  Sanscrit  ya/a^a/rt,  "the  muttering  chaplet," 
&c. 

Rose,  Her.  Represented  in  blazon  without 
leaves.  The  rose  of  England  is  generally  drawn 
like  the  natural  flower,  or  with  natural  stem, 
branches,    leaves,  and  buds,   but  with  heraldic 


Fig.  591.  Rose-window  in  the  Church  of 
St.  Croix,  Orleans. 


rose-flowers.     (See   Fig.  395.)     In  Classic  art, 
a  rose  upon   a  tomb  is  an  emblem  of  a  short 


life. 

The     an- 

cicnt 

Romans 

\\crc 

passion- 

ately 

fond      of 

roses, 

and    cul- 

tivaled  them  as- 
siduously in  their 
Fig.  590.  Heraldic  K.s-s.  gardens,  and  in-- 

troduced  them 
plentifully  in  their  feasts  and  symposia.  In 
meiiiicval  England  roses  were  the  favourite  pre- 
sents on  birthdays  ;  and  Whitsuntide  was  called, 
from  the  plenty  of  them,  Rose  Easter.  Sticking 
a  rose  in  the  ear  was  the  boast  of  an  accepted 
lover. 

"That  in  mine  ear  I  durst  not  stick  a  rose. 
Lest  men  should  say.  Look  where  three  farthings  goes." 

(Shakspcare.) 

The  allusion  refers  to  a  thin  silver  coin  of  the 
reign  of  Elizabeth,  called  the  three- farthing 
rose.   [Plant hi) 

Rose-engine  Pattern  (Fr.  gmllochis).  (i) 
An  architectural  moulding,  also  called  Greek 
fret,  meanders,  and  quirked  torus.  (2)  In  gold- 
smiths' work  it  is  an  ornament  of  network  made 
by  means  of  a  machine  called  a  rose-engine. 
l^Bosc.) 

Eose  Lake,  Kose  Madder.  A  rich  tint  pre- 
pared from  lac  and  madder.     (See  Madder.) 

Rose  Pink.  A  coarse  kind  of  lake ;  a 
delicate  and  fugitive  colour.     (See  PiNKS.) 

Rose-quartz.  A  massive  quartz  of  a  rose-red 
colour,  common  in  Ceylon.  , 

Rose-window  (sometimes  called  a  Catherine 
wheel).  Arch.  A  large  circular  window  divided 
into  compartments  by  curved  mullions.  The 
most  beautiful  examples  are  met  with  in  churches 
of  the  Florid  Gothic  period.      (Fig.  591.) 

Rose-wood,  Rhodes-wood,  largely  used  in 
furniture  as  a  favourite  veneer,  is  a  name  applied 
to  a  large  variety  of  trees,  mostly  imported  from 
Brazil. 

Rosemary,  in  Old  England,  was  closely  con- 
nected with  wedding-feasts  and  with  funerals. 

"  There's  rosemary'  :  that's  for  remembrance  ;  pray  you. 
love,  remember :  and  there  is  pansies  ;  that's  for  thoughts." 

(Hamlet.) 

"  There's  Rosemarie  ;  the  Arabians  justifie. 
It  comfortelh  the  braine  and  memorie." 

(A  Dialogue  bctivecn  Naticre  and  the  Phoenix, 
by  R.  Chester,  i6oi.) 

Rosetta-wood.  A  beautifully-veined  East  In- 
dian wood,  of  a  bright-red  orange  colour. 

Rosettes.     (See  Ribands.) 

Rosins.     (See  Resins.) 

Rosso  Antioo,  It.  Ancient  marble  of  a  deep 
red  tint,  jirobably  deepened  in  colour  by  an- 
tiquity, like  the  Nero  Antico  (q.v.).    It  is  the 


material  of  many  ancient  Egyptian  and  early 
Greek  sculptures,  unequalled  in  tone  by  the 
products  of  any  modern  quarries.  It  contains 
white  spots  and  veins. 

Rostrum,  R.  (Gr.  Ei/iholos).  The  prow  of  a 
ship.  .'Vhe  plural  rostra  was  used  to  denote  a 
tribune  in  the  Roman  forum,  from  which  orators 
addressed  the  people  ;  it  was  so  called  because 
it  was  decorated  with  the  figure-heads  of  the 
sjiips  taken  from  the  Volscians  in  the  Latin 
War. 

Rota,  R.  (i)  A  wheel  composed  of  a  nave 
(modi lis),  spokes  {radii),  felloes  (a/w/r/fj), and  iron 
tires  [orbcs  or  caiilhi ferrarii).  (2)  It  was  also 
an  instrument  of  punishment.  Rota  aijtcaria 
was  a  hydraulic  wheel ;  rota  fignlaris,  a  potter's 
wheel. 

Rotta  (Germ,  rottc ;  Eng.  rote),  a  stringed 
instrument  of  the  early  Middle  Ages,  sounded 
either  as  a  harp  or  a  fiddle. 

Rotunda.       A    dome-shaped    or    moiwpteral 

(q.v.) structure.      The  largest  rotunda  ever  made 

was  that  of  the  Vienna  Exhibition  in  1873. 

Rouelle,      Fr.      (lit.     a     small    wheel).      A 

French     term      which    has 

been  applied  by  antiquaries 

to  numerous  objects  more  or 

less    resembling     a     wheel, 

such  as  brooches  and  coins. 

The  Gallic   coin   (Fig.  592) 

is   from  the  bas-reliefs  on  a 

Roman  arch  at  Orange. 

Rouennais  Faience.  This 
style,  of  strongly  Oriental 
character,  and  mostly  ap- 
plied to  the  decoration  of  what  are  called 
"lambrequins  "  (or  mantlings)  and  "  dentelles  " 


Fig.  592.  Gallic 
coin. 


Fig.  503.  Rouen  Plate.     Decorated  a  la  Come. 


284 


WORDS  USED  IN 


(lace),  has  been  the  object  of  universal  imitation 
in  France  and  other  countries.     Figs.  593  and 


Fig.  594.  Slipper  in  Rouen  Faience. 

594    are   representative   specimens   remarkable 
for  great  originality. 

Eouge  Croix,  Rouge  Dragon.  Two  of  the 
four  Pursuivants  (heralds  of  the  lowest  type)  of 
Herald's  College. 

Rouge  Royal,  Arch.  A  kind  of  red  marble. 
Round  Towers.  There  are  upwards  of  a  hun- 
dred in  Ireland,  of  which  about  twenty  are  per- 
fect. Generally  the  tower  is  a  hollow  circular 
column  from  50  to  150  feet  high,  capped  by  a 
short  pointed  roof  of  stone.  The  base,  fre- 
quently of  Cyclopean  masonry,  measures  from 
40  to  60  feet  in  circumference,  and  the  form  of 
tlie  whole  tower  is  tapering  towards  the  summit. 
The  single  entrance  door  is  always  from  8  to  1 5 
feet  above  the  ground  ;  the  windows,  scattered, 
light  the  internal  stories  or  rooms.  Innumerable 
and  wild  conjectures  of  the  origin  and  purpose 
of  these  towers  have  been  made.  The  most 
sober  appears  to  be  that  they  were  the  earliest 
form  of  buildings  of  a  monastic  order,  adapted 
to  the  exigencies  of  a  Christian  settlement  in  the 
midst  of  pagans  and  pirates.  (See  Fetrie,  The 
Round  Towers  of  Ireland.) 

Roundels.  ( i )  Wooden  platters  decorated  with 
painting  and  gilding  ;  i6th  century.  (2)  Small 
round  shields  borne  by  soldiers  in  the  14th  and 
15th  centuries.  (3)  Arch.  The  bead  or  astragal 
moulding. 

Eoundle,  Her.    A  circular  figure  in 
Heraldry,  of  which    there   are  many 
kinds  :      as    the    Bezant,    Plate, 
TORTEAU,   &c.     (q.v.).      In    modern 
Heraldry  a    roundle  gules    is    callctl 
ToRTEAU;  azure,  Hurt;  sable.  Pellet 
or  Ogress  ;  vert,  Pomme  ;  purpure, 
(See  also  Fountain,  Annulet.) 
Roussant,  Her.     About  to  fly. 
Rowan-tree,   Scotch.     The  mountain  ash. 
Rowel.     The  wheel  of  a  spur. 
Rowel  Lights,  Chr.     Lights  in  a  church,  let 
up  and  down   by  a  pulley,  especially  a  star-like 
light  made  to  move  at  the   Epiphany,  when  the 


Fig  595- 
Bezant. 


Golpe. 


coming  of  the  wise  men  was  acted  as  a  religious 
play.  Any  small  hoop  or  ring  movable  on  the 
place  that  holds  it  is  a  "  roT.uel." 

Rowell  orRicel,  O.  E.  A  vessel  mentioned, 
but  not  described,  in  Church  records  (of  IVal- 
berswick,  Suffolk),  to  be  used  twice  in  the  year  ; 
"  whereby,  and  the  great  quantity  of  Wax  and 
Frankincense,  a  ceremonial  Imitation  of  the 
Birth  and  Burial  of  our  Saviour  seems  to  have 
been  celebrated."  {Gardner,  T,  Historical 
Account.) 

Royal,  (i)  Taper :  21  inches  by  19.  {2)  Ar- 
tillery. A  very  small  mortar,  (t,)  Sailing.  The 
upper  sail  above  the  top-gallant.  (4)  O.  E. 
A  Rial  (q.v.),  a  coin  of  the  value  of  ten  shil- 
lings. 

Royal  Blue  (Fr.  bleu  du  roi).  A  vitreous 
pigment  used  in  porcelain  painting,  resulting  in 
a  rich,  deep  blue  colour.  It  is  prepared  from 
smalt. 

Rubelite.  A  precious  stone  not  much  used 
for  jewellery.  It  is  a  species  of  totinnaltnc, 
red  and  pink  in  colour. 

Rubens  Brown.     A  rich  brown  pigment. 
Rubiate.     A  name  for  Liquid  Madder  Lake 
(q.v.). 

Rubicelle.  An  orange-coloured  stone,  a 
variety  of  the  spinel  ruby. 

Rubrica,  R.  Red  ochre  ;  and  thence  rubric, 
an  edict  or  ordinance  of  the  Civil  Law  written 
in  red  ochre,  while  the  ordinances  and  rules  of 
the  prostors  were  written  in  black  on  a  white 
ground  on  the  Album  (q.v.). 

Ruby,  in  Christian  art.  (See  Red.) 
Ruby  or  Red  Sapphire.  A  corundum,  the 
most  valuable  of  all  gems  ;  when  perfect  and 
large,  exceeding  even  the  diamond  in  value. 
The  colour  varies  from  the  lightest  rose  tint  to 
the  deepest  carmine.  The  most  valuable  tint  is 
called  "pigeon's  blood,"  a  pure  deep  rich  red, 
without  any  admixture  of  blue  or  yellow. 
Brahmin  traditions  speak  of  the  abode  of  the 
gods  lighted  by  enormous  rubies  ;  and  one  name 
of  the  Kings  of  Pegu  was  "  Lord  of  Rubies." 
In  medireval  times  the  ruby  was  regarded  as  an 
amulet  against  poison,  plague,  sadness,  evil 
thoughts,  wicked  spirits,  &c.  It  also  kept  the 
wearer  in  health,  and  cheered  his  mind,  and 
blackened  when  he  incurred  danger.  (Consult 
Emanuel,  Diamonds  and  Precious  Stones,  &c. ) 
Rudder.  On  ancient  coins,  &c.,  with  the 
orb  and  fasces,  emblem  of  the  supreme  power. 
Rudens,  R.  The  smaller  ropes  in  a  ship. 
Rudiarii.  Veteran  gladiators  discharged  from 
the  service  by  the  presentation  of  a  wooden 
sword  {rudis). 

Rudis,  R.  (l)  A  spoon  or  similar  instrument. 
(2)  A  wooden  sword.  (See  Rudiarii.) 
When  a  gladiator  received  his  discharge,  a  rudis 
was  given  him,  together  with  a  freedman's 
cap,    by  way  of  declaration   that  he  had  been 


granted  his  liberty,  a  fact  expressed  by  tlie 
phrase  nuie  donari. 

Rue,  Her.  A  chaplet  of  rue  is  blazoned 
beud--ivisc  (see  Per  Bend)  across  the  shield  of 
Saxony.     (See  Crancei.in. ) 

RufHes.  Lace  frills  worn  over  the  wrists, 
introduced  temp.  Henry  VHI. 

Ruff  and  Honours.  An  ancient  game  of 
cards  from  which  Whist  is  derived. 


559,  561,  5S0,  <S;c.  (Consult  riaiuhc,  Cycl.  of 
Costume. ) 

Rugae,  Chr.  The  metal  cancelli  or  screens  of 
the  more  sacred  parts  of  a  church.  The  presby- 
tery of  St.  Peter's  was  fenced  in  with  silver 
"  rugn>,"  and  the  confessional  with  rugje  of  gold. 
(See  Smith  and  Clieetliam.) 

RuUions,  Scotch.  Shoes  made  of  untanned 
leather. 

Rum-swizzle.  "The  name  given  in  Dublin 
to  a  faliric  made  from  undyed  foreign  wool, 
which,  while  preserving  its  natural  property  of 
resisting  wet,  possesses  the  qualities  of  common 
cloth."  (Simmonds'  Commercial  Diet.) 

Rumex,  R.  A  weapon  of  similar  character 
to  the  Sparum,  the  head  of  which  was  formed 
like  a  spear  with  a  hook  on  the  blade. 

Runcina,  R.  A  carpenter's  tool  of  the 
nature  of  a  plane. 

Runco,  R.     A  hoe. 

Runes,  Scand.  Magical  inscriptions  in  a 
character  believed  by  the  northern  nations  to 
have  been  invented  by  Woden.  "The  Runic 
alphabet,"  says  Mr.  Wheaton,  "consists  pro- 
perly of  sixteen  letters,  which  are  Phoenician 
in  their  origin.  .  .  .  They  are  only  Roman, 
with  the  curves  changed  into  straight  lines  for 
the  convenience  of  engraving  on  hard  sub- 
stances."    (I/ist.  of  the  Northmen,  p.  61.) 

Ruskie,  Scotch.  A  coarse  straw  hat ;  a  basket 
or  beehive  of  plaited  osiers  or  straw. 

Russells,  O.  E.     A  kind  of  satin. 

Russet.  A  red  grey  colour  ;  violet  mixed 
with  orange.     Its  complementaiy  is  p-een  grey. 

Rust  (oxide)  of  iron.  "The  best  rust"  is 
mentioned  in  a  list  of  colours  of  the  17th  cen- 
tury.   {Brotvn,  Ars  Pictoria,  Appendix,  p.  5.) 


Fig.  590.  Silesian  Maiden  with  Ruff. 

Ruffs.  Large  collars  of  lace  or  muslin.  A 
fashion  of  the  i6th  century  ;  it  commenced  at  the 
end  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VHL  Cambrics  and 
lawn  for  making  ruffs  were  first  imported  under 
EMzabech.  For  illustrations  of  various  modifi- 
cations of  this  fashion,   see  Figs.  267,  283,  304, 


Fig.  597.  Rustic  Wotk.     Bossage. 

Rustic  Work  (Fr.  bossage).  Ashlar  masonry, 
the  joints  of  which  are  worked  with  grooves  or 
channels  to  render  them  conspicuous ;  some- 
times the  whole  of  the  joints  are  worked  in  this 
way,  and  sometimes  only  the  horizontal  ones. 
(See  Fig.  597.) 

Rustre,  Her.  A  Loze.nge  pierced  with  a 
circular  opening. 

Rustred  Armour  seems  to  h.ave  grown  out  of  the 
7-ing  armour.  It  consisted  of  one  row  of  flat  rings 
about  double  the  usual  size,  laid  half  over  the 
other,  so  that  two  in  the  outer  partly  covered  one. 


286 


WORDS    USED   IN 


s. 


S,  as  a  numeral,  was  used  to  represent  7  ;  as 
an  abbreviation  it  generally  means  socius  or 
Fellow  (of  a  society) ;  S.  P.  Q.  R.,  on  Roman 
monuments,  stands  for  senatus,  populusque 
Romanus. 

Sabanum,  R.  {(rafiavov).  A  kind  of  cloth, 
towel,  or  napkin. 

Sabaoth,  Heb.  Armies;  hosts  of  angels. 
It  is  also  written  Zabaoth. 

Sabatiaes,  O.  E.  (i)  Steel  armour  for  the  feet  ; 
l6th  century.      (2)  Slippers,  or  clogs. 

Sabiauism.  The  worship  of  the  heavenly 
bodies. 

Sable,  (i)  The  best  and  most  costly  brushes 
for  painting  are  made  from  this  fur.  (2)  In 
Heraldry,  the  colour  black,  represented  in 
engraving  by  crossed  lines.      (See  Fig.  375.) 

Sabre,  Fr.  A  curved  sword  with  a  broad 
and  heavy  blade. 

Sabretasche,  Fr.  A  pocket  worn,  suspended 
from  the  sword-belt,  by  a  cavalry  officer. 

Sac-friars.     (See  Saccus.) 

Sacciperium,  R.  A  large  sackcloth  bag.  A 
pocket. 

Saccus,  R.  (auKKos:).  A  large  sack  of  coarse 
cloth  for  wheat,  flour,  &c.  (2)  A  beggar's 
wallet.  (3)  Chr.  (Angl.  sack).  A  coarse  upper 
garment  of  sack  or  hair-cloth,  worn  by  monks  ; 
hence  called  Sac-friars.     (Cf.  Sacque.) 

Sacellum,  R.  (dimin.  of  sacrum).  A  small 
precinct  enclosing  an  altar,  and  consecrated  to  a 
divinity.  In  Christian  architecture,  small 
monumental  chapels  within  churches. 

Sachem.  The  chief  of  a  tribe  of  North 
American  Indians. 

Sackbut,  O.  E.  (9th  century).  A  wind  in- 
strument resembling  the  trombone. 

Sacque.  Part  of  a  lady's  dress  in  the  reign 
of  Louis  XIV.  It  was  a  silk  cloak,  and  hung 
from  the  shoulders,  spreading  over  the  dress  to 
the  ground.  In  England  it  was  worn  in  part  of 
the  reign  of  George  III.     (Fig.  598.) 

Sacrarium  (sacrum,  holy).  A  place  in  which 
sacred  things  are  kept ;  the  sacristy  in  a  tem- 
ple. In  a  private  house  a  place  used  as  a  chapel 
or  oratory. 

Sacring  Bell,  Chr.  A  hand-bell  rung  at  the 
elevation  of  the  Host. 

"Her  eye  was  as  bright  as  the  merry  sunlight, 
When  it  shines  on  the  dewy  grass  ; 
And  her  voice  was  as  clear  as  a  sacring  bell. 
That  is  rung  at  the  holy  mass." 

(See  also  Sanctus  Bell.) 

Sacristy,  of  a  church,  the  apartment  where 
the  vestments  and  vessels  are  kept. 

Sacro    Catino,    It.      An   extraordinary   hexa- 


gonal glass  dish  preserved  in  the  cathedral 
at  Genoa,  which  was  for  a  long  time  supposed 
to  have  been  formed  of  a  single  emerald  ;  and  to 
have  been  either  "a  gift  from  the  Queen  of 
Sheba  to  Solomon,  or  the  dish  which  held  the 
Paschal  Lamb  at  the  Last  .Supper,"  &c.  It  was 
obtained  in  the  Crusades  in  iioi,  and  was  for 
many  generations  an  object  of  superstitious 
reverence.  Its  principal  interest  now  is  in  the 
evidence  it  bears  to  the  early  perfection  of  the 
art  of  making  and  colouring  glass. 

Sadda,  Pers.  (lit.  a  hundred  gates).  An 
abridgment  of  the  Zend-Avesta  or  sacred  books 
of  the  ancient  Persians. 

Saddle-bars.  .Said  of  small  iron  bars,  in 
glazing  casements,  to  which  the  lead  panels  are 
fastened. 


Fig.  59S.  Sacque  of  the  time  of  Louis  XIV. 


Saddle-roof,  Arch.  A  roof  of  two  gables. 
(French,  en  i>alii?r.) 

Safety-arch,  Arch.  An  arch  in  a  wall  over 
a  door  ur  vindow,  to  keep  the  weight  of  the 
wall  above  off  the  lintel. 

Safflower.  A  delicate  red  colour  obtained 
frtmi  the  tlower  of  that  name. 

Saffron  (It.  zafferano).  Produced  from  the 
flowers  of  the  crocus  ;  a  yellow  pigment  princi- 
pally used  as  a  glazing. 

Saga,  R.  A  woman  skilled  in  religious 
mysteries  ;  and  thence  a  witch  or  sorceress. 

Sagaris,  Orient.  {<j  ay  apis),  A  two-edged 
axe,  also  called  bipeiiuis ;  it  was  used  by  the 
Amazons,    WassagetK,  and  Persians.     (See  Bi- 

PENNIS.) 

Sagena,  Gr.  and  R.  {trayrivn').  A  large  fish- 
ing-net ;  modern  Sc'/nc.  It  was  fitted  with  leaden 
weights  at  the  bottom  and  corks  at  the  top. 

Sagitta,  R,  (i)  An  arrow ;  primitively 
with  heads  of  flint,  afterwards  of  bronze  and 
iron.  The  heads  of  the  arrows  of  the  Greeks 
and  Romans  were  oval  ;  among  other  nations 
they  were  triangular  and  barbed,  like  those  car- 
ried by  the  Sagittarhs  in  Fig.  599.  This  Jcind 
of  arrow  was  called  sagit/a  liasta  or  aduiica. 
(2)  A  lancet  for  bleeding  animals. 


Fig.  599.   Sagitt.nrius. 

Sagittarius,  R.  An  archer ;  a  sign  of  the 
zodiac,  represented  as  a  centaur.  (Fig.  599.) 
In  Christian  art,  a  symbol  of  Divine  vengeance. 

Sagma,  R.  ((ri-y^a).  A  wooden  pack- 
saddle.  Sagmarius,  R.  A  beast  of  burden 
carrying  the  sagma. 

Sagochlamys,  R.  A  military  cloak  which 
combined  the  Roman  sagiis  and  the  Greek 
chlainys. 


Sagua  or  Sagam,  Celt.  A  woollen  cloak 
with  a  long  nap,  worn  folded  and  fastened 
round  the  neck  by  a  clasp,  especially  by 
soldiers  on  a  campaign  (Fig.  44) ;  hence  saga  is 
a  sign  of  war,  as  toga  is  of  peace.  At  a  later  period 
the  same  name  was  given  to  a  kind  of  blouse, 
striped  or  checked  in  staring  colours,  and 
adorned  with  flowers  and  other  ornaments,  and 
bordered  with  bands  of  purple  and  gold  and 
silver  embroidery,  worn  by  the  Gauls  in  Ar- 
tois  and  Flanders. 

Saic,  Turk.  A  sailing-vessel  common  in  the 
Levant. 

Sale,  O.  E.  A  delicate  serge  or  woollen 
cloth. 

Saints-bell,  O.  E.  for  .Sacring-bell. 

Salade,  Sallet.  A  light  helmet  resembling 
the  Kettlk-hat  (Fig.  407),  introduced  from 
Germany  in  the  15th  century. 

Salam-stone.  A  name  given  to  the  blue  or 
oriental  sapphire  from  Ceylon. 


Fig.  600.     Salamander.     Device   of   Francis  I.,   the 
"  Father  of  Letters." 

Salamander,  Chr.  In  Christian  art,  a  symbol 
of  fire,  and  sujiposed  to  live  in  fire  ;  or,  accord- 
ing to  Pliny,  "to  quench  it  as  if  ice  were  put 
into  it."  In  Heraldry  it  is  either  represented  as 
a  lizard,  or  as  a  kind  of  dog  breathing  flames. 
Fig.  600  is  the  device  of  Francis  I.  of  France, 
with  a  motto  implying  that  a  good  prince 
nourishes  that  which  is  good,  and  expels  the 
bad.  At  the  meeting  of  the  Field  of  the  Cloth 
of  Gold,  the  king's  guard  at  the  tournament  was 
clothed  in  blue  and  yellow,  with  the  salamander 
embroidered  thereon. 

Salamander's  Hair.  The  variety  of  asbestos 
called  ainiaitthus. 

Salet,  O.  E.    A  light  helmet.   (.See  Salade.) 

Salic  Dances.     (See  Salil) 

Salient,    Her.       In    the    act    of    leaping    or 


288 


WORDS    USED   IN 


Fig.   6oi.      Argent   a 
saltire  gules, 


bounding,  the  hind-paws  on  the  ground,  both 
the  fore-paws  elevated. 

Salinum,  R.  (sal,  salt).     A  salt-cellar. 

Saltatio,  R.  {salto,  to  dance).  Dancing ; 
applied  to  religious  dances,  gymnastic  or  war 
dances,  Corybantic,  Salic,  Mimetic  or 
theatrical  dances,  &c. 

Saltire  or  Saltier,  Her.  An  ordinary  in  the 
form  of  St.  Andrew's  Cross.  The  illustration 
(Fig.  6oi)  is   '''■  argent  a 

SALTIRE  ^/to." 

Salutatorium.        (See 
Recettorium. 
Salute   at  Sea.      The 

English  claim  the  right, 
formerly  claimed  by  the 
Venetians,  of  being  sa- 
luted fiist  in  all  places, 
as  sovereigns  of  the  seas. 
The  naval  salute  to  the  British  flag  began  in 
the  reign  of  King  Alfred. 

Sambuca,  R.  {aa/xBiiKri).  (i)  A  stringed 
musical  instrument,  which  varied  in  form,  but 
resembled  a  harp.  (2)  Militaiy.  A  scaling- 
ladder. 

Sam-cloth,  O.  E.  (needlework).  A  sampler. 
"  A  sain-cloth,  vulgarly  a  sampler." 

Samit,  for  Exsamit  {k\,  six  ;  /uiVoi,  threads). 
A  splendid  tissue,  having  six  threads  of  silk  in 
the  warp,  and  the  weft  of  flat  gold  shreds. 

Sammaron-cloth,  O.  E.  A  woven  mixture  of 
linen  and  hemp. 

Sanmites.  Gladiators  armed  like  the  Sam- 
nite  soldiers,  with  a  close  helmet,  shield,  and 
greaves. 

Sampan.     A  Chinese  canoe  or  small  boat. 

Sampler  (Lat.  exemplar).  A  piece  of  orna- 
mental needlework,  done  for  a  sample  or 
specimen. 

Sanctus  Bell,  Chr.  A  fixed  bell  rung  at  the 
elevation  of  the  Host,  at  the  words  "sanctus, 
sanctus,  sanctus,  Deus  Sabaoth."  It  was  fixed 
outside  the  church,  generally  on  the  eastern 
gable  of  the  nave.  (See  Sacring  Bell.)  (2) 
In  the  absence  of  a  fixed  bell,  small  bells  car- 
ried by  acolytes,  often  the  subject  of  rich  orna- 
mentation, sometimes  consisting  of  a  carillon  of 
three  small  bells  hidden  within  one  large  one, 
thus  blending  their  sounds. 

Sandal.     (See  Cendal.) 

Sandal-wood.  Ornamental  wood  highly 
valued  for  cabinet-work  ;  when  old  it  becomes 
yellow  and  highly  odoriferous. 

Sandalium,  Gr.  and  R.  {(xav^dKiov).  A 
richly-ornamented  sandal  worn  exclusively  by 
women. 

Sandapila,  R.  A  rough  kind  of  bier  for  the 
poor.     (See  Lectica.) 

Sandarac.     A  resin  used  for  spirit  varnishes. 

Sandys,  Gr.  (aai'Siil).  A  Lydian  tunic,  of  a 
fine  and  transparent  texture,  dyed  with  the  juice 


of  the  sandyx,    which  gave  it  a   flesh-coloured 
tint. 

Sang-real  (Saint  Graal).  The  Holy  Grail 
said  to  have  been  brought  to  England  by  Joseph 
of  Arimathea.  The  legend  is  that  it  is  an 
emerald  cup,  or  the  cup  used  at  the  Last 
Supper,  containing  the  real  (or  it  may  mean 
"  royal  ")  Blood  (sang-reel  or  real). 

"The  cup,  the  cup  itself,  from  which  our  Lord 
Drank  at  the  last  sad  supper  with  his  own." 

i^Tennyson.) 

Sanglier,  Her.     A  wild  boar. 

Sanguine.  A  deep  blood  colour,  prepared 
from  oxide  of  iron. 

Sanguinolentae  (sc.  ampullae).  Glass  vessels 
found  in  the  catacombs  at  Rome,  containing 
a  red  sediment,  ascertained  by  analysis  to  be 
blood;  and  canonically  pronounced  by  the 
Roman  Church  to  be  that  of  the  early  Christian 
martyrs  in  whose  tombs  it  has  been  found.  (The 
subject  is  discussed  at  length  by  V.  Schiiltze: 
die  Katakomben,  Leipzig,  1882.) 

Sanhedrim,  Heb.  The  supreme  council  of 
the  Jews,  which  sat  at  Jerusalem  in  a  circular 
hall,  one  half  of  which  was  within  the  temple, 
and  the  other  outside.     (Bosc.) 

Sap-green.  The  only  green  vegetable  pig- 
ment ;  used  in  water-colour  painting.  Obtained 
by  evaporating  the  juice  of  the  berries  of  the 
buckthorn,  mixed  with  lime. 

Sap-wood.  I'he  soft  white  wood  immediately 
under  the  bark  of  a  tree. 

Sapphire  (Syriac  saphilaJi).  The  oriental 
sapphire  from  Arabia,  which  has  been  known 
from  the  earliest  antiquity,  was  one  of  the  stones 
on  the  breastplate  of  Aaron,  and  was  dedicated 
to  Apollo  by  the  Greeks,  by  whom  it  was 
regarded  as  the  gem  of  gems — the  sacred  stone 
par  excellence.  The  sapphires  from  Brazil  are 
also  called  oriental  sapphires.  The  sapphires 
of  Puy,  found  in  a  mountain  in  Central  France, 
vary  from  the  deepest  to  the  palest  blue,  passing 
sometimes  to  a  reddish  blue  or  even  to  a 
yellowish  green.  The  sapphire,  although  ex- 
tremely hard,  has  been  engraved  by  the  ancients. 
There  is  a  beautiful  sapphire  among  the  crown 
jewels  of  Russia,  representing  a  draped  female 
figure  :  the  stone  is  of  two  tints,  and  the  artist 
has  skilfully  used  the  dark  tint  for  the  woman 
and  the  light  for  the  drapery.     (Z.  Dieulafait. ) 

Sapphire,  in  Christian  art.     (See  Blue.) 

Saraballa,  Sarabara,  Gr.  and  R.  {crapdl3a\\a). 
Loose  trousers,  which  reached  from  the  waist  to 
the  mstep,  worn  by  the  Parthians,  Medes,  and 
Persians. 

Saraband,  Sp.  A  slow  dance  derived  from 
the  Saracens  ;  the  music  for  sarabands,  by 
Corelli  and  other  old  masters,  is  interesting. 
(See  Chappeir s  History  of  iVusic,  &c.) 

Saracenic  Architecture.  (See  Alhambraic, 
Moorish,  Mokesco-Spanish.) 


\ 


Sarapis,  Pers.  (tra'poTris).  The  tunic  of  the 
kings  of  I'crsia  ;  it  was  made  of  a  fnie  purple- 
coloured  cloth,  with  a  white  band  in  front  em- 
broidered with  gold. 

Sarcenet.  A  fine  thin  woven  silk.  An  im- 
pro\x\l  cciidal,  introduced  in  the  15th  century 
by  the  Saracens  of  the  south  of  Spain  ;  hence 
its  name.     (See  Cendai..) 

Sarcilis,  Chr.  A  woollen  garment — not  de- 
scribed. 

Sarcoline  (Gr.  (rapi,,  flesh).     Flesh-coloured. 

Sarcolite.     A  stone  of  a  rose-flesh  colour. 

Sarcophagus,  Gen.  {(rapKocpa-yos  ;  oap^,  flesh, 
and  (payilv,  to  eat).  A  coftin  of  a  limestone 
called  Lapis  Assius,  in  which  the  corpse  was 
rapidly  consumed.  The  great  sarcophagus  called 
"of  Alexander  the  Great,"  in  the  British 
Museum,  is  a  celebrated  specimen.  (See  Bi- 
SOMUS,  QUAURISOMUS,  and  Tkisomus.) 

Sard  or  Carnelian.  A  brownish-red  variety 
of  chalcedony. 

Sard-achates.  A  name  given  by  the  ancients 
to  varieties  of  agate,  which  contained  layers  of 
Sard  or  carnelian. 

Sardonic  Laughter.  A  distortion  of  the  fea- 
tures of  the  dying,  the  closing  symptom  of  seve- 
ral fatal  diseases ;  named  from  the  poisonous 
herb  Sardonia. 

Sard-onyx.  A  precious  stone  composed  of 
alternate  layers  of  carnelian  and  clialcedony ; 
extensively  used  for  gem-engraving. 

Sardel,  Sardine,  Sardius.  A  precious  stone 
mentioned  in  Scripture  in  the  description  of 
Aaron's  breastplate. 

Sarissa,  Gr.  [aapiaao).  The  longest  and 
heaviest  spear  of  the  Greeks  peculiar  to  the 
Macedonian  phalanx. 

Sarrazinois  Carpets.  Embroidered  stuffs  re- 
sembling tapestry,  made  in  the  loth  and  lith 
centuries,  doubtless  imitated  from  work  by  the 
Saracens. 

Sarsen-stones.  Boulders  of  sandstone  found 
on  the  Chalk  downs  in  Wiltshire. 

Sarsnet.     (See  Sarcenet.) 

Sartago,  R.  A  frying-pan  ;  in  the  patois  of 
Languedoc,  sartan. 

Satin.  This  fine  silk,  originally  imported  from 
China,  was  first  known  in  England  in  the  14th 
century.  It  is  thicker  than  ordinary  silk,  and  re- 
markable for  its  smooth  glossy  surface,  not  exhibi- 
ting the  marks  of  the  reticulations  ofthe  threads. 

Satin-spar.  An  ornamental  stone,  having  a 
soft  satiny  surface  when  polished. 

Satin-wood.  An  ornamental  yellow  wood 
much  used  in  cabinet-making. 

Satinet.      A  thin  kind  of  satin. 

Saturn,  Iler.  The  black  colour  in  the  arms 
of  sovereign  princes. 

Saturnalia,  R.  Festivals  of  Saturn,  held  on 
the  seventh  of  the  calends  of  January  (14th  of 
December),    instituted  by  Numa.     During    the 


four  or  five  days  that  this  festival  lasted,  both 
pulilic  and  private  business  was  interru]ited  ; 
and  bancjuets  and  festivities  were  held,  in  which 
masters  and  slaves  met  on  a  temporary  footing  of 
equality.  In  the  feasts  at  rustic  ]daces,  the 
hollow  statue  of  Saturn  was  filled  with  oil ;  he 
held  a  pruning  knife  in  his  hand,  and  his  feet 
were  surrounded  with  a  band  of  wool. 

Satyrs.  Greek  deities  of  the  wooded  plains, 
as  the  Roman  fauns  were  of  the  fieliis.  They 
are  usually  represented  as  the  attendants  of 
Bacchus,  or  the  lovers  of  the  Nymphs,  with 
goat's  legs  and  horns,  and  human  bodies  covered 
with  short  hair  ;  often  with  Lacinia  on  the  neck. 

Saunders'  Blue  (Green)  (from  the  French  cen- 
drcs'  l>/ct().  The  blue  ashes  of  calcined  lapis 
lazuli.     (See  Carisonates  of  Copper.) 

Saurians.  Animals  of  the  lizard  tribe,  cro- 
codiles, &c.,  antediluvian  and  other. 


Fig.  0u2.   Device  of  Charles  d'Aiul 
Chaiiinoiit. 


,  Sieur  de 


Savage-man  or  Wood-man,  Iler.  A  wild 
man,  naked,  or  clothed  in  skins  or  leaves,  and 
carrying  a  club.  The  illustration  is  the  device 
of  De  Chaumont,  Marshal  of  France  (+  1 510), 
with  the  motto,  "  Alitcm  aiiiiiiiDU  agrcsii  sub 
tegiiiine  scaliro,"  which  he  bore  embroidered  on 
the  pennon  of  his  company. 

Savonnerie.     (See  Turkey-stitch.) 

Saxon  Blue.  Sulphate  of  indigo  used  as  a 
dye-stuff. 

Saxon  Gold-work  of  elegant  design  and  skilful 
workmansiiip,may  be  attributed  to  the  5  th  and  6th 
centuries.  The  art  wasdoubtless  imported  by  Ro- 
man colonists.  Specimens  may  be  studied  in  the 
South  Kensington  Museum.  (See  Metallurgy.) 

Scabellum,  R.  (dimin.  from  Scamnum, 
q.  V.)     (i)  A   stool   or   step    to   pet   into  bed 

u 


29° 


WORDS  USED  IN 


with.  (2)  A  shoe  with  a  Castanet 
in  the  sole,  with  which  the  wearer 
beat  time,  a5  an  accompaniment 
to  music. 

Scagliola  (It.  scaglia,  a  chip  of 
marble).  Artificial  marble  made 
of  gypsum,  glue,  &c.,  of  variegated 
colours,  in  imitation  of  marble, 
applied  in  ornamental  work  like 
stucco,  but  admitting  a  fine  polish. 

Scalse,  R.  {scando,  to  climb). 
A  ladder  or  staircase. 

Scald,  Scand.     A  poet  or  bard. 

Scaldino,  It.     A  copper. 

Scale,  in  Music  (It.  scala,  a 
ladder).     (See  Tones.) 

Scalmus,  R.  (aKoKiiis).  The  thole,  or  strong 
peg  with  a  tliong,  with  which  an  oar  was  at- 
tached to  the  side  of  a  ship. 

Scalper,  Scalprum,  R.  {scalfio,  to  cut).  A 
general  term  for  all  kinds  of  cutting  tools,  such 
as  chisels,  knives,  &c. 

Scalptura.  Engraving  in  precious  stones. 
(See  Intaglio,  Cameo.) 

Scamnum,  R.  {scando,  to  climb).  A  stool 
for  a  bed  or  arm-chair,  or  a  stone  bench  with  a 
step. 

Scandula,  R.  A  wooden  shingle  used  for 
tiles  {/cguhc). 

Scansoria  Machina  or  Scansorium,  R.  {scando, 
to  mount).  A  scaffolding,  such  as  a  tower, 
which  enables  work  to  be  carried  on  at  various 
heights  from  the  ground. 

Scantling.  In  Masonry,  the  size  of  a  stone, 
in  length,  breadth,  and  thickness.  In  Carpentry, 
the  dimensions  of  a  timber  in  breadth  and  thick- 
ness only.  Any  piece  of  timber  less  than  five 
inches  square  is  called  scantling. 

Scapha,  R.  {ffKacpri,  i.e.  dug  out).  A  long- 
boat or  cutter  attached  to  a  larger  vessel ; 
obviously,  from  the  etymology,  a  sort  of  canoe 
in  its  origin  ;  our  "  skiff." 

Scapbium,  R.  {aKacptov).  A  vessel  of  Greek 
origin  and  of  small  size,  and  in  the  form  of  a 
boat  {scaphd),  which,  though  used  as  a  drink- 
ing-cup,  is  especially  to  be  classed  among 
sacrificial  utensils. 

Scapple.  In  Masonry,  to  reduce  a  stone  to  a 
straight  surface,  without  making  it  smooth. 

Scapulary,  Chr.  A  part  of  the  monastic 
dress,  worn  by  both  sexes  over  the  shoulders 
(scapula).  It  is  generally  a  narrow  strip  of 
cloth  contrasting  with  the  colour  of  the  dress, 
reaching  almost  to  the  feet. 

Scapus,  Gr.  and  R.  {aKairos).  A  shaft  or 
stem.  This  term  is  applied  to  several  distinct 
things,  which  all,  however,  imply  an  idea  of 
use  in  support  of  some  other  thing  ;  as,  for  in- 
stance, the  shaft  of  a  column,  which  supports 
a  capital,  and  occasionally  an  entablature  ;  the 
central  shaft  or  newel  which  supports  the  stair- 


Fig.  603.  Scarabseus,  sacred. 

case  of  a  column  ;  the  stem  of  a  candelabrum  or 
lamp-rest,  and  so  on. 

Scarabseus  (Egyp.),  or  sacred  ateuchus,  is 
an  attribute  of  Phtha,  and  the  symbol  of  creation. 
Under  the  name  of  Khcper  (creator),  the  scara- 
bteus  was  given  to  the  soldiers  in  exchange  for 
their  oath  of  fidelity,  and  worn  by  them  as  a 
finger  ring.  With  wings  extended  (as  in  Fig. 
603)  it  is  a  funereal  ornament. 

Scarlet.     (See  Iodine  Scarlet.) 

Scarlet  Ocbre.     (See  Venetian  Red.) 

Scarpe,  Escarps,  Her.  A  diminutive  of  a 
bend  sinister. 

Scauper.  A  tool  used  by  engravers  ;  a  kind 
of  gouge.     (Angl.  scoopcr.) 

Scena,  Gr.  and  R.  {aK-t)v{t).  (i)  The  stage  of 
a  theatre,  including  not  only  the  part  so  called 
at  the  present  day,  but  the  wall  at  the  back,  which 
was  provided  with  three  doors,  one  in  the  centre 
{valviB  rcgicc),  and  two  lateral  ones  {valvcv hospi- 
talcs).  (2)  A  double-edged  axe,  used  in  the 
sacrifices  ;  one  of  the  iron  sides  of  this  axe  had 
the  broad  blade  of  the  sccuris,  and  the  other  that 
of  the  dolabra.  In  the  sense  of  "an  axe,"  scena 
is  the  contracted  form  of  an  old  Latin  word 
saccna. 

Scene-painting  was  invented  by  Inigo  Jones, 
about  1 5 10. 

Scenograpbia,  R.  {(TKi\vo-ypa<p[a).  The  draw- 
ing of  a  Iniilding  \\\ perspective.  A  geometrical  plan 
is  called  orthographia. 

Sceptre,  Gr.  and  R.  (tr/c^TTTpoi').  Originally, 
in  early  antiquity,  a  long  staff  similar  to  the 
shaft  of  a  spear,  which  was  carried  by  gi-eat 
persons  to  lean  on  when  walking.  Afterwards 
it  became  the  truncheon,  and  a  weapon  of 
offence  and  defence.  Later  on,  an  ornament  was 
added  to  the  upper  end  of  this  staff,  and  it  be- 
came the  insignia  of  power  and  authority.  The 
ivory  sceptre  of  the  kings  and  consuls  of  Rome 
was  surmounted  by  an  eagle.  The  sceptre  was 
an  attribute  of  Jupiter  and  Juno,  as  sovereigns 
of  the  gods. 

Scbafte,  O.  E.     (See  Shaft.) 

Scbeele's  Green.  A  green  pigment ;  an  arsenite 


of  copper  ;  arsenite  of  potash  mixed  with  sul- 
phate of  copper  ;  used  in  oil  and  water-colours. 

Scherzo,  It.  {Havf/i/).  A  lively  style  in  music; 
faster  tlian  the  minuet  (such  as  in  Bcctlioven'' s 
Second  Symphony,  o\>.  36,  in  D  major). 

Schleswig  Lace.  North  Schleswig  (or  South 
Jutland)  is  the  only  province  of  Denmark  in 
which  there  was  a  regular  manufacture  of  lace. 
The  art  itself  is  su]->poscd  to  have  been  intro- 
duced, in  1515,  by  Queen  Elizabeth  (sister  of  the 
Emperor  Charles  V.,  and  wife  of  Christian  II. 
of  Denmark).  About  1712  lace-making  was 
much  improved  by  Brabant  women.  The  earlier 
specimens  are  all  of  Flemish  character,  made  on 
the  pillow  in  the  same  way,  occasionally  imi- 
tating the  Mechlin  ground  with  the  pattern  ap- 
parently run  in  with  the  needle.  All  Schleswig 
laces  are  remarkable  iox  their  fine  quality  and 

V';   T^  -  V,.-.-    ,- .:,V7/  .••.-;•.■.•..>.•    ,.,_  ■•.■•••■■•.'  ■'-■:•, --^.....t    Vej.: 

'■>■:-'  <'\   i/'--ri-      *"  ■■■■■■■■■  "-^'.--:/i^'-::^^ri^- 


Fig.  604.  Schleswig  Lace. 

excellent  workmanship.  The  engraving  shows 
part  of  a  shirt-collar  of  Christian  IV.,  of  a  Bra- 
bant pattern  to  be  seen  in  his  portrait  in 
Hampton  Court  Palace. 

Schmeltz,  Germ.  Glass  ornament ;  produced 
by  fusing  lumps  of  coloured  glass  together  to 
imitate  marble,  cornelian,  and  other  stones.  (See 
Glass.) 

Schweinfurth's  Green.  A  brilliant  sea-green 
pigment. 

Scimitar.     (See  Scymetar.) 

Scimpodium,  Gr.  and  R.  (irKifx-n-SStou,  lit.  foot- 
prop).     A  couch  or  long  chair  for  an  invalid. 

Scintillant,  Her.  Emitting  sparks.  (See 
Fig.  342.) 

Sciolist  (from  a-Kihs,  a  shadow).  A  man  of 
superficial  acquirements,  who  sees  only  the 
shadozus  of  things. 


Scioptics  {(TKia,  a  shadow).  The  branch  of 
the  science  of  optics  applied  in  the  construction 
of  the  catucra  obsciira. 

Sciothericon  (o-KioOrjpiK-Jf ).   A  sun-dial. 

Scipio.     An  official  staff.     (See  Sceptre.) 

Scirophoria.  Athenian  festivals  held  in  the 
month  Scirophorion  or  June. 

Scirpea,  R.  A  waggon  formed  of  basket- 
work  of  plaited  rushes  {scirpiis),  and  used  prin- 
cipally for  agricultural  operations. 

Scobina,  R.  {scabo,  to  scrape).  A  rasp  for 
wood  ;  distinct  from  I'uiia,  a  file  for  metals. 

Scobs.  Shreds  of  ivory,  metals,  &c.,  turned 
off  the  lathe  or  rasp,  &c. 

Sconces.  Brackets  projecting  from  the  wall, 
supporting  candlesticks  :  originated  in  the  15th 
century,  and  from  that  date  form  an  important 
branch  of  metallurgical  art-work. 

Scopae,  R.  A  broom  made  of  small  twigs  of 
wood.  This  term  survives  in  the  Languedoc 
csambf.      Scopulae,  R.     A  little  broom. 

Scorpers.  In  wood  engraving,  tools  used  for 
cutting  away  large  spaces  after  outlining  or 
engraving,  so  as  to  leave  only  the  drawing  in 
relief. 

Scorpio,  Gr,  and  R.  (lit.  a  scorpion),  (i)  A 
kind  of  cross-bow.  (2)  A  pyramid  of  stones 
raised  for  a  landmark  in  country  places. 


Fig.  605.   Scotia  or  Trochilus. 

Scotia  or  Trochilus,  Arch,  fo-fcoria,  rpox^Aos). 
A  concave  moulding  employed  especially  in  the 
decoration  of  the  bases  of  columns  or  pilasters, 
between  the  fillets  of  the  tori.  In  plain  bases 
the  scotice  are  smooth,  and  in  decorated  bases 
they  are  ornamented  with  sculptures,  as  shown 
in  Fig.  605. 

Scourge.     (See  Flagellum  and  Flagrum.) 

Scraper.  An  engraver's  tool  for  removing 
Burrs  (qv.). 

Screen,  Chr.  An  open  banner  of  woodwork 
or  stone  enclosing  the  choir  or  chancel  of  a 
church,  chapel,  or  tomb  ;  generally  highly  en- 
riched by  carving  and  gilding,  and  the  lower 
panels  decorated  with  painting.  (See  Rood- 
loft.  ) 

Scrinium,Scrinia,Chr.and  R.  (i)  Chr.  Achest 
which  held  chiefly  liturgical  writings;  accord- 
ing to  the  writings  they  contained,  these  cases 
were  variously  distinguished  as  scrinia  episto- 
lariim,  scrinia  disposilio)ntm,  scrinia  libcUortim, 
so-itiia  mcmoriic,  scrinia  sacra,  &c.  Scrinia 
were  generally  kept  in  the  diaconicwn  or  sccvo- 
phylaciiim.  (2)  Cylindrical  boxes  or  cases  used 
for  carrying  volumes  (i.e.  rolls)  and  papers  (cf. 


292 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Hanaper).  (3)  Scrinia  iingnentaria  were  used 
to  contain  phials  of  oils  and  perfumes,  &c., 
for  the  toilette. 

Scriptorium,  Chr.  An  apartment  in  large 
monasteries  where  manuscripts  were  transcribed. 

Scripulum.     (See  Scrupulum.) 

Scrupulum,  R.  {scmpiis,  lit.  a  small  stone). 
A  scruple,  the  smallest  Roman  gold  coin  ;  it 
weighed  a  third  of  the  denarms  aureus.  (See 
Denarius.) 

Scrutoire,  Fr.  An  old  way  of  spelling 
escritoire. 

Scudo,  It.  A  silver  coin  worth  about  4^-. 
In  Rome  the  gold  scudo  is  worth  65^. 

Sculponeae,  R,  A  common  kind  of  boot, 
with  a  wooden  sole  ;  it  was  worn  by  the 
familia  rustica,  or  slaves  who  worked  in  the 
country. 

Sculpture  (from  sculpo,  to  cai-ve)  includes  all 
carved  work,  in  wood,  ivory,  stone,  marble, 
metal,  or  other  material  ;  and  also  those  works 
formed  in  a  softer  material  not  requiring  carv- 
ing, such  as  wax  or  clay.  It  includes  Sta- 
tuary, carved  ornament,  and  Glyptics  or 
incised  gems  and  cameos.  From  the  practice  of 
preparing  the  model  in  clay,  sculpture  is  also 
called  the  plastic  art.  A  most  remarkable  in- 
cident in  the  history  of  sculpture,  is  the  fact  that 
the  most  ancient  specimens  are  carved  of  the 
hardest  stones,  such  as  basalt,  granite,  and  por- 
phyry ;  and  that  this  work  was  done  at  a  period 
antecedent  to  the  introduction  of  steel  tools. 
(Consult  Rcitford's  Aticient  Sculpture.) 

Scumbling.  The  process  of  going  over  a 
painting  with  a  nearly  dry  brush,  to  soften  and 
blend  the  tints. 

Scutage,  O.  E.  (from  scututn,  a  shield). 
A  tax  upon  lands  held  by  hiight-service. 

Scutale,  R.  (from  scutiwi,  i.  e.  shield- 
shaped).  The  hollow  in  the  thongs  of  a  sling 
in  wliicli  the  missile  is  laid. 

Scutarius,  Med.  An  esquire  or  shield- 
bearer. 

Scutcheon,  for  Escutcheon  (q.v.). 

Scutella.     Diminutive  of  Scutra  (q.v.). 

Scutica,  Gr.  and  R.  A  whip  made  with  a 
leather  thong  [aKvnKis]. 

Scutiform.      Shaped  like  a  shield. 

Scutra,  R.  {ixom.  scutum,  i.e.  shield-shaped). 
Diminutive  scutella.  A  square  wooden  tray  for 
plates,  dishes,  and  cups. 

Scutum,  R.  and  Egyp.  The  large  oblong 
shield  of  the  Roman  infantry,  in  contradistinc- 
tion to  clipeus,  a  round  shield.     (See  Shields.  ) 

Scymetar.  A  sword  of  oriental  origin,  with 
a  curved  blade,  very  sharp. 

Scyphus,  Gr.  and  R.  (o-kuc^os).  A  drinking- 
cup  of  wood  or  silver,  of  smaller  capacity  than 
the  Bromias  (q.v.).  It  was  sacred  to  Her- 
cules. 

Seals.     Ancient  porcelain  seals,  to  which  the 


Chinese  attribute  an  antiquity  of  from  looo  to 
2000  years,  are  met  with  in  collections  ;  and 
precisely  identical  specimens  have  been  found  in 
the  bogs  of  Irelaiid.  They  are  of  a  peculiar 
white  or  cream-coloured  porcelain,  such  as  has 
not  been  made  in  China  for  several  hundred 
years.  It  is  believed  that  the  Irish  specimens 
must  have  lain  buried  there  from  a  period 
anterior  to  histoiy.  (^Fortune.)  (See  Sigillum, 
Rings.) 

Seax.     A  Saxon  sword. 

Secco,  It.  Fresco-painting  in  secco  is  that 
kind  which  absorbs  the  colours  into  the  plaster, 
and  gives  them  a  dry  sunken  appearance.  {Fair- 
holt^ 

Second  Distance.  In  a  picture,  the  part  of 
the  middle  distance  next  the  foreground. 

Secondary  Colours.  The  three  primary  colours 
(containing  nothing  of  any  other  colour) — blue, 
red,  and  yellow — when  mixed  in  equal  propor- 
tions produce  three  secondary  colours: — blue  and 
yellow  produce  ^^^i?«;  blue  and  red,  violet ;  and 
yellow  and  red,  orange.  Mixed  in  tinequal 
proportions  they  produce  what  are  called 
Tones  (q.v.). 

Secos,  Egyp.  {(T7)k6s).  The  name  for  the 
Naos  in  an  Egyptian  temple. 

Secretarium,  Chr.  [secretum,  secret).  A 
sac7-isty  (not  a  tabernacle,  as  maintained  by  some 
authors)  in  the  apse,  at  the  side  of  the  altar.  In 
the  ancient  basilicas  there  were  two  such  re- 
cesses, one  on  each  side  of  the  altar. 

Sectilis.     (See  PavimentUxM.) 

Securicula  (diminutive  oi  securis).  In  Archi- 
tecture, a  dove-tail  mortise. 

Securis,  R.  (seco,  to  cut).  An  axe  or  hatchet 
of  any  kind  ;  but  esp.  that  borne  by  the  lictors 
in  the  Fasces.  (SeeDoLABRA,  Bipennis,  Fas- 
cis,  &c.) 

Securis  Dannica,  Med.     (See  Bipennis.) 

Secutores,  R.  Gladiators  appointed  to  fight 
■with  the  A'etiarii  (whom  they  were  constantly 
pursuing  round  the  circus)  ;  or  those  who  re- 
placed others  killed  were  so  called. 

Sedes,  Sedile  (dimin.  sedicuUi).  Any  kind  of 
seat. 

Sedilia.  (i)  R.  The  rows  of  seats  in  the 
amphitheatre.  (2)  Chr.  In  a  Catholic  church, 
the  stone  seats  on  the  south  side  of  the  altar,  for 
the  use  of  the  clergy  in  the  intervals  of  the  ser- 
vices. 

Segestrium,  R.  (lit.  of  straw).  A  coarse 
wrapper  made  of  skins  or  straw-matting. 

Segmenta,  R.  {seco,  to  cut  off).  'Strips  of 
rich  cloth  or  tissues  of  gold  or  silver  worn  as  a 
border  to  the  dresses  of  wealthy  Roman  ladies. 

Segno.  In  Music,  a  direction  to  repeat  : — 
al  segno,  as  far  as  the  sign  ;  dal  segno,  from  the 
sign. 

Segreant,  Her.  A  griffin  or  wyvem  ram- 
pant.    (See  Fig.  369.) 


Fig.  606.  Sejant. 


Fig   607. 
Sejant  Rampant. 


Sejant,  Her.  Sitting  :— 
of  a  lion,  at  rest  with  his 
fcire-Iegs  stretched  on  the 
ground,  hut  awake,  and  his 
head  and  tail  elevated. 

Sejant  Eampant.  Seated 
like  a  cat,  with  his  fore-legs 
erect. 

Sejugis,  R.  {sex,  six,  and 
/lingo,  to  join).  A  chariot 
drawn  by  six  horses  abreast. 

Seliquastrum,  Chr.  A  seat 
of  highly  archaic  character 
met  with  on  certain  monu- 
ments of  Christian  art. 

Sella,  R.  {sciiai,  to  sit). 
A  low  seat  without  back, 
a  stool  ;  sella  cunilis,  a  curule  chair ;  its 
feet  were  of  ivory,  and  took  the  form  of  an 
X,  and  it  folded  like  a  camp-stool ;  sella 
castre/isis,  a  real  camp-stool ;  sella  Inilnearis,  a 
bath-seat,  we  possess  a  specimen  in  ancient  red 
marble  of  the  greatest  beauty,  another  name  for 
it  was  sella  pertiisa ;  sella  tonsoria,  a  barber's 
chair.  Again,  the  term  sella  was  applied  to  a 
sedan-chair  (sella  portatoria,  gestatoria,  fertoria), 
and  a  pack-saddle  for  beasts  of  burden  {sella 
bajulaioria),  and  to  a  riding-saddle  {sella  eques- 
tris). 

Sellaria,  R.  A  large  reception-room,  so 
called  because  it  was  furnished  with  a  number 
oi  sella:. 

Sellaris  (sc.  eqiius],  R.     A  saddle-horse. 
Sellula,    R.    (dimin.    of    Sella).     A   small 
sedan-chair. 

Sembella,  R.  A  nominal  subdivision  of  the 
denarius,  of  which  it  was  worth  a  twentieth 
part,  or  about  fivepence. 

Semee  or  Aspers- 
ed,      Her.        Sown 
broadcast,    or    scat- 
tered,   without    any 
fixed   number,    over 
the  field.  (Fig.  608.) 
Sementivae,       R. 
[semciitis,   a      sow- 
ing).       A     festival 
which  took  place  at 
seed-time  in  honour 
of  Ceres  and  Tellus. 
Semi-  {^M'-).  as  an  adjunct,  is  the  Greek  form 
of  demi  =  half. 

Semibreve.  In  Music,  half  a  breve ;  the 
longest  note  in  modern  music,  marked  O. 

Semicinctium,  R.  {semi,  half,  and  ciiigo,  to 
gird).  A  sliort  kilt  worn  by  men  when  going 
through  violent  exercises  or  severe  bodily  labour; 
it  reached  from  the  %vaist  to  the  knees. 

Semidiapason.     In  Music,  an  octave  lessened 

by  a  semitone.  ^ 

Semiquaver.  A  sixteenth  of  a  semibreve — ^. 


Fig.  608.  Flcnr-dc-lis 
[semee).    Ancient  France. 


Semis,  Semissis.  The  half  of  an  As,  or  six 
ounces  ;  hence  Sewtsses  =  iiix  per  cent,  interest. 

Semita,  R.  {se  and  meo,  i.  e.  going  aside).  A 
pathway  in  a  field  ;  a  narrow  lane  in  a  town. 

Semitarge,  Med.  Fr.  A  scimitar.  (See 
Tar(;k.) 

Semitone.  In  Music  ;  the  smallest  interval  in 
modern  music ;  the  ancients  had  quarter-tones 

(q.V.). 

Semi-uncials.  During  the  6th  and  7lh  cen- 
turies, a  transition  style  of  illuminating  prevailed, 
the  letters  of  which  have  been  termed  semi- 
uncials.  This,  in  a  further  transition,  became 
more  like  the  old  Roman  cursive,  which  was 
called  then  minuscule ;  it  began  to  prevail  over 
uncials  about  the  8th  century,  and  in  the  loth 
its  use  was  established.  (See  UNCIAL  Letters.) 

Semuncia.     Half  an  ounce. 

Senaculum,  R.  A  place  in  which  the  senate 
used  to  meet.  There  were  at  Rome  three  sena- 
cula ;  one  between  the  Capitol  and  the  Forum, 
a  second  near  the  Porta  Capena,  and  a  third 
near  the  temple  of  Bellona. 

Senio,  R.  The  number  six  inscribed  on  the 
face  of  dice,  and  thence  the  throw  when  all  the 
sixes  turned  up. 

Sentina,  R.     The  well  or  hold  of  a  ship. 

Sentinaculum,  R.     A  ship's  pump. 

Sepia.  A  warm,  brown,  water-colour  pig- 
ment obtained  from  the  ink-bag  of  the  cuttle- 
fish.    (.See  Roman  Sepia.) 

Sept-foil,  Chr.  A  figure  of  se-'en  foils,  typical 
of  the  seven  sacraments  of  the  Church,  and  other 
mysteries  of  religion  linked  to  the  number  seven. 

Septilateral.     Having  seven  sides. 

Septimontium,  R.  A  festival  of  the  seven 
hills,  celebrated  at  Rome  in  December. 

Septizonium,  Septemzonium,  R.  A  building 
of  great  magnificence,  which  had  seven  stories 
of  columns  one  above  the  other  ;  each  set  sup- 
ported an  entablature  and  cornice  running  right 
round  the  building  {zona),  whence  the  name 
Septizonium. 

Septum,  R.  and  Chr.  {sepio,  to  fence  in). 
In  general,  any  enclosure  shut  in  by  walls,  pali- 
sades, barriers,  hedges,  &c.  In  Christian 
archeology,  septum  was  the  name  given  to  a 
barrier,  which,  in  the  ancient  Roman  basilicas, 
separated  the  nave  from  the  absides. 

Septunx,  R.  {septem  and  uncia).  Seven- 
twelfths  of  any  quantity,  whatever  its  nature. 

Sepulchre,  Chr.  The  Holy  Sepulchre  is  a 
favourite  subject  of  architectural  sculpture,  in 
cathedrals  and  continental  churches.  It  is  gene- 
rally found  on  the  north  side  of  the  chancel  near 
the  altar. 

Sepulcrum,  R.  {sepelio,  to  bury).  A  sepul- 
chre, the  general  term  for  any  kind  of  tomb  in 
which  the  dead  were  buried,  or  in  which  theirashes 
were  deposited  in  urns.  Sepulcrum familiare, 
a  sepulchre  erected  for  a  single  person,  or  for  the 


294 


WORDS  USED  IN 


members  of  a  family.  The  sepulcntm  comvmne 
was  a  tomb  held  in  common  by  a  number  of 
persons  belonging  either  to  a  single  family,  or 
several  families,  or  a  group  of  individuals,  such 
as  that  given  in  Fig.  182,  which  represents  the 
tomb  of  the  freedmen  of  Octavia. 

Sequin  (It.  zecchino).  A  gold  coin  in  Italy, 
ivorlh  about  <^s.  bd. ;  and  in  Turkey  worth  about 
IS.  6d. 

Sera,  R.  {sero,  to  fasten).  A  padlock  or 
movaljlc  lock  to  a  door. 

Serapeum,  Egyp.  {(TapaTnlov).  A  general 
term  for  sepulchral  monuments  in  Egypt,  but 
more  especially  that  of  Memphis.  (Bosc.) 

Seraph;  pi.  Seraphim,  Heb.  (See  Angels, 
Cherubim.)  "They  are  usually  represented 
with  \\ings  and  a  flaming  heart,  to  typify  spiritual 
emotion  and  divine  affection ;  or  covered  all 
over  with  eyes,  to  denote  their  knowledge  of  all 
human  events  as  counsellors  of  the  Most  High. 
The  Seraph's  head  in  Heraldry,  is  usually 
delineated  with  six  wings,  two  above  and  two 
below,  which  cross  each  other,  and  one  on  each 
side  of  the  head."   {/'atr/ioU.) 

Serges,  Chr.  Fr.  The  large  wax  candles  used 
in  churches.  They  are  often  covered  with  texts 
and  devices. 

Seria,  R.  An  earthenware  vessel  used 
chiefly  for  holding  wine  and  oil ;  it  was  larger 
than  the  amphora,  and  smaller  than  the  doliiiin. 

Serpent.  A  musical  wind-instrument,  of  a 
powerful  bass  ;  invented  by  a  French  priest  at 
Auxerre  in  1590. 

Serpent,  (i)  In  Christian  archaeology  an 
emblem  of  the  principle  of  evil  ;  the  Virgin 
Mary  is  frequently  represented  trampling  on  the 
head  of  the  serpent.  It  is  especially  a  symbol 
of  cunning,  lying,  and  envy.  (2)  Generally. 
The  serpent  with  its  tail  in  its  mouth  describes 
a  circle  which  is  the  symbol  of  eternity.  In 
Classic  Art  it  is  an  attribute  of  ^sculapius,  and 
of  Apollo  ;  and  a  symbol  of  the  Genius  Loci 
(esp.  of  temples,  &c.). 

Serpentine  Verses  begin  and  end  with  the 
same  word  : 

"  Ambo  florcntes  aetatibus,  Arcades  arabo." 

Serrated.  Having  an  edge  like  the  teeth  of 
a  saw  (serrd). 

Set-ofFs,  Arch.  The  mouldings  and  slopes 
on  buttresses,  dividing  them  into  stages. 

Setting  drawings  in  pencil  or  crayon  is  done 
by  simply  passing  tlicm  through  a  dish  of  milk, 
or  by  washing  the  surface  with  a  weak  solution 
of  isinglass. 

Severey,  Arch.  A  bay,  or  compartment  in 
a  vaulted  ceiling. 

Sevres  Poi  celain.  The  celebrated  manufac- 
tory at  Sevres  was  established  in  1756.  Soon 
afterwards  it  became  the  property  of  the  king. 
Louis  XV.,  and  was  much  patronized   both  by 


him  and  Madame  de  Pompadour.  Some  of  the 
first  artists  of  France  were  employed  to  decorate 
the  plaques  and  vases,  and  the  productions  of  this 


Fig.  609.  Sevres  Vase,  with  jewelled  ornament. 

factory  are  more  highly  prized  than  any  others 
in  the  world.  In  1870  three  jardiuicrcs  were 
sold  by  auction  in  London  for  over   10,000/, 


The  finest  colours  of  this  porcelain  were  the 
bleu  (ill  roi  and  the  rose  dc  Pompadour. 

Sewer.     (See  Cloaca.  ) 

Sextans,  R.  {scxtus,  si.\th1.  A  coii|)cr  coin 
Worth  tlic  tenth  of  an  as,  in  weight  about  two 
ounces  (iiinite). 

Sextant.  The  sixth  part  of  a  circle  ;  an  arc 
of  60  decrees. 

Sextarius,  R.  (scxtus).  A  measure  of  capa- 
city used  for  liquids,  grain,  &c. ;  it  held  the 
tenth  of  a  CoNUius  (q.v.). 

Sextertius,  R.  A  coin  originally  of  silver,  and 
afterwards  of  fine  copper  (auric/talcum) ;  it  was 
worth  two  ases  and  a  half. 

Sextula,  R.  The  sixth  part  of  the  ounce 
(uiuiit) ;  tlie  smallest  denomination  of  Roman 
money. 

Sforzato  (It.).  In  Music  ;  with  force,  louder 
than  the  rest. 

Sfregazzi  or  Sfregature,  It.  By  this  term  is 
meant  a  peculiar  thin  kind  of  glazing,  which  is 
executed  by  dipping  the  finger  into  the  colour, 
and  drawing  it  once  lightly  and  evenly  along  the 
part  of  the  picture  on  which  it  is  to  be  applied 
— such  as  the  shade  on  the  cheek,  the  limbs,  &c., 
or  wherever  it  is  wished  to  lay  a  soft  thin 
shadow.  (Consult  Jl/rs.  Merri field,  Ancient 
Practice  of  Painting,  vol.  ii.  p.  879.) 

Sgraffito,  It.  (lit.  scratched).  A  method  of 
painting  on  stucco,  in  which  a  ground  of  dark 
stucco  is  covered  with  a  coat  of  white,  and  the 
design  is  formed  by  scraping  this  away  for  the 
shadows.  (Consult  an  article  liyil/r.  Alan  Cole 
in  the  House  Purnisher  cuui  Decorator,  May  10, 

1873-) 

Shackle  and  Padlock,  Her. 
A  badge  of  the  Yorkist  party 
during  the  wars  of  the  Roses  ; 
called  also  a  Fetter-lock. 
Shades.  (See  Umkr/E.) 
Shaft,  Arch.  The  part  of 
the  column  comprised  between 
the  base  and  the  capital. 

Shaft,  O.  E.  The  May- 
pole. May-poles  seem  to  have 
existed  in  most  villages  until  the 
Civil  War.  They  were  abolished  by  an  ordi- 
nance of  the  Long  Parliament,  April  6,  1644, 
as  heathenish  vanities  "  generally  abused  to 
superstition  and  wickednesse." 

Shaftman,  O.  E.  A  measure  roughly  six 
inches  ;  ' '  the  measure  of  the  fist  with  the 
thumb  set  up."  [Ray.  1674.) 

Shagreen.  A  grained  leather  prepared  from 
the  skin  of  a  species  of  shark,  and  stained  green. 
A  close  imitation  is  made  from  horses'  or  asses' 
skins,  in  Russia,  and  dyed  red,  blue,  or  l)]ack. 

Shalm  or  Shawm.  A  musical  instrument,  a 
pipe  with  a  reed  in  the  mouth-hole. 

Shamrock,  Her,  A  trefoil  plant  or  leaf,  the 
badge  of  Ireland. 


Shard,  O.  E.  A  piece  of  broken  pottery. 
(It  has  other  meanings.      Consult  Ilalliwcll.) 

Shay-le,  Chin.     A  relic  of  I'.uddha. 

Sheaf,  (i)  A  bundle  of  ripe  corn  bound  up  in 
the  field  ;  the  device  assumed  by  Alfonso 
d'Avalos,  when  he  was  made  captain-general  of 


Fig.  611.     Sheaf.     Device  of  Alphonso  d'Avalos. 

the  army  of  Charles  V.,  with  the  motto  implying 
incessant  devotion  to  his  work, — that,  as  soon  as 
one  harvest  is  reaped,  its  successor  must  be  sown. 
(2)  A  bunch  of  twenty-four  arrows,  enough  to  fill 
a  quiver. 

Sheep.  In  Christian  art,  the  twelve  apostles 
occur  in  early  mosaics  as  twelve  sheep,  and  our 
Lord  in  the  midst  as  their  Shepherd. 

Shekel.     A  Jewish  coin,  value  about  2s.  6d 

Shell,  Chr.  In  Gallic  as  in  Christian  tombs 
shells  are  of  frequent  occurrence  ;  there  is  no 
doubt  that  they  symbolize  the  resurrection, 
the  body  of  man  being  looked  upon  as  a  shell 
which  he  leaves  behind  him  at  death.  Diffe- 
rent kinds  of  shell  are  met  with,  but  that  of  most 
frequent  occurrence  is  the  common  snail-shell 
{helix  pomatia).     (See  Escallop.) 

Shell-cameos.  Cameos  carved  on  shells. 
These  are  certain  conch  shells  or  strombs,  the 
substance  of  which  consists  of  two  distinct  layers 
of  different  colours.  The  black  conch  offers  the 
most  decided  contrast  in  the  colours. 

Shelllac.  Cnide  lac-resin  melted  into  plates 
or  shales.     (See  Lac.) 

Shenti,  Egyp.  A  short  pair  of  drawers, 
fastened  round  the  hips  by  a  belt,  worn  by  the 
ancient  F,gy]itians. 

Shepherd's  Crook.     (See  Pedum.) 

Shepherds.     (See  Hvcsos.) 

Shingles.  Wooden  tiles  ;  frequently  used  for 
church  spires. 

Ship.  ;V  symbol  of  the  Church.  (SeeNAVETTE.) 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Li^'A  J  -^A 


y.'/^ 


X  'W^-^       


It:-*  ^ 


Fig.  6i2.   Shrine  of  the  Three  Kings  in  Cologne  Cathedral.     13th  century. 


Shoes.  The  shoes  worn  by  the  Greeks  gene- 
rally reached  to  the  middle  of  the  leg  ;  the 
Romans  had  the  cakens  and  the  solea  or  sandal ; 
the  former  was  worn  with  the  toga  on  ordinary 
occasions  ;  the  sandal  on  a  journey  or  at  a 
feast ;  but  it  was  considered  effeminate  to 
appear  in  public  with  them.  Black  shoes  were 
worn  by  the  citizens  of  ordinary  rank  (see 
Atramentum,  Chalcanthum),  ,  and  white 
ones  (sometimes  red)  by  the  women  ;  on  cere- 
monial occasions  the  magistrates  wore  red 
shoes.  Patricians  and  their  children  wore  a 
crescent  shoe-buckle  (see  Luna).  Slaves  went 
barefooted.  The  Jews  had  shoes  of  leather, 
wood,  &c.,  tied  with  thongs  passed  under  the 
soles  of  the  feet ;  to  "  untie  the  latchets  "  of  a 
man's  shoes  was  a  sign  of  deep  subservience. 
In  ancient  as  in  modem  times  the  Oriental 
]ieoples  put  off  their  shoes  as  we  uncover  the 
head.    {(l,o\\s\\\x.  Herbert  Spencer  on  Ceremonies^ 

Shop.     (See  Taberna.) 

Shrine.  A  repository  for  relics  ;  either  fixed, 
as  a  tomb ;  or  movable,  as  a  ferdoiy.  (See 
P"ig.  307.)  The  Shrine  of  the  Three  Kings  in 
Cologne  Cathedral  is  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
and  costly  in  the  world.     (Fig.  612.) 


Sibina,  Sibyna,  Gr.  and  R.  {ai&vv-r\).  A 
kind  of  boar-spear  employed  in  hunting. 

Sibylline  (Books),  R.  The  Sibylline  books 
were  a  series  of  oracles  of  the  destiny  of  the 
Roman  Empire  ;  they  were  three  in  number,  and 
were  placed  by  Tarquin  in  a  vault  of  the  temple 
of  Jupiter  Capitolinus,  and  were  consulted  in 
cases  of  difficulty  by  an  order  of  the  senate. 
They  perished  in  670  a.u.c,  when  the  Capitol 
was  burnt.  A  set  of  Sibylline  oracles  in  exist- 
ence, which  predict  very  clearly  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Christian  religion,  have  been  ascer- 
tained to  be  a  forgery  of  the  2nd  century  of  the 
Christian  era. 

Sibyls,  Gr.  and  R.  (2i/3uAXo).  Prophetesses 
of  antiquity  recognized  by  the  ancient  Christian 
Church,  and  a  common  object  of  symbolical 
ecclesiastical  sculpture,  with  reference  to  their 
foreknowledge  of  the  fulfilment  of  inspired  pro- 
phecy ;  they  are  twelve  in  number,  having  each 
a  jiroper  emblem.  (Cf.  Smith  and  Chee- 
tham. ) 

Sica,  R.  (dimin.  sicilla).     A  curved  dagger  or 

scimitar  ;  distinct  from  PlJGlO,  a  straight  dagger. 

It  was   the   weapon   preferred   by  thieves  and 

I  assassins  on  account  of  the  convenience  of  its 


Fig.  614.  Silver  gilt  dish  and  ewer  ;  the  property  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge.  (Work  of  the  late  17th  century.) 


shape  for  concealment.  (From  this  word  onr 
English  sickle  is  derived.) 

Siccative.     A  synonym  for  Drying  (q.v.). 

Sicilis,  R.     A  sickle. 

Sienite.  A  statuary  marble  from  Syene 
(Assouan)  on  the  Nile. 

Sienna,  Terra  di  Sienna.  A  brown  pigment. 
(See  Ochres.) 

Sigilla,  R.  (dimin.  of  signum,  an  image), 
(l)  A  seal  or  signet.  (2)  Small  sculptured  or 
moulded  bosses,  used  to  decorate  vases  or 
architecture.     (3)   Small  statuettes,   called  also 

SiGILLARIA. 

Sigillaria,  R.  (i)  The  last  days  of  the  festival  of 
the  Saturnalia,  when  sigiflu,  or  statuettes  of 
gold  and  silver  or  terra-cotta,  were  offered  to 
Saturn,  and  amongst  the  people,  as  presents  to 
each  other. 

Sigillatus,  R.  Ornamented  or  decorated 
with  sigilla,      (See  SloiLLUM.) 

Sigla,  It.  (contraction  of  sigilla).  A  conven- 
tional sign  used  instead  of  a  word  or  phrase  ; 
such  as  =  for  equal  to,  and  +  for  phis ; 
A.  U.C.  for  ab  iirbe  conditd,  &c. 

Sigma,  R.  A  semicircular  couch,  so  called 
because  it  assumed  the  form  of  the  Greek  2, 
which  was  originally  written  like  our  C.  Hence, 
the  seat  which  ran  round  the  walls  of  the  Pis- 
CIXA  in  a  bath.     (See  Stibadium.) 

Signa  Militaria.     (See  Ensigns.) 

Signature,  in  printing,  is  a  letter  put  at  the 


bottom  of  the  first  page  in  every  sheet,  as  a 
direction  to  the  binder  in  collating  them. 

Signets.     (See  Rings.) 

Signinum  (opus),  R.  A  kind  of  concrete  for 
floorings,  invented  at  Signia,  and  formed  of 
broken  tiles  consolidated  with  mortar,  and 
levelled  with  a  pavior's  beetle. 

Signum,  R.  A  general  term  for  any  kind  of 
sign  or  mark  by  which  anything  can  be  recog- 
nized ;  such  as  an  image  or  figure,  the  intaglio 
on  a  ring,  the  sign  of  a  shop,  or  a  military 
standard  or  ensign  {signa  militaria),  as  repre- 
sented in  Fig.  665. 


Fig.  613.  Wall  of  Silex. 

Silex,  R.  In  general  a  flint  or  flint-stone, 
and  thence,  by  extension,  any  kind  of  hard  stone 
hewn  into  polygonal  blocks,  as  shown  in  Fig. 
613. 

Silhouette,  Fr.  A  profile  portrait,  or  repre- 
sentation of  the  shape  contained  in  the  outline 
of  an  object,  with  no  attempt  to  fill  in  the  parts. 


298 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Silicernium,  Gr.  and  R.     A  funeral  feast  in 

honour  of  the  dead. 

Silicious  Wares.     (See  Pottery.) 

Sill  or   Cill  of    a   window   or    door.       The 

LiMEN  Inferius  (q.v.). 


Fig.  615.  Silver  tankard  of  the  i6th  century. 
(Belonging  to  the  Norwich  Corporation.) 

Silver.  The  history  of  working  in  silver  is 
identical  with  that  of  Goldsmiths'  work  in  gene- 
ral. (See  Gold.)  /'^//^«  remarks  that  though 
Phidias  and  his  contemporaries  made  great 
statues  of  gold,  many  artists  who  devoted  them- 
selves mainly  and  altogether  to  working  in  the 
precious  metals  executed  their  best  work  in 
silver.  Silver  was  also  largely  used  for  the  sur- 
faces of  mirrors,  which  were  hung  on  the  walls 
of  temples.  The  best  collection  of  antique  silver 
plate  was  found  at  Hiltlesheim,  in  Germany,  in 
1869,  and  is  now  in  the  Berlin  Museum.  The 
silver  stoup  (Fig.  615)  belonging  to  the  Cor- 
poration of  Norwich,  is  of  the  time  of  Elizalieth. 
The  illustration  (Fig.  614)  of  the  silver  dish  and 
ewer  at  St.  John's  College  (1670),  is  representa- 
tive of  the  change  that  the    goldsmiths'  style 


underwent  about  the  middle  of  the  17th  century, 
after  which  time  the  light  and  graceful  leaf  work 
gave  way  to  heavier  designs.  (Consult  Pollen, 
Gold  and  Silversmiths'  Work. ) 

Silver.  In  Christian  art,  an  emblem  of  purity. 
(See  White.)  As  one  of  the  two  inetals  among 
the  tifictures  of  Ileraldr)',  represented  by  a  white 
space.     (See  Argent.) 

Silver,  Cloth  of.  Josephus  tells  us  that  the 
royal  robe  of  Herod  Agrippa  was  a  tunic  made 
of  silver.  In  the  Middle  Ages  it  was  woven, 
like  gold,  in  long  narrow  shreds  unmixed  with 
anything  else,  into  a  web  for  garments. 

Sima,  Arch.     (See  Cy.ma.) 

Simikion,  Gr.  [aiiiiKiov).  A  musical  instru- 
ment of  the  Greeks  ;  it  had  thirty-five  strings. 

Simpulum  or  Simpuvium,  R.  A  small  cup 
used  for  libations.  It  was  in  the  form  of  a  ladle 
with  a  long  handle. 

Sinciput.  The  front  part  of  the  head.  The 
back  part  is  the  occiptit. 

Sindon  (o-ti'Scii').     (See  Corporal.  ) 

Singing-bread,  Chr.  The  larger  altar  breads 
used  in  the  mass  were  called  singing-bread ;  the 
smaller  ones  consecrated  for  the  people  were 
known  as  houseling-bread.  (See  also  HoLY 
Bread.) 

Sinister,  Her.  The  left  side  of  a  shield 
(considered  from  the  back,  or  wearer's  point  of 
view).  The  bendlet  or  baton  sinister  is  generally 
(not  rigorously;  regarded  in  modern  Heraldry  as 
the  most  appropriate  difference  of  illegitimacy. 
(Consult  Boittell's  English  Het-aldry,  p.  194.) 

Sinopia.  A  fine  red  pigment  found  upon 
ancient  mural  paintings. 

Sinum  or  Sinus,  R.  A  vessel  of  small  dimen- 
sions, but  tolerably  wide  and  deep,  which  was 
used  for  holding  wine  or  milk. 

Siparium,  R.  The  curtain  of  a  theatre.  It 
was  divided  in  the  middle  and  withdrawn  to 
the  sides  to  disclose  the  stage. 

Sipho,  Gr.  {aitptav,  a  hollow  body).  A  siphon 
for  exhausting  liquids  from  a  vessel  by  the  pres- 
sure of  the  atmospliere.  A  painting  at  Thebes 
shows  that  the  principle  of  the  siphon  was 
known  to  the  Egyptians  as  early  as  the  eigh- 
teenth dynasty.  The  same  name  was  applied 
to  a  suction  and  forcing  pump,  which  was  gene- 
rally employed  as  a  fire-engine. 

Sirens  (Gr.  Sfip-Tji'e?  [probably  from  treipo,  a 
chain,  to  signify  their  attractive  power]).  These 
mythical  representatives  of  the  evil  side  of  the 
seductive  power  of  music,  are  represented  in 
art  as  lovely  women  to  the  waist,  and  fishes 
or  birds  below.  Sometimes  they  have  wings, 
which  the  Muses  are  said  to  have  plucked  (see 
Muses)  of  their  feathers  ;  as  Orpheus,  by  open- 
ing  their  minds  to  the  unattainable  higher 
music,  drove  them  to  suicide  in  the  end.  In 
Christian  symbolism  the  sirens  typify  the  three 
carnal  lusts.     (See  Fig.  455.) 


Situlus. 


Sirpea.  (See  Scirpea.) 
Sispa-sastra,  Hind.  A  Hindoo  work,  the 
title  of  which  means  literally  the  science  of 
manual  art.  It  was  a  kind  of  encyclopivdia, 
and  comprised  about  thirty  treatises  on  the 
manual  arts,  and  included  a  treatise  on  archi- 
tecture written  by  a  Hindoo  whose  name  has 
not  come  dow  n  to  us  ;  but  a  sage  or  mage 
called  Dupayana  compiled,  abridged,  and  edited, 
about  1500  K.c,  the  lost  treatise  of  the  Hindoo 
architect.    (Bosr.) 

Sistrum,  Egyp.  (ffuarpov  ;  a-fiu,  to  shake). 
A  kind  of  rattle  formed  by  a  certain  number  of 
metallic  rods  which  passed  through  a  framework 
also  of  metal ;  this  was  attached  to  a  short 
handle  ending  in  a  head  of  Athor.  By  shaking 
the  instrument  by  the  handle  the  metallic  rods 
and  the  movable  rings  suspended  from  them 
were  made  to  give  out  a  sharp  rattling  sound. 
The  Egyptians  made  use  of  the  sistrum  in  the 
ceremonial  worship  of  Isis  and  at  funerals. 
Roman  coins  of  Hadrian  present  a  personifica- 
tion of  Egypt  as  a  female  figure  seated  with  the 
sacred  ibis  at  her  feet,  and  a  sistrum  in  her 
hand.  The  instrument  is  still  in  use  on  the 
Nile. 

Sitella.     Diminutive  of  Situ  la  (q.v.). 

Situla,  R.  A  bucket  for  drawing  water  from 
a  well. 

Synonym  of  SiTULA  (q.v.). 

Sixfoil,  Her.  A  flower  of  six 
leaves. 

Size  is  used  to  prepare  paper 
for  printing  upon,  and  as  a  vehi- 
cle in  oil  painting.  (See  Distem- 
per.) 

Skeens,     Celtic.      Long      sharp 
knives  ;  '■'■  skeen  diibh^''  black  knife, 
the  Highlander's  dernier  ressort. 

Skinning,  in  Masonry.     (See  Regrating.) 

Skirophorion.     (See  Scirophorium.) 

Sling.     (See  Balea,  Funda.) 

Slipped,  Her.     Pulled  or  torn  off. 

Smalt.  A  vitreous  substance  coloured  by 
cobalt,  used  for  painting  on  china,  not  being 
affected  by  fire.  It  makes  also  a  bad  pigment  in 
water-colour  painting,  and  is  largely  used  for 
giving  a  blue  tinge  to  writing-paper,  linen,  &c. 
(See  Cobalt.) 

Smalti,  It.  Cubes  of  coloured  glass  applied 
in  the  modem  Mosaics. 

Snail,  Chr.  In  Christian  iconography  the 
snail  is  an  emblem  of  sloth  and  of  the  resur- 
rection. 

Snood  (A.S.  snod).  A  head-band  for  ladies, 
of  the  Anglo-Saxon  period,  similar  to  that 
now  used  by  young  unmarried  women  in  Scot- 
land. 

Soapstone.     (See  Steatite.) 

Socculus.     Diminutive  of  soccus. 

Soccus,    Gr.    and    R.     A    slipper    worn   in 


Greece  both  by  men  and  women,  but  at  Rome 
by  women  only.  It  was  worn  by  actors  upon 
the  stage. 

Socle,  Arch.  A  plain  block  or  plinth  form- 
ing a  low  pedestal  to  a  column  ;  or  a  plinth 
round  the  bottom  of  a  wall. 

Soffit,  Arch.  The  flat  surface  on  the  lower 
side  of  an  arch  or  cornice. 

Solarium,  R.  (^1;/,  the  sun),  (i)  A  sun-dial ; 
(2)  a  water-clock  or  clepsydra  {solarium  ex 
aqua) ;  (3)  a  terrace  constructed  on  the  top  of  a 
house  or  portico. 

Soldurii,  Gaul.  A  body  of  Gallic  warriors 
forming  a  Clan  under  one  chief. 

Solea,  R.  and  Chr.  {solum,  sole  of  the  foot). 
A  sandal  of  the  simplest  kind,  consisting  of  a 
sole  fastened  on  with  straps  over  the  instep. 
Solea  ferren,  a  horse-shoe,  or  socctis  oi  won  ;  solea 
Sparta,  a  sock  of  Spanish  broom  for  the  feet  of 
beasts  of  burden  or  of  cattle ;  solea  lignea, 
wooden  clogs  fastened  to  the  feet  of  criminals. 
Lastly  the  term  denoted  a  machine  for  crushing 
olives,  the  nature  and  shape  of  which  are  en- 
tirely unknown.  In  Christian  archaeology,  the 
X^xm.  solea  was  used  to  denote,  in  the  early  basi- 
licas, a  space  in  front  of  the  choir. 

Soler  (Lat.  solarium;  A.S.  up-Jlor).  The 
upper  floor  of  a  house,  approached  by  a  staeger 
(Ang.  stair)  outside. 

Soles  of  the  Feet,  Egyp.  and  Chr.  On  a 
great  number  of  Christian  tombs  there  occur  re- 
presentations of  the  soles  of  the  feet.  This 
symbol  has  been  variously  explained.  In  our 
opinion,  one  which  has  never  been  broached  be- 
fore, it  denoted  that  the  dead  were  in  the 
power  of  God  ;  for  among  the  Egj'ptians,  when- 
ever a  god  or  powerful  king  was  spoken  of,  it 
was  said  of  him  that  he  put  his  enemies  under 
the  sole  of  his  foot.  Ezekiel  uses  the  same  terms 
in  speaking  of  Jehovah.  Whenever  an  Egyp- 
tian went  on  a  pilgrimage  to  a  distant  place,  he 
never  left  the  country  without  engraving  on  some 
stone  the  impression  of  his  feet,  to  which  he 
added  his  name  and  titles.     {Bosc.) 

Soliferreum  or  SoUiferreum,  R.  A  javelin 
made  entirely  of  massive  iron. 

Solium,  R.  This  term  denotes  (i)  a  chair 
or  arm-chair  with  a  high  back  ;  (2)  a  bier  of 
wood  or  terra-cotta  for  a  dead  body  ;  (3)  the 
granite  or  marble  seat  in  an  ancient  bath. 

Solstice.  The  time  when  the  sun  appears  to 
standstill,  at  one  of  the  solstitial  points,  i.e. 
at  his  greatest  distance  from  the  equator  ;  the 
summer  solstice  is  the  longest  day,  June  22nd  ; 
the  winter  solstice  December  22nd,  in  the  North 
Hemisphere  ;  reversed  in  the  South. 

Sonata,  Ital.  A  piece  of  music  with  various 
movements,  composed  for  a  single  instrument 
with  or  without  accompaniment.  Sonate  di 
camera,  sonatas  adapted  for  chamber  music  j 
sonate  de  chiesa,  iox  cSxyxxQXi'e.'s,. 


CAL I  FOF.H'^, 


300 


WORDS  USED  IN 


SonnacMosi  of  Bologna.  One  of  the  Italian 
Academies,  having  for  their  device  a  bear,  which 
sleeps  through  the  winter  ;  and  the  motto  spero 
avafizar  con  la  vigilia  il  soiitio.  (I  hope  by 
vigils  to  make  up  for  sleep.) 

Sorrows  of  the  Virgin.  (See  Joys  of  the 
Virgin.) 

Sortes,  R.  Lots  ;  small  tablets  or  counters 
thrown  into  a  SiTELLA  or  urn  full  of  water,  and 
withdrawn  for  soothsaying. 

Soteria,  Gr.  and  R.  {a-uT'fipia,  i.e.  of  saving). 
Sacrifices  in  honour  of  the  gods  offered  by  way 
of  thanksgiving  for  escape  from  any  danger. 

Sounding-board,  Chr.  A  sort  of  dome  or 
canopy,  placed  above  pulpits  to  convey  the 
voice  of  the  preacher  to  his  auditory.  In  the 
centre  of  the  lower  part  of  the  canopy  there  is 
often  a  carved  dove,  symbolizing  the  Holy 
Ghost.  Sounding-boards  must  be  placed  five 
feet  above  the  speaker's  head,  and  their  dia- 
meter should  exceed  that  of  the  pulpit  by  six  to 
eight  inches  on  either  side. 

Soutane,  Fr.  A  white  woollen  cassock,  worn 
by  priests  under  the  rochet. 

Sow,  Chr.  In  Christian  iconography,  the  sow 
is  a  symbol  of  evil,  impurity,  gluttony,  and 
fecundity.  It  is  borne  in  the  crest  of  Hamilton, 
Duke  of  Hamilton,  with  the  motto,  "Through." 

Span.  Of  an  arch,  the  breadth  between  the 
imposts. 

Spandril,  Arch.  The  triangular  space  be- 
tween the  upper  arch  of  a  door  and  the  square 
mouldings  which  form  a  frame  to  it. 

Spangles,  of  gold  and  silver,  were,  in  the 
Middle  Ages,  artistically  shaped  concave,  and 
sewed  on  like  tiles,  one  overlapping  the  other, 
producing  a  rich  and  pleasing  effect.  Our  pre- 
sent flat  spangles  are  quite  modern. 

Spanish  Black.     A  pigment  of  burnt  cork. 

Spanish  Brown.     (See  Ochre.) 

Spanish  Ferreto.  A  rich  reddish-brown  pig- 
ment. 

Spanish  Red.  An  ochreous  red  pigment, 
yellower  than  the  Venetian  red. 

Spanish  Stitch.  A  kind  of  embroidery  intro- 
duced into  England  by  Katharine  of  Aragon  in 
1501. 

Span-roof,  Arch.  Having  two  inclined  sides  ; 
not  ■a.  pent -roof. 

Spartea.     (See  Solea.) 

Sparum,  R.  A  weapon  specially  employed 
by  the  agricultural  population,  whence  its  name 
of  sparum  agrcste,  telitm  rustic ii}n.  It  ^^-as  a 
kind  of  halberd.  A  form  spams  was  also  in 
use. 

Spatha,  Gr.  and  R.  {crizaeri).  (i)  A  batten  or 
wooden  blade  used  by  weavers  for  beating  the 
threads  of  the  woof.  (2)  The  spatula  of  a 
druggist  or  chemist.  (3)  A  long,  broad,  two- 
edged  sword,  with  a  sharp  point. 

Spathalium,  Gr.  and  R.  {airaQaKio:).     A  kind 


of  bracelet  with  bells  attached,  so  that  it  bore 
some  resemblance  to  the  fiower-sheath  of  the 
palm-tree  {spatha),  whence  its  name. 
Speak-house,  O.  E.  A  parlour. 
Spean,  Hind.  A  monumental  bridge,  of  no 
great  height,  among  the  Khmers  or  ancient  in- 
habitants of  Cambodgia.  The  balustrade  of 
this  bridge  was  formed  by  means  of  Nagagas 
(q.v.). 

Spear,  Her.,  is  seldom  seen  in  blazon,  though 
it  appears  as  a  "punning  device"  in  the  arms 
granted  to  Shakspeare's  father.  (See  Lance, 
CL'SPIS,  &c.) 

Specillum,  R.  A  surgeon's  probe,  of  iron, 
bronze,  or  silver. 

Spectra.  Impressions  which  remain  for  a 
time  on  the  retina  of  the  eye,  after  looking  at 
certain  bright  and  coloured  objects.  They  are 
either  similar  in  colour  and  form  to  the  objects 
which  excited  them,  or  vary  according  to  the 
laws  of  the  spectrum  ;  e.g.  if  the  eye  is  fixed  on 
a  7-ed  wafer,  lying  on  a  sheet  of  luhite  paper,  it 
will  appear  fringed  with  a  faint  gree)i;  then 
if,  after  a  time,  the  eye  is  turned  to  another  part 
of  the  paper,  where  there  is  no  wafer,  a  green 
wafer  will  appear. 

Spectrum.  The  series  of  colours  that  a  beam 
of  white  light  slips  into  under  refraction  :  — 
red,  orange,  yellow,  green,  blue,  indigo,  and 
violet. 

Specula,  R.    A  watch-tower. 

Specularia,  Gr.  and  R.  Window-panes  made 
with  a  kind  of  transparent  stone  Qapis  specu- 
lar is). 

Speculum,  R.  {specio,  to  behold).  A  mirror ; 
they  were  made  in  ancient  times  of  a  white 
composition  of  copper  and  tin,  and  afterwards 
of  silver.  The  back  of  the  mirror  was  decorated 
with  beautiful  engraved  or  enchased  designs. 
There  were  also  glass  mirrors  backed  with  a  thin 
leaf  of  metal.  Mirrors  were  not  contrived  to  be 
hung  against  a  wall,  or  to  stand  on  a  table,  but 
were  generally  held  by  female  slaves  in  front  of 
their  mistresses.     (See  Mirrors.) 

Specus,  R.  Originally  a  dark  grotto  or  cave; 
later  the  covered  canal  of  an  aqueduct. 

Spence,  O.  E.  The  buttery  attached  to  the 
hall;   13th,  14th  century. 

Specs,  Egyp.  ((TTre'os).  Hypogea  or  subterra- 
nean Egyptian  temples.  Heinispeos  was  the 
name  given  to  temples  built  partly  above  and 
partly  under  the  ground. 

Sperlings,  O.  E.     Sprats. 

Sperthe,  O.  E.     A  battle-axe. 

Spetum,  Med.  A  kind  of  Partisan,  but 
narrower  and  lighter. 

Sphasristerium,  Gr.  and  R.  (<r(/)oipi<rT^pioj',  lit. 
place  for  ball).  An  apartment  attached  to  a 
gymnasium  or  set  of  baths  for  playing  with  balls. 

Sphaeromachia,  Gr.  and  R.  {afaipo-fiax'^a}-  A 
game  of  ball. 


Sphendone,  Gr.  A  band  or  fillet  with  which 
Greek  ladies  confined  their  hair.  (See  DlA- 
DEMA,  IIaik,  &c.  ) 


// ;  r 


'\ 


\mK 


Fig.  617.  Andro-Sjiliiiix. 


Sphinx,  'Egyp.{'S<piyO.  An  emblem  peculiarly 
Egyptian,  signifying  the  religious  mystery  ;  in 
this  sense  it  was  adopted  by  the  Romans  and 
placed  in  the  pronaos  of  their  temples.  The 
Andko-Sphinx  (Fig.  617),  a  human  head  upon 
a  lion's  body,  typified  generally  the  union  of  in- 


Fig  618.  Crio-Sphinx. 

tellectual and  physical  power  ;  theCRlo-SPHiNX 
(Fig.  618)  had    the   head  of  a  ram ;    and  the 


Fi^.  6iy.  Hieraco-Sphinx. 

ITieraco-Sphinx  (Fig.  619)  that  of  a  hawk. 
The  two  latter  are  complex  emblems  ;  the  hawk 
being  the  sun-god's  and  the  king's  special  figure, 
and  the  ram  that  of  the  god  Neph.    The   sym- 


bolical importanccof  these  figures  was  completely 
disregarded  in  the  course  of  their  application 
to  the  purposes  of  Greek  art. 

Sphyrelata,  Gr.  Hammered  metal-work ; 
the  earliest  form  of  art  manufacture  in  metal. 
Archaic  statues,  antecedent  to  the  invention  of  the 
art  of  casting,  were  formed  of  hammered  plates 
fastened   together   with  rivets.      (See   Metal- 

LUKGY.) 

Spicae  Testaceae,  R.  {spica,  car  of  corn).  Ob- 
long bricks  for  pavements ;  applied  in  the 
Spicatum  Opus. 

Spicatum  (opus),  R.  A  term  answering  to 
our   hekring-kone   work  ;   it   was   a   kind   of 


Fig.  620.     Spicatum  Opus. 

construction  in  which  the  stones  were  arranged 
so  as  to  resemble  the  setting  of  the  grains  in  an 
ear  of  corn.     (Fig.  620.) 


Fig.  621.   Spiculum. 

Spiculum,  R.  (dimin.  of  spicum,  a  point). 
The  barbed  iron  head  of  an  arrow  or  lance. 
The  custom  of  barbing  weapons  dates  from  a 
very  early  period,  since  it  is  met  with  in  pre- 
historic times.  Fig.  621  shows  a  barbed  bone 
arrow. 

Spider-work  (opus  arafteum').  A  kind  of  em- 
broidery ;  specimens  of  the  13th  and  14th  centuries 
are  in  South  Kensington  Museum. 

Spike.  Oil  of  spike  used  in  wax  painting  is 
prepared  from  the  wild  lavender. 

Spina,  R.  flit,  a  spine).  A  long,  low  wall 
along  the  middle  of  a  circus,  marking  off  the 
course  in  a  race.  At  each  end  were  the  goals, 
[mdtr).     (See  CiRCUS,  Meta.) 

Spinet  (Ital.  spindta).  An  old-fashioned 
musical  instrument  on  the  principle  of  the 
harpsichord  and  pianoforte.  Brass  and  steel 
wires  were  struck  by  quills  fixed  to  the  tongues 
of  jacks  which  were  moved  by  the  keys  of  a 
finger-board.     (Fig.  622.) 

Spinther,  R.  ((njxy/cT^ip).  A  bracelet ;  it  was 
worn  upon  the  left  arm,  and  retained  in  its 
place  merely  by  the  elasticity  of  the  material. 


302r 


WORDS    USED   IN 


Fig.  622.  Spinet.     18th  century. 


The  term  is  really  a  corruption  of  sphincter, 
the  muscle  which 
remains  naturally- 
contracted.  (See 
Armilla.) 

Spira,  R.  (o-TreT- 
pa).  Anything 

spiral  or  coiled ; 
such  as  (i)  a  coil  of 
rope  ;  (2)  an  orna- 
ment worn  by  wo- 
men on  the  head  ; 
(3)  the  string  by 
which  the  cap  of 
the  Salian  priests 
was  fastened  under 
the  chin  ;  (4)  the 
base  of  a  column. 

Spire,  Arch.  An 
acutely-pointed  ter- 
mination crowning 
a  steeple.  (See 
Champ'er.) 

Spirit  Fresco.  A 
new  method  of 
painting  in  fresco, 
introduced  by  Mr. 
Ciambier  Parry, 
18S0. 

Spirits   of  Wine 

are  used  to  dissolve 

resins  in  the  prepa- 

„.     ,       ,,        ,  .  ration  of  varnishes. 

Fig.  623.  Carved  ivory  SnirulB  l^imi 

Spoon  with  figure  of  ispirma.      IJmil- 

"  January."  nutive  of  spira. 

Spittle  or  Spittle- 
house,  O.  E.     A  hospital. 


Spolarium,  R.  {spolio,  to  strip  off).  A  cloak- 
room in  the  baths,  where  the  bathers  left  their 
clothes  ;  in  an  amphitheatre  or  circus  the  term 
was  applied  to  a  cella  in  which  gladiators 
who  had  been  killed 
in  the  arena  were 
stripped  of  their 
clothes  and  wea- 
pons. 

Spolia,  R.  Booty 
taken  in  war.  Pr.«- 
DA  means  plunder 
generally;  Manu- 
BIUM,  the  share  of 
the  commander  or 
the  state;  Exuvi.ii, 
the  personal  spoils 
of  an  enemy  ;  and 
Spolta,  properly 
speaking,  arms  or 
implements  of  war. 
(See  Opima  Spo- 
lia.) 

Spoon,  Chr.  In 
early  times,  espe- 
cially among  the 
Greeks,  Syrians, and 
Copts,  the  sacrament 
in  one  kind  only 
was  administered 
with  a  small  gold 
or  silver  spoon,  in- 
to which  a  few 
drops  of  the  conse- 
crated wine  were 
poured.  In  the  Mid- 
dle  Ages     spoons    were   frequently   ornama-'ted 


Fig.  624.   Folding  Spoon 
of  carved  box- wood. 


with  figures,  some  carved  in  ivory  or  wood, 
and  others  of  metal.  Ai>ostlk  Spoons  had 
figures  of  the  Apostles  on  the  handles.  (See 
Lahis  and  Cochlear.) 

Sporta,  R.  A  broad  ]ilaited  basket  made 
of  wood  and  usually  furnished  with  two  han- 
dles, niminutives  of  this  term  are  sportcUa 
and  sportttla. 

Springers,  Arch.  The  lowest  stones  of  an 
arch  resting  on  a  column,  pilaster,  or  cluster  of 
small  colums. 

Spurs  with  rowels  appear  first  in  the  13th 
century ;  in  early  times  and  in  antiquity  they 
were  merely  sharp  goads  fixed  to  the  heel.  In 
the  middle  of  the  15th  century  spurs  were  of 
extravagant  length.  In  Heraldry,  the  knightly 
spur  had  a  single  point,  up  to  about  1320,  and 
was  known  as  the  "  pryck-spur;"  the  later  form 
is  called  the  "  rouelle-spur. " 

Spurn,  O.  E.  A  piece  of  stone  or  wood  pro- 
tecting a  corner  house  or  gate-post  from  wheels. 
One  end  is  fixed  in  the  giound,  and  the  other 
attached  at  an  angle  to  the  post  or  wall. 

SquiDch,  Arch.  Small  arches  built  across 
angles  of  towers  to  support  projecting  masonry 
above. 

Stadium,  Gr.  [araZMv].  The  course  for  the 
foot-race  at  Olympia,  which  measured  exactly 
one  stadium  (6o6|  feet).  The  stadium  was  the 
principal  Greek  measure  for  distance,  and 
equalled  the  eighth  of  a  Roman  mile. 

Stag  (cc7~nis).  Representations  of  the  stag 
occur  in  many  Christian  bas-reliefs  and  paint- 
ings. It  is  the  emblem  of  many  dissimilar  moral 
ideas,  but  more  especially  of  a  longing  desire 
for  baptism,  from  an  application  of  the  text  in  the 
42nd  Psalm,  "Likeas  the  hart,"  &c.  (SeeHART.) 

Stalactite  (Gr.  <Tra.\ayfj.a,  an  icicle).  Spar, 
in  the  form  of  icicles  hanging  from  the  roof  of 
a  cavern.  Stalagmites  are  heaped  up  from  their 
droppings  on  the  floor,  forming  when  they  unite 
witli  the  Stalactites  the  so-called  Organ-pipes. 

Stalagmium,  Gr.  and  R.  {(rraKayfjuov).  An 
ear-ring  decorated  with  pearls,  or  small  gold  or 
silver  drops,  which  bore  more  or  less  resem- 
blance to  the  shape  of  a  drop  of  water  (o-roAay/ua), 
■whence  its  name. 

Stall-plate,  Her.  The  plate  bearing  the 
arms  of  a  knight,  and  placed  in  his  stall  in  the 
chapel  of  his  order. 

Stalls,  Chr.  Seats  in  a  chapel  ;  made  to  be 
used  in  two  ways  :  either  with  the  flap  of  the 
seat  let  down  called  "  sellette,"  which  formed 
the  regular  seat,  or  with  the  flap  raised,  afllbrding 
only  a  small  resting-place  called  /niserere.  The 
elbows  are  often  called  "museaux"  from  their 
being  in  many  cases  ornamented  with  the  head 
of  some  animal.     (See  Miserere.) 

Stamen,  R.  The  spun  thread  as  it  comes  off 
the  spindle. 

Stamnos,  Gr.  and  R.     A  vessel  in  the  shape 


of  a  Panathenscan  water-jar  or  amphora,  but  with 
a  wider  neck,  and  with  two  ears  and  no  handle. 
Stanchion,  Arch.     The  upright  iron  bar  be- 
tween the  mullions  of  a  window. 

Standard  or  Banner,  Chr.  The  symbol  of 
victory  over  sin,  death,  and  idolatry.  (See  En- 
signs, Lakarum,  Signa,  &c.)  In  heraldry,  a 
long  narrow  flag  introduced  in  the  14th  century. 
The  Royal  Standard  bears  the  blazonry  of 
the  Queen's  arms.  The  Union  Jack  was  pro- 
duced in  the  reign  of  James  I.,  in  1606,  as  the 
national  flag  of  united  England  and  Scotland, 
combining  the  banners  of  St.  George  and  St. 
Andrew.  The  latest  Union  Jack  shows,  over 
the  saltire  of  St.  Andrew,  the  gtdes  of  St. 
Patrick,  and  was  introduced  upon  the  occasion 
of  the  ?/;//(V/ with  Ireland.  The  word  "Jack" 
is  a  corruption  of  the  French  "Jacques,"  for 
James. 

Standing  Stones.  Celtic  monuments,  also 
called  viegalithic,  consisting  of  a  row  of 
stones  standing  in  a  line.  (See  Dolmen, 
Menhir,  Megalithic,  &c.) 

Standish,  O.  E.  A  case  for  pens  and  ink; 
an  inkstand. 

Stanniferous  Wares.     (See  Pottery.  ) 
Stapes,  Stapia,  Med.  Lat.     A  stirrup. 

Staroflndia. 
An  order  of 
knighthood 
instituted  by 
Queen  Vic- 
toria in  1861. 
The  Insignia 
are  the  Badge 

(Fig-     171) ; 

collar  of  heral- 
dic roses  and 
lotus  -  flowers 
al  t  ernating 
with  palm- 
branches,  a ' 
crown  being 
in  the  centre  ; 
ribbon  of  pale 
blue  with 
white  borders, 
crossing  the 
left   shoulder ; 

Fig.  625.  Badge  of  the  Staroflndia.      ,  •  , 

diamonds, 

having  a  mullet  upon  an  irradiated  field  in  its  cen- 
tre, with  the  motto  "Heaven's Light  our  Guide." 
Stars,  Her.  (See  Estoile,  Mullet.) 
Stars,  Chr.  Emblematic  of  the  canopy  of 
Heaven,  are  generally  represented  on  the  domed 
ceilings  of  churches.  These  were  usually 
forged  in  metal  and  fixed  on  to  an  azure 
ground.  They  are  attributes  of  the  Virgin 
Mary  as  queen  of  heaven,  and  of  St.  Dominic 
and  other  saints. 


304 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Stars,  Star-moulding,  Arch.  An  ornament 
of  the  Romano- 
Byzantine  period, 
in  the  shape  of 
a  star  with  four 
rays  only.  (F  iR. 
627.)  It  is  met 
with  as  a  decora- 
tion   in     various 


^ 


Mullet.  Estoile 

Fig.  626.  Heraldic  Stars. 

mouldinfrs. 


Fig.  628.  Statera. 


Fig.  627.     Star-moulding. 

Statera,  R  A 
steelyard  or  Ro 
man  balance,  of 
much  latei  mven- 
tion  than  the 
scales  called  li- 
bra. It  consisted 
(Fig.  628)  of  a 
rod  or  yard 
(scapa),  divided 
by  equidistant 
points  {ptincta), 
and  was  suspend- 
ed by  means  of 
a  handle  {ansa) 
consisting  of  a 
hook  or  chain 
The  weight  {trqui' 
pondiiwi)  forms  a  counterjioise  to  any  object 
suspended  from  one  of  the  hooks  or  the 
■AczXe.  (lanaila).  (Fig.  418.)  The  teim  is  some- 
times looked  upon  as  a  synonym  of  Libra  (q  v  ) 
It  denotes  besides  (i)  a  wooden  bar  or  yoke 
placed  across  the  withers  of  a  pair  of  horses 
harnessed  to  a  BijUGUS  (q.v.) ;  (2)  a  plate  or 
dish,  probably  of  circular  form. 

Statuettes.  Small  statues  in  bronze  or 
porcelain  for  the  decoration  of  rooms.  For 
Porcelain  Statuary,  consult  Jacquemart's  His- 
iory  of  the  Ceramic  Art. 

Stauracin  (Gr.  (TTavph^,  a  cross)  was  a  silken 
stuff  figured  with  small  plain  crosses ;  hence 
polystaiiron,  having  many  crosses. 

Steatite  or  Soapstone.  A  soft,  unctuous, 
magnesian  mineral,  used  by  the  Chinese  for 
statuary  and  decorative  purposes. 

Steel,    Engraving   in,    was    invented  during 


the  present  century.  The  process  is  nearly  the 
same  as  engraving  in  copper.  (See  Chalco- 
graphy.) 

Stega,  Gr.  and  R.  (o-reyT),  i.e.  a  covering). 
The  deck  of  a  ship;  a  synonym  for  Constratum 
(q.v.). 

Steganography,  Gr.  {a-n-yavl^,  secret).  Cy- 
pher, or  secret  writing,  by  substitution  of  signs 
for  letters. 

Steinkerque  was  a  twisted  necktie,and  owed  its 
origin  to  the  battle  of  that  name  fought  in  1692 
by  Marshal  Luxembourg  against  William  of 
Orange.  When  the  French  princes  were  sud- 
denly ordered  into  action,  hastily  tying  their 
cravats — in  peaceful  times  an  elaborate  proceeding 
— they  rushed  to  the  charge  and  gained  the  day. 


Fig.  629.   Steinkerque. 

In  honour  of  this  event  ladies  also  wore  their 
lace  neckerchiefs  twisted  in  this  careless  fashion. 
Steinkerques  became  the  rage,  and  were  worn 
in  England  and  France  by  men  and  women  for 
many  years  afterwards.  The  engraving  repre- 
sents the  G'^and  Dauphin  of  France  wearing  a 
Steinkerque. 

Stela,  Stele,  Gr.  A  pillar,  or  stone  of  a  cylin- 
drical or  quadrangular  shape,  often  surmounted 
by  an  ornament  in  the  form  of  a  palm.     These 


stdcs  ser\'ed  to  mark  out  burial-places.  Fig. 
631  represents  a  Roman,  and  Fig.  630  a  Greek 
stele. 


Fig.  630.  Greek  Stele. 


Stemma,    Gr. 
which    crowns). 


and  R.  (o-TeV.ua,  i.  e.  that 
Among  the  Greeks  this  term 
served  to  denote  a  wreath 
bound  round  with  woollen 
fillets ;  among  the  Romans 
the  same  term  denoted  a 
long  roll  of  parchment 
ornamented  with  garlands. 
This  roll  contained  the 
genealogy  of  the  family. 
Stcinmata  were  hung  upon 
the  busts  of  ancestors, 
and  in  front  of  the  ima- 
gines majorum. 

Stencil.  A  plate  of  any 
material  in  which  patterns 
-  have  been  cut  out.  The 
use  of  stencil  plates  is  of 
great  antiquity.  They  were 
used  in  the  schools  of  ancient  Rome  to  teach 
writing,  and  by  the  emperors  for  affixing  their 
sign  manual  to  documents. 

Stereobate.  The  base  of  a  plain  wall.  (See 
Stylobates. 

Stereochromy.  A  new  method  of  wall-paint- 
ing, with  water  colours  sprinkled  over  with 
fluoric  acid,  adapted  permanently  to  resist  all 
the  influences  of  climate. 

Stereo-graphy  {crrepihs,  solid).  Geometrical 
drawing  of  solids  on  a  plane  surface. 

Stereoscope.  A  binocular  glass,  arranged 
in  conformity  with  the  natural  convergence  of 
the  sight  of  each  eye  to  a  focal  centre.  An 
object  is  photographed  twice,  as  it  would  appear 
to  each  eye  if  the  other  were  closed  ;  and  when 
the  two  pictures  are  looked  at  together  in  the 
stereoscope,    an    effect     of    rounded    solidity 


Fig.  631. 
Roman  btela. 


(stereon)  is  produced.  The  effect  is  particularly 
beautiful  in  photographs  of  statues. 

Stereotype.  Solid  type,  obtained  from  a 
cast  of  the  forme  of  movable  type,  for  permanent 
use  in  printing  works  of  which  many  editions 
are  required. 

Steyre,  (J.  E.     A  stair. 

Stiacciato,  Ital.  Sculpture  in  very  low  relief, 
less  than  basso- rclitT'o. 

Stibadium,  Gr.  and  R.  {(jrt&i^iov).  A  circu- 
lar dining-couch  generally  made  of  wicker-work. 
Another  name  for  it  was  Sigma. 

Sticharium,  Chr.  (o-Tixapioc).  A  white  tunic 
worn  by  the  Greek  bishops  and  deacons  in 
certain  ceremonies. 

Stigma,  K.  {aTiyfxa,  lit.  a  mark  by  pricking). 
A  mark,  impression,  or  brand.  Thieves  were 
branded  with  the  letter  F,  which  stood  iox  fur, 
thief.  A  stigma  tattooed  on  the  arm  was  the 
mark  by  which  conscripts  were  declared  capable 
of  military  service,  &c.,  hence 

Stigmata,  Chr.  The  marks  of  the  five  sacred 
wounds  on  the  hands,  feet,  and  side  of  Our 
Lord  ;  said  to  have  been  miraculously  printed 
on  the  persons  of  saints. 

Stil-de-grain.     (See  Pinks.) 

Still  Life.     Inanimate  objects. 

Stilted  Arch.  One  having  the  capital  or 
impost  mouldings  of  the  jambs  below  the  level 
of  the  springing  of  the  curve,  the  moulding  of 
the  arch  being  continued  vertically  down  to  the 
impost  mouldings. 

Stilus,  Stylus,  R.  A  style,  or  instrument  of 
bone,  ivorj',  iron,  bronze,  or  silver,  about  five 
inches  long,  having  one  end  pointed,  and  the 
other  flattened  like  a  spatula  ;  the  latter  served 
either  to  spread  the  w^ax  on  the  writing-tablet, 
or  to  erase  by  smoothing  down  what  had  been 
written  upon  it  ;  the  other  and  pointed  end 
served  for  writing  upon  the  wax-covered  tablet. 
The  term  also  denoted  (i)  the  needle  or  index 
of  a  sun-dial ;  (2)  a  bronze  needle  ;  (3)  a  probe 
employed  for  garden  purposes.  (4)  A  sharp  stake 
in  a  pitfall.     It  was  also  zzW^A  graphium. 

Stimulus,  R.  (o-TtX«,  to  prick).  A  goad  for 
driving  cattle. 

Stipple.  Etched  imitations  of  chalk  drawings 
of  the  human  figure,  called  engravings  in  stiff  le, 
have  a  very  soft  effect,  but  are  inferior  to  en- 
graving. In  this  variety  the  whole  subject  is 
executed  in  dots  without  strokes  on  the  etching- 
ground,  and  these  dots  are  bitten  in  with  aqua- 
fortis. The  dots  may  be  harmonized  with  a 
little  hammer,  in  which  case  the  work  is  called 
opus  mallei.  In  the  method  known  as  mezzo- 
tinfo,  a  dark  barb  or  ground  is  raised  uniformly 
by  means  of  a  toothed  tool  ;  and  the  design 
being  traced,  the  light  parts  are  scraped  off  from 
the  plate  by  fitting  instruments,  according  to  the 
effect  required.     (See  En(;raving.) 

Stips,   R.     A  small  bronze  coin,  equal  to  the 

X 


3o6 


\VORDS    USED   IN 


twelfth  part  of  an  as,  or  about  a  quarter  of  a  far- 
thing ;  it  bore  on  the  reverse  the  prowof  a  vessel. 


Fig.  632.   Stola.     Costume  of  a  Roman  Matron. 
Stocheion,    Gr.     A   form   of  sun-diah     (See 

HOROLOGIUM.) 

Stockings  were  introduced  into  England 
with  knitting  in  1 501,  when  Queen  Elizabeth 
was  presented  with  a  pair  of  black  knit  sdk 
stockings  by  her  tirewoman,  and  immediately 
discontinued  the  cloth  hose  she  had  previously 
worn.  The  Sc9tch  claim  the  invention  of  knit- 
ting, and  a  French  company  of  stocking-knitters 
established  at  Paris  in  1527  took  for  their  patron 
St.  Fiacre,  who  is  said  to  have  been  the  son  of  a 
King  of  Scotland.     (See  Netherstocks.) 

Stola,  R,  [ffToK)},  lit.  an   equipment).      The 


robe  worn  by  Roman  matrons ;  it  consisted  of 
a  wide  tunic  with  long  sleeves.  It  came 
down  to  the  ankles  or  feet,  and  was  confined  at 
the  waist  by  a  girdle,  leaving  broad  loose  folds 
over  the  breast.  The  pallium  was  worn  over 
the  siola.  It  was  the  distinguishing  dress  of 
the  Roman  matron,  and  the  meretrices  or 
divorced  women  were  forbidden  to  wear  it.  The 
stola  was  also  worn  by  a  certain  class  of  priests. 
(See  Pallium,  Toga.)      (See  Fig.  632.) 

Stole,  Chr.  This 
term,  a  synonym 
of  orarinm,  denot- 
ed, with  the  early 
Christians,  accord- 
ing to  Fleury,  a 
piece  of  fine  linen 
which  was  worn 
round  the  neck.  It 
was  used  as  a  kind 
of  pocket-handker- 
chief, long  before 
the  introduction  of 
Christianity,  by  the 
Romans,  who  nam- 
ed it  indifferently 
linteolum,  strophi- 
uni,  and  sudarhim. 
In  the  Christian 
Church  it  is  repre- 
sented by  a  narrow 
ban  d  of  embroidered 
stuff,  and  worn  over 
the  left  shoulder  by 
deacons  ;  and  across 
both  shoulders  by 
bishops  and  priests. 
It  is  sacred  to  the 
memory  of  the  cloth 
with  which  the  Sa- 
viour is  alleged  to 
have  wiped  away 
the  sweat  from  His  face  as  He  passed  to  the 
Crucifixion.     (See  Sudarium,  Orarium.) 

Stone  Ochre.  A  pigment.  An  earthy  oxide 
of  iron.     (See  Ochres.) 

Stone-ware.  (See  Pottery.) 
Stopping-out.  In  etching,  arresting  the 
action  of  the  acid  on  the  fainter  lines  of  a  plate, 
by  covering  them  over  with  a  preparation 
called  stopping  ground,  while  the  deeper  and 
broader  parts  corrode.     (See  Etching.) 

Stoup,  Chr.     A  small  niche  with  a  basin,  at 

the  entrance  of  a  church,  placed  there  for  the  holy 

water.    O.  E.  A  kind  of  tankard.  (.See  Fig.  615.) 

Stragulatae.     Striped  or  barred   silks ;  13th 

centuiy. 

Stragulum,  R.  {sterna,  to  throw  over).  A 
general  term  to  denote  any  kind  of  covering  used 
for  bed-clothing,  or  a  covering  for  men,  horses, 
or  beasts  of  burden,  and  thence  a  caparison. 


634.  Strasburg  Porcelain.     Open-work  liasket. 


Strap-work,  Arch.  A  form  of  architectural 
ornament,  by  the  tracery  of  a  narrow  band  or 
fillet  in  convolutions  similar  to  those  that  a 
leather  strap  thrown  down  at  hazard  would  form. 
It  is  characteristic  of  the  Renaissance  period. 

Strasburg  Porcelain.  The  manufacture  of 
this  ware,  which  was  begun  by  Charles  Han- 
nong  about  1721,  became  very  celebrated  for 
about  sixty  years.  (Consult  Jacquemart's  His- 
tory of  the  Ceramic  A?-t. )     (Fig.  634. ) 

Strasburg  Turpentine.  A  varnish  made 
of  the  resin  from  the  silver  fir  {/limis  piced), 
diluted  with  naphtha,  drying  linseed,  or  nut  oil. 

Strena,  R.  A  new  year's  gift  or  present 
made  on  the  calends  of  Januaiy. 

Stria,  R.     The  fluting  of  a  column. 

Striated.     Fluted  like  a  column. 

Strigilis,  R.  (striiigo,  to  scrape).  A  bronze 
scraper  for  the  skin,  cur\'ed  and  hollowed  like 
a  spoon,  used  in  the  bath.  The  same  term 
is  used  in  architecture  for  a  fluting  which  resem- 
bles the  bath-strigil  in  form. 

String-course,  Arch.  A  narrow  moulding 
projecting  from  the  wall  of  a  building  in  a 
horizontal  line. 

Stroma,  Gr.  (ffrpuna).  A  Greek  term 
S}Tionymous  with  the  Latin  Stragulu.M. 

Strontian  Yellow.  A  pale  canary-coloured 
pigment. 

Strophe  {a-Tpe(pw,  to  turn).  In  Greek  poetry, 
the  first  division  of  a  choral  ode,  of  which  the 
other  parts  were  the  antistrophe  and  the  epode. 

Strophium,  R.  {(TTp6<i)iov,  lit.  a  thing  twisted), 
(l)  A  long  scarf  which  the  Roman  women  rolled 
into  a  band,  and  fastened  round  the  body  and 
breast.  (2)  A  girdle  for  the  same  purpose,  gene- 
rally of  leather.  (3)  The  term  likewise  denoted 
the  cable  of  an  anchor.     (See  Orarium.) 

Structura,    R.    {slnto,    to    build    up).      A 


general     term     for    any  kind    of 
masonry.     (Sec  Orus.) 

Struppus  or  Strupus.R.  A  rope 
or  other  fastening  by  which  the  oar 
is  attaclied  to  the  thole  (scalmus). 
Stucco,  It.  A  fine  plaster,  for 
covering  walls,  prejiared  byvarious 
methods,  as  a  mixture  of  gypsum 
and  glue  ;  or  white  marble,  pul- 
verized with  plaster  of  lime  and 
mixed  with  water  ;  the  opus  alha- 
riiiiii  of  the  ancients. 

Stump,  for  drawing  in  pencil  or 
crayon.  It  is  a  thick  roll  of  strong 
paper  made  into  a  kind  of  pencil, 
and  used  for  rubbing  over  lines  to 
soften  them  down  for  ground 
tints,  gradation  of  shading,  iS:c. 

Styiites,  Chr.  ((TTuA.iT7}r). 
"  Pillar  saints."  Anchorites  of 
the  early  Church  who  passed 
their  lives  on  the  top  of  a 
column,  in  order  to  give  themselves  up  to  medi- 
tation. There  were  some  of  them  in  Syria  down 
to  the  1 2th  century.  They  derived  their  name 
from  (TTuAos,  a  column. 


Fig.  636.  Stylobates. 

Stvl)bate,  Arch.  A  pedestal  supporting  a 
row  of  columns  ;  Figs.  635  to  637  represent  three 
richly-decorated  sty- 
lobates found  in  the 
baths  and  other  Ro- 
man ruins  at  Nismes. 
(See  Pedestal,  Ste- 

REDIIATE.) 

Stylus,  R.  (Gr. 
(TTvKos).  A  pointed  in- 
strument with  which 
tlie  Romans  wrote  on 
their  waxed  tablets. 
(See  Srii.ns.) 

Subarmale,  Suber- 
male,  R.  A  garment 
worn  by  soldiers  un- 
derneath    their     ar- 


X  2 


AYORDS    USED   IX 


mour  ;  it  formed  the  tunic  nf  the  legionaries, 
and  representations  of  it  are  very  frequently  met 
with  on  the  bas-reliefs  of  monumental  columns 
and  triumphal  arches. 

Subjugium,  R.  Curved  pieces  of  wood  placed 
at  each  end  of  a  yoke,  undei-neath  it  ;  whence 
their  name. 

Sublicius,  R.  [sithlica,  a  pile).  Any  wooden 
structure  supported  on  ]iiles.     (See  PoNS.) 

Subligaculum,  Subligar,  R.  {siibligo,  to  tie 
below).  A  cloth  worn  by  acrobats,  drawn  be- 
tween the  legs  and  made  fast  to  the  girdle. 

Subsecus,  R.  A  tenon,  in  carpentry ;  that  is, 
the  tongue  or  wedge  which  fits  into  a  mortise. 

Subeellium,  R.  (i.e.  lower  than  z  sella).  A 
movable  bench  without  a  back,  which  was  used 
m  large  assemblies.  In  a  theatre  or  circus  the 
same  term  was  applied  to  the  circular  rows  of 
seats  in  the  cavea. 

Subsericum.  Partly,  not  all,  silk  ;  opposed 
to  holoscriciim. 

Substructio,  R.  {substnto,  to  build  under- 
neath). Any  work  of  solid  masonry,  such  as  a 
foundation  wall,  abutment  walls,  &c.     (SeeSus- 

PENSURA.) 

Subtrefoiled,  Arch.  Decorated  with  foils 
placed  underneath  ;  a  term  applied  to  what  are 
called  trefoil-headed  arches. 

Subucula,  R.  [sub,  and  duo,  to  put  on). 
Under-garments  of  wool  which  the  Romans 
wore  next  the  skin,  imderneath  the  tunic. 

Suburbanum,  R.  A  villa  in  the  suburbs  of 
Rome. 

Succinctus,  R.  {succingo,  to  gird  beneath). 
Wearing  a  girdle  round  the  waist  above  the 
tunic  ;  applied  to  a  person  prepared  for  active 
exertion. 

Sucula,  R.     A  capstan. 

Sudarium,  Chr.  A  name  of  the  miraculous 
portrait  of  our  Lord,  impressed  on  the  cloth 
presented  to  Him  by  St.  Veronica  on  the  way 
to  the  Crucifixion.  (See  Siole,  Vera  Icon.) 
A  representation  of  this  legendary  portrait  is 
given  in  Albert  Diirer's  "  Little  Passion." 

Sudatorium,  R.  {sudor,  sweat).  The  hot 
room  in  a  Roman  bath.     (See  Caldarium.) 

Sud'ha,  Hind.  A  temple  of  the  Khmers  or 
ancient  inhabitants  of  Cambodgia,  built  of  one 
unmixed  material,  and  thence  called  pure 
{sttd'/ia). 

SuflSbuIum,  R.  A  large  square  piece  of 
white  cloth  worn  by  vestals  and  priests  during 
the  discharge  of  their  functions. 

Suggestus,  R.  {sitb  and  oero,  to  heap  up). 
(l)  A  stage  or  platform  from  which  an  orator 
addressed  a  crowd.  The  Rostra  at  Rome  was 
a  celebrated  suggeshis.  (2)  In  a  camp  the 
suggestus  was  formed  of  stones  and  clods  of  turf, 
or  constructed  of  woodwork,  from  which  the 
general  liarangued  the  troops.  (3)  The  raised 
seat  from  whicli  the  Emperor  saw  the  games. 


Suile,  R.  A  stable  for  pigs  ;  among  the 
Romans  a  building  of  considerable  size,  contain- 
ing a  number  of  separate  sties  {hara). 


Fig.  630.   .SugKc-MUb. 

Sulphate  of  Barytes.     (See  Barytes.) 
Sulphate  of  Zinc,  or  white  vitrol,  is  used  as 
a  dryer. 

Sulphurs.  Impressions  taken  by  the  gold- 
smiths of  the  1 6th  century  from  the  engravings 
executed  on  plates,  paxes,  &c.  ;  and  which  they 
obtained  by  spreading  a  layer  of  melted  sulphur 
on  the  face  of  the  plate,  producing  a  cast  in 
relief  of  the  lines  engraved.  Some  few  of  these 
proofs  exist  in  the  British  and  continental 
museums,  and  are  known  as  "sulphurs."  They 
are  amongst  the  rarest  specimens  connected  with 
the  art  of  engraving.   {Fairholt.) 


639.  Device  of  Louis  XIV. 


Sun,  Her.  When  represented  shining  and 
surroinided  by  rays,  he  has  a  representation  of 
a  human  face  on  his  disc,  and  is  blazoned  "In 


splendour,"  or  "In  i;:lory  ;"  wlien  "  eclijised  " 
tlie  representation  is  the  same,  but  tincturetl 
sable. 

Sundials.  The  sundial  of  Ahaz  is  mentioned 
by  Isaiah,  713  l!.C.  Sundials  with  appropriate 
mottoes  have  been  at  all  times  fashionable. 
Mrs.  Palliser  gives  a  long  selection  of  such 
mottoes  :  e.g.  : — 

Nulla  hor.i  sine  linea,  "  No  hour  without  a  line."  (Nee 
monientuin  sine  linea,  was  Cardinal  Richelieu's  motto.) 
Pereunt  et  imputantur — "  They  pass  and  are  imputed  " — 
(Miirtuil).  0/  the  passing  hour,  Dubia  omnibus,  ultima 
multis — ("Uncertain  to  all, the  last  to  many"  1;  or,  suprema 
haec  multis  forsitan  tibi  — (  '  The  last  to  many,  perhaps  to 
thee  ").  The  old  sundial  at  the  Palais  de  Justice  in  Paris 
is  inscribed,  in  letters  of  gold.  Sacra  Themis  mores,  ut 
pendula  dirigit  horas — ("  Holy  Justice  guides  manners,  as 
this  dial  does  the  hours).  The  largest  number  are 
allusions  to  Deat/i,  as  : 

lo  vado  e  vengo  ogiii  giorno.     Ma  tu  andrai  senza  ritor- 
no — I"  I  go  and  come  daily,  but  thou  shalt  go  and  never 
return.")     And  on  a  sundial  at  Hourges  is  the  following  : 
*'  La  vie  est  comme  I'hombre, 
Insensible  en  son  coiirs. 
On  la  croit  immobile  : 
Elle  s'avance  toujours.'' 

More  cheerful  mottoes  are  found  from  Horace,  as  : 
Carpe  diem.  Horas  non  numero nisi  serenas  (at  Venice), 
&c. 

(Consult  Mrs.  Alfred  Gaily,  "  Book  of  Sun- 
dials") 

Super-altar,  Chr.     A  small  portable  altar. 
Superaria.     (.See  Ependvtes.) 
Supercilium,  R.  (lit.  eye-brow).     (SeeLiMEX 

SUPERIUS.) 

Superindum.     (See  Ependytes.) 
Superpellicum,  Chr.     A  surplice. 
Suppedaneum.     A  synonym  for  Scabeli.u.m 
and  Scam  NT M  (q.v.). 

Supplicatio,    R.    {supplko,    to   kneel  down). 


The  act  of  praying  when  kneeling;  opposed  to 
prtxalio,  a  prayer  uttered  standing.  Solemn 
thanksgivings  offered  to  the  gods  in  their 
temples. 

Supporter,  Her.  A  figure  that  stands  by 
a  shield  of  arms,  as  if  sui)porting  or  guarding 
it.  .Supporters  came  into  use  during  the  I4lh 
century.      (See  Fig.  24.) 

Surahe,  Pers.  A  Persian  wine-bottle.  The 
illustration  represents  a  beautiful  specimen  of 
hard  porcelain  decorated  in  patterns,  of  Chinese 
character,  executed  under  the  glaze  with  cobalt. 
A  legend  on  the  medallions  contains  the  words 
Dch  sitrahi',  "  Give  me  the  bottle."     (Fig.  640.) 

Surbase,  Arch.     The  shaft  of  a  Pedestal. 

Surcoat.  Any  garment  worn  over  armour  ; 
more  es]iecially  the  long  flowing  garment  worn 
by  knights  until  1325.      (See  Fig.  463.) 

Surface-lib,  Arch.  The  rib  of  a  groined 
vaulting. 

Surinda,  Hind.  A  stringed  instrument  played 
with  a  bow. 

Surod,  Hind.  A  kind  of  guitar,  sounded 
with  a  plectrum. 

Surplice.  Chr.  The  Protestant  all>.  See 
Slevcns,  in  a  note  to  All's  Well  that  Ends  IVell, 
Act  i.,  scene  3,  for  notices  of  the  Puritan  aver- 
sion to  this  article  of  clerical  costume. 


Fig.  643    Surahs  or  Wine  bottle.    Persian  Porcelain. 


Fig.  641.  Suspensura,  showing  the  pillars  supporting 
the  floor  of  a  bath-room. 

Suspensura,  R.  In  a  general  sense  this 
term  denotes  anything  that  is  supported,  sus- 
pended above  arcades,  columns,  or  pillars,  and 
more  especially  the  flooring  of  a  bath-room, 
when  it  is  supported  by  small  low  pillars. 
Fig.  391  shows  the  flooring  of  a  bath-room,  and 
Fig.  641  the  pillars  supporting  the  suspensura. 
See  Hypocaust. ) 

Svastika,  Hind.  A  kind  of  Greek  cross, 
each  branch  of  which  ends  in  a  hook.  This 
cross  has  a  sacred  character,  and  is  met  with  on 
a  great  variety  of  objects.  Its  origin  dates  back 
to  the  bronze  age,  and  it  is  represented  on  the 
weapons  of  that  period,     (See  Fylfot.  ) 


WORDS    USED   IN 


Swallow.  In  Christian  symbolism,  the  em- 
blem of  pride  and  of  conversion. 

Swallow-tail.     (See  Dove-tail.) 

Swan,  Her.  When  blazoned  "  proper  " — 
white  with  red  beak  and  legs — it  is  the  badge 
of  the  Bohuns,  Staffords,  and  some  other  families. 

Swathbondes,  (J.  E.  Swaddling  clothes 
(mentioned  Ijy  Slmkspeare). 

Swine's  Feather,  O.  E.  A  kind  of  bayonet 
about  six  inches  long,  affixed  to  a  musket-rest 
and  projected  by  the  action  of  a  spring;  17th 
century. 

Sword.     (See  Gladius.) 

Sword,  in  Christian  art,  is  a  symbol  of 
martyrdom  ;  it  is  also  the  attribute  of  martyrs 
who  were  soldiers.  In  Heraldry,  when  borne  as 
a  charge,  it  is  straight  in  the  blade,  pointed, 
and  with  a  cross-guard.  The  custom  of  swearing 
on  the  sword,  the  hilt  of  which  took  the  shape 
of  a  cross,  or  had  crosses  engraved  on  it,  is  men- 
tioned in  very  ancient  history.      (Cf.  Hamlet.') 

Sympathetic  Inks.  Inks  of  which  the  marks 
are  invisible  until  the  moisture  is  absorbed  by 
the  application  of  heat.     (See  Cobalt.) 

Symposium,  Gr.  A  drinking-party,  distin- 
guished from  dcipnoii,  a  feast.  A  very  com- 
mon sulaject  of  representations  on  ancient  vases. 

Syndon  or  Sindon,  A  better  kind  of  cendal 
(q.v.). 

Synoikia,  Gr.  (i)  Athenian  festivals  held  in 
honour  of  Athena  in  the  month  Hecatorabeion 
(July — August).  Their  object  was  to  commemo- 
rate the    union    of  the  government   of  all   the 


towns  of  Attica  in  Athens.  (2)  A  lodging- 
house  adapted  to  hold  several  families  (Latin, 
insula),  for  the  convenience  of  foreigners  and 
others  who  by  Athenian  law  were  prohibited 
from  acquiring  house  property  of  their  own. 

Synthesis  or  Synthesina,  Gr. and  R.((n;;'-9e(ris). 
One  of  thei'c'j-to  ca-iiatorur  which  the  master  of  the 
hotise,  the  Amphitryon,  provided  for  his  guests. 
The  parable  of  the  "Wedding  Garment"  has 
reference  to  this  practice.  It  was  a  kind  of 
tunic  worn  over  the  other  garments,  and  during 
the  Saturnalia  by  all  classes  alike.  It  was 
usually  dyed  some  colour,  and  was  not  white  like 
tlie  toga. 

Sypirs,  O.  E.     Cloth  of  Cyprus. 

Syrinx  (O.  E.  9th  and  loth  cent.).  An 
instrument  resembling  Pandean  pipes. 

Syrinx,  Gr.  and  R.  (o''''P'7l)-  The  pastoral 
pipe  invented  by  Pan  ;  it  was  called  by  the 
poets  arundo  and  fistula.  It  was  fonned  of 
seven  hollow  reeds  of  regulated  lengths  adjusted 
to  form  an  octave. 

Syrma,  Gr.  {avpot,  to  sweep).  A  robe  with  a 
train  worn  on  the  stage  by  those  actors  who  had 
to  represent  the  parts  of  gods  or  heroes.  Hence 
the  word  is  poetically  used  for  tragedy. 

Systyle,  Gr.  and  R.  (cruo-TuXos).  An  arrange- 
ment in  architecture,  the  intercolumniation  of 
which  is  of  the  width  of  two  diameters  of  the 
shaft,  measured  at  its  lower  part,  just  above  the 
apophyge ;  the  distance  between  the  plinths 
being  exactly  equal  to  the  diameter  of  the 
plinths,  as  in  the  Parthenon  at  Athens. 


r. 


Big.  642.  Tabard. 


Tabard,  O.E.(Lat. 

colobium).  A  tunic 
with  sleeves,  worn 
over  the  armour  by 
knights  of  the  Tudor 
period,  and  blazoned 
on  the  sleeves,  front, 
and  back  ;  it  is  the 
official  costume  of  a 
herald  ;  Chaucer's 
ploughman  wears  a 
tabard,  like  the  mo- 
dern smock  -  frock. 
(See  Coat-armour.) 
Fig.  642. 

Tabaret.     A  stout, 
satin-striped  silk. 


Tabbinet,  O.  E.  Another  name  for  Poplin. 

Tabby,  O.  E.     A  silk  watered  or  figured. 

Tabella,  Gen.  (dimin.  of  tabula).  A  small 
board,  or  tablet,  of  any  kind,  esp.  (i)  a  wax- 
tablet  ;  (2)  a  voting-tablet  {tessera)  ;  (3)  a  letter 
sent  by  a  messenger  {tabellaritts) ;  (4)  tabella 
absoliitoria,  a  receipt  for  a  debt  ;  (5)  tabella 
damiiatoria,  a  judicial  record  of  a  verdict  and  sen- 
tence ;  C6)  tabella  lifninis,  the  leaf  of  a  door,  &c. 

Taberna,  R.  (i)  A  retail  shop  ;  Fig.  643 
shows  a  sliop  at  Pompeii,  restored.  (2)  Taber- 
na deversoria,  taberna  tneritoria,  or  simply 
taberna,  a  wine-shop  or  tavern.     (Fig.  643.) 

Tabernacle  Work,  Arch.  The  ornamented 
open  work  over  tlie  stalls  (of  a  cathedral  church, 
&c.),  and,  in  general,  any  minute  ornamental 
open-work  is  called  tabeniaele  work. 

Taberaaculum,    Tabernacle,    R.    and    Chr. 


Fig.  643.  Taborna. 

(Lit.  a  tent),  (i)  A  booth  of  planks,  or  a 
wooden  hut  covered  with  hides.  (2)  In 
Christian  archaeology,  the  tabernacle  is  a  small 
shrine  placed  on  the  altar  for  the  consecrated 
wafer.  It  succeeded  the  pyx,  which  v.-as  an- 
ciently deposited  in  one  of  two  chambers  ar- 
ranged on  each  side  of  the  altar.  Originally 
of  goldsmith's  work,  in  the  15th  and  i6th  cen- 
turies they  became  stone  shrines  decorated 
with  sculpture,  approached  by  steps,  rising  into 
lanterns  and  pinnacles  to  the  roof  of  the 
church.  A  cast  of  a  beautiful  tabernacle  of 
late  15th  century,  marble  with  a  gilt  metal  door, 
is  in  the  South  Kensington  Museum.  Taber- 
nacles of  ivory  were  common  in  the  1 6th  cen- 
tury. (3)  Ornamental  niches  in  a  hall.  (4) 
Accurately  applied  the  term  signifies  a  canopy, 
(of  stone,  wood,  or  other  material)  such  as  was 
placed  over  a  NiCHE,  a  stall,  &c. 

Tabernula.     Dimin.  of  Taberna  (q.v. ). 
Tabinet.     (See  Tabbinet.) 
TabI  shamee,  Egyp.     The  Syrian  drum,  used 
by  the  modern  Egyptians  ;  a  kind  of  kettledrum 
of  tinned  copper,  with  a  parchment  face. 

Tablature,  Fr.  One  part  of  a  painted  wall  or 
ceiling,  forming  a  single  piece  or  design. 

Table,  O.  E.  The  ancient  meaning  of  this 
word  was  "  any  level  expanded  surface,"  such 
as  a  flat  piece  of  board.  A  picture  was  called 
a  table  (Latin  tabula)  as  late  as  the  17th  cen- 
tury.    (See  Taium.a.) 

Table-base,  Arch.  A  Base-moulding,  near 
the  ground,  innnediately  over  the  ]ilinth. 

Table  Diamond.  A  gem  cut  with  a  Hat  sur- 
face. 


Tablementum,  Arch.  Syno- 
nym iif  'I'aium.a. 

Tables,  O.  E.     (i)  Backgam 
mun.     (2)  Ivory  writing-tablets, 
so   called,    were    used    in    the 
middle     ages    in    England    by 
jjcople  of  all  ranks  : — 

"  His  felaw  had  a  staff  tipped  with 
horn, 
A  pair  of  tables  all  of  ivory,_ 
And  a  pointed  ypolished  fetishly, 
And  wrote  alway  the  names,  as  he 

stood 
Of  alle    folk   that  gaue  hem  any 
good." 

(Chancer.) 

Tablet.  (Fr.  tahlette.)  Any 
llat  surface  for  inscriptions  ; 
leaves  for  memoranda. 

Tablets.      In    architecture   a 
general  term  for  small  project- 
ing mouldings  or  strings,  mostly 
horizontal.     The   tablet  at  the 
top,   under    the    battlement,  is 
called  a  cornice,  and  that  at  the 
bottom  a  basement,  under  which 
is  generally  a  thicker  wall.     The  tablet  running 
round  doors  and  windows  is  called  a  dripstone, 
and  if  ornamented  a  canopy.     {Ricknian,  p.  42.) 
Tabletterie,    Fr.     Turned  work    in   ivory  or 
shells,  &c. 

Tablinum,  R.  One  of  the  apartments  in  a 
Roman  house  ;  it  was  a  recess  in  the  Atrium, 
and  contained  the  wax  or  ivory  portraits  and 
statues  in  bronze  and  marble  of  ancestors,  and 
carved  representations  of  their  honourable  achieve- 
ments in  the  state,  and  the  family  archives.    (See 

DOMUS.) 

Tabor,  Tabour,  O.  E.  A  very  loud  drum 
"  which  is  bad  for  people's  heads,  for,  if 
stretched  tight  and  struck  hard,  it  may  be  heard 
at  half  a  league's  distance." 

Tabouret.     An  embroidery  frame. 
'  Tablet,  Heb.     A  small  tabor. 

Tabula,  R.  and  Chr.  (i)  Literally,  a ;^/rt«-(',  and 
thence  used  to  denote  a  variety  of  objects  made 
of  wood  or  planks,  as  for  instance  a  bench  ;  a 
dice-table;  a  waxed  writing-tablet  [tabula  cerata); 
a  panel-painting;  a  votive-tablet;  a  voting- 
ticket.  (2)  Arch.  Properly  any  solid  con- 
struction adapted  for  superficial  decoration,  as 
i\\Q  frontal  of  an  altar.  "  The  most  remarkable 
example  of  the  tabula  destined  for  the  front  of 
the  Altar,  is  preserved  in  Westminster  Abbey  ; 
it  is  formed  of  wood,  elaborately  carved, 
painted  and  enriched  with  a  kind  of  mosaic 
work  of  coloured  glass,  superficially  inlaid,  a 
species  of  decoration  of  Italian  origin."  (Con- 
sult Parkers  Glossary  s.v.)  (3)  In  Christian 
archreology,  tabiihe  nuptiales  or  dotales  was 
the   name   given    to   the  parchment   scrolls  in 


312 


WORDS  USED  IN 


the  hands  of  persons  who  figure  in  the  marriage 
scenes  represented  on  tombs. 

Tabularium,  R.  A  place  set  apart  in  the 
temples  at  Rome  where  the  public  records  were 
kept. 

Tace,  Chr.  The  cross  or  crutch  of  St. 
Anthony. 

Taces.  (See  Tassets.)  i:hQ  skirts  or  cover- 
ings to  the  pockets.     {Meyrick.) 

Taces.  Overlapping  plates  of  armour  to  en- 
velope the  abdomen  (see  Taches),  introduced 
in  the  14th  century,  under  Richard  IT. 

Tack  or  Dag,  O.  E.  A  kind  of  pistol  :  some- 
thing like  a.  fetrond. 

Taeda  or  Teda,  R.  A  resinous  torch  made 
with  pieces  and  slips  of  the  pine  called  teda. 


Fig.  644.   'iaKiiia. 

Taenia,  Gr.  and  R.  (i)  The  ribbon  with 
which  a  wreath  or  fillet  round  the  head  was  at- 
tached. (2)  In  architecture,  the  band  which 
separates  the  Doric  frieze  from  the  architrave  ; 
it  is,  in  many  cases,  ornamented  with  painting 
similar  to  that  shown  in  Fig.  644. 

Taffeta  (Pers.  taftah,  from  taftan,  to  twist). 
A  thin,  glossy  silken  fal^ric,  having  a  wavy 
lustre  ;  a  less  costly  silk  than  Cendal  (q.v.), 
1 6th  century.  Stcnv  records  that  it  was  first 
made  in  England  by  John  Tyce,  of  Shoreditch, 
London,  41  Elizabeth,  1598. 

Taille  de  bois,  Fr.     Wood  engraving. 

Taille  douce,  Fr.     Copper-plate  engraving. 

Taille  dure,  Fr.      Steel  engraving. 

Tail-piece.  An  ornamental  design  placed  at 
the  end  of  a  page  or  chapter  of  a  book.  In 
French  ciil-de-lampe. 

Takel,  Q.  E.     An  arrow, — 
"Wei  could  he  dress  his  takel  yeomanly."  (Chancer!) 

Talaria,  R.  {talus,  the  ankle).  Wings  fixed 
to  the  ankles  ;  the  attribute  of  Mercury,  Per- 
seus, and  sometimes  Minerva.  They  are  repre- 
sented either  attached  to  sandals,  or  growing 
from  the  limb. 

Talbot,  Her.  A  badge  of  the  Earl  of  Shrews- 
bury of  that  name  (the  "Scourge  of  France"). 
A  silver  running  hound  or  talhut. 

Talbotype.  The  photographic  process  of 
multiplying  impressions  from  a  negative,  invented 
by  Mr,  Fox  Talbot.     (See  Calotype.) 


Talc  (from  Germ.  Talg,  tallow).  A  translu- 
cent mineral,  resembling  mica  but  much  softer. 
"Being  calcined  and  variously  prepared,  it 
maketh  a  curious  whitewash,  which  some  justify 
lawful,  because  clearing  not  changing  the  com- 
plexion." (Ftdler.)  The  Chinese  make  lanterns, 
shades,  and  ornaments  of  talc. 

Talent,  Gr.  and  R.  {rdKavTov,  lit.  a 
balance).  A  weight  of  silver  with  the  Greeks, 
and  of  copper  with  the  Romans  ;  applied  as  a 
unit  of  value.  The  Greek  talent  of  silver  is 
estimated  at  rather  less  than  250/.  sterling — it 
contained  60  tnina,  or  6000  drachma.  The  Attic 
talent  was  of  much  smaller  value,  of  less  than  an 
ounce  of  gold,  and  is  that  generally  intended  by 
the  word.  The  silver  talent  was  called  talentuiii 
magniivi.  The  Jewish  talent  of  silverzrabout 
396/.,  and  of  gold  —  about  5475/.  From  its 
application  as  an  expression  of  a  man's  available 
wealth,  metaphorically  applied  in  Scripture  to 
resources  of  any  kind,  as  of  intellect,  position, 
&c.,  for  the  due  unselfish  administration  of  which 
he  is  responsible. 

Talero,  It.  A  Venetian  silver  coin  =  about 
five  francs. 

Talevas,  Talvas.     (See  Tavolace.) 

Tali,  R.  (Gr.  a(TTpo7oAor).  Knuckle-bones 
of  sheep  or  goats,  used  from  the  earliest  times, 
exactly  as  they  are  by  children  now,  to  play  with. 
When  they  were  marked  with  black  dots  on  each 
face  they  were  used  as  dice.  The  numbers  were 
I,  3,  4  and  6;  i  being  opposite  to  6,  and  3  oppo- 
site to  4 ;  and  each  number,  and  each  cast, 
had  its  appropriate  name  :  i  was  called  in  Greek 
yuofos,  efj,  Kvu>v,  '^ios  ;  Ionic  oivt\  ;  Latin, 
unio,  viiltiirius,  canis ;  3  was  rpias,  and  ternio  ; 
4,  TiTpas,  z.nd  tjuaternio  ;  6,  €|os,  e|iTr)s,  KcDos, 
and  sem'o.  The  best  throw  was  that  called 
Femts  OYJactits  Venereus,  in  which  the  four  tali 
showed  different  numbers.  By  this  cast  the 
player  became  king  of  the  feast  or  symposium  ; 
in  the  canis  (dog-throw),  on  the  other  hand,  all 
four  dice  turned  up  the  same  number. 

Talisman  (Arab,  tilsam,  a  magical  image).  A 
charm  worn  about  the  person  as  a  protection 
from  dangers,  especially  from  the  effects  of  magic 
and  the  "evil  eye."  The  hnllir  worn  by  chil- 
dren, and  the  rings  of  the  ladies  among  the 
Greeks  and  Romans  frequently  contained  such 
charms.  The  practice  has  survived  in  all  ages  and 
nations,  and  is  not  at  all  unfrequent  in  the  19th 
century,  and  even  among  the  educated  classes. 

Tall-boys,  O.  E.     High  cups  or  glasses. 

Tall-men,  O.  E.     Loaded  dice. 

Tall-wood,  O.  E.  "  Facte  wodde  to  make 
bylJctles  of,  taillee."    (Palsgrave.) 

Talleh,  Arab.     Myrrh  from  Abyssinia. 

Tallow-cut  (Fr.  en  cabuchon).  This  is  a  term 
applied  by  lapidaries  to  precious  stones  not 
cut  into  regular /oiTt'/j-,  but  ground  down  and 
polished. 


Tally,  O.  E.  (Fr.  iailkr,  to  cut.)  An  an- 
cient method  of  keeping  record  of  monies 
advanced  to  the  Royal  Exchequer.  A  tally  was 
a  piece  of  wood  inscribetl  with  a  receipt,  which 
was  split  by  an  officer,  and  one  part  delivered 
to  the  lender,  and  the  other,  called  the  Stocl-, 
preserved  in  the  Tally-oft"ice  in  the  Excheciuer. 
Hence  the  name  Stocks  iov  the  Ciovernment 
securities.  After  the  disuse  of  the  tallies  in  1782 
the  old  ones  were  used  for  hring  in  the  Houses 
of  Parliament,  and  caused  their  destruction  in 
1S34. 

Talmud  (Chaldean,  lit.  instruction,)  consists 
of  two  parts,  the  Mishna  and  Gemara  ;  and 
contains  the  whole  body  of  Hebrew  law  and 
traditions. 

Talus,  (i)  R.  The  game  of  knuckle-bones. 
(See  Astragalus.)  (2)  Arch.  The  sloping 
part  of  a  work,  a  term  in  fortification. 

Talvace,  O.  E.     A  shield  or  buckler,  circular 


An  oblong  wooden  skidd,  14th 


and  projectini: 

Talvas,  O.'E. 
century. 

Tambour,  Fr.  A  small  drum.  Rich  em- 
broidery work  done  on  a  drum-shaped  frame. 

Tamboura.  An  ancient  musical  instrument  of 
the  lute  or  guitar  kind.  The  Hindoos  represent 
Ganesa,  the  god  of  wisdom,  as  a  man  with  the 
head  of  an  elephant,  holding  a  tamboura  in  his 
hands. 

Tambourine.  A  small  drum  with  only  one 
skin,  played  on  by  the  hand. 


Fig.  643.   Flemish  Tunkard,  silvcrgih.     17th  century. 


Tamine,  Taminy,  Tammy  (Fr.  /amis,  a  sieve). 
A  lliin  wdcilien  textile,  highly  glazed. 
Tampion.     (See  Tompion.) 
Tang-fish.     Seals  are  so  called  in  the  Shet- 
lands. 

Tankard.  (Norman  Fr.  Tankar.)  A  drinking- 
jug  with  a  cover.  The  name  is  said  to  be  com- 
pounded of  I'taiii,  tin,  and  qiiartc,  a  quart  mea- 
sure. The  Flemish  had  tankards  of  wood,  with 
pegs  down  the  sides,  to  measure  the  quantity 
drunk.  (See  Figs.  615  and  645.)  (See  PoKAL.) 
Tapestry.  The  introduction  of  tapestry  pro- 
perly so  called  dates  from  the  I2th  century, 
when  it  began  to  rival  the  more  ancient  embroi- 
dered stuffs  c'nWo.iX  Sarrazi)iois  carpets.  Tapestry 
is  woven  on  looms,  i.  e.  on  a  ivarp  rolled  round 
two  cylinders,  and  stretched  out  between  them 
either  vertically  or  horizontally,  for  the  insertion 
of  the  woof  between  and  among  the  threads. 
When  woven  on  a  vertical  warp,  it  is  called 
high-warp  {haute- lissc)  ;  when  horizontal,  low- 
warp  {basse- lissc).  The  former  produces,  for 
many  reasons,  incomparably  the  finest  work,  and 
is  the  method  adopted  for  the  Gobelins  and 
Savonnerie  tapestries.  The  progress  of  the  art 
has  followed,  especially  in  Flanders,  that  of 
painting,  from  which  its  models  are  derived.  It 
has  become  less  popular  than  it  was  during  the 
present  century,  from  the  general  disuse  of 
hangings  in  the  decoration  of  houses.  Perhaps 
the  best  condensed  account  of  this  extensive 
subject  is  the  work  of  M.  Alfred  de  Champeaux, 
translated  for  the  South  Kensington  Museum. 
(See  Bayeux  Tapestry.) 

Tapul,  O.  E.  The  perpendicular  ridge  down 
the  centre  of  a  breastplate. 

Tar-black.  A  kind  of  lamp  black  prepared 
by  the  combustion  of  coal  tar,  or  of  the  heavy 
oils  of  tar  and  schist. 

Targe,  Fr.  Med.  A  dagger  or  small  sword  : 
"  Les  autres  gens  avoient  targes  et  semitarges, 
qui  sont  espees  de  Turquie."  (See  Semi- 
targe.) 

Targe  or  Target,  O.  E.  A  round  shield. 
Targe  (or  Pavoise)  Futee,  P"r.  A  shield  com- 
posed of  several  pieces,  which  loosened  on  being 
struck,  and  fell  asunder.  The  Swabian  jousters 
at  Maximilian's  triumph  are  described  {Meyrick, 
vol.  ii.)  as  bearing  these  shields. 

Targe,  Target,     {y^ &\<A\  targa,  wicker-work.) 
Targum,     Chaldee   (lit.    interpretation).      A 
paraphrase,  or  lesson  from  the  Old  Testament 
in  the  Chaldee  language. 
Tarn.     A  mountain  lake. 
Tarots.     Emblematical    cards     still    used    in 
Switzerland  and  parts  of  Germany.     "  They  are 
unknown,  except  as  curiosities,  to  tlie  Parisians 
and  to  ourselves  ;    but   they  are,    nevertheless, 
the   sole   representatives  of    the    original    cards 
which    the    Gipsies  brought    with    them    into 
Europe."     {Rev.  E.  S.  Taylor.) 


314 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Tarpaulin.     A  tarred  palling  or  covering. 

Tars,  Cloth  of.  A  web  of  silk  and  the  downy 
wool  of  goats  of  Tibet,  the  forerunner  of  cash- 
vicre. 

Tarsia  or  Intarsia.  A  kind  of  mosaic  in 
woods  ;  representing  views  of  buildings  and 
ornament  of  various  kinds,  by  inlaying  pieces 
of  wood,  of  various  colours  and  shades,  into 
panels  of  walnut  wood. 

Tarsus.  In  Anatomy,  the  instep  and  socket 
of  the  ankle-bone. 

Tartan,  Fr.  {not  Gaelic).  The  Highland 
plaid,  the  dress  of  the  Scottish  Highlanders, 
said  to  be  derived  from  the  Celta  ;  the  Galli  non 
braccati. 

Tartarium.  Cloth  of  Tars  was  a  costly  cloth 
of  royal  purple,  probably  a  mixture  of  silk  and 
goat's-hair  from  Thibet.  It  is  mentioned  by 
Chaucer  :  — 

"  His  coat  armure  was  of  cloth  of  Tars, 
Couched  with  perles." 

Tas  or  Tats,  Egyp.  Amulets  of  gilded  syca- 
more wood,  cornelian,  jasper,  glass,  &c.,  found 
suspended  from  the  necks  of  mummies. 

Tassel-gentle,  O.  E.  (for  tercel-gentle).  A 
species  of  hawk.     {Skakspeare.) 

Tasses.  Flaps  of  armour  attached  to  the  bot- 
tom of  the  breast-plate  for  the  protection  of  the 
thighs. 

Tat  or  Dad,  Egyp.  A  sculptor's  stool ;  a  reli- 
gious emblem  worn  by  gods  and  sacred  animals 
round  the  neck.  The  term  was  also  probably  a 
name  of  Mendes. 

Tau,  Taucross.  (i)  Her.  A  cross  formed  like 
the  letter  T,  so-called  in  Greek.  This  charge  is 
also  called  the  Cross  of  St.  Anthony.  (2)  Chr.  As 
a  motive  for  ornamental  design  the  tan  is  the 
ancient  form  of  the  episcopal  staff  as  represented 
in  the  catacombs.  Originally  curved  like  the 
pagan  lituns,  it  became  in  the  8th  century 
straight.  The  Taus  were  often  hollowed  to  con- 
tain relics,  &c.  [Con'iwli  Ivories,  by  IV.  Maskcll, 
pp.  84,  85.) 

Tauntons.  A  kind  of  broad  cloth  made  at 
Taunton  in  Somersetshire. 

Tavolace  or  Talevas  (It.  tavolaccio^.  A 
large  thick  wooden  shield  ;  like  a  table 
[tavola)  of  wood  (hence  its  name),  15th  century. 

Tawdry.  Showy.  The  word  is  said  to  be 
derived  from  Ethelreda  torquem,  St.  Ethelred's 
necklace,  which  was  composed  of  rows  of 
twisted  lace,  an  ornament  much  used  by  Anglo- 
vSaxon  ladies.     {Storniont. ) 

Tawdry  Lace.      A  kind  of  fine  lace  alluded  to 
by  Shakspeare,  Spenser,  &c.     {Halliwell.) 
"  Fimbriae  nundinis  sancta;  Ethelredse  emptae."  (Coles) 
Tawney,  O.   E.     A  deep  orange  colour,  used 
in  the  Middle  Ages  as  a  livery  colour. 

Tawney  Coat,  O.  E.  The  dress  of  a  summoner 
or  apparitor.     {Sliakspearc.) 


The  art  of  preserving  the  skins 


Taxidermy. 

of  animals. 

Tazza,  It.  An  ornamental  cup  or  vase,  with 
a  flat  shallow  bowl,  standing  on  a  foot,  and  with 
handles. 

Tchy,  Chinese.  Twelve  recurrent  periods  of 
the  cycle  of  sixty  years,  represented  by  animals 
assigned  to  the  twelve  months,  i.e.  the  signs  of 
the  Chinese  Zodiac.  They  are:  November,  the 
rat;  December,  the  ox;  January,  the  tiger; 
February,  the  rabbit ;  March,  the  dragon ; 
April,  the  serpent;  May,  the  horse;  June,  the 
iiare ;  July,  the  ape  ;  August,  the  hen ;  Septem- 
ber, the  dog;  October,  the  boar.  The  above 
are  accordingly  frequent  accessories  of  designs 
on  porcelain. 

Te  Deum,  Chr.  The  first  words  and  title  of  a 
hymn  composed  by  St.  Augustin  and  St.  Am- 
brose about  390. 

Tegillum,  R.  (dimin.  of  tegulum,  a  roof).  A 
short  mantle  with  a  hood,  made  of  a  coarse 
material ;  worn  by  country  people  and  fisher- 
men. 

Tegula,  R.  (Gr.  Kepafios ;  Lat.  lego,  to  cover). 
A  roofing  tile  ;  originally  of  baked  clay  or  wooden 
shingles.  At  an  early  date  (620  B.C.)  tiles  of 
marble  were  introduced,  and  were  followed  by 
tiles  of  gilded  bronze  ;  per  tegulas  exire  means 
to  go  out  by  the  opening  in  the  roof  of  the 
atrium,  the  compluvium. 

Teheran  "Ware.  An 
inferior  Persian  majo- 
lica. 

Tela,  R.  A  loom,  an 
essential  adjunct  to  every 
large  establishment  in  an- 
cient Rome  ;  tela  jngalis 
was  the  simplest  descrip- 
tion of  weaving-loom.  The 
ivarp  was  called  stamen 
from  its  upright  position  ; 
the  wooj  subtegmen  or 
trama.  In  Greek  (siJ\ixoiv 
and  KpoKT). 

Telamones,  R.  Figures 
of  men,  which  were  em- 
ployed in  lieu  of  columns 
to  support  an  entablature. 
(See  Atlantes.)  (Fig. 
646.) 

Temo,  R.  The  pole  of 
a  carriage,  waggon,  plough, 
&c. 

Tempera  Painting. 

Painting  with  pigments 
mixed  with  chalk  or  clay, 
and  diluted  with  weak  ghie 
or  size ;  chiefly  used  in 
scene-painting  and  decora- 
tion. (See  Distemper.) 
iig.  040.  Telamou.        Templars.        An    order 


of  kniglitliood  introduced  about  A.D.  Iii8,  and 
suppressed  A.D.  1309.  They  wore  a  red  Mal- 
tese cross  on  a  white  field,  and  bore  a  banner 
showing  that  cross  on  a  white  field  ;  and  a 
second  banner  of  black  and  white  called  Beau 
Scant,  this  word  Beau  Scant  being  their  battle- 
cry.  Their  badges  were  the  Agnus  Dei,  or 
Lamb  and  Flag ;  and  a  device  reinesenting 
two  knights  on  one  horse,  indicating  the 
original  poverty  of  the  order.  This  is  bla- 
zoned in  modern  times  as  a  pegasus,  the  two 
knights  being  mistaken  for  wings  on  a  Joying 
horse. 

Template,  (i)  A  model  in  thin  board  of  an 
ornament  to  be  produced  in  sculpture.  (2)  A 
short  timber  under  a  giider. 

Temple.     (See  Te.mi'I.um.) 

Temple  Church,  London  — a  round  church — • 
is  a  representative  specimen  of  the  transition 
period  of  architecture  in  Lngland  from  the  NoR- 
JIAN  to  the  Early  Lnglish.  "The  Eastern 
part  is  a  most  excellent  specunen  of  plain  light 
Early  English,  and  its  growing  and  slender  piers 
are  perhaps  unequalled."  {A'/e/c/uaii,  Architee- 
tiire  in  England,  &.c. ) 

Templet.     (See  Template.) 

Templum,  Temple,  R.  {rifxvw,  to  cut  off).  A 
Greek  temple  was  not  originally  intended  for 
worshippers,  but  as  a  shrine  for  the  gods. 
In  the  earliest  times  the  Greek  temples  were 
made  of  wood,  and  the  primitive  origin  of 
them  was  probably  a  hollow  tree  in  which  tlie 
image  was  placed  as  in  a  niche.  The  early 
Greek  temples  were  dark  and  gloomy,  having 
no  windows,  but  lighted  through  the  door,  or 
by  lamps.  At  a  very  early  stage  in  history, 
temples  of  great  grandeur  and  beauty  are  men- 
tioned. All  temples  were  built  in  an  oblong 
or  round  form,  and  were  mostly  adorned 
with  columns  ;  they  were  classified  accordingly 
as  astyle,  without  any  columns  ;  in  antis,  with 


Fig.  647.  Templum  in  antis. 


two  columns  in  front,  between  the  aw/i^ ;  pro- 
style, with  four  columns  in  front ;  or  amphi- 
prostyle,  with  four  columns  at  each  end  ; 
peripteral,  with  columns  at  each  end  and  along 
the  sides  ;  or  dipteral,  with  two  ranges  of  columns 
all  round,  one  witliin  the  other,  &c.  They 
were  also  described  according  to  the  number  of 
columns  in  tiie  porticoes,  as  tetrastyle,  liexastyle, 
dccastyle,  &c., — this  number  was  never  uneven  ; 
or  according  to  the  intercolumniation,  as  pyctto- 
style,  systyle,  eustyle,  diastyle,  or  arccostyle. 
I^Iany  of  the  great  temples  consisted  ot 
three  parts  :  the  pronaos  or  vestibule  ;  the 
cella,  properly  the  naos ;  and  the  opistho- 
doiiios. 

Tendrils  of  a  vine  or  other  creeping  plant, 
with  which  it  clasps  the  objects  that  support  it, 
furnish  abundant  suggestions  for  ornamental 
designs  in  scroll-work. 

Tenebrosi.  A  school  of  Italian  artists  who 
devoted  their  attention  to  striking  Rembrandt 
effects  of  light  and  shade  ;  represented  by  Cara- 
vaggio. 

Tenant,  Tenant.  A  term  in  French  heraldry 
applied  to  human  figures  as  Supporters. 

Tennee  or  Tawney,  Her.  A  deep  orange 
colour,  indicated  by  vertical  lines  crossing  PuR- 
pure. 

Tenon.  The  end  of  a  piece  of  wood,  shaped 
to  fit  into  another  piece. 

Tenor.      In  Music,  a  high  male  voice. 

Tensa  or  Thensa,  R.  A  triumphal  car,  pro- 
bably in  the  form  of  a  platform  on  wheels,  and 
richly  decorated,  upon  which  the  images  of  cer- 
tain gods  were  paraded  during  the  Circensian 
games.  The  ceremony  was  regarded  as  one  of 
the  highest  solemnity,  and  the  car  was  escorted 
by  the  senators  in  robes  of  state,  who  helped  to 
drag  the  carriage  or  to  lead  the  horses,  with 
thongs  attached  lor  the  purpose. 

Tenture,  Fr.     Paper  or  tapestry  hangings. 

Tepidarium,  R.  {tepidus,  lukewarm),  (i)  A 
warm  room  in  a  bath  ;  used  as  a  preparation  for 
the  SuDA'iORiUM.  (2)  The  vessel  in  which  the 
water  was  heated. 

Tercel,  O.  E.  The  male  hawk.  {Shak- 
speare.) 

Terce  major.  A  sequence  of  three  best 
cards. 

Terebenthina.     Turpentine. 

Terebra,  R.  {tero,  to  rub  or  wear  away),  (i) 
Any  tool  used  for  boring,  such  as  a  drill,  a  gim- 
let, an  auger,  &c.  (2)  A  mechanical  ram  con- 
trived to  jiierce  the  walls  of  a  fortification. 

Terginum,  R.  {te>-giim,  the  back).  A  leathern 
lash  use<l  f(jr  llogging  slaves. 

Terminal  Figures.  Statues  of  the  god  Ter- 
minus.    (See  Termini,  Herm.-e.) 

Terminalia,  R.  Festivals  in  honour  of  Ter- 
minus tJie  god  of  boundaries  ;  they  took  place 
yearly  on  the  eighth  day  of  the  calends  of  March 


;i6 


WORDS    USED   IN 


Fig.  648.  Terminus. 


(23rd  of  February),  wliich  was  the  last  day   of 

the  old  Roman  year. 

Termini,  Terms, 
R.  The  statues  of 
the  god  Termi- 
nus, which  con- 
sisted merely  of 
posts  or  pillars  for 
landmarks,  were 
crowned  \\'ith  gar- 
lands by  the  pro- 
prietors of  co-ter- 
minous  lands. 

"  When  Tarquin  the 
Proud  desired  to  build 
a  temple  to  Jupiter  up- 
on  the  Tarpeian   rock, 
he  begged   all   the  in- 
ferior divinities  to  give 
up  the  altars  tney  had 
upon    the   rock   in  fa- 
vour of  the  master  ox 
them  all.     All  the  gods 
cheerfully       consented 
except  Terminus.  This 
I'erminus,       therefore, 
who   refused   to    yield 
to  Jupiter,  was  chosen 
by   Erasmus    for     his 
h.tughty  device,    with 
the  motto   Ceiio  nulli. 
{A/r.  Palliser, Historic 
Devices,    ifc.)      (See 
Fig.  648.) 
Terra-cotta,  It.     Baked  clay ;  largely  used  in 
architectural  ornament. 
Terra  da  Boccali,  It.    (See  Terra  di  Lava.  ) 
Terra    di     Lava,    It.     A    clay    which    was 
anciently  used  in  combination  with  charcoal  to 
form   a  white  ground   for   the    reception  of  oil 
colours. 

Terra  di  Siena.     An  ochreous  earth  produc- 
ing a  yellow  and  a  deep  orange  pigment  ;  useful 
for  oil  and  water-colour  painting.     (See  Siena.) 
Terra  Nera.     Black  earth  ;  an  ancient  pig- 
ment. 

Terra  Verde.     (See  Green  Earth.) 
Terraglia.     (See  Pottery.) 
Terretta,  It.     (See  Terra  di  Lava.) 
Terry  Velvet.     A  kind  of  silk  plush  or  ribbed 
velvet. 

Tertiary  Colours,  produced  by  the  mixture 
of  two  secondary  colours,  are  greys,  inclining  to 
the  primary  or  secondary  colour  which  is  in 
excess  in  their  composition.  (Consult  Chevreuil 
on  Colours. ) 

Teruncius,  R.  A  silver  coin  equal  in  value 
to  one-fourth  of  an  as. 

Tessela,  R.  (diminutive  of  tessera).  A  small 
cube  of  stone  or  marlile  used  for  making  mosaic 
])a\-ements  {lesselatiim  opus  or  tesselata  strite- 
turd). 

Tesselated  pavement.  Inlaid  or  mosaic  work 
composed  of  tesselee.  Tesselatiim  fiagrnm.  (See 
Flacjrum.)      Cf.   MusivuM   Opus.     (Consult 


Buikinan  and  Ne-Linnarch,    J\cmnins  of  Roman 
Art  in  Cirencester.) 

Tessera,  R.  (Gr.  Kv^o-i).  A  cube,  a  die  ; 
tessercB,  tessera:  liisorice,  dice  of  ivory,  bone,  or 
wood  ;  the  dice-box  is  fritillns.  (Compare 
Talus.)  Tessera  hospitalis  was  an  oblong 
token  of  wood  or  earthenware,  exchanged 
among  families  agreed  to  mutual  hospitality. 
Many  of  the^e  tokens  have  the  bust  of  Jupiter 
Hospitalis  impressed  ;  tessera  theatralis,  a  pass 
to  the  theatre  ;  tessera  militaris  (Gr.  a\jv&t]na), 
a  tablet  on  which  the  watch-word  or  war-cry  of 
the  day  was  written  ;  it  was  passed  about  the 
ranks  before  joining  battle.  TessercE  frumen- 
taricE  or  numtnaricz,  vouchers  for  bread  or 
money  distributed  by  the  magistrates  among  the 
poor.     (Cf.  Tessela,  Talus,  Tabul.^.) 

Testa,  R.  A  sherd  of  tiles  or  pottery,  and 
thence  an  earthenware  vase. 

Testaceum,  R.  {testa).  Made  of  tiles  ;  the 
term  was  used  to  denote  a  roofing  or  pavement 
made  with  the  fragments  of  broken  tiles. 

Tester,  (i)  Any  flat  f<?;w/j.  The  framework 
over  a  four-post  bedstead.  (2)  A  silver  coin  so 
called  from  the  head  {teste)  of  the  king  upon  it. 
In  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  it  was  worth  \2d. 
and  afterwards  dd.  French  testers  were  struck 
by  Louis  XII.  in  1513,  and  Scotch  under  Queen 
Mary  in  1559. 

Testiere,  Med.  Fr.  Originally,  mailed  armour 
for  a  horse's  head,  subsequently  a  plate  between 
the  ears  on  which  a  crest  was  fixed.  (See 
Chanfron.) 

Testif,  Fr.     Camel's  hair. 
Testudinatus,  R.     Made   in   the  form    of  a 
Testudo  (q.v.) ;  the  term  was  applied  either  to 
a  roof  or  a  ceiling. 

Testudineus,  R.     Made  with  tortoise-shells. 


Fig.  649.  Testudo. 

Testudo,  R.  {testa,  ashell).  (i)  A  tortoise,  and 
thence  a  lyre  of  which  the  sounding  bottom  was 


made  out  of  a  tortoise-shell.  (2)  In  Archi- 
tecture, an  arched  ceiling,  the  four  sides  of 
which  converge  to  a  centre.  (3)  Tcstitdo  aric- 
taria  was  a  movable  wooden  shed  covered 
with  skins  and  containing  a  battering-ram  (Fig. 
574).  (4)  Lastly  the  term  di-notcd  a  kind  of 
defensive  roof  formed  by  the  shields  of  soldiers 
when  advancing  to  the  foot  of  a  rampart  (Fig. 
640). 

Tetra-chordon,  Gr.  and  R.  (rfTpd-xopSov). 
Literally,  having  four  strings  ;  hydraitlos  tctra- 
chordon  was  a  hydraulic  organ  with  four  pipes. 

Tetra-comus,  Gr.  A  bancpieting-song  sung 
at  the  lestival  of  Bacchus  during  the  fourth 
cour>e  (Kiuoj). 

Tetra-doros  (sc.  lato^,  Gr.  A  peculiar  kind 
of  brick  described  by  \'itr\u'ius  ;  it  was  called 
from  its  measuring  four  hand-breadths. 

Tetra-drachmum,  Gr.  (T€Tpo-5pax/ttoj').  An 
Attic  silver  coin  of  the  value  of  four  drachma:, 
or  about  3,f.  31/. 

Tetrafcliated,  Arch.  Said  of  any  architec- 
tural decoration  showing  four  foils. 

Tetragon.  A  plane  figure  having  four  angles  ; 
a  four-sided  figure. 

Tetra-morph,  Chr.  (Gr.  ricraapa,  four;  /uop<j)^, 
shape).  The  union  of  the  four  attributes  of  the 
Evangelists  (the  angel,  eagle,  lion,  and  ox),  in 
one  figure,  e.  g.  as  a  woman  crowned  and 
seated  on  an  animal  which,  with  the  body  of  a 
horse,  has  the  four  heads  of  the  mystic  creatures  ; 
and  of  the  four  feet  one  is  human,  one  hoofed 
for  the  ox,  one  clawed  like  an  eagle's,  and  one 
like  a  lion's  ;  underneath  is  inscribed  Animal 
Eccicsia. 

Tetra-style,Gr.  and  R.(T€Tpd(rTuAos).  Having 
four  columns.     (See  TtMPLUM.) 

Tetra-vela,  Lat.  "The  veils  or  curtains 
placed  between  the  pillars  which  supported  the 
canopy  of  the  altar,  at  the  sides  and  in  front,  and 
which  were  drawn  round  it  when  the  priest 
was  not  officiating."     {Fairholt.) 

Teutonic  Order.  A  military  order  of  knights, 
established  in  the  Holy  Land  about  1191.  They 
first  subdued  and  Christianized  Prussia. 

Tewel,  Arch.  (From  the  French  tiij'au.)  A 
pipe  or  flue  to  convey  smoke  :  it  is  mentioned 
by  Chaucer  : 

"...  Soche  a  smoke  gan  out  wende 
Blacke,  blue  and  greenish,  swartishe,  rede. 
As  doith  where  that  men  melte  lede, 
Lo  !  all  on  hie  from  the  tewcll." 

{House  of  Fame.') 

Textile,  R.  {texo,  to  weave).  Woven.  Any- 
thing capable  of  being  woven. 

Texture.  In  Art,  the  surface  appearance  of 
a  representation  not  of  textiles  only,  but  of  the 
other  parts  of  a  picture — wood,  marble,  skin, 
hair,  &c.      Gerard  Dow  excels  in  texture. 

Thalamifera,  Gr.  A  term  applied,  in  de- 
scribing ancient   sculpture,    to  kneeling  figures 


supporting  tablets,  on  which  figures  of  the  gods 
or  inscriptions  are  carved. 

Thalamus,  Gr.  and  R.  (BaKanos).  The 
nuptial  chamber  in  a  Roman  house  ;  the  others 
wore  called  DoKMiTOKlA. 

Thalysia,  (Ir.  {daKv-ffia).  Greek  festivals  of 
the  harvest  and  vintage. 

Thargelia,  Gr.  (OapyifiXia.).  Very  ancient  festi- 
vals held  at  Athens  on  the  occasion  of  a  plague 
or  other  public  disaster  in  honour  of  Apollo  and 
Artemis  ;  in  which  two  persons,  generally  crimi- 
nals, were  put  to  death  for  the  ptirijicaiion  of 
the  city. 

Thaumaturgi,  Chr.  (flai/MaTo-epyJs).  Workers 
of  miracles. 

Theatrum,  Theatre,  Gr.  and  R.  {Brarpou,  lit. 
a  place  for  seeing).     The  construction  of   the 
ancient   Greek  theatre  was  similar  to  that  of 
modern  theatres.     The  seats  rose  one    behind 
and  above  the  other  in  concentric  half-circles, 
and  the  whole  space  enclosed  was   called  cavea, 
the  pit,  being  in  most   cases  a   real   excavation 
from  the  rock.     The  central  level   space  within 
and  below  the  circles  for  spectators  was  covered 
with  boards,  upon  which  the  c/ionts  danced  and 
performed  their  part.    This  was  the  Orchestra, 
the  central  point  of  which  and  of  the  plan  of  the 
whole   building   was  the  Thymele,  or  altar  of 
Dionysus.     This  altar  became  a  propei-ty  of  the 
piece,  doing    duty  as  a   funeral  monument,    an 
altar,  or  a  pulpit  for  the  leader  of  the  chorus  or 
flute-player,  according  to  the  nature  of  t'ne  per- 
formance going  on,  in  which  it  must  be  remem- 
bered that  the  part  assigned  to  the  chorus  in  the 
orchestra  below  was  quite  as  important  as  any 
other,  and  in  its  original  intention  was  in  fact 
the  centre  of  interest,  lo  which  the  performance 
on  the  stage  was  accessory.     The  whole  theatre 
and  orchestra  were  open  to  the  sky.     The  cavea 
of  the  former  accommodated  about  50,000  spec- 
tators.    The  arrangements    of   the    stage   were 
elaborate  and   ingenious,  and   the   art  of  scene- 
painting  developed  at  a  very  early  period.     The 
Roman  theatre  differed  from  the  Greek   princi- 
pally in  the  absence  of  an   orchestra,  that  space 
(the   modern  ///)    being  used    for  the   seats  of 
senators,  foreign  ambassadors,  &c.     Remains  of 
ancient  theatres  still  exist  in  Greece,  Italy,  and 
France.     The    most   perfect   of  these    are   the 
Colosseum  at    Rome,  and  the  amphitheatre  at 
Nismes. 

Theca  Calamaria,  Gr.  and  R.  (^tJktj  ;  tiStjjUi, 
to  ]nit  into).     A  portable  inkstand. 
Thenard's  Blue.     (See  Cobalt.) 
Thensa.     (See  Tensa.) 

Theo-gamia,  Gr.  (^io-ya.ixia).  Greek  festivals 
held  in  honcnir  of  Proserpine  and  commemorat- 
ing her  marriage  with  Pluto. 

Theorbo.  A  stringed  musical  instrument  ;  a 
kind  of  lute,  having  supplementary  strings  by 
the  side  of  the  finger-board. 


3i8 


\VORDS  USED  IN 


Fig.  650.  Part  of  the  Frieze  of  the  Temple  of  Theseus,  Athens. 


Thermae,  Gr.  and  R.  (depfiai,  lit.  hot-springs). 
Distinguished  from  balnecE.  The  luxurious  es- 
tablishments for  bathing,  gymnastics,  and  con- 
versation which  grew  up  under  the  Roman 
Empire,  on  which  all  the  resources  of  architec- 
ture and  decorative  ^irt  were  lavished.  The 
ruins  of  the  thernuF  of  Titus,  Caracalla,  and 
Diocletian  are  still  visible.  They  contained, 
besides  the  baths  properly  so  called,  ^'  excdrcshr 
philosophers  and  rhetoricians  to  lecture  in,  por- 
ticoes for  the  idle,  and  libraries  for  the  learned,  and 
were  adorned  with  marbles  and  fountains,  and 
shaded  with  walks  and  plantations." 

Thermography.  A  chemical  process  for 
copying  prints  and  drawings  upon  paper  or 
metal  by  the  agency  oi  heat  without  light. 

Thermopolium,  R.  (OepfMo-ndoAwv).  A  re- 
freshment-room, in  which  warm  drinks  were 
sold,  such  as  mulled  wine,  mead,  &c. 

Thermulse  (dimin.  of  thertncB).  Baths  on 
a  small  scale. 

Thesaurus,  Gr.  A  treasure-house.  In  the 
monuments  of  the  heroic  period  many  subterra- 
nean buildings  of  great  extent  and  peculiar  con- 
struction have  been  attributed  to  this  purpose  ; 
but  they  may  more  probably  have  been  sepul- 
chral. In  historical  times  the  public  treasures 
were  in  the  agorce  or  the  temples.     (See  ^Era- 

RIUM.) 

Thesetim.  An  Athenian  temple  built  in  the 
5th  century  B.C.,  to  receive  the  bones  of  The- 
seus. It  was  richly  ornamented  with  statuary 
and  sculpture.  The  former  has  been  destroyed  ; 
but  some  metopes  and  sculptured  friezes  in  high 
relief  remain,  of  which  castings  exist  in  the 
British  Museum.     Our  illustration  represents  an 


incident  of  the  "Battle  of  the  gods  and  the 
giants,"  and  is  remarkable  for  anatomical  pre- 
cision. In  these  sculptures  Greek  art  has  en- 
tirely emerged  from  the  archaic  stage,  and  they 
were  doubtless  the  inspiring  models  for  Pheidias 
and  his  contemporaries,  and  the  forerunners  of 
the  Parthenon  sculptures.  (See  Elgin  Mar- 
bles.) 

Thesmo-phoria.  Greek  festivals  of  women 
and  maidens  in  honour  of  Demeter,  in  com- 
memoration of  the  traditions  of  civilized  life. 
The  solemnities  opened  with  processions  of 
women  bearing  on  their  heads  the  books  of  the 
sacred  laws  (ascribed  to  Demeter).  On  the 
second  day,  of  fasting  and  mourning,  the  women 
remained  all  day  grouped  round  the  statue  of 
Demeter  in  the  temple,  taking  no  other  food 
than  cakes  of  sesame  and  honey,  and  in  the 
afternoon  walked  barefoot  in  procession  behind 
a  waggon  on  which  baskets  with  mystical  symbols 
were  borne  to  the  thesmophorion.  On  the  third 
day  they  commemorated  the  smiles  of  Demeter, 
under  the  epitliet  of  KaKKiyiveia. 

Thibet  Cloth.  A  fabric  of  goat's  hair  ;  called 
also  camlet. 

Thick-pleached,  O.  E.  Thickly  interwoven. 
{Shahspeare.) 

Thieves'  Vinegar.  A  kind  of  aromatic  vine- 
gar for  a  sick-room,  consisting  of  the  dried  tops 
of  rosemary,  sage-leaves,  lavender-flowers,  and 
bruised  cloves,  steeped  in  acetic  acid  and  boiling 
water.  It  derives  its  name  and  popularity  from 
a  story  that  thieves  who  plundered  the  dead 
bodies  during  the  plague  with  perfect  security, 
attrilnited  their  impunity  to  the  use  of  this  dis- 
infectant.    {Siininoiids'  Commercial  Dictionary. ) 


Thimbles  are  said  to  have  been  found  at 
Herculaneum.  The  manufacture  was  introduced 
into  England,  from  Holland,  about  1695. 

Thistle,  Her.  The  national  badge  of  Scotland 
represented  after  its  natural  aspect  and  tinctured 
projier.  The  Order  of 
the  Thistle  of  Scotland 
was  instituted  a  long 
time  before  the  union 
of  the  two  kingdoms 
(commemorated  in  the 
badge  selected  by 
James  I.  of  the  rose 
and  thistle  combined). 
(Fig.  293.)  The  badge 
or  jewel  is  of  gold  ena- 
melled, having  a  figure 
of  St.  Andrew  holding 
his  silver  saltire  and 
surrounded  by  rays, 
and  an  oval  border 
with  the  motto.  It  is 
borne  from  the  collar 
of  the  order  formed 
of  thistles  alternating  with  bunches  of  rue 
sprigs,  or  on  a  dark-green  ribbon  across  the 
shoulder.  The  order  of  the  Ecu  d'  Or,  instituted 
by  Louis  of  Bourbon  (1410),  had  also  a  thistle  in 
the  jewel  and  girdle. 

Tholus,  Or.  and  R.  f0o'A.os).  A  dome  and 
cupola  of  a  circular  building. 

Thorax,  Gr.  (OoSpal).  (i)  A  breastplate; 
Latin  Lorica  (q.v. ).  (2)  A  bust  of  wax,  marble, 
or  bronze. 

Three-pile,  O.  E.     Rich  velvet. 
Three-quarter.     A  size  of  portrait  ;  30  inches 
by  25.     (See  Portr.-vit  Painting.) 

Thrones,  Chr.  An  order  of  angels,  usually 
represented  with  double  wings,  supporting  the 
Throne  of  the  Almighty  in  ethereal  space. 

Through-stone  or  Throwstone,  O.  E.  (vari- 
ously spelt,  derived  from  Anglo-Saxon,  tknih, 
a  coffin.)  A  flat  grave-stone.  Parker  gives  in 
his  "Glossary  "  the  following  quotation  : — 

"  Over  the  midst  of  the  said  vault  did  lie  Ji  fair  throw- 
stone,  and  at  each  either  side  of  the  stone  it  was  open, 
through  which  were  cast  the  bones  of  the  monks  whose 
graves  were  opened  for  other  monks  to  lie  in  ;  which 
vault  was  made  to  be  a  charnel-house  to  put  dead  men's 
bones  in." 

[.Ancient  Rites  0/ Durham. ) 

Thurible,  Chr.  An  incense-burner.  Gene- 
rally of  bronze.  The  practice  of  burning  incense 
in  religious  functions  is  very  ancient,  and  origi- 
nated in  the  East.  The  illustration  (Fig.  652)  is 
a  beautiful  specimen  of  Arabian  work  devoted 
to  this  object. 

Thurles,  O.E.  (holes  through  the  wall).  The 
small  windows  of  a  house  ;   12th  century. 

Thyas  or  Thias,  Gr.  A  Bacchante,  the  Greek 
equivalent  for  the  Latin  Baccha. 


Thymela,  Thymele,  Gr.  (eujue'ATj).  (Lite- 
rally, a  place  for  sacrifice.)  An  altar  placed  in 
the  orchestra  of  a  Greek  theatre  and  dedicated 
to  Bacchus. 

Thyroma,  Gr.  {Qvpu)u.a).  A  synonym  for 
the  Latin  Janua  ('|.v.). 

Thyrsus,  R.  {edpaos).  A  long  staff,  sur- 
mounted with  a  fir-cone,  or  a  bunch  of  vine- 
leaves  or  ivy,  with  grapes  or  berries,  carried  by 
Bacchus,  and  the  satyrs,  monads,  and  others, 
during  the  celebration  of  religious  rites.  Be- 
neath the  garland  or  fir-cone  the  thyrsus  ends  in 
the  shaip  j^oint  of  a  spear,  a  puncture  from  which 
induces  madness. 

Tiara,  Gr.  [Tiapa).  A  hat  with  a  tall 
high  crown  ;  the  characteristic  head-dress  of  the 
north-western  Asiatics;  especially  the  Armenians, 
Parthians,  Medes,  and  Persians.  Tiara  recta  or 
cidaris  was  an  upright  tiara,  the  regal  head- 
dress of  Persia.  Tiara  Phrygia  was  a  synonym 
for  Mitra.  Fig.  183  represents  the  head-dress 
and  costume  of  a  Persian  soldier. 

Tiara,  Chr.  The  Pope's  triple  crown,  em- 
blematic of  his  authority  in  the  three  kingdoms 
of  heaven,  earth,  and  the  lower  world.  (See 
Fig..  653.) 

Tibia,  R.  (Greek,  attlos).  A  pipe  or  flute  of 
reed,  bone,  ivory,  horn,  or  metal,  perforated 
with  holes  for  the  notes  like  a  flute  ;  the  prin- 


Fig.  652.  Thurible-    An  Arabic  incense-burner  in  brass, 
inlaid  with  silver. 


320 


WORDS  USED  IN 


cipal    varieties    were:— the  9>!o;iau/os  or  single 
pipe,     including     the     bagpipe    [iitricolarhis) ; 


•t  'g-  653-     Persian  soldier  wearing  the  tiara. 

the  diaulos,  or  double  pipe,  bound  round  the 
cheeks  with  a  bandage  called  by  the  Romans 
capistrttni,  and  in  Greek  phorbeia;  and  the 
syrinx  or  Pandeean  pipe,  of  three  to  nine  tubes. 

Tibia  Curva,  R.  A  kind  of  flute  curved  at 
its  broadest  end. 

Tibia  Dextra,  R.  The  right-hand  pipe  of 
the  diaulos,  usually  constiiicted  of  the  upper  and 
thinner  part  of  a  reed. 

Tibia  Gingrina,  R.  A  flute  made  of  a  long 
thin  tube  of  reed  with  a  mouth-hole  at  the  side 
of  one  end. 

Tibia  Ligula,  R.  A  flute  resembling  the 
modern  flageolet. 

Tibia  Longa,  R.  A  flute  used  especially  in 
religious  worship. 

Tibia  Obliqua,  R.  A  flute  having  the  mouth- 
piece at  right  angles  to  the  tube. 

Tibia  Sinistra,  R.  The  left-hand  pipe  of  the 
diaulos,  usually  constructed  of  the  lower  and 
broader  part  of  a  reed. 

Tibia  Utricolarius,  R.  The  ancient  bag- 
iu|.e 

Tibia  Vasca,  R.  A  flute  having  the  mouth- 
piece at  a  right  angle. 

Tibiae   Pares,   R.     A   name   for   the    double 


I    flute  when  the  tubes  were  exactly  alike,  impaj-es 
j    when  they  differed. 

!  Tie-beam,  Arch.  The  strong  horizontal  on 
which  the  king-post  and  other  uprights  rest, 
which  support  the  beams  of  a  roof. 

Tierce,  Per  Tierce,  Her.  Divided  into  three 
equal  parts. 

Tig,  O.  E.  A  shallow  drinking-bowl  with 
four  handles,  made  to  pass  round  the  table  from 
hand  to  hand  as  a  loving  cup. 

Tiger- wood,  obtained  from  Guiana,  is  a  valu- 
al)le  ornamental  wood  for  cabinet-work. 

Tignum,  R.  In  a  general  sense  wood  used 
in  carpentry,  a  beam  or  joist  ;  in  a  more  re- 
stricted sense,  a  tie-beam,  rafters,  brackets,  (S:c. 

Tigrinae.  Tiger-tables  Great  importance  was 
attached  in  Roman  decorative  art  to  the  grain 
of  the  wood.  Tables  having  "  veins  arranged 
in  wavy  lines,"  were  called  Tigrinre,  from  the 
resemblance  of  their  pattern  to  that  of  a  tiger's 
skin.  Those  having  "  veins  which  formed 
spirals,  or  little  whirlpools,"  were  called  pan- 
therincT,  or  panther-tables. 

Tiles  for  roofs  are  of  two  kinds  : — plain  tiles 
and  pan  tiles  ;  they  are  mentioned  in  an  ancient 
statute  of  King  Edward  IV.  (1477),  regulating  the 
"  Fesure,  whitying,  et  anelyng  de  tewle,  appelez 
pleintile,  autrement  nosmez  thaktile,  roftile,  ou  crestile, 
cornertile  et  guttertile  fait  et  affaire  deinz  cest  Roialme." 

Glazed  or  encaustic  tiles  were  anciently  much 
used  for  paving  sacred  edifices.  English  designs 
are  generally  heraldic  in  character.  In  Spanish 
architecture  tiles  were  used  for  the  decoration 
of  walls  instead  of  hangings  ;  and  richly  deco- 
rated pavements  are  found  in  Asia  Minor  and 
the  East  Indies.  (Consult  Parker^ s  Glossary, 
y.  G.  Nichols,  Exatnples  of  Tiles,  <S;c.) 

Tilt,  O.  E.  The  word  is  properly  applied  to 
the  exercises  in  training  for  the  joust,  against 
the  Quintain,  the  Pel,  the  ring,  and  other 
objects. 

Timbre,  Her.  (i)  Anciently,  the  crest ;  (2) 
Modern  French,  the  hebn,  in  a  coat  of  arms. 

Timbrel.  An  ancient  tambourine,  with  a 
double  row  of  gingles. 

Tin-glazed  Wares.     (See  Pottery.) 

Tina,  R.  A  large  vessel  used  for  holding 
wine  ;  its  shape  is  unknown. 

Tinctures,  Her.  The  two  metals  and  the 
five  colours  of  heraldry. 

Tint  of  colour  =  degree  of  intensity.  In 
painting  in  oils  this  is  lowered  by  the  addition  of 
a  white  pigment,  in  water  colours  by  dilution. 
"  Tint  is  any  unbroken  state  of  any  colour, 
varying  between  the  intensity  of  its  parent  colour 
and  the  purity  of  white."  (J.  B.  Fyne,  ifi  t/u 
Art  C/jiio/t  0/ 184^.)     (See  Tones.) 

Tint-tools.  In  copper  and  wood  engraving, 
gravers  used  for  skies,  still  waters,  architecture, 
&c.  The  word  "tint"  in  engraving  means 
colour,  and  skies  are  tints  cut  horizontally. 


Fig.  654-  Tintinnabulum.  Front  view, 


Tintinnabulatus,  R.     Carrying  a  bell  {tiittin- 

iiiiliitliim) ;  a  term  applied  especially  to  animals 

which  carried  a 
bell  hunij  round 
their  neck. 

Tintinnabu- 
lum, R.  ((Jr. 
Kuihc»v).  A 

bell  used  as  a 
hand-bell ;  they 
took  very  vari- 
ous forms  in 
antiquity,  he- 
ni  i  s  p  h  e  r  i  c  al, 
pear-shaped,  or 
cylindrical,  and 
some  were 

square.  The 
Romans  also 
made  use  of  a 
kind  of  swing- 
inggongsimilar 
to  that  shown 
in  Figs.  654 
and  655,  of  a 
specimen  dis- 
covered at 
Pompeii,  and 
now  in  the 
Naples 
museum. 

Tintinnabu- 
lum, O.  E.  A 
musical  instru- 
ment made  of  a 
set  of  bells, 
arranged  in 
order  within  a 
frame. 

Tints.     (See 
Tone.) 
Tiraz,  Arab.     The  ancient  name  of  the  apart- 
ment in  an  Arab  palace  set  apart  for  weaving  ; 
also  of  the  rich  silken  stuffs  woven  there. 

Tire  Valiant  or  Volant,  O.  E.  A  kind  of  head- 
dress.     {Shaks/>ca)-e.) 

Titulus,  R.  (i)  The  title  or  Index  of  a 
book.  (2)  A  notice  in  front  of  a  house  to  be  let 
or  sold.  (3)  An  epitaph  or  other  inscription  on 
monuments.  (4)  A  large  board  mounted  on  a  spear 
and  inscribed  with  the  numbers  of  the  prisoners, 
cities,  and  standards  that  had  been  captured 
from   the   enemy ;    carried    in    a  triumph    or 

OVATION". 

Tobine.     A  stout  twilled  silk. 

Toga,  R.  {(ego,  to  cover).  The  principal 
outer  garment  of  a  Roman,  as  the  Pallium 
(q.v. )  was  the  national  dress  of  the  Greek. 
Among  the  different  kinds  of  toga  were  the 
foga  restrida,  togafusa,  toga  prcctexta,  toga  pur  a 
or    virilis,   toga   palmata,    toga  picturata,   &c. 


Fig.  655.  Tintinnabulum.   Side  view. 


The  colour  of  the  toga  was  ordinarily  white. 
Candidates  (from  candidits,  white)  were  so  called 
from  their  whitening  their  togas  with  chalk  ;  the 
toga  pid/a,  of  the  natural  colour  of  black  wool, 
was  worn  in  mourning  ;  the  toga  picta,  or  em- 
broidered toga,  was  for  generals  on  their  triumphs. 
(See  also  Pk/ETEXTA,  Trahea,  &c.)  The  illus- 
tration (Fig.  656)  represents  the  statue  of  a 
Roman  senator  of  the  Augustan  age. 

Togatus,  R.  Wearing  the  toga;  essentially  the 
Roman  costume,  opposed  io  palliatus,  a  man  in 
the  Greek  dress. 

Togula,  R.  (dimin.  of  toga).  (i)  A  toga 
of  a  line  texture  ;  or  (2)  the  short  and  thread- 


322 


WORDS  USED  IN 


bare  toga  of  coarse  texture,  worn  by  a  poor  man, 
who  tlien  went  by  the  name  o{  togatulus. 

Toilinet.  A  textile  of  silk  or  cotton  warp, 
with  woollen  weft. 

Toise.  In  French  lineal  measurement  =  76 
inches. 

Toison  d'Or,  Her.  The  Golden  Fleece.  A 
French  order  of  knighthood,  instituted  by  Philip 
the  Good  in  1429.  The  order  has  a  king-at- 
arms  called  Toison  d'Or.  The  collar  is  composed 
of  flint-stones,  alternately  with  double  fusils 
placed  two  and  two  together,  forming  double  B's. 
From  this  suspends  a  Golden  Fleece.  The 
motto  is,  "  Pretium  non  vile  laborum."  (See 
Fusil.) 

Tokens.  Small  coins  issued  by  tradesmen  for 
current  money.  (Consult  IV.  Boy7ie's  Tokens, 
&c.) 

ToUeno,  R.  {fol/o,  to  lift),  (i;  A  contrivance 
for  drawing  water  from  a  well,  made  of  a  strong 
cross-bar  poised  from  the  top  of  an  upright 
beam,  with  a  weight  at  one  end  and  a  rope  and 
bucket  at  the  other.  (2)  A  similar  apparatus 
was  used  in  siege  operations  to  lift  soldiers  up 
to  a  wall. 

Tom-tom.  Oriental  small  drum,  of  a  barrel 
form,  covered  at  each  end  with  skin,  carried 
obliquely,  and  beaten  with  one  hand  at  each 
end. 


fig-  657-  Lycian  Tomb  of  great  antiquity. 

Tomb.  P'rom  the  earliest  ages  tombs  similar 
in  general  design  to  those  of  modern  times  have 
been  used  to  mark  the  resting-places  of  the  dead. 
F'S-  657  represents  an  ancient  monument  in 
Lycia.     (See  Stela,  Shrine.) 


Tombac.  Red  brass  ;  the  white  tombac  is 
an  alloy  of  copper  and  zinc,  containing  not  more 
than  20  per  cent,  of  zinc. 

Tompion.  The  plug  to  the  mouth  of  a 
cannon. 

Tondi,  It.  A  name  given  to  a  series  of  twelve 
circular  medallions,  painted  by  Luca  della 
Robbia,  with  impersonations  of  the  twelve 
months. 

Tondino,  It.  A  name  given  to  small  plates 
or  dishes,  which  it  was  a  medieval  fashion  for  the 
gallants  to  present,  filled  with  confectioneries, 
to  ladies.  They  are  described  as  small,  with  a 
wide  flat  brim  and  sunk  centre  ;  in  this,  the  cen- 
tral medallion  generally  occupied  by  a  figure  of 
Cupid,  hearts  tied  by  ribbons  or  pierced  with 
arrows,  or  by  joined  hands,  and  similar  amatory 
devices,  or  with  a  shield  of  arms  and  initial  letters, 
&c. 

Tones  are  the  modifications  which  a  colour, 
in  its  greatest  intensity,  is  capable  of  receiving 
from  white,  which  Imvers  its  tone,  or  black  which 
hcii^htens  it.  A  scale  is  an  assemblage  of  tones 
of  the  same  colour,  thus  modified.  The  pure 
colour  is  the  7W7-mal  tone  of  the  scale.  Hues  axe 
the  modifications  which  a  colour  receives  from 
the  addition  of  a  small  quantity  of  another 
colour.   [Chevreuil on  Colour,  pp.  34,  35.) 

Tonometer.  A  delicate  instrument  for  tuning 
musical  instruments,  by  marking  the  number  of 
vibrations. 

Tonstrina,  R.  A  barber's  shop  ;  frequented 
only  by  the  middle  classes  ;  the  rich  were 
shaved  at  their  houses  ;  and  the  poor  allowed 
their  beards  and  hair  to  grow. 

Tonsure,  Chr.  The  clerical  crown,  adopted, 
it  is  said,  in  imitation  of  St.  Peter,  or  of  the 
Crown  of  Thorns,  was  disapproved  of  in  the  4th 
century  as  pertaining  only  to  penitents  ;  and  not 
made  essential  till  the  end  of  the  5th  or  begin- 
ning of  the  6th  centuries. 

Tontisse,  Fr.  Flock-paper  ;  paper-hangings 
ornamented  with  flock-wool. 

Tooth  Ornament,  Arch.  A  name  of  the  nail- 
head  moulding.  It  is  the  peculiar  distinction 
of  the  Early  English  style,  to  which  it  is  nearly, 
if  not  exclusively,  confined.  It  is  the  regular 
progression  from  the  Norman  zigzag  to  the  deli- 
cate quatrefoil  of  the  Decorated  English. 
It  resembles  a  succession  of  low,  square,  pierced 
pyramids  set  on  the  edges  of  a  hollow  mould- 
ing. 

Toothing,  Arch.  Projecting  bricks  left  at  the 
end  of  a  wall,  to  form  a  union  with  any  further 
buildings. 

Topaz.  There  are  two  varieties  of  this  gem  ; 
the  Brazilian  yellow,  which  is  the  best  known, 
and  the  Oriental. 

Topaz,  Her.  In  blazoning  arms  of  nobles, 
the  names  of  gems  were  sometimes  substituted 
for  tinctures ;  the  topaz  for  gold  (Or). 


Topes,  Hind.  Bluuldist  sepiilclirril  monu- 
ments, cone-shaped,  and  round  at  tlie  tops,  like 
the  i/iTx'o/is  of  Ava  and  Ceylon. 

Topiaria  (Ars),  R.  Artificial  training  of 
shrubs  and  trees  into  fantastic  shapes.  Painted 
representations  of  landscapes  on  the  walls  of 
houses  were  called  ToriA.     (See  Hortus.) 

Topiarius,  R.  A  gardener  skilled  in  the 
Ars  Tcm'iaria  (q.v.). 

Torale.  R.  {torus,  a  couch).  The  hanging 
valance  of  a  couch. 

Torch,  R.  The  emblem  of  marriage,  from 
the  custom  of  forming  wedding  processions  in  the 
evening  by  torch-light.  Upright,  the  torch  was 
the  emblem  of  rejoicing  ;  reversed,  of  death  or 
sleep  ;  hence  its  application  upon  funereal  monu- 
ments. 

Torcular,  Torculum,  R.  A  wine  or  oil  press, 
llonce— 

Torcularium,  k.     The  press-room. 

Toreador,  Sp.     A  bull-fighter. 

Toreuma,  Gr.  and  R.  (ropet/^o).  Cai-viiig 
iifon  ivory  executed  on  the  lathe.' 

Toreutic  Art  (from  lopd'w,  to  bore  through  ; 
or  from  Topos,  clear,  distinct).  Sculpture  ;  es- 
pecially of  metals,  ivories,  metallic  castings  in 
relief,  &c.  A  long  essay  on  the  meaning  of  this 
word  occurs  in  the  works  of  De  Quincy. 

Tormentum,  R.  (i)  {Torquco,\.o  twist.)  A 
general  term  for  such  instruments  as  the  lialista, 
catapulta,  onager,  scorpio,  &c.,  from  the  twisting 
of  the  strands  of  the  ropes  that  were  used  as  the 
string  to  the  bow.  (2)  Torture.  By  the  Greek 
law  the  evidence  of  slaves  was  ahvays  extracted 
by  torture.  In  Rome  free  persons  in  humble 
circumstances  were  also  subjected  to  it  in  cases 
of  treason. 

Tornus,  Gr.  and  R.  A  lathe  or  potter's 
wheel. 

Torquatus,  R.  Wearing  the  Gallic  torque. 
Torqitatus  miles,  a  soldier  who  received  such 
a  collar  as  a  reward,  and  wore  it.  not  round 
the  neck,  but  on  the  breast,  like  a  decoration. 

Torques,  Gen.  {torqueo,  to  twist).  A  necklace, 
or  armlet,  or  collar  of  gold  or  other  wire  spirally 
twisted.     (See  Armilla,  Monmle,  &c.)     • 

Torse,  Her.     A  crest  wreath.     (See  Orle.) 

Torso,  It.  In  Sculpture,  the  trunk  regarded 
apart  from  the  head  and  limbs.  The  celebrated 
Torso  of  Hercules,  in  the  Vatican,  by  Apollonios, 
about  336  B.C.,  is  said  to  have  been  the  favourite 
inspiration  of  Michael  Angelo.  Another  fine 
torso  is  that  known  as  the  Farnese,  in  the  Naples 
Museum,  representing  probably  a  seated  figure 
of  Bacchus. 

Torteau,  Her.     A  red  Roundle  (q.v.). 

Tortoise.  Among  the  Egyptians  the  tortoise 
was  an  emblem  of  darkness  and  of  death.  Fig. 
129  is  the  remarkable  device  of  Cosmo,  Grand 
Duke  of  Tuscany,  with  the  motto,  "  Hasten 
slowly,"  i.  e.  have  caution  with  energy. 

Y 


Fig.  658.  Torto 


Device  of  ilio  I  >ukc  of  Tuscany. 


Tortoise-shell  is  largely  used  for  making 
combs,  and  for  veneering  on  cabinet-work.  When 
it  is  softened  with  hot  water,  it  receives  impres- 
sions which  become  permanent  if  it  is  suddenly 
cooled.  The  plates  used  are  those  found  on  the 
back  of  the  sea-turtle  (chelone  imbricata).  Five 
large  plates  are  obtained  from  the  middle  of  the 
carapace  or  upper  buckler,  and  four  large  ones 
from  the  sides,  called  "blades,"  and  twenty-five 
smaller  plates  from  the  edges,  called  "feet  or 
noses."  The  belly  shells  are  of  a  yellow  colour, 
and  are  used  for  the  purposes  of  horn. 

Torus,  R.  Anything  swelling  like  the  strand 
of  a  rope.  A  bed  covered  witli  sheets  or  blan- 
kets {tor  alia). 


Fig.  659.  Torus  moulding. 

Torus,  Arch.  A  convex  moulding  used  in 
architectural  decoration  (Fig.  659)  at  all  periods 
and  by  all  nations. 

Touchstone  is  a  kind  of  black  jasper,  known 
ns  Lydian  stone,  used  for  testing  gold.  This  is 
done  with  touching  needles  tijij^cd  with  metal  in 
various  states  of  alloy,  and  the  streaks  that  they 
make  on  the  touchstone  determine  the  fineness 
of  the  gold.  In  Architecture,  certain  black 
marbles  were  anciently  so  called,  from  their 
supposed  identity  with  the  lapis  Lydius. 

Tough,  Turkish.  A  Turkish  standard  ;  a 
horse-tail  attached  to  the  upjier  part  of  a  pike 
which  ends  in  a  crescent  and  ball. 

Tourelle,  Fr.  A  small  lower  on  a  castle,  with 
a  winding  staircase. 

Towers.   (See  Roi:nd  Towers.) 

Trabea,  R.  (lit.  shaped  like  a  trabs  or  beam). 
A  rich   toga,  either   made    entirely   of  purple 


524 


WORDS    USED   IX 


cloth  or  decorated  with  horizontal  stripes  of 
that  colour.  The  purple  toga  was  an  attribute 
of  the  gods^  and  afterwards  of  the  emperors  ; 
purple  and  white,  or  purple  and  saffron,  of 
augurs  ;  purple  and  white,  of  royalty  (kings). 

Trabs,  R.  A  beam  ;  especially  a  long  beam 
supporting  the  joists  of  a  ceiling. 

Tracery.  In  architecture  or  decorative  work, 
geometrical  ornament,  such  as  is  inserted  on  the 
upper  parts  of  Gothic  windows,  in  Alhambraic 
architecture,  &c. 

Tracing-paper  is  made  of  tissue-paper  soaked 
in  oil  or  thin  varnish. 

Trajan  Column,  in  Rome,  the  work  of 
Apollodorus,  A.D.  1 14,  is  loi  feet  in  diameter, 
and  127  feet  high,  made  of  34  blocks  of  white 
marble— 23  in  the  shaft,  9  in  the  base,  which  is 
finely  sculptured,  and  2  in  the  capital  and  torus. 
The  sculptures  show  about  2500  figures  besides 
the  horses,  and  represent  the  battles  and  sieges 
of  the  Dacian  War.  The  column  is  a  perfect 
handbook  of  the  military  costume  of  Rome  and 
other  countries  of  its  period.  (Consult  the  work 
of  Alfonso  G.  Hispano,  published  at  Rome, 
1586,  which  contains  130  plates  representing  all 
the  sculptures ;  or  the  more  modern  work  of 
Pietro  Santo  Bartoli,  which  contains  beautiful 
engravings  of  all  the  reliefs. )  A  plaster  cast  of 
the  column  in  two  pieces  is  in  the  South  Ken- 
sington Museum,  with  a  handbook  by  J.  H. 
Pollen  on  a  desk  near  its  base,  with  the  aid  of 
which  it  can  be  perfectly  studied  at  leisure. 

Trama,  Sp.  The  weft  or  woof;  a  kind  of 
silk  thread  so  called. 

Transenna,  R.  and  Chr.  A  snare  for  birds. 
It  consisted  of  a  net  stretched  over  a  circular 
framework.  In  Christian  archaeology,  the  name 
was  given  to  a  marble  lattice  placed  in  the  cata- 
comb chapels  to  protect  the  relics. 

Transept,  Arch.  A  transverse  nave,  passing 
in  front  of  the  choir,  and  crossing  the  longitudinal 
or  central  nave  of  a  church.  It  is  sometimes 
called  the  cross^  and  each  of  its  parts  to  the  right 
and  left  of  the  nave  are  called  cross-aisles. 

Transfluent,  Her.     Flowing  through. 

Transition  Periods  of  Architecture.  Gene- 
rally speaking,  all  periods  deserve  this  title,  as 
the  progressive  change  of  the  styles  is  continuous. 
Those  with  more  precision  so  described  are,  in 
English  Architecture,  three : — from  the  Norman 
to  the  Early  English;  and  then  to  the  Deco- 
rated; and  thirdly  to  the  Perpendicular, 
styles. 

Transmuted,  Her.     Counter-changed. 

Transom,  Arch.  The  horizontal  cross-bar  in 
a  window. 

Transposed,  Her.     Reversed. 
Transtrum,  R.  {trans,  across).     In  a  general 
sense  a  horizontal  beam.     In  the  plural,  transtra, 
the   cross-benches  of  a   ship   occupied    by  the 
rowers. 


I       Trapeso,  It.     A  weight  for  gold  and  silver  ; 
the  twentieth  part  of  an  ounce. 

Trapetum,  R.     A  mill  for  crushing  olives. 

Trapezophorum,  R.  {Tpair(:^o-<p6pov).  A  richly- 
carved  leg  for  sideboards  or  small  tables  ;  some- 
times called  Delphica  (q.v.). 

Trasformati  of  Milan.  One  of  the  Italian 
Academies  who  bore  as  a  device  a  plane-tree, 
and  the  verse  from  Virgil,  "  <?/  stcrilcs  platani 
malos  gesserc  valentes,  "  the  barren  planes  have 
borne  good  fruit "  (cut  out  of  a  wild  olive-tree 
and  grafted  in). 

Travagliati.  One  of  the  Italian  literary 
academies,  whose  device  was  a  sieve  {iL'aglio) 
with  the  motto  "  dome  pnriim"  (until  clean). 

Traversed,  Her.      Facing  to  the  sinister. 

Travertine,  Travertine,  It.  A  compact  kind 
of  TUF.\  stone,  used  in  architecture  ;  part  of 
St.  Peter's  and  the  Colosseum  of  Rome  are 
built  of  this  stone.  (See  Tufa.)  It  is  a  stone 
of  a  white  or  yellowish  tint,  and  was  used  by  the 
ancient  painters  to  give  body  to  lakes. 

Trebuchet,  Fr.  Med.  A  mechanical  contriv- 
ance for  projecting  stones  and  darts  ;  a  kind  of 
enormous  cross-bow  or  sling. 

Tredyl,  O.  E.     (See  Gryse.) 

Treflee,  Her.     (See  Botonnee.) 

Trefoil,  Arch.  An  ornament 
of  three  foils  peculiar  to  the 
Romano-Byzantine  and  pointed 
styles.  This  ornament  occurs  in 
bands  or  string-courses,  and  also 

Fiu   660.  forms     entablatured    foliage.     A 

Trefoil  slipped,     synonym  for  it  is    tiercefoil.     In 
Heraldry,  a  leaf  of  three  conjoined 
foils  generally  borne  slipped.     (Fig.  660.) 

Trellis.     Open  lattice-work. 

Trenchers  (Fr.  tranchoirs).  Originally  thick 
slices  of  bread  on  which  the  meat  was  served, 
instead  of  plates  ;   13th  century. 

Trental,  O.  E.  Chr.  for  Trigintale.  Thirty 
masses  for  the  dead. 

Tresson,  Fr.  A  net  for  the  hair,  worn  by 
ladies  in  the  Middle  Ages.      (See  Calantica.  ) 

Tressure,  Her.  A  variety  of  the  Orle, 
generally  set  round  with  Jtenrs-de-lys.  A  strik- 
ing example  is  to  be  seen  in  the  Royal  Shield 
of  Scotland,  now  displayed  in  the  second  quarter 
of  the  Royal  Arms,  blazoned  as — Or,  -coithin  a 
double  Tressure  fory  ;  counterflory,  a  lion  ram- 
pant gtiardant. 

Trevat.  A  weaver's  cutting  instniment  for 
severing  the  pile-threads  of  velvet. 

Triangle,  Chr.  An  equilateral  triangle  is  a 
symbol  of  the  Holy  Trinity,  and  therefore  the 
motive,  only  second  in  frequency  and  importance 
to  the  Cross,  of  the  construction  and  decoration 
of  Christian  churches. 

Triangle.  A  musical  instrument  of  early 
occurrence,  producing  sound  by  the  striking  of  a 
metal  triangle  with  a  metal  rod. 


Triblet.  A  goldsmith's  tool  used  in  making 
rings. 

Tribometer.  An  instrument  for  estimating 
the  friction  of  different  metals. 

Tribon,  Gr.  antl  R.  {rpi^aiv).  Literally, 
worn  threadbare  ;  and  thence  a  coarse  and  com- 
mon sort  of  mantle  worn  l)y  the  vSpartans  or 
by  Romans  who  affected  Spartan  manners. 

Tribula  or  Tribuluin,  R.  (u-ro,  to  rub).  An 
apparatus  for  tlireshing  corn  ;  consisting  of  a 
lieavy  platform  armed  with  iron  teeth  or  sharp 
flints. 

Tribulus,  R.  (rpi-BoKos,  three-pointed).  A 
Caltkap  (q.v.). 

Tribunal,  R.  A  raised  platform  for  the 
curule  chairs  of  the  magistrates  in  the  Basilica. 

Tribune,  R.  and  Chr.  The  semicircular 
recess  in  a  Latin  basilica  in  which  the  chief 
magistrate  had  his  raised  seat  and  administered 
justice.  In  Christian  archivology,  a  gallery  in 
a  church ;  the  triforiuiii  and  the  organ-loft 
are  tribunes.  In  Italian,  trihuna,  a  picture- 
gallery. 

Tricerion,  Chr.  {jpis,  thrice  ;  Kepas,  a  horn). 
A  cancilestick  with  three  branches,  symbolizing 
the  Holy  Trinity.     (See  DiCERlON.) 

Tricked,  Her.  Sketched  with  pen  and  ink  in 
outline. 

Triclinium,  Gr.  R.  and  Chr.  (tpl-kKIviov).  A 
set  of  three  dining-couches  arranged  round  a 
table,  and  thence  the  dining-room  itself, 
especially  the  summer  dining-room.  In  Chris- 
tian archeology  the  tricli)iiiim  was  an  apartment 
attached  to  a  Christian  basilica,  in  which  pilgrims 
were  entertained. 

Tricolor.  The  French  national  standard — 
red,  white,  and  blue — introduced  at  the  period 
of  the  revolution  of  1789. 

Tricomos,  Gr.  and  R.  A  song  for  the  third 
course  of  a  banquet  (Koi/ios)  at  the  festivals  of 
Bacchus.  The  coiniis  was  peculiar  to  the  first, 
and  the  tctracomos  to  the  fourth  course. 

Tricot,  Fr.  (i)  Silk  net.  (2;  A  knitted 
cotton  fabric. 

Trident,  R.  A  three- 
pronged  fork,  the  attribute 
of  Neptune,  used  (i)  for 
spearing  fish  ;  (2)  by  the 
class  of  gladiators  called 
Retiarii  ;  (3)  as  a  goad  for 
horses  and  cattle. 

Triens,  R.  A  small 
copper  coin  current  among 
the  Romans ;  it  was  worth 
the  third  of  an  as,  or  about 
one  farthing.  It  bore  on 
the  obverse  a  ship's  prow  or  a  horse's  head, 
and  four  balls  indicating  four  ounces  {itnciic). 

Trieterides,  Gr.  (Tpi-eTijpi5es).      Festivals  of 
Bacchus,  held  in  Bceotia  every  third  year. 
Triforium,    Chr,      A   gallery   over  the   side 


Fig.  661.  Trident. 


aisles  of  a  church,  open  to  the  nave  in  arcades 
of  three  arches  {Ires  fores). 

Triga,  R.  A  car  drawn  by  three  horses  yoked 
either  al)reast  or  with  one  in  front. 

Trigarium,  R.  A  field  for  the  exercise  of 
tr/gir  and  other  chariots. 

Triglyph,  Arch.  {rpiyXvipos).  An  ornament 
consisting  of  three  flutings  or  upright  groovings 
separating  the  metopes  in  a  Doric  frieze.     (Fig. 

45S-) 

Trigonalis,  R.  Xliree-cornered  "  catch-ball  ;" 
a  subject  on  frescoes. 


Fig.  662.  'rrigonum  opus. 

Trigonum,  Gr.  and  R.  {rp'\.y(avov).  (i)  A  mosaic 
of  triangular  pieces  of  marble,  glass,  terra- 
cotta, or  other  material  [sect ilia).  Fig.  662 
is  from  a  pavement  at  the  entrance  of  a  house  at 
Pompeii.  (2)  A  musical  stringed  instrument ; 
a  triangular  lyre,  probably  derived  from  Egypt. 
Trilith,  Celt.  (Tpi-KtSos).  A  Celtic  monu- 
ment of  three  stones  forming  a  kind  of  door. 

Trilix,  R.  In  weaving,  triple  thread.  (Com- 
pare BiLIX.) 

Trilobate,  Arch.     Presentmg  three  foils. 
Trimodia,    R.     A  basket  or  vessel  made  to 
contain  three  modii  {tres  ?jiodii). 

Trinity,  Chr.  For  a  detailed  account  of  the 
progressive  series  of  representations  in  Art  of  the 
Holy  Trinity,  consult  Fairholfs  Dictionary, 
DidroiCs  Iconographie  Chn'ticitnc,  &c. 

Triobolum,    Gr.     A  Greek  silver  coin  of  the 
value  of  three  oboli.     It  was  the  established  fee 
payable      to      an      Athenian 
dilcast   for    the    hearing   of  a 
cause. 

Tripetia.  A  Gallic  term 
signifying  a  three  -  legged 
stool. 

Tripod  (Gr.  rpi-TJovs).  A 
vessel  or  table  on  three 
feet  ;  esp.  the  slab  at  Delphi 
upon  which  the  priestess  of 
Apollo  sat.  (See  Delphica, 
Cortina.) 
Tripping,  Her.  In  easy 
Fig.  663.  Tnpod.     n,otio„^  j^,  a  stag. 

Triptych  (rpl-Trrvxos,  three-fold).  A  form 
of  picture,  generally  for  ecclesiastical  purposes, 
in  three  panels  ;  a  centre,  and  two  hanging  doors 
worked  on  both  sides.     (Fig.  664.) 

Tripudium,  R.     The  noise  made  by  the  grain 


326 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Fig.  664.  Triptych  carved  in  ivory  with  open  doors. 


as  it  fell  from  the  beaks  of  the  sacred  chickens 
on  to  the  ground  ;  it  was  looked  upon  by  the 
priest  as  a  favourable  omen  ;  another  name  for 
it  was    terripavhim  (striking  the    earth).     (See 

AUSPICIUM.) 

Triquetra,  Arch.  A  symmetrical  interlaced 
ornament  of  early  northern  monuments.  An 
endless  line  forming  three  arcs  symmetrically 
interlaced  will  describe  the  figure. 

Trireme,  R.  {tres,  and  remus,  oar).  A 
galley  with  three  banks  of  rowers. 

Trisomus,  Chr.  (jp[-aunx.os).  A  triple  sarco- 
phagus.     (Cf.  BiSOMUS.) 

Trispastus,  R.  (TpL-airaa-ros,  drawn  three- 
fold). A  block  for  raising  weights ;  of 
three  pullies  {orbiculi),  set  in  a  single  block 
{trochlea). 

Triton.  A  sea-monster  ;  generally  represented 
as  blowing  a  shell  (jnnrex),  and  with  a  body 
above  the  waist  like  that  of  a  man,  and  below 
like  a  dolphin. 

Triumphal  Arch.  A  monumental  structure, 
usually  a  portico  with  one  or  more  arches, 
erected  across  a  public  road  for  a  triumphal  pro- 
cession to  pass  vmder. 

Triumphalia,  R.  Insignia  conferred  upon  a 
general  on  the  occasion  of  a  triumph  ;  consisting 
of  a  richly  embroidered  toga  and  tunic,  a  sceptre, 
a  chaplet  of  laurel  leaves  with  a  crown  of  gold, 
and  a  chariot. 

Triumphalis  (Via),  R.  The  road  traversed 
by  a  triuni]iii. 

Triumphus,  Triumph,  R.  The  pageant  of 
the  entry  of  a  victorious  general  into  Rome. 

Trivet,   Her.     A  circular  or   triangular  iron 


frame  with  three  feet,   borne  by  the  family  of 
Tryvett. 

Trivium,  R.  {tres,  and  via,  a  way).  A 
place  where  three  roads  meet. 

Trochilus,  Arch.  A  concave  moulding  in 
classic  architecture.     (See  Scotia.) 

Trochlea,  R.  (rpoxiAea).  A  machine  for 
raising  weights,  very  similar  to  the  Trispastos. 

Trochus  [jpoy)i%,  a  wheel).  A  hoop  repre- 
sented on  ancient  gems  as  driven  by  naked  boys 
with  a  crooked  stick,  precisely  in  the  e.xisting 
school  fashion.  It  was  of  bronze,  often  with 
rings  attached. 

Trombone.     A  large  trumpet  with  an  arrange- 


Fig  665.  Trophy  on  a  triumphal  arch. 


Fig.  666.  Trulla. 


ment  ot  sliding  tubes  tor  moclulating  the  tones 
by  whicli  every  gradation  of  sound  within  its 
compass  can  be  exactly  ])roduced. 

Trophy,  Gr.  (Tp6waiov).  A  monument  of 
victory  (Tpoirri).  Fig.  665  represents  a  trophy  of 
Gallic  spoils,  from  a  bas-relief  on  the  triumphal 
arch  at  Orange. 

Trotcosie,  Scotch.  A  warm  covering  for  the 
head,  neck,  and  breast,  worn  by  travellers. 

Trua,  dim.  Trulla,  R. 
(l)  A  large  flat  ladle  or 
spoon  perforated  with  holes 
and  used  for  skimming 
liquids  when  boiling.  (2) 
Akind  of  drinking-cup.  (3) 
A  portable  brazier  or 
earthenware  vessel  per- 
forated with  holes  (Fig- 
666)  for  carrying  hot  coals 
about.  (4)  A  mason's 
trowel. 

Trullissatio,    R.      A  coating  of    plaster    or 
cement  \:\\d  on  by  the  trowel  {^trulla). 
Trumeau,  Fr.     A  pier  looking-glass. 

Trumpet,  Her.  The  Roman 
titlhi ;  a  long  straight  tube  ex- 
panded at  its  extremity. 

Truncated.  With  the  top  cut 
off  parallel  to  the  base. 

Trunnions.  The  side  supports 
on  which  a  cannon  rests  on  its 
carriage. 

Truss,  Arch.  The  system  of 
timbers  mutually  supporting  each 
other  and  the  roof. 

Trussed,   Her. 
with  closed  wings. 
Trussing,  Her. 
prey,  devouring. 

Tuba,  R.  A  straight  bronze 
trumpet  with  a  small  mouthpiece  at  one  end, 
the  other  being    wide    and    bell-shaped.     (Cf. 

CORNU.) 

Tubilustrum,  Quinquatrus,  R.  Festivals  held 
at  Rome  twice  a  year,  for  the  purification  of 
trumpets  {tuba:). 

Tubla.  Assyrian  drums,  %vith  skin  at  the 
top  only. 

Tuck,  O.  E.  A  short  sword  or  dagger,  worn 
in  the  i6tb  and  17th  centuries  by  all  classes. 

Tucket,  O.  E.  (It.  toccata).  A  flourish  on  a 
trumpet. 

Tudesco,  Sp.     A  wide  cloak. 

Tudor  Arch,  Arch.  An  arch  of  four  centres, 
flat  for  its  span  ;  having  two  of  its  centres  in  or 
near  the  spring,  and  the  other  two  far  below  it. 
(Riikinan  ) 

Tudor  Flower,  Arch.  An  ornament  common 
to  Elizabethan  buildings.  A  flat  flower,  or  leaf, 
as  a  crest  or  finish  on  cornices,  &c. 

Tudor  Eose,  formed    by    the    union    of  the 


Fig.  667. 
Trumpet. 


Said   of   birds, 
Said  of  birds  of 


white  and  red  roses  of  \  ork  and  Lancaster  ;  is 
described  in  heraldry  as  a  white  rose  charged 
upon  a  red  one.     (See  Fig.  395.) 

Tudor  Style,  Arch.  The  style  which  pre- 
vailed under  the  Tudor  dynasty.  The  term  is 
loosely  applied  to  various  periods.  (See  Per- 
pendicular. ) 

Tufa.  A  porous  variety  of  limestone  depo- 
sited by  calcareous  water.  It  hardens  on  ex- 
posure to  the  air  ;  and  was  much  used  by  the 
Romans  for  facing  buildings,  and  generally,  on 
account    of    its    lightness,    for   vaulting.     (See 

TrAVER  IINE.) 

Tugurium,  R.  {tego,  to  cover).  A  thatched 
roof,  and  thence,  a  peasant's  hut. 

Tulip-tree.  The  wood  of  this  tree  is  smooth 
and  fine-grained,  very  easily  wrought,  and  not 
liable  to  split.  It  is  largely  used  in  carving  and 
ornamental  work,  and  for  panels  in  coach 
building. 

Tulle.     A  plain  silk  lace,  blonde  or  net. 

Tumblers.  The  drinking-glasses  so  called 
take  their  name  from  their  original  shape, 
rounded  at  the  bottom,  so  that  they  tumbled  over 
unless  they  were  very  carefully  set  down.  Simi- 
lar goblets  are  still  made  of  wood  in  Germany ; 
often  with  the  inscription — 

"  Trink'  mich  aus,  und  leg"  mich  nieder  : 
Steh'  ich  auf,  so  fiill'  mich  wieder." 


Fig.  668.  Plan  of  a  Tumulus. 

Tumulus  (tumco,  to  swell).  Sepulchral 
mounds  of  ancient  and  prehistoric  construction. 
The  illustrations,  figs.  668  and  669,  show  the 
plan  and  section  of  a  Gallic  tumulus  opened  at 
Fontenay  le  Marmion. 


?28 


WORDS    USED   IN 


Tumulus  Honorarius.     (See  Cenotaphium.) 
Tunbridge  Ware.     Inlaid  work  of  variously- 
coloured  woods  made  at  Tunbridge  Wells   in 
Kent. 


I - 


Fig.  669.  Section  of  a  Tumulus. 

Tunica,  Gr.  and  R.  A  tunic ;  the  principal 
garment  worn  both  by  men  and  women  among 
the  Greeks  and  Romans.  It  was  a  kind  of 
woollen  shirt  confined  round  the  neck  and  the 
waist  ;  it  came  down  as  far  as  the  knee  ;  it 
had  short  sleeves  which  only  covered  the  upper 
part  of  the  arm.  Tunics  were  classed  as  follows  : 
the  exowis,  the  eponiis,  the  chiton,  the  manicata 
or  ?iianulcata,  the  talaris,  the  miiliebris,  the 
interior  or  intima,  the  recta,  the  angjisticlavia, 
the  laticlavia,  the  fatagiata,  the  pabnata,  the 
asema,  and  the  picta.   (Bosc.)     (Fig.  670.) 

Tunicatus,  Gr.  and  R.     Wearing  a  tunic. 

Tunicle,  Chr.  (Lat.  subtile).  The  vestment 
of  the  sub-deacon  ;  it  resembled  the  dalmatic, 
but  had  tight  sleeves. 

Turbo,  R.  (Gr.  /3f>;8/f).  A  child's  whipping- 
top  ;  the  whorl  of  a  spindle. 

Turibulum.     (See  Thurible.) 

Turicremus.    (See  Thuricremus.) 

Turkey  Carpets  are  made  entirely  of  wool, 
the  loops  being  larger  tlian  those  of  Brussels 
carpeting,  and  always  cut  ;  the  cutting  of  the 
yarn  gives  the  surface  the  appearance  of  velvet. 

Turkey-stitch  {pdiit  de  Turqitie).  A  kind 
of  carpet  made  at  the  Savonnerie,  established 
1627. 

Turma,  R.  A  squadron  of  legionary  cavalry  ; 
it  consisted  of  thirty-two  men  commanded  by  a 
decurion,  and  led  under  a  vexillum. 

TurnbuU's  Blue.  A  light  and  delicate  variety 
of  Prussian  blue. 


Turner's  Yellow.  An  oxychloride  of  lead, 
known  also  as  patent  yelloiu,  and  Cassell 
yelloiii. 

Turquoise.  A  valuable  blue  gem  for  orna- 
mental purposes.  {S.)  Fossil  ivory  impregnated 
with  copper.     [F.) 

Turrets,  Arch.  (Fr.  tourette,  a  small  tower). 
Towers  of  great  height  in  proportion  to  their  dia- 
meter, and  large  pinnacles,  are  called  turrets ; 
these  often  contain  staircases,  and  are  sometimes 
crowned  with  small  spires.  Large  towers  often 
have  turrets  at  their  comers. 

Turricula,  R.  (dimin.  of  turris).  A  small 
tower  ;  also,  a  dice-box  in  the  form   of  a  tower, 


Fig.  670.  Tunica  muliebris,  talaris 


to  which  the  Greeks  applied  the  term  of/>yrgus 
{irvpyos).     I'urrkuia  has  a  synonym  Fritillus 

(q.v.). 

Turriger,  R.  Bearing  a  tower  ;  the  term 
a]iplies  both  to  an  elephant  and  a  ship  of  war 
when  thus  armed. 

Tunis,  Tower.  In  a  general  sense,  any 
building  or  collection  of  buildings  either 
lofty  in  themselves  or  built  upon  an  elevation, 
and  thence,  fortifications,  such  as  a  tower  of  de- 
fence, the  tower  of  a  city  gate  or  a  castle,  a 
Donjon  (q.v.). 

Tus  or  Thus,  R.  Frankincense,  imported 
from  Arabia  and  used  in  great  quantities  by  the 
ancients  either  for  religious  ceiemonies  or  to 
perfume  their  apartments. 

Tuscan  Order  of  Architecture.  The  sim- 
plest of  the  five  Okukks  of  classical  architec- 
ture, having  no  ornament  whatever  ;  unknown 
to  the  Greeks ;  a  variety  of  Roman-Doric 
(q.v.).  The  column  is  about  seven  diameters 
high,  including  the  base  and  capital.  The  base 
is  half  a  diameter  in  height  ;  the  capital  is  of 
equal  height,  having  a  square  abacus,  with  a 
small  projecting  fillet  on  the  upper  edge — under 
the  abacus  is  an  ovolo  and  a  fillet  with  neck 
below  ;  the  shaft  is  Jiever  fluted  ;  the  entablature 
is  quite  plain,  having  neither  mutules  nor 
modillions  ;  X}ive.  frieze  also  is  quite  plain. 

Tusses  or  Toothing-stones,  in  building,  are 
projecting  stones  for  joining  other  buildings 
upon. 

Tutulatus,  R.  Having  the  hair  arranged  in 
the  form  of  a  cone,  or  wearing  the  sacerdotal  cap 
called  tutuliis,  and  thence  a  priest  who  usually 
wore  the  Tutulus  (q.v.). 

Tutnlus  or  Apex,  R.  (i)  A  flamen's  cap  ;  it 
was  conical  and  almost  pointed.  (2)  A  mode  of 
arranging  the  hair  on  the  crown  of  the  head  in 


the  .shape  of  a  pyramid  or  cone.  An  example 
is  seen  in  the  IVIedicean  Venus. 

Twill.     A  kind  of  ribbed  cloth. 

Tympanium,  R.  {j\j}x-na.viov).  A  pearl  shaped 
like  a  kettle-drum,  namely,  with  one  surface 
flat  and  the  other  round. 

Tympanum,  V^.  {rvii.Ttavov').  (i)  A  tambourine, 
like  that  of  modern  times  :  a  piece  of  stiff  parch- 
ment stretched  over  a  hoop  witii  bells.  (2) 
A  dmm-shaped  wheel ;  tympanum  dentatuin, 
a  cogged  wheel.     (3)  In   architecture,  the  flat 


Fig.  671.    iympniium.     Romano-Byzantine. 

surface,  whether  triangular  or  round,  marked 
out  by  the  mouldings  of  a  pediment.  Fig.  671 
shows  a  tympanum  of  the  Romano-Byzantine 
period.  (For  Triangular  Pediment,  see 
Fig.  26.) 

Tynes,  Scotch,  (i)  Branches  of  a  stag's 
antlers.      (2)  Teeth  of  a  harrow. 

Tyrian  Purple.  An  ancient  dye  of  a  brilliant 
colour,  obtained  from  shells  of  the  ifiurex  and 
purpura. 


u. 


U.  The  letter  repeated  so  as  to  mark  the 
feathering  upon  tails  of  birds,  is  a  peculiarity  of 
Sicilian  silks. 

TIdo,  R.     A  sock  made  of  goat-skin,  or  felt. 

Ulna,  R.  A  measure  of  length,  subdivision 
of  the  foot  mea.sure. 

Ultramarine  or  Lapis  Laznli  [azurrum  trans- 
viarinum).  A  beautiful  blue  pigment  obtained 
from  lazulite,  highly  esteemed  by  early  painters. 
In  consequence  of  the  costliness  -of  this  pigment 
its  use  in  a  picture  was  regulated  by  special  con- 
tract, and  it  was  either  supplied  or  paid  for  by 
the  person  who  ordered  the  picture.     Lely  has 


recorded  that  he  paid  for  his  as  much  as  4/.  \os. 
the  ounce.  The  pigment  is  now  artificially 
compounded.     (Cf.  Guimet's  U.) 

Umbella,  Umbraculum,  R.  {umbra,  shade). 
An  umbrella,  made  to  open  and  shut  like  those 
of  modern  times.  It  is  represented  on  vases 
held  by  a  female  slave  over  the  head  of  her  mis- 
tress.    (See  also  Umbrellas.) 

Umber.  A  massive  mineral  pigment  u.sed  by 
painters  as  a  brown  colour,  and  to  make  varnish 
dry  quickly.  Katv  umber  is  of  an  olive  brown, 
which  becomes  much  redder  when  burnt.  (See 
Ochres.) 


330 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Umbilici,  R.  (lit.  navels),  were  the  orna- 
mental bosses  which  projected  from  each  end 
of  the  staff  round  which  a  volume  of  papyrus 
or  parchment  {liber)  vi-iis  rolled.  They  were 
also  called  cornua,  and  getniiicc  frontes.  (See 
Liber.) 

Umbo  (Gr.  6ix(pa\6s).  (i)  The  boss  of  a 
shield,  often  sharp  and  projecting  so  as  to  form 
an  offensive  \^eapon  in  itself.  (2)  A  bunch 
formed  by  the  folds  of  the  toga  tacked  in  to  the 
belt  across  the  chest. 

Umbrae,  R.  The  shades  of  the  departed ;  repre- 
sented in  the  forms  in  which  they  abandoned 
life.     Those  killed  in  battle,  mutilated,  &c. 

Umbrellas.  Anglo-Saxon  manuscripts  some- 
times represent  a  servant  holding  an  umbrella 
over  the  head  of  his  master.  In  the  sculptures 
of  ancient  Egypt  and  Assyria  they  are  repre- 
sented borne  by  the  attendants  on  a  king.  The 
Greek  and  Roman  ladies  used  parasols  in  all 
respects  resembling  those  of  modern  times.  In 
the  Panathenaic  procession  the  daughters  of 
foreign  settlers  in  Athens  had  to  carry  para- 
sols over  the  heads  of  the  Athenian  maidens 
taking  part  in  the  procession.  They  were  sub- 
stituted later  on  by  broad  hats,  the  Roman 
Petasus  and  the  Greek  Tholia.  In  the 
Siamese  empire  an  umbrella  is  the  emblem  of 
the  royal  dignity. 

Umbrere,  Um- 
bril.  In  mediae- 
val armour,  a  pro- 
jection on  a  hel- 
met acting  as  a 
guard  to  the  eyes. 
Umbril.  (See 
Umbrere.) 

Uncia  (Gr.  oh-y- 
Kia,  Aiigl.  ounce). 
The  unit  of  mea- 
surement. The 
twelfth  part  of  any- 
thing. In  cur- 
rency, a  copper 
coin  ;  the  twelfth 
part  of  an  As. 
Its  value  was  expressed  on  the  obverse  and 
reverse  by  one  ball  ;  in  lineal  measurement, 
the  twelfth  of  a  foot,  whence  our  inch;  in 
square  measure,  the  twelfth  of  a  Jugenim ;  of 
liquids,  tlie  twelfth  of  a  sextarius ;  in  weight, 
the  twelfth  of  a  pound  (libra). 

Uncial  Letters.  When  writing  on  papyrus 
or  vellum  became  common,  many  of  the  straiglit 
lines  of  the  cajntals,  in  that  kind  of  writing;, 
gradually  acquired  a  curved  form.  From  tlic 
6th  to  the  8th,  or  even  loth  century,  these 
uncials,  or  partly  rounded  capitals,  prevail  in 
illuminated  MSS.  (See  also  Minuscule, 
Semi-uncials.) 

Uncus,  R.  (07KOS).     A  hook  such  as  (i)  that 


Fig.  672.  Umbril. 


with  which  the  corpses  of  gladiators  were 
dragged  out  of  the  arena  ;  or  those  of  criminals 
from  the  carnificina  where  they  were  executed. 
(2)  The  fluke  of  an  anchor,  &c. 

Under-croft,  Arch.    A  subterranean  chamber. 


Fig.  673.    Undulated  moulding. 

Undulated,  Arch,  {unda,  a  wave).  Moulded 
or  sculptured  in  the  {ovva  oi  3.  wave ;  as  for  in- 
stance  the   undulated  torus.     (See    Nebule.) 

(Fig.  673.) 

Undy,  Undee,  Her.     Wavy. 

Unguentaria,  R.  Flasks  or  boxes  of  costly 
workmanship  for  holding  perfumes,  essences, 
oils,  and  salves,  for  use  in  the  baths,  &c.  (See 
Narthecia.) 

Unicorn.  In  Christian  art  a  symbol  of 
purity,  especially  of  female  chastity.  Attribute 
of  St.  Justina  of  Antioch.  In  Heraldry  it  is 
famous  as  the  sinister  supporter  of  the  Royal 
Shield  of  England.  The  legend  was  that  its 
body  took  the  form  of  a  horse  and  antelope,  and 


Fig.  674.  Unicorn.     Device  of  the  Orsini  family. 


it  had  one  horn  on  its  head.  It  was  believed  to 
live  solitary  in  the  wooils,  and  could  only  be 
caught  by  a  maiden.  The  jM^operty  of  detecting 
poison  was  attributed  to  its  horn,  and  Ilentzner, 
who  visited  England  in  1 59S,  says  :  — 

"  We  were  shown  at  Wiiuisor  the  horn  of  .in  Unicorn, 
of  about  eight  spans  and  a  half  in  length,  valued  at  above 
100/." 

It  is  frequently  mentioned  in  ancient  inven- 
tories :— 

"  1391.  Une  manche  d'or  d'un  essay  de  lincourne  pour 
attoucner  aux  viandes  de  Monseigneur  le  Dauphui." 
Comptes  Royaux,  quoted  by  Mrs.  Bury  Palliser." 

In  allusion  to  this  property,  Alviano,  the 
champion  of  the  Orsini  family,  adopted  as  his 
device  a  unicorn  at  a  fountain  surrounded  l)y 
snakes,  toads,  and  other  reptiles,  and  stirring  up 
the  water  with  its  horn  before  he  drinks,  with 
the  motto,  "  I  expel  poisons." 

Union  Cloths.  Fabrics  of  wool  with  wefts 
of  cotton. 

Union   Jack.     The  National  Ensign    of  the 
United    Kingdom 
of    Great    Britain 
— exhibiting     the 
Union      of      the 
crosses      of      St. 
George    and    St. 
Andrew  combined 
— first  displayed  in 
the  reign  of  James 
I.,     1606.       The 
flag  as   it  is  now 
used,    dates    from 
the    beginning   of 
this    century.      It 
is     borne     on     a 
shield,  charged  in 
pretence  upon  the 
escutcheon   of  the 
Duke  of  Welling- 
ton. 
Upapitha,  Hind.     The  pedestal  of  the  Hindoo 
orders,    which   included,    besides    the   pedestal 
properly  so  called,    the  base    (athist/iama),  the 
pillar  or  shaft  {slaiiilni)  which  was  either  square 
or  polygonal  and  only  rounded  at  the  upper  part 
near  the  capital  or  cushion  which  took  its  place, 
and  lastly  the  entablature  (pi-asttira). 

Uraeus,  Egyp.  A  transcription  of  the  Egyptian 
word  drd  or  the  asp  haJJ,  a  kind  of  serpent 
called  by  the  Greeks  basilicon  (^aaiAiKov).  The 
ttraus  as  an  emblem  of  the  sovereign  power 
forms  the  distinctive  ornament  in  the  head- 
dress of  the  Egyptian  kings. 

Urbino  Ware,  made  at  Urbino,  under  the 
patronage  of  its  Duke.  "  A  city,"  says  Jacque- 
mart,  "  which  has  supplied  potters  and  painters 
to  the  greater  part  of  the  workshops  of  Italy  ; 
which  has  sent  ceramic  colonies  to  Flanders  and 


Corfu,  and  yet  we  are  scarcely  acquainted  with 
its  works,  except  those  of  its  decline."  (Fig. 
676.)    (See  Majolica.) 


Fiii.  675.   Present  Union  Jack. 


Fig.  676.   Plate  of  Urbino  Ware,  Louvre  Museum. 

Urceolated  (Basket),  Arch.  The  corbel  of 
the  capital  which  narrows  a  little  underneath  its 
upper  part. 

Urceolus.     Diminutive  of  Urceus  (q.v.). 

Urceus,  R.  An  earthenware  pitcher  used  in 
religious  ceremonies  ;  represented  on  coins  in  the 
form  of  a  modern  ewer. 

Uriant,  Her.  Said  of  a  fish  when  it  swims  in  a 
vertical  position  ;  head  downwards.     (Cf  Hau- 

RIANT.) 

Urn.  The 
common  um, 
the  KaA.7rij  of 
the  Greeks, 
had  a  nar- 
row neck  and 
swelling  bo- 
dy ;  it  was 
used  for  con- 
veying water 
from  the  foun- 
tain. The  fu- 
nereal cine- 
rary um  was 
in  general 
quadrangu- 
lar, but  there 
were  a  large  number  which  resembled  the  kalpis, 
with  the  exception  that  they  had  a  wider  neck 
and   were  furnished   in  every  case  with   a  lid. 


Fig.  677.   Funereal  urn,  Indian. 


332 


WORDS   USED   IN 


Fig.  677  represents  a  funeral  urn  of  Indian  pot- 
tery, of  very  ancient  date.  The  electoral  um, 
from  which  lots  were  drawn  at  the  comitia 
to  decide  the  order  of  voting,  was  of  an  oval 
form  and  had  a  narrow  neck  to  prevent  the 
possibility  of  more  than  one  number  being  drawn 
out  at  a  time.  An  urn  is  always  introduced  as  an 
appropriate  emblem  of  the  river-gods.  The 
ur7ia  was  a  measure  of  capacity  containing 
eight  congii  or  half  an  Amphora. 

XJrnarium,  R.  A  square  table  or  hollow 
slab  on  which  iirncB  or  earthenware  vessels  were 
placed. 

TJstrina,  TJstrinum,  R.  {jtro,  to  burn).  A 
public  place  for  burning  the  bodies  of  the  dead, 
in  contradistinction  to  BusTUM,  a  private  place 
of  cremation,  situated  within  the  sepulchral 
enclosure.  It  was  in  the  public  ustrina  that  the 
bodies  of  people  of  moderate  means  as  well  as 
the  poor  were  burned. 


Uter,  R.  A  wine-skin  or  large  leathern  bag 
made  of  goat-skin,  pig-skin,  or  ox-hide,  and  used 
for  holding  wine  or  other  liquids.  Uter  unciiis 
was  a  goat-skin  inflated  with  air  and  thoroughly 
greased  on  the  outside.  The  peasants  of  Greece 
were  fond  of  dancing  and  leaping  upon  these 
wine-skins,  which  it  was  extremely  difficult  to 
do  without  frequent  falls.  This  was  a  very 
popular  rustic  game,  and  formed  a  principal 
feature  of  the  second  day  of  the  festival  of 
Bacchus,  called  by  the  Greeks  Ascoliai^  haK(ii\ia), 
aaKbs  being  the  Greek  equivalent  of  zitcj-. 

TJti  Rogas,  R.  A  voting  formula  affirmative 
of  the  proposition  in  debate,  written  on  the 
ticket  in  the  abbreviated  form  V.  R.  iox  uti  rogas 
(as  you  propose). 

Utricularius,  R.  (from  7ite)-).  A  performer 
on  the  bag-pipe. 

TItriculus.     Diminutive  of  Uter  (q.v.). 


V. 


In  inediirval  words  the  initials  V  and  B  occasionally  interchange  :- 

a  banner,  S(c. 


-as  Vanneriayi7;'  Banneria, 


Vacerra,  R.  {vacca,  a  cow).  An  enclosure 
in  which  cattle  were  kept. 

Vacons,  Hind.  Hindoo  genii  which  figure  in 
the  celestial  hierarchy  immediately  after  Brahma. 
They  are  eight  in  number,  and  each  of  them  pro- 
tects one  of  the  eight  regions  of  the  world  : 
Paoulestia  is  the  guardian  of  the  North  or 
mineral  wealth  ;  Ima,  god  of  the  dead  and  the 
infernal  regions,  is  the  guardian  of  the  South  ; 
Indra,  god  of  the  ether  and  the  day,  the  guardian 
of  the  East ;  Pratcheta,  god  of  waters  and  the 
ocean,  the  guardian  of  the  West  ;  I^ania,  who 
is  looked  upon  as  an  incarnation  of  Siva,  is  the 
guardian  of  the  North-East  ;  Pavana,  king  of 
the  winds,  the  guardian  of  the  North-West ; 
Agni  or  Pacava,  the  god  of  fire,  is  the  guardian 
of  the  South-East ;  and  Nirouti,  the  prince 
of  the  evil  genii,  is  the  guardian  of  the  South- 
West.   {Bosc.) 

Vagina,  R.  The  scabbard  of  a  sword,  made 
of  wood  or  leather,  and  generally  ornamented 
with  plates  and  bosses  of  metal.      (See  Fig.  44.) 

Vails  (from  Vale,  farewell  !).  Fees  to  servants 
from  parting  guests. 

Vair.  The  fur  of  the  squirrel,  much  worn  in 
state  costumes  of  the  14th  century.  In  Heraldry 
— one  of  the  furs — represented  as  a  series  of 
small  shields  placed  close  together,  alternately 
blue  and  white. 

Valance.  Drapery  hangings  for  furniture, 
cornices,  &c.  ;  hence — 


Valenced.     Fringed  with    a   beard.      {Shake- 
speare. ) 


Fia;.  678.  Gilded  Vase  of  Valentia,  with  votive  inscription. 


Valencia  Pottery.  M.  Jacqucmart  considers 
this  the  most  ancient  and  the  true  centre  of  the 
ceramic  fabrication  in  Spain,  carried  back  by 
tradition  to  the  Roman  domination.  On  the 
conquest  of  Spain  from  the  Moors  tlie  Saracen 
potters  of  Valencia  were  protected  by  special 
charter.  "Fit^.  678  is  an  illustration  of  the  gilded 
ware  for  which  Valencia  is  famous. 


'alencicnnes. 


Valenciennes.  The  date  of  the  introduction 
of  the  manufacture  of  this  lace  is  unknown, 
although  it  existed  before  the  time  of  Louis 
XIV.,  under  whose  reign  it  flourished  and 
reached  its  climax  between  1725  and  1780. 
Valenciennes  lace  is  made  entirely  on  the 
pillow,  of  simple  combinations,  with  one 
kind  of  thread  for  the  pattern  and  for  the 
ground.  (See  engraving.)  No  lace  is  so  ex- 
pensive to  make  from  the  number  of  bobbins 
required.  The  flax  used  is  of  the  finest  quality, 
so  fine  that  the  lace-makers  worked  in  under- 
ground cellars  to  keep  their  work  from  the  air, 
and  scarcely  completed  an  inch  and  half  of  lace 
in  a  day. 

Valendar  Clay.     A  kind  of  potter's  clay  from 

Nassau.     (Siniiuonds.) 

Valet,  O.  E.    (Med.    Lat.    valcti).     Sons    of 

the  nobility  and  of  knights  bore  this  title,  until 

they  acquired  the  military  belt.   {Meyrick.) 
Valle  Cypre.     A  silk  mourning  crape,  called 

also  Bolcigna  crape. 

Vallum,   (n\  and  R.   {vaHits,  a    stake).      A 

palisade   made   with   strong  branches   of   trees, 

which  was  placed  on  the  top  of  the  embankment 

{agger)  surrounding  a  camp. 


Vambrace. 


Valvee,    R.   (Gr.   ffavU).      Folding  doors    or 
shutters  ;  synonym  of  FoRES. 

Vambrace  (Fr. 
in'ajit  bras).  The 
ancient  UKACin- 
AT,f:,  the  cover- 
ing of  the  lower 
arm,  from  the 
elbow  to  the 
wrist.  Originally 
it  covered  only 
the  outside  of 
the  arm,  but 
afterwards  was 
made  like  a 
sleeve  of  iron. 
(C  f.      R  E  R  E- 

BRACE.) 

Vamp.    Upper 
leathers  for  shoes. 
In    Russia    and 
the      East    they 
are     richly   em- 
broidered. 
Vampire.      A   monster  of   mediaeval    icono- 
grajihy.     A    well-known    example    is    the   one 
which  decorates  the  angle  of  one  of  the  towers 
in  Paris  Cathedral. 

Vamplate  (Fr.  avant  plaque).  A  guard  of 
metal  over  the  handle  of  a  tilting-lance. 

Van  (from  Fr.  avant).  Of  an  aniiy,  the 
front. 

Vandyke-brown.  A  pigment  of  a  fine,  deep, 
semi-transparent  brown  colour  obtained  from 
peat. 

Vane,  or  Fane,  O.  E.  (from  the  German 
Fall  lie,  a  banner),  (i)  A  broad  flag  to  be  car- 
ried by  a  knight  in  a  tournament.  {Meyrick,  i. 
155.)  Hence  (2)  a  weathercock,  in  AIedi?eval 
buildings  generally  in  the  form  of  a  heraldic 
banner  supported  by  a  figure.     (See  FANE.) 

Vanishing  Point.  In  perspective.  (See 
Point  of  Sioht.) 

Vannerie,  Fr.     Basket-work. 
Vannus,  R.     A  winnowing-van  ;  i.e.  a  broad 
flat  basket  used   for  winnowing  the  chaff"  from 
the  corn.   It  was  among  the  agricultural  symbols 
borne  in  the  processions  of  Ceres.      A  sculpture 
in    the  British    Museum    represents   the   infant 
Bacchus  riding  in  such  a  basket  in  the   hands 
of  a  pair  of  dancing  bacchantes. 
Vantbrace.     (See  Va.mbr.a.ce.) 
Vaquero,  Sp.     A  jacket  worn  by  women  and 
children. 

Vardingale,  O.  IC.  The  farthingale  or  hooped 
petticoat  of  Elizabeth's  reign,  fig.  681. 

"  Supporters,  ■pos,X.\ires,/arihi>igalt-s, 
Above  the  loins  to  wear, 
That,  be  she  ne'er  so  slender,  yet 
She  cross-like  seems  four  square." 

(IVarntr,  in  Albion's  England.) 


334 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Vamislies  are  made  by  dissolving  resins  or 
gam-resins  in  alcohol,  ether,  &c.,  so  that  as  the 
spirit  evaporates  the  varnish  dries  down  into  a 


Fig.  68i.  Farthingale,  temp.   Elizabeth. 

transparent  film  ;  varnishes  are  coloured  with 
aloes,  annotto,  cochineal,  dragon's  blood,  gam- 
boge, indigo,  red  saunders,  saffron,  or  turmeric. 
Amber  varnish  is  hardest  and  most  durable  in 
colour,  but  dries  very  slowly.  Animl-  varnish 
dries  quickly,  but  is  liable  to  crack,  and 
deepens  in  colour  with  exposure  to  the  air. 
Copal  ranks  next  to  amber  in  durability, 
and  the  varnish  becomes  lighter  by  expo- 
sure ;  the  best  copal  varnishes  are  slow  in 
drying  unless  mixed  with  anime.  Mastic  is  a 
favourite  spirit  varnish  used  as  a  picture  varnish 
and  for  delicate  works  of  a  pale  colour.  Daviar 
mixed  with  mastic  makes  an  appropriate  varnish 
for  maps  and  similar  work.  The  qualities  to  be 
sought  in  varnishes  for  a  painting  are  that  they 
should  resist  damp,  exclude  air,  and  not  injure 
the  colour.  (See  also  Italian  varnish, 
Strasburg  turpentine,  &c.) 

Vas,  R.  A  vase.  Any  kind  of  vessel,  e.g. 
Vasa  Co7-inthia,  Vasa  Deliaca,  Vasa  Samia, 
Murrhina,  &c.  The  manufacture  and  orna- 
mentation of  vases  was  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant branches  of  Classical  Art.  Illustrations  of 
vases  are  found  in  this  work  under  : 


Fig. 
Acratophorum   ...       7 

Amphora 20 

Arezzo  Vase  ....     37 

Aryballos 46 

Bifrons 85 

Cantharus     ....  132 

Cylix 232 

Ecuelle 278 


Fig. 

Egyptian 279 

Funeral  Urn ....  340 

Hydria 391 

Chinese  Vase     .     .     .  406 

Lecythus 422 

Nuremberg    ....  491 

Oinochoe  .     ...     .     .  498 

Valentia    .    .  "  .    .     .678 


Vatillum.     (See  Batillum.) 

Vaunt-brace,  O.  E.,  or  Warn-brace.  Armour 
for  the  body. 

Vectis,  R.  {veho,  to  carry),  A  bar  of  wood 
or  iron  used  as  a  lever,  crow-bar,  capstan  bar,  or 
pole  for  carrying  burdens  on  the  back  ;  the 
workman  who  made  use  of  a  vectis  was  called 
vectiarius. 

Vedas  (from  Sanskrit  vid,  to  know).  Hind. 
Four  collections  of  sacred  books  said  to  have 
been  collated  about  3000  B.C.  from  earlier  docu- 
ments. They  are  the  Rigveda,  a  collection  of 
hymns  and  prayers  ;  the  Yajurveda,  liturgi- 
cal and  ceremonial  ordinances ;  Samaveda, 
lyrical  pieces  ;  and  Atharvaveda,  chiefly  in- 
cantations. Besides  the  above,  each  Veda  con- 
tains fragmentaiy  writings  called  Sambiita,  and 
dogmatic  treatises  called  Brahtnana ;  and  cer- 
tain Commentaries,  called  Upavedas,  Vedangas, 
and  Upangas  are  regarded  as  forming  a  fifth 
Veda.  The  above  form  the  sacred  books  of  the 
Hindoo  religion. 

Vegetable  Blue  Black.     (See  Blue  Black.) 

Vegetable  Ivory.  Nuts  of  a  South  Americrn 
palm  {Phytclepha^  macrocarpa^  resembling  ivory, 
and  much  used  for  ornamental  carving. 

Vehicles  or  Mediums.  The  liquid  in  which 
pigments  are  applied.  In  fresco  and  water- 
colour  painting  ginn-water  is  used  ;  m  distemper 
painting,  size  ;  in  oil  painting,  the  fixed  oils  of 
linseed,  nut,  and  poppy.  In  encaustic  wax  is 
used.  (See  also  Medium,  Copal,  Italian 
varnish,  Megylp,  &c.) 

Velamen  and  Velamentum,  R.  (velum,  a  veil). 
A  veil  worn  by  women,  concealing  the  whole 
person.     (See  Flammeum.) 

Velarium,  R.  {velion,  a  covering).  An  awn- 
ing stretched  over  a  theatre  ;  usually  of  woollen 
cloth,  but  sometimes  of  more  costly  materials. 

Velatura,  It.  A  mode  of  glazing,  adopted  by 
the  early  Italian  painters,  by  which  the  colour 
was  rubbed  on  by  all  the  fingers  or  the  flat  of 
the  hand,  so  as  to  fill  the  interstices  left  by  the 
brush,  and  cover  the  entire  surface  of  the  picture 
thinly  and  evenly.     {Fairholt.) 

Velatus,  R.  {7jelo,  to  cover).  Veiled  or  wear- 
ing flowing  garments  ;  having  the  forehead  en- 
circled with  a  garland.  Milites  velati  were 
supernumerary  soldiers  who  filled  the  places  of 
those  who  were  killed  or  disabled. 

Velites,  R.  A  body  of  light-armed  infantry 
not  forming  part  of  the  legion,  who  skirmished 
in  small  companies. 


Vellum.  Fine  parchment  from  the  skins  of 
calves  ;  any  parchment  binding  is  by  librarians 
technically  described  as  vellum.  It  is  a  beautifnl 
substitute  for  paper,  for  luxurious  printing  of 
books  for  presentation,  &c. ,  and  was  much  used 
by  mediaeval  artists  for  painting  and  illumi- 
nating. 

Velours  (Fr.  Velvet).  A  kind  of  velvet  or 
plush  for  furniture,  carpets.  Sec,  manufactured 
in  Prussia,  partly  of  linen,  and  partly  of  double 
cotton  warps  with  mohair  yarn  weft.  {Sim- 
vionds'  Coniincrcial  Diet.) 

Velours  d'Utrecht.  A  woollen  velvet,  for 
tapestry,  &c.,  made  in  the  Netherlands. 

Veloute,  Fr.     Velvet  lace. 

Velum,  R.  (i)  A  general  term  for  any  kind 
of  sail,  esp.  the  square  inaiii-.uiil  of  a  ship  m  con- 
tradistinction to  the  other  sails.  (2)  The  cur- 
tain or  drop-scene  of  a  theatre.  (3)  The  curtain 
or  hanging  put  up  as  a  covering  in  front  of  a 
door.     (4)  A  synonym  for  Velarium. 


Velure  (Fr.  velours).  Velvet.  {Shakespeare.) 
Velvet  (Ital.  velliito  ;  hairy  or  shaggy,  like  an 
animal's  skin)  was  introduced  into  Fngland  in 
the  13th  century.  Velvet  upon  velvet  is  that 
where  the  j^attern  shows  itself  in  a  double  pile, 
one  pile  higher  than  the  other.  ^'  Purshed" 
velvet  was  velvet  raised  in  a  network  ]xattern. 

Velvet  Painting.  The  art  of  painting  on  fine 
velvet. 

Velveteen.     A  kind  of  FtiSTiAN. 
Venabulum,  R.  (venor,  to  hunt).     A  hunting- 
spear,  a  strong  staff  with  abroad  lozenge-shaped 
iron  head. 

Venationes.  Hunting  scenes  and  sports  in 
the  arena  in  which  wild  beasts  were  introduced 
fighting  with  each  other  and  with  men,  a  com- 
mon subject  of  representation  on  bas-reliefs  on 
ancient  tombs. 

Veneering  is  the  art  of  covering  wooden 
objects  with  a  thin  slice  of  ornamental  wood,  so 
as  to  give  the  whole  the  false  appearance  of 
being  made  of  the  superior  wood.  It  is  distinct 
from  Marquetry  or  Inlaid-work  (q.v.). 

Veneficium,  R.  The  crime  of  poisoning  ;  an 
accusation  abused  by  the  ancient  Romans  almost 
as  that  of  witchcraft  was  in  the  middle  ages. 

Venetian  Blinds  are  those  made  of  laths  strung 
together. 

A  white  talc  used  for  mark- 


A  door  lighted  by  panes  of 


Fig.  682.  Venetian  point  in  relief,  English  made. 


Venetian  Chalk. 

ing  cloth,  &c. 

Venetian  Door. 
glass  on  each  side. 

Venetian  Point.  The  engraving  represents 
an  exquisite  specimen  of  Venetian  point  lace  in 
relief,  shown  at  the  International  Exhibition, 
1874,  among  other  wonderful  reproductions  of 
ancient  needle-made  lace.  (For  method  of 
working,  see  Needle  Point.) 

Venetian  Porcelain.     (See  Ecuelle.) 

Venetian  Red  or  Scarlet  Ochre.  A  burnt 
ochre,  used  as  a  pigment  in  oil  and  water 
colours.  Its  colour  is  red,  alloyed  with  blue 
and  yellow. 

Venetian  Window.  A  window  with  three 
separate  lights. 

Venew  (Fr.  venu).  A  bout  at  a  fencing- 
school. 

Venice,  Doge  of.  The  illustration  represents 
the  state  costume  of  the  Doge  of  Venice,  wear- 
ing the  traditional  cap  of  liberty,  the  ermine, 
and  richly-embroidered  robes  of  his  office. 

Venice  Turpentine.  A  product  of  the  larch, 
used  fur  varnishing  pictures.  It  is  liable  to 
crack. 

Venice  White.  (See  Carbonate  of  Lead, 
Barvtes.) 

Ventaile  or  Aventail.  A  movable  front  to  a 
helmet,  through  which  the  wearer  breathed  : — 
"  qua  ventus  hauritur." 

"  L'escu  au  col,  la  ventaille  fermee." 

(Koman  de  Ronccvaitx.) 


mmimmpwi 


536 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Ventrale,  R.  {venter,  the  belly).  A  girdle 
of  peculiar  shape,  fastened  round  the  loins  over 
the  abdomen. 

Vents,  Scotch.     Chimneys. 

Venturina,  Sp.  A  precious  stone,  of  a  yel- 
lowish-brown colour.      Hence  :  — 

Venturine.  A  powder  of  gold  used  to  sprinkle 
over  japanned  surfaces. 

Ver  Sacrum,  R.  (lit.  aholy(ordedicated)  Spring). 
The  dedication  to  sacrifice  of  all  that  is  born 
in  a  certain  year,  in  the  months  of  March  and 
April,  was  a  common  practice  of  the  early 
Italian  nations,  especially  of  the  Sabines.  In 
the  most  ancient  times  actual  infanticide  was  a 


Fig.  683J  Venice,  Doge  of,  in  state  costume,  i6th  tentury . 


part  of  this  offering ;  but  in  later  years  the 
practice  was  modified  as  regarded  children. 
They  were  brought  up,  under  a  vow  of  dedica- 
tion, to  the  age  of  twenty-one,  and  then  with 
veiled  faces  expelled  across  the  frontiers.  Many 
colonies  resulted  from  this  practice. 

Vera  Icon,  Chr.  The  true  image  impressed 
upon  theSUDARiUM  (q.v.)  of  St.  Veronica.  In 
St.  Peter's  at  Rome,  in  a  chapel  dedicated  to  that 
saint,  a  painting  on  linen  is  shown  as  the  verita- 
ble napkin  of  St.  Veronica ;  and  a  fine  mosaic 
over  the  altar,  after  a  design  by  Andrea  Sacchi, 
represents  the  incident.     (See  Stole.) 

Verandah.  An  open  portico  to  a  house.  In 
the  tropical  countries  the  open  verandah  is  the 
principal  apartment  of  a  house,  and  Society 
appear  to  the  passers-by,  in  their  illuminated 
verandahs,  like  the  actors  on  the  stage  of  a 
theatre. 

Verbena,  R.  Sacred  herbs  torn  up  by  the 
roots  from  the  enclosure  of  the  Capitoline  hill  ; 
which  the  Roman  fotiales  or  ambassadors  always 
carried  in  their  hands  on  foreign  embassies. 
(Compare  Vindici.-e.) 

"  When  an  injury  had  been  received  from  a  foreign 
state  four  fetiales  were  deputed  to  seek  redress,  who 
agam  elected  one  of  their  numberto  .-ict  as  representative. 
He  was  styled /afer /a/ra^ai  f>opuli  Roinani.  A  fillet 
of  white  wool  was  bound  round  his  head,  together  with  a 
•wreath  0/ sacred  lurbs  gathered  within  the  enclosure  of 
the  Capitoline  hill  (verbence,  Sagmina),  whence  he  was 
called  Verbenarius."  {Dr.  Smith.) 

Verber,  R.  In  a  general  sense,  any  kind  of 
leather  thong  ;  as,  for  instance,  the  thong  of  a 
sling,  the  thong  of  a  whip  for  driving  horses  or 
scourging  slaves,  &c. 

Verde  Antic  0.  A  green  mottled  serpentine 
marble,  used  by  ancient  sculptors,  found  at 
Taygetos.  It  is  much  valued  for  its  beautiful 
markings. 

Verde  Azurro,  It.  (i)  A  native  carbonate  of 
copper,  of  a  greenish-blue  colour;  the  Anncniau 
stone  of  Pliny.     (2)  A  blue-green  pigment. 

Verde  Eterno.  A  dark  green  pigment, 
anciently  used  by  the  Venetian  painters. 

Verdigris.  A  bright  acetate  of  copper,  used 
as  a  green  pigment. 

Verditer  (Blue  and  Green).  A  hydrated  per- 
carbonate  of  copper.  It  is  generally  prepared 
by  decomposing  the  solution  of  nitrate  of  copper, 
by  the  addition  of  chalk.  The  refined  blue  and 
green  verditers,  see  Carbonates  of  Copper 
{Mountain  blue).  The  verditer  known  as 
Bre?nen  Green  is  produced  by  subjecting  copper 
to  the  action  of  sea  salt  and  vitriol  for  three 
months.     (Cf.  Chrysocolla.) 

VeretODUS,  Med.  Lat.     The  ViRETON  (q.v.). 

Verge,  O.  E.  A  rod.  In  Medieval  Archi- 
tecture the  shaft  of  a  column. 

Verge  Board,  Arch.  The  external  gable- 
board  of  a  house,  M'hich  is    often  elaborately 


ornamented     with      carvings.       (See      Barge 
Board.) 

Vergers  (Fr.  7vr^<;  a  staff).  Officers  who 
carry  a  rod  or  staff  of  office.  In  the  law  courts 
a  wliite  wand,  before  the  judges  ;  in  cathedrals, 
<l\:c.,a  roil  lipjicd  with  silver. 

Verguilla,  Sp.  Gold  or  silver  wire,  without 
silk. 

Vermeil,  Fr.     Silver  gilt,  or  gilt  bronze. 

Vermiculatum.  A  kind  of  pavement  disposed 
in  wreathed  lines  like  tiie  undulations  of  worms 
(zr////c-s).     (See  I'avimentum.) 

Vermilion.  The  minium  of  the  ancients. 
A  bright  and  beautiful  red  colour. 

Vermilion.  'I'he  bisulphurel  of  mercury  in 
powder,  a  delicate  bright  red  pigment  which  is 
pale  or  deep  ;  supposed  to  be  the  pigment  known 
to  the  Romans  as  minium.  (Cf.  Cinnabar, 
Rkd  Lead.) 

Vernacle,  Chr.  A  term  for  the  Vera 
Icon. 

Vernation.     See  Estivation. 

Vernis-Martin  Work.  A  Japanese  stvle  of 
painting  and  enamelling  on  furniture,  carriages, 
and  small  objects,  named  alter  the  introducer, 
who  was  born  about  I  706. 

Vernon  Gallery,  founded  in  1S47  by  the  gift 
of  Mr.  Robert  Vernon  of  157  pictures  of  the 
British  school,  is  now  in  the  South  Kensington 
Museum. 

Verona  Green.  A  variety  of  Green  Earth 
(q.v.).     (See  Appianum.) 

Verona  Serge.  A  thin  textile  fabric,  made  of 
worsted,  or  mohair,  and  of  cotton. 

Veronese  Green.  (See  Carbonate  of  Cop- 
per.) 

Veronica.     (See  Vera  Icon. ) 

Vert,  Her.  Green,  represented  in  engraving 
by  lines  sloping  downwards  from  left  to  right. 

Vert  bleu,  Fr.     (See  Verde  Azurro.) 

Verticillus,  R.  {verto,  to  turn).  The  whorl 
of  a  spindle,  a  small  disk  of  wood,  stone,  or 
metal,  by  means  of  which  a  rotary  movement  is 
given  to  the  spindle.     (Cf.  Turbo.) 

Veru,  R.  Literally,  a  roasting-spit  made  of 
wood  and  with  an  iron  point.  The  term  was 
also  applied  to  a  weapon  of  Samnite  origin  used 
by  the  Roman  infantry,  and  bearing  much  re- 
semblance to  a  spit.  (2)  An  arrow  or  dart. 
(Fr.  vn-e.) 

Veruculum,  R.  (dimin.  of  veru).  A  small 
javelin  used  by  the  Roman  infantry. 

Vervels,  Varvals,  Iler.     Small  rings. 

Vesara,  Hind.  A  Hindoo  temple  built  on  a 
circular  plan. 

Vesica  Piscis  (in  Italian,  mandorla,  al- 
mond). The  oblong  glory  surrounding  the 
whole  person  of  Our  Lord,  or  the  Virgin,  or 
saints  ascending  into  heaven.  The  seals  of 
abbeys,  colleges,  and  other  religious  establish- 
ments were  all  of  this  form.    (See    Fig.  684.) 


It    is 


in    form    symbolical    of  the    monogram 
(See  Acrostic.) 


Fig.  684.   Vesica  Piscis. 


Vespae,  Ves- 
pillones,  R.  The 
bearers  of  a  bier 
in  a  fimcral  were 
so  called  by  the 
common  people, 
because  they 

came  to  fetch  the 
bodies  in  the 
evening  (vesper- 
tino  tempore). 

Vespers,  Chr. 
In  the  Roman 
Church,  the  af- 
ternoon service  ; 
in  the  English 
Church,  Evening 
Prayer. 

Vessets.  A 
kind  of  cloth. 

Vest,  O.  E. 
"  A  wide  gar- 
ment reaching  to 
the  knees,  open 
before,  and  turned  up  with  a  facing  or  lining, 
the  sleeves  turned  up  at  the  elbows."  {JRan- 
dle  Holme,  16S3.) 

Vestalia,  Gr.  and  R.  Festivals  in  honour  of 
Vesta.  Asses  were  driven  through  Rome,  carry- 
ing wreaths  of  flowers  and  rolls. 

Vestals,  R.  The  priestesses  of  the  goddess 
Vesta,  to  whom  the  charge  was  committed  of 
the  sacred  fire.  They  were  originally  four, 
subsequently  six  in  number.  Their  distinctive 
dress  was  the  infula  fitting  close  to  the  head, 
with  vittts  depending,  a  long  tunic  of  white 
linen,  and  the  purple  TOGA,  or  mantle,  with  a 
long  train  to  it. 

Vested,  Her.     Clothed. 

Vestibule,  Arch.  An  entrance-court  or  vacant 
space  before  the  entrance  to  a  house,  temple,  or 
other  building.     (See  DoMUS.) 

Vestment,  Chr.  The  hangings  of  an  altar, 
and  the  robes  of  the  clergy  ;  the  term  often  com- 
prises also  the  sacred  vessels. 

Vestry,  Chr.  The  modern  vestuirium  in  a 
church  ;  called  also  the  Sacristy. 

Vethym,  or  Vathym,  O.  E.  A  fathom — six  feet. 
Vettura,  It.  (Fr.  voiture).     A  travelling  car- 
riage. 

Vexillatio,  R.  Troops  under  one  vexillum  ; 
and  thence  the  troops  of  the  allies. 

Vexillum,  R.  A  cavalry  standard  consisting 
of  a  square  piece  of  woollen  cloth  spread  upon 
a  cross.     (See  Su;na  Militaria.) 

Vexillum  Regale,  Med.  Lat.  The  Royal 
Standard. 

Via,  R.  The  high  road.  These  were  so 
constructed  by  the  Romans  that  following  gene- 

z 


338 


WORDS  USED  IN 


rations  used  them  without  repair  for  more  than 
a  thousand  years.  The  earhest  was  the  Appian 
or  the  Great  South  Road  from  Rome  to  Brindisi, 
made  B.C.  312  ;  the  Great  North  /vVrf^z"  continued 
through  Gaul  was  the  Flaniinian  Road.  The 
constiTJCtion  of  a  Roman  road  was  the  follow- 
ing : — between  trenches  thirteen  to  fifteen  feet 
apart,  the  gremium  or  foundation  was  made 
firm,  if  necessary,  in  a  marsh,  with  piles  ;  this 
was  covered  with  large  stones  of  a  regulated 
size,  such  as  London  streets  were  formerly 
paved  with  {statiuiuii),  and  this  with  mac- 
adamized stones  cemented  with  lime  [rudzts), 
rammed  down  hard,  and  nine  inches  thick  ; 
then  came  small  shards  of  pottery,  six  inches 
thick,  also  cemented  with  lime  [nitcleiis),  and 
over  this  the  pavement  of  large  blocks  of  the 
hardest  stone  (see  Silex),  irregular,  but  fitted 
and  joined  with  the  greatest  nicety,  and 
perfec'ly  "-moothed  with  a  slope  for  drainage. 

Viaticum,  R.  A  provision  for  a  journey. 
Adopted  by  the  Christian  Church  in  reference 
to  the  last  offices  of  religion  to  the  dying,  with 
the  obvious  symbolical  significance. 

Vibia,  R.  A  cross-bar  and  uprights  forming 
a  trestle. 

Vibrella,  Med.  Lat.     A  cannon. 
Vices.     The  seven  Vices  commonly  met  with 
in  Christian  allegory  are  :  Anger,  Avarice,  Envy, 
I.ust,  Pride,  Revenge,  and  Sloth, 

Vicessis,  R.  Twenty  pounds  weight  =  I4'987 
lbs.  avoirdupois. 

Victima,  R.  The  animals  used  for  sacrifices 
were  mostly  domestic ;  as  bulls,  sheep,  goats, 
pigs,  dogs,  or  horses  ;  each  god  had  his  favourite 
animals.  The  head  of  the  victim  was  generally 
strewed  with  roasted  barley  meal,  mixed  with 
salt,  and  adorned  with  garlands,  and  sometimes 
its  horns  were  gilt.  A  bunch  of  hair  was  cut 
from  its  forehead  and  thrown  into  the  fire  as 
priinatiir.  It  was  killed  by  a  person  called  the 
fopa,  not  by  the  priests  ;  and  part  of  the  intes- 
tines were  burned,  or  to  river-gods,  thi-own  into 
the  river,  &c. 
|«^=-""i::-J     "^'^^^  1  Victoria   Cross   is 

:^rrz :: — I-     of  bronze,    and  was 

instituted  by  the 
(^)ueen  in  1856  to 
render  honour  to 
"conspicuous  bra- 
very "  in  actual  con- 
flict by  sea  or  land. 
It  is  worn  on  the  left 
ireast  attached  to  a 
)Iue  ribbon  for  the 
Navy,  and  a  red  for 
the  Army. 

Victoriatus  R.  A 
silver  coin  stamped 
with  a  figure  of  Vic- 
tory,  while    its   ob- 


verse  represented 
686.) 


a    bearded    Jupiter.      (Fig 


Victory  is  repre- 
sented by  the  an- 
cients winged,  and 
bearing  a  pahii 
branch  and  a  laurel 
crown.  Fig.  687 
is  the  beautiful  de- 
vice adopted  by 
Martin,  King  of 
Aragon,  in  1 396, 
with  the  motto,  "  Not  in  the  Darkness." 


Fie.  686. 


'"T.  685.  Victoria  Cross. 


Fig.  687.     Victory.     Device  of  IMartin,  King  of  Aragon. 

Vicuna.     A  kind  of  alpaca  wool. 

Vicus,  R.  (Gr.  ku/xti).     A  quarter  in  a  city. 

Vidrecome,  Fr.     A  large  drinking-glass. 

Vielle,  Fr.  The  "  hurdy-gurdy,"  an  ancient 
stringed  instrument  played  with  finger-keys,  and 
producing  sound  by  the  friction  of  a  wheel 
instead  of  a  fiddle-bow. 

Vienna  Lake.     (See  Carminated  Lakes.) 

Vienna  White.     (See  Carbonate  ok  Lead.) 

Vigessis,  R.     (See  Vicessis.) 

Vignette  (Fr.  a  little  vine).  A  small  wood- 
cut or  illustration  on  a  page.  In  Architecture, 
a  running  ornament  of  leaves  and  tendrils,  com- 
mon in  the  hollow  mouldings  of  Gothic  Archi- 
tecture ;  especially  in  the  Decorated  and  Perpen- 
dicular styles.      {Parker. ) 

Vihuela.  A  musical  instrument,  represented 
in  the  celebrated  Portico  della  Gloria  of  Santiago 
da  Compostella,  in  Spain.  It  closely  resembles 
the  Rebec  (q.v.). 

Villa,  R.  A  Roman  farmstead  or  country 
house.  It  was  divided  into  three  distinct  parts  : 
the  tirbana,  or  house  of  the  owner;  the  7-ustica, 
or  fann  building  in  which  the  slaves  and  animals 


lived;  and  \.\\Q/nic(iiaria  or  magazine  for  storiii<j; 
the  produce. 

Villicus,  R.     A  gardener.     (See  IToktus). 

Vimana,  Ilind.  A  Hindoo  temple  consisting 
merely  of  a  building  in  the  form  of  a  pyramid, 
allowing  of  several  stories  whieh  recede  one  above 
the  other.  Vimanas  are  divideil  into  five  groups  : 
the  medium  vimana,  called  santidca ;  the  vic- 
torious {faiifica),  the  enormous  {jayada),  the 
admirable  {atlP  /ui(a),  and  the  amiable  (san'U- 
cania). 

Vina,  Hind.  A  kind  of  Hindoo  lyre  fur- 
nislied  with  a  small  number  of  strings. 

Vinalia.  Roman  festivals  of  two  kinds — 
■urban  and  rustic.  The  former  were  kept  on 
23rd  April,  when  the  wine  of  the  previous  year 
was  first  broached  ;  the  rustic  on  19th  August, 
when  the  vintage  opened  by  the  priest  solemnly 
plucking  the  first  bunch  of  grapes,  after  a  sacri- 
fice of  lambs  to  Jupiter. 

Vinatico.  A  coarse  mahogany  wood,  obtained 
in  Madeira,  from  Persea  ludica. 

Vinculum,  R.  {vincio,  to  bind).  A  general 
term  to  denote  anything  that  binds,  fastens,  or 
clasps  ;  such  as  a  string,  lace,  ribbon,  chaplet, 
or  garland,  strap,  dog  or  slave- collar,  manacles, 
fetters.  (See  Amentum,  Collare,  Com  pes, 
Corona,  &c.) 

Vindiciae  {vindico,  to  claim) .  A  fragment  of 
any  property  under  dispute  which,  imder  the 
old  Roman  jurisprudence,  the  plaintiff  was 
compelled  to  bring  before  the  court  and  to  place 
beneath  his  foot  while  stating  his  case  ;  if  the 
property  in  question  were  a  flock,  the  vindicia 
consisted  of  a  tuft  of  wool  ;  if  an  estate  or  field, 
of  a  clod  or  turf  taken  from  the  said  estate  or 
field. 

Vindicta,  R.  (vindico,  to  deliver).  The  rod 
with  which  the  prretor  or  his  lictor  struck  a 
slave  on  the  head  in  the  ceremony  of  manu- 
missio,  by  way  of  declaration  that  he  was  free. 
(See  Festuca.) 

Vine.     (See  Vitis. ) 

Vine  Black.  Ink  used  in  copper-plate  print- 
ing ;  prepared  from  the  charred  husks  of  grapes 
and  the  residue  of  the  vine  press. 

Vinea,  R.  (lit.  a  bower  of  vine-branches). 
The  vinccr,  also  called  under  the  emperors 
causicT,  were  a  kind  of  mantelets  or  sheds 
employed  in  siege  operations,  made  of  light 
timbers  covered  with  planks  and  the  skins  of 
animals. 

Vinum    Saccatum.      (See    Collum    Vina- 

RlfM.) 

Viol.     (See  Fiddle.) 

Viola  or  Alto-viola.  A  tenor  violin ;  tuned 
an  octave  above  the  violoncello.  It  is  larger 
than  the  ordinary  violin  and  has  four  gut  strings, 
of  which  the  third  and  fourth  are  covered  with 
silver-plated  copper  wire.  Its  name  in  the 
ancient  "  set  of  viols  "  was  viola  di  brace io. 


Viola  da  Gamba.     An  instrument  closely  re- 
sembling  the  motleni    violoncello.      (See   Fig. 


6S9.) 


Viola  da  Gamba. 


Viola  d'Amore,  It.  An  obsolete  species  of 
violin  producing  a  very  sweet  and  peculiar  tone 
by  an  arrangement  of  metal  wires  vibrating  in 
unison  with  the  gut-strings. 

Violet  is  a  combination  of  equal  red  and 
blue.  It  is  complementary  to  yellow.  In  Chris- 
tian art,  the  colour  violet  or  the  amethyst, 
signified  love  and  truth,  or  passion  and  suf- 
fering. 

Violet  Wood.  A  turnery  wood  of  Guiana, 
the  produce  <.i{  Andira  violacea. 

Violin.  This  instrument  has  three  gut  strings, 
and  a  fourth  of  silver  wire.  The  back,  neck,  sides, 
and  circles  are  generally  made  of  sycamore  ;  the 
/'('//)',  bass-bar,  sound-post,  and  six  blocks,  of  deal ; 
the  finger-board  and  tail-piece  of  ebony.     The 


34° 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Hindus  claim  the  invention  of  the  ho-u,  for  a 
period  about  3000  years  B.C.     (See  Fiddle.) 

Violoncello.  A  large  and  deep-toned  instru- 
ment of  the  viol  kind,  the  two  lowest  strings 
being  covered  with  silver  wire. 

Violone,  It.  Contre-basso  or  double  bass ; 
the  largest  instrument  of  the  violin  kind. 

Virago  Sleeves.  A  fashion  of  ladies'  dress 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  perpetuated  in  the 
bishop's  sleeves. 

Vire,  Fr.  A  barbed  arrow,  used  with  the 
early  cross-bow. 

Vireton,  It.  A  peculiar  form  of  arrow,  the 
feathers  in  which  are  spirally  arranged  to  pro- 
duce a  spinning  movement  in  its  flight. 

Virga,  R.  A  general  term  for  any  kind  of 
rod  or  wand ;  as,  for  instance,  a  riding-whip  ;  a 
switch  for  chastising  children  or  slaves  ;  a  very 
slight  stick  carried  by  a  lictor  to  aid  him  in 
opening  a  way  through  the  crowd  for  the  magis- 
trate before  whom  he  walked. 

Virgatus,    R.     Striped  ;    a   term  applied   to 


Fig.  690.  Virginal.     i6th  century. 

cloth  or  drapery  ornamented  with  bands  [virga), 
or  to  anything  plaited  with  twigs  of  osier,  such 
as  a  basket. 

Virginal.  A  musical  instrument  which  ori- 
ginated in  the  middle  ages.  A  specimen  of  the 
time  of  Elizabeth,  in  the  form  of  a  miniature 
pianoforte ,  is  in  the  South  Kensington  Museum. 
(Fig.  690.)  It  was  followed  by  the  SPINET  (q.v.). 

Virgins  are  usually  represented  soberly  robed 
with  long  hair  streaming  down  their  backs. 
The  parable  of  the  wise  and  foolish  virgins  is  a 
very  common  subject  of  mediaeval  sculpture  and 
church  decoration. 

Viria,  R.     A  veiy  ancient  term  replaced  by 

ARMII.L.-V  (q  v.). 

Viridarium,  R.  An  ornamental  garden. 
(See  HoRTUS.) 

Virtu,  Fr.    The  quality  of  rareness,  or  art  ex- 


Fig.  691.  Viscount's 
Coronet. 


cellence  sought  in  the  selection  of  specimens  of 
art -work  by  a  Virtuoso. 

Virtues.  A  degree  of  the  second  order  of 
Angels.  They  are  usually  represented  in  com- 
plete armour  bearing  pennons  and  battle-axes. 
The  Cardinal  virtues  are  :  Power,  Prudence, 
Temperance,  and  Justice  ;  and  the  Theological 
virtues  are  :  Faith,  Hope,  and  Charity.  There 
are  innumerable  other  virtues  variously  repre- 
sented in  Christian  allegory,  opposed  to  corre- 
sponding Vices. 

Virtuoso,  It.  A  man  skilled  in  the  selection 
of  specimens  of  art-work. 

Viscount  (vice- 
comes).  The  fourth 
degree  of  rank  and 
dignity  in  the  British 
peerage.  Originally  an 
earl's  deputy  in  his 
county,  made  an  ar- 
bitrary  title  of  honour, 
next  in  rank  to  an 
earl,  by  Henry  VI.  in  1440.  A  viscount's 
mantle  is  two  doublings  and  a  half  of  plain 
fun  His  coronet,  granted  by  James  I.,  has 
only  a  row  of  sixteen  pearls  set  close  to  the 
circlet. 

Vise,  Arch.   A  spiral  staircase.  (See  Newel.) 

"Vyce,  a  touming  stayre,  vis''   {Palsgrave.) 

Visitation,  Chr.  (It.  La  visitazioiie ;  German, 
die  Heimsuchung  Maria).  A  frequent  theme  of 
Christian  art,  representing  the  meeting  of  the 
Virgin  Mary  and  Elizabeth,  the  mother  of  St. 
John  the  Baptist.  (Consult  Mrs.  jfameson's 
Legends  of  the  Madontia.) 

Visor.  The  part  of  a  helmet  made  to  cover 
the  face.     (See  U.MBRIL.) 

Vitis,  Vine,  R.  and  Chr.  A  vine  or  vine- 
branch  with  which  a  centurion  punished  any 
soldier  who  had  neglected  his  duty.  In  Chris- 
tian symbolism,  the  vine-stock  with  clusters  of 
grapes  is  an  emblem  of  the  Church.  Represen- 
tations of  it  are  frequently  met  with  on  monu- 
ments of  Christian  art. 

Vitreous  Wares.  Wares  having  a  glassy 
surface.     (See  Pottery.) 

Vitro  di  Trino  (Ital.).  An  ornamental  glass- 
work  invented  by  the  Venetians  in  the  15th 
century,  consisting  of  a  sort  of  lace-work  of 
white  enamel  or  transparent  glass,  forming  a 
series  of  diamond-shaped  sections  ;  in  the  centre 
of  each  an  air-bubble  was  allowed  to  remain  as 
a  decoration.     {Fairholt .) 

Vitrum,  R.     Glass  (q.v.). 

Vitruvian  Scroll,  Arch.  A  name  given  to  a 
peculiar  pattern  of  scroll-work,  consisting  of 
convolved  undulations,  used  in  classical  archi- 
tecture.    {Parker.) 

Vitta,  R.  A  ribbon  or  band  worn  round 
the  head  by  Roman  women  of  free  birth  to  con- 


fine  their  liair.  Vitta  sacra  was  a  long  ribbon 
confining  the  flocks  of  wool  which  formed  an  in- 
fitla,  and  worn  by  the  priests  or  the  victim  des- 
tined for  sacrifice.  The  term  was  further 
a]iplied  to  the  ribbon  wliich  jiassed  round  gar- 
lands or  festoons  of  leaves  and  fruits,  and  thence 
to  any  ribbon  employed  in  tiie  decoration  of  an 
architectural  motive,  sucii  as  tori  for  instance,  as 
shown  in  Fig.  693. 


Fig.  693.    Vitta. 

Vittatus,  R.  Adorned  with  the  -'ilta;  a 
term  applied  to  women,  victims,  and  certain 
architectural  ornaments. 

Vivarium,  R.  {vivum,  a  living  thing).  A 
general  term  for  any  kind  of  place  in  which 
live  animals  are  kept  ;  such  as  aviaries,  warrens, 
fish-]-)onds,  game  preserves,  <S;c. 

Vivianite.  A  blue  phosphate  of  iron,  occa- 
sionally used  as  a  pigment. 

Vizard.     A  mask  for  the  face. 

"On  with  this  robe  of  mine. 
This  vizard  and  this  cap  !" 

{Old  Play.) 

Vizor.     (See  Visor.) 

Voided,  Her.  Having  the  central  area  re- 
moved. 

Volant,  Her.     Flying. 

Volante  Piece.  A  piece  of  jousting-armour 
fastened  to  the  Grand-GARDE  above  it,  pro- 
tecting the  neck  and  breast. 

Volets,  Fr.  (i)  The  side  wm^'-j-  of  a  Triptych. 
(2)  A  gauze  veil  worn  at  the  back  of  the  head, 
by  ladies,  in  the  Middle  Ages.     (See  Fig.  704.) 

Volumen,  R.  {volvo,  to  roll).  A  very  long, 
narrow  sheet  made  of  strips  of  papyrus  glued 
together.  This  sheet  was  gradually  rolled  round 
a  wooden  cylinder  as  the  reader  perused  what 
was  written  on  it,  an  operation  expressed  by 
the  term  ez'olvere  volumen.  When  a  work  was 
of  considerable  length,  each  book  or  chapter 
was  rolled  round  a  separate  stick  or  wooden 
cylinder,  so  that  a  single  volume  {volumen) 
consisted  of  a  large  number  of  rolls. 

Volupere,  O.  E.  A  woman's  cap  or  night- 
cap. 

"  The  tapes  of  her  white  volufiere" 

{Chaucer,  The  Millers  Tale.) 

Volute,  Arch,  {volvo,  to  roll),  (i)  The  spiral 
scroll  peculiarly  distinguishing  the  capital  in  the 
Ionic  order.  (Fig.  694. )  (2)  The  small  volutes 
of  the  Corinthian  capital  which  are  placed  at 
the  four  angles  of  the  abacus ;  they  are  called 
Jielkes  majores,  while  the  volutes  beneath   the 


cinque- foils    are     called    hcUccs   iiiinores.      (See 
Helix.) 

Vomer,    Vomis,  R.     A  plough-share ;    it  re- 
sembled almost  exactly  our  modern  ones. 


Fig.  694.   Ionic  Volute. 

Vomitoria,  R.  (voiuo,  to  discharge).  Doors 
in  a  theatre  or  amphitheatre  opening  on  the 
corridors   of  the   building,    or  on  to   the  scales 


I'lg.  695.   Voniitoriiun. 

leading  into  the  cavca.  Fig.  695  represents  a 
vomitorium  (restored)  in  the  Coliseum  or  Flavian 
amphitheatre,  at  Rome. 

Votive  Tablets.  Sculptured  representations 
of  parts  of  the  body  affected  with  disease, 
offered  to  the  gods,  either  in  gratitude  or  propi- 
tiation. The  superstition  introduced  by  the 
ancient  Egyptians  has  survived  all  religious  re- 
volutions, and  survives  in  Roman  Catholic  coun- 
tries at  the  present  day.      Wilkinson  says  : — 

"  After  the  cure  of  a  disease  was  effected  they  (the 
ancient  Egyptians)  freqnently  suspended  a  model  of  the 
restored  part  in  the  temple  of  the  god  whose  interposition 
they  had  invoked,  precisely  in  the  same  manner  as  in 
the  .sheikh's  tombs  in  modern  Egypt,  and  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  chapels  of  Italy  and  other  countries,  consecrated 
to  the  Virgin  or  a  saint ;  and  ears,  eyes,  distorted  arms 
and  other  members  were  dedicated  as  memorials  of  their 
gratitude  and  superstition."   {Ancient  Egyptians.) 

Voulge.     (See  Langue  de  Bceuf.) 
Voussoir,    Arch.     A   French    term    for   the 


342 


WORDS  USED  IN 


wedge-shaped  stones  (ring-stones)  of  which  an 
arch  is  composed. 

Vulcanalia.  Roman  festivals  to  Vulcan,  cele- 
brated with  games  in  the  Flaminian  circus  on 
the  23rd  August.  The  sacrifices  were  oijishes, 
which  tlie  people  threw  into  the  fire  ;  and  it  was 
the  custom  to  commence  the  work  of  the  day  by 
candle-light,  in  honour  of  the  god  ot  fire. 

Vulned,  Her.  Wounded  or  bleeding.  The 
pelican  in  its  piety  (Fig.  531)  s  described  as 
vtilning  herself. 

Vulture,  Egyp.  Among  the  Egyptians,  the 
vulture  is  the  symbol  of  maternity,  and  accord- 


ingly a  representation  of  it  served  to  write  the 
word  fnother,  and  the  name  of  the  goddess 
Maut. 

Vulture  Feathers.  Largely  used  for  making 
artificial  flowers ;  the  feathers  of  species  of 
accipitres  imported  from  Bombay. 

Vulturius,  Vulture,  R.  A  throw  at  dice.  It 
is  not  known  how  many  points  made  up  a  vul- 
ture, but  it  is  clear  from  certain  authors  that  it 
was  a  bad  throw,  although  not  so  bad  as  the 
caiiis  or  dog. 

Vuyders  or  Guiders.  Straps  to  draw  toge- 
gether  the  parts  of  armour. 


w. 


This  initial  interchanges  frequently  zuith  gu  -.—as  ward,  guard  ;  xvicket,  guichet,  S;c. 


Wafters,  O.  E.     Blunted  swords  for  exercise. 

Wain,  O.  E.     A  wagon. 

Wainscot,  Arch,  (from  the  German  Wand- 
Schotten,  wall-covering),  wooden  panelling  used 
to  line  the  inner  walls. 

Waist.  The  central  part  of  the  upper  deck 
of  a  ship,  between  the  fore  and  main  masts. 

Wait.  An  old  English  wind  instrument  re- 
sembling the  Shawm  (q.v.).  It  was  used  by 
the  watchmen  or  waights,  to  proclaim  the  time 
of  night. 

Waka-tana.  The  war  canoe  of  New  Zea- 
land ;  some  of  these  are  fifty  feet  long,  by  four 
feet  beam,  with  a  high  stern-post.  This  and  the 
carved  prow  are  both  richly  decorated  with  a 
profusion  of  feathers.     {Si/n)no)ids.) 

Wakes  (A.vS.  ivcecaii).  Originally  vigils  or 
eves  of  Saints'  days.  The  late-ivake  of  the 
Highlanders  ;  the  lyke-tvake  o{  \}lv&  early  English, 
and  the  zuake  of  the  Irish  are  the  remains  of  the 
ancient  northern  custom  of  watching  the  body 
of  a  deceased  friend  before  burial.  (Consult 
B?'and^s  Popular  Antiquities.') 

Wales.  The  strong  sideplanks  of  the  body 
of  a  ship,  running  fore  and  aft. 

Walking-sticks.  (See  Bourdon.)  (See  also 
Fig.  91.)  Fairholt  {Cost nine  in  England)  gives 
the  following  quotation  from  an  inventory  of 
Greenwich  Palace,  temp.  Henry  VIII. 

"A  cane,  garnished  with  sylver  and  gilte,  with  astro- 
nomie  upon  it.  A  cane,  garnished  with  golde,  having  a 
perfume  in  the  toppe,  under  that  a  diall,  with  a  pair  of 
twitchers,  and  a  pair  of  compasses  of  golde,  and  a  foot 
rule  of  golde,  a  knife  and  a  file  the  haft  of  golde,  with  a 
whetstone  tipped  with  golde." 

Under   Charles  II.  bunches   of  ribands  on    the 
tops  of  canes  were  fashionable. 
Wall  Painting.     The   Greek  temples  were 


brilliantly  decorated  with  painting  and  gilding 
internally.  The  method  has  been  investigated 
and  is  described  to  be  the  colouring  of  the  body 
of  the  wall  of  a  pale  yellow  or  golden  colour, 
the  triglyphs  and  mutules  blue,  the  metopes 
and  the  tympanum  red,  and  some  other  portions 
of  the  building  green,  and  varying  these  tints  or 
using  them  of  greater  or  less  intensity  as  the 
judgment  of  the  artist  dictated."  {Hittorf  Essay 
on  the  Polychj-omy  of  Greek  Architecture.^  The 
colouring  of  the  Egyptian  bas-reliefs  is  familiar. 
The  buildings  of  HerculaneunI  and  Pompeii 
were  decorated  with  frescoes  and  mosaics,  in  the 
Augustan  age  of  Roman  art.  In  the  Middle 
Ages  the  custom  was  continued  of  decorating 
with  colour  the  architecture  of  sacred  edifices ; 
and  many  old  palaces  and  mansions  in  England 
show  relics  of  the  practice  of  decorating  the  walls 
with  tempera,  especially  under  Henry  III.  (See 
Frescoes,  Stereochromy,  Water\vork,  &c.) 

Wallet.  The  badge  of  the  Gueux ;  two 
hands  clasped  through  the  handles  of  a  beggar's 
wallet.      (See  GUEUX.) 

Wall-plates,  in  building.  Horizontal  timbers, 
called  plates,  properly  those  at  the  top  of  a 
building  under  the  roof 

Walled,  Muraillee,  Her.  Made  to  represent 
brick  or  stonework. 

Walling  Wax.  The  composition  with  which 
etchers  make  a  wall  round  the  plate  upon  which 
they  are  proceeding  to  pour  the  acid.  (See 
Engraving.) 

Walnut,  Chr.  In  Christian  iconography  the 
walnut    is    the    symbol    of    perfection.       (See 

Nl'T.) 

Walnut  Oil.     (See  Nut  Oil.) 
Wambais  (Saxon  wamhe,  the  belly).    A  stuff- 
ing of  wool  in  the  quilted  tunic  or  Gamkeson. 


The  best  illustration  is  the  conventional   figure 
of  Punch. 


Fig  696.  Wallet — Badge  of  the  Gueux. 

Wampum,  North  American  Indian.  Strings 
of  shells  worn  as  belts  and  used  for  money. 

Wang,  Chinese.  Yellow.  The  sacred 
colour. 

Wapentake,  O.  E.  A  hundred,  or  district. 
The  term  is  derived  from  li'capoii-takiiig  (or 
counting). 

Wapinshaw,  O.  E.     A  review  of  weapons. 

"  Et  fiat  visus  armornm,  quod  dicitur  Wapinschaw." 
(Scotch  Statute.) 

Wappenrock,  Germ.  A  military  cloak,  with 
armorial  charges.      (See  Tab.\rd.) 

Ward,  of  a  castle.  The  Bailey  or  court- 
yard.    (See  Balluim.) 

Warnbrace.     (See  Vauntbrace.) 

Wassail  or  Wassel,  O.  E.  {'i2i\.oxi'waes  hael, 
"to  your  health.").  (l)  A  drinking-bout  gene- 
rally.    (2)  A  drink  made  of  roasted  apples. 

Watchet,  O.  E.     Pale  blue. 

"  The  saphyre  stone  is  of  a  luatchet  blue." 

(BarnficWs  Affectionate  Shepherd,  1504.) 

Water,  of  a  diamond  ;  its  lustre. 

Water-colour  Paiating  was  gradually  raised 
from  the  hard  dry  style  of  the  last  century  to  its 
present  brilliancy,  by  the  efforts  of  Nicholson, 
Copley  Fielding,  Sandby,  Varley,  the  great 
'I'urner,  Pj'ne,  Cattermole,  Prout,  &c.,  within 
the  present  century.  The  Water  Colour 
Society's  Exhibition  was  begim  in  1805. 
{Haydn's  Diet,  of  Dates.) 

Water  Colours.  The  principal  are  lemon 
yell<nv,  gamboge,  Indiati  yellow,  yellow  ochre, 
chrome,  vermiliott,  light  red,  Indian  red,  rose 
madder,  carmine,  purple  madder,  Vandyke  brown, 
sepia,  b7-07i.<n  pink,  sap  green,  emerald  green, 
indigo,  ultramarine,  smalt,  and  cobalt. 

Water-gilding.  Gilding  with  a  thin  coat  of 
amalgam. 

Water-mark,  on  paper.  A  device  resembling 
a  trans]iarency  in  the  texture,  which  is  printed 
during  the  process  of  manufacture,  by  means  of 


wire  or  brass  plates  on  the  mould  of  the  paper 
machine. 

Water-scape.  A  fanciful  term  sometimes 
used  to  distinguish  a  sea  view  from  a  landscape. 

Water-table,  Arch.  A  horizontal  set-oft  in 
a  wall,  slii]Kd  to  throw  off  the  wet. 

Water-work,  O.  E.  Wall  painting  in  dis- 
temper. 

"  A  pretty  slight  drollery,  or  the  German  hunting  in 
xvatenvork,  is  worth  a  thousand  of  these  bed-hangings, 
and  these  fly-bitten  tapestries.'    {Shakespeare.) 

Watered  (silk)  having  a  shaded  or  diversified 
surface  ;  produced  by  placing  two  pieces  of  silk 
lengthways  between  metallic  rollers,  where  they 
are  subjected  to  different  degrees  of  pressure. 

Watteau  Pictures.  Idyllic  scenes  of  imagi- 
nary Arcadian  enjoyment,  and  a  certain  fanciful 
style  of  costume  characteristic  of  Watteau's  pic- 
tures, called  in  French  "scenes  de  la  vie 
galante." 

Wattle.  An  Australian  name  for  various 
woods  of  the  Acacia  species. 

Wattled,  Her.  Having  a  comb  and  gills,  as 
a  cock. 

Wayn-cloutt,  O.  E.    A  waggon-cloth. 

Wax.  Bleached  bees'-wax  is  the  vehicle  in 
encattstie  painting. 

Wax-painting!    (See  Encaustic  Painting.) 

Weathercock.     (See  Fane.) 

Weathering,  Arch.  The  slope  of  flat  sur- 
faces, for  drainage. 

Webbing  Tape.     A  kind  of  broad  tape. 

Wedgwood  Ware.  The  manufacture  of 
Josiah  Wedgwood  begun  in  1759,  at  Etruria, 
in  Staffordshire.  A  fine  white,  cream-coloured 
ware,  having  a  clear  and  hard  body,  with  more 
compact  glaze  and  more  perfect  substance  than 
the  majolica.  Many  of  the  groups  on  Wedgwood 
vases  and  plaques  were  designed  by  Flaxman. 
(Fig.  697.) 

Weepers,  O.  E.  Statues  in  niches  round 
tombs,  representing  the  mourners. 

Welding.  The  union  of  two  pieces  of  metal 
together,  by  heat  and  pressure. 

Welkin.  The  sky  ;  hence  welkin  eyes,  blue 
eyes.  [Shakspeare.') 

Well-staircase.  A  spiral  staircase.  (See 
Newki..) 

Welsh  Hook.  A  medireval  weapon,  a  kind 
of  bill  with  a  hook  at  the  back,  used  to  drag  a 
horse  soldier  from  his  saddle. 

Welt.  A  joint  or  fold  in  a  texture.  The 
term  is  variously  explained  as  synonymous  with 
guard,  a  facing  to  a  gown ;  or  purjles,  i.e. 
fringes.    'Consult  Fairholt,  s.v.) 

Welted  Brocades  and  Ciuilts.  Articles  with 
folds  in  tlie  texture  ;  lined  and  ribbed. 

Weued,  A.  S.     The  altar. 

"  In  chvrche  to  vore  the  heye  iveued  Constantyn  hym 
sleu." 

(Robert  0/ Gloucester.) 


344 


WORDS  USED  IN 


Whalebone  is  the  commercial  name  for  the 
haleen  plates  found  in  the  mouth  of  the  whale, 
of  which  there  are  about  300  in  each  animal. 


Fig.  697.  Wedgwood  Vase. 

What-not.  A  modern  piece  of  furniture,  a 
light  sideboard  or  stand. 

Wheel.  In  Christian  art,  the  attribute  of 
St.  Catherine,  in  allusion  to  the  manner  of 
her  martyrdom. 

Wheel,  Catherine  Wheel.  Represented  in 
heraldry  with  curved  spikes  projecting  from  its 
rim. 

Wheel  Engraving  upon  Glass.  (See 
Glass.) 

Wheel-lock.  A  crude  invention  in  gunnery, 
of  the  i6th  century,  for  winding  up  the  trigger 
of  a  gun  with  a  hand-winch. 

Whinyard,  O.  E.     A  sword. 

Whipping-tops    are    represented    in    Anglo- 


Saxon  manuscripts  ;  the  thongs  of  the  whips  are 
knotted,  which  would  add  to  the  difficulty  of  the 
game. 

Whisk,  O.  E. 
A  ruff  ox  band. 

"A  woman's  >iec 
•whisk  is  used  both 
plain  and  laced,  and 
is  called  of  most  a 
gorget  or  falling 
whisk,  because  it  fal- 
leth  about  the  shoul- 
d  e  r  s."  (R  an  die 
Holme.) 

Whisket,  O.  E. 

A  basket.     S. 

Whistle.  Pre- 
historic specimens 
of  whistles  made 
of  bones  have  been 
disinterred  among 
relics  of  the  Stone 
Age.  The  Mexi- 
cans in  antiquity 
made  curiously 
grotesque  whistles 
of  baked  clay  re- 
presenting carica- 
tures of  the  human 
face  and  figure, 
birds,  beasts,  and 
flowers.  (Consult 
Mitsical  Instrn- 
tneiits  by  Carl  En- 

White,  in  Chris- 
tian art  repre- 
sented by  the 
diamond  or  silver,  was  the  emblem  of  light, 
religious  purity,  innocence,  virginity,  faith,  joy, 
and  life.      {J.) 

White  is  in  theory  the  result  of  the  union 
of  the  three  primary  colours.  The  principal 
white  pigments  are  white  lead,  Lakeivhite,  Kretns 
white,  zinc  while,  constant  white  (q.v.).  (See 
Carbonate  of  Lead,  O.xide  of  Zinc,  &c.) 

White  Copper.     German  silver. 

White  Lead  is  the  white  pigment  universally 
used  for  oil-painting  ;  it  is  considered  a  good 
dryer,  and  is  used  to  render  oil  more  drying. 
(Consult  MerrificWs  Treatise,  &c. ,  vol.  i.  cl.). 
(See  Carbonate  of  Lead.) 

White  Vitriol.     Sulphate  of  Zinc  (q.v.). 

Whiting,  as  used  for  wall-painting,  &c.,  is 
pure  chalk,  cleansed  and  ground  with  water. 

Whittle,  O.  E.  A  pocket  clasp  knife. 
i^Shakspeare^ 

Whole  and  Halves.  Proportional  compasses 
used  for  the  enlargement  or  reduction  of  drawings. 

Whorler.     The  wheel  of  a  potter's  lathe. 

Wicker-work.  Texture  of  osiers,  or  small 
twigs  ;  basket-work. 


Fig.  698.    Falling  "Whisk.' 


Wicket  (Fr.  Giihhet).  A  small  door  per- 
forated in  a  larger  one. 

Wigs  (contraction  of  Periwigs,  from  Fr.  fer- 
ntcjuc)  were  brought  in  from  France  in  the  i6th 
century.  They  took  their  greatest  proportions 
in  the  time  of  Louis  XIV.  In  the  early  iSth 
century  also  they  are  described  as  of  immense 
size,  "large  enough  to  have  loaded  a  camel." 
And  of  this  date  is  the  celebrated  wig-maker's 
sign,  in  which  Absalom  was  represented  hang- 
ing by  the  hair  in  a  tree,  and  King  David  weep- 
ing beneath,  exclaiming,— 

"  O  Abs.ilom  !  O  Abs.Tlom  ! 
O  Absalom,  my  son  ! 
If  thou  h.idst  worn  .T  fcriivig 
Thou  hadst  not  been  undone." 

Smaller  varieties  were  called  perukes  or  travel- 
ling-wigs ;  and  the  campaign  7i'/g,  which  "  hath 
knots  or  />ods,  a  o'/'/i/i'  on  each  side  with  a  curled 
forehead."  These  dildos  or  pole-locks  were  the 
origin  of  the  pigtail.     (See  H.-VIR.) 

Wilton  Carpets  are  a  kind  of  Brussels  car- 
peting, with  the  yarns  cut. 

Wimple,  O.  E.  A  nun's  hood,  covering  the 
neck  and  shoulders,adopted  by  ladies  in  general, 
/t'wA  Ilenrv  VII. 

Winchester  Bushel.  An  ancient  standard 
measure  of  capacity  preserved  in  the  Town  Hall 
at  Winchester.  It  dates  from  the  reign  of  King 
Edgar.  It  is  iSj  inches  wide,  and  8  inches 
deep. 

Windows.  The  earliest  of  stained  glass  in 
Italy  were  painted  by  order  of  Pope  Leo  III., 
at  Rome,  in  795.  The  windows  of  some  churches 
were  closed  with  valves  or  shutters  of  stone, 
like  those  of  the  Duomo  of  Torcello,  erected  in 
icxd8.  Others  were  filled  with  slabs  of  trans- 
parent talc  or  alabaster.  The  earliest  painted 
glass  in  Vork  Cathedral  is  of  A.D.  1200.  The 
use  of  glass  windows  in  private  houses  was  not 
general  until  the  14th  century.  During  the 
Middle  Ages  glass  windows  were  in  movable 
wooden  frames,  and  were  taken  away  by 
families  when  they  travelled.  (Consult  Halla7n^s 
Middle  Ages,  vol.  iii.)  Substitutes  for  glass  were 
thin  parchment  or  linen,  painted  and  varnished, 
or  even  paper.  {Le  Vieil,  de  la  Peinture  stir 
Verre.)  These  paper  windows  may  still  be 
seen  in  villages  in  the  north  of  Italy. 

Winds  (Latin,  Voiti).  The  impersonations  of 
the  winds  were  held  in  high  veneration,  espe- 
cially by  the  Athenians.  The  four  principal 
were  Eurus  or  Vulturnus,  the  east  or  south-east 
wind  ;  Auster,  the  south  wind,  the  Notus  of  the 
Greeks,  pernicious  to  plants  and  men  ;  Zephy- 
rus,  the  son  of  Aurora  and  father  of  Carpus 
(fruit),  a  genial,  health-bearing  breeze,  called 
also  ^a>r}<p6pos,  life-bearing ;  and  Boreas,  the 
strong  north  -wind,  usually  represented  with  the 
feet  of  a  serpent,  his  wings  dripping  with  golden 


dewdrops,  and  the  train  of  his  garment  sweep- 
ing along  the  ground.  Inferior  winds  were 
Solanus,  in  Greek  Apeliotes,  answering  to  the 
east,  and  represented  as  a  young  man  holding 
fruit  in  his  lap  ;  Africus,  south-west,  repre- 
sented with  black  wings  and  melancholy  coun- 
tenance ;  Corus,  north-west,  ilrivcs  clouds  of 
snow  before  him  ;  Aquilo,  north-east  by  north, 
equally  dreadful  in  appearance,  from  aquila,  an 
eagle,  tyjie  of  swiftness  and  impetuosity. 

Windsor  Chairs.  A  plain  kind  of  strong 
wooden  chairs,  so-called. 

Wings,  from  time  immemorial,  have  been  the 
Oriental  and  Egyptian  symbol  of  power  as  well 
as  of  swiftness  ;  of  the  spiritual  and  aerial,  in 
contradistinction  to  the  human  and  the  earthly  ; 
also  in  Chaldaic  and  Babylonian  remains,  in  the 
Lycian  and  Nineveh  marbles,  and  on  the  gems 
and  other  relics  of  the  Gnostics  In  Etruscan 
art  all  their  divinities  are  winged. 

Wings,  in  theatres.  The  shifting  side-scenes 
on  the  stage.  In  costume,  the  projections  on 
the  shoulders  of  a  doublet.     (See  Fig.  91.) 

Wise  Men,  Chr.  The  Magi.  (See  Epi- 
phany.) 

Wisp,  O.  E.     A  broom. 

Woad.     A  dye  plant — Isatis  tinctoria. 

Wolf.  In  Egypt  was  worshipped  at  Lycopo- 
lis  ;  it  figures  frequently  among  hieroglyphic  signs. 
The  Greeks  had  consecrated  the  wolf  to  Apollo, 
the  Romans  to  Mars.  In  Christian  (especially 
Spanish)  art,  an  attribute  of  St.  Vincent,  in 
allusion  to  the  legend  that  wild  beasts  were 
driven  away  from  his  body  after  his  martyrdom, 
by  a  raven. 

Wood-carving.  One  of  the  most  ancient 
manifestations  of  the  art  instinct  of  humanity  is 
found  in  the  very  earliest  relics  of  every  nation. 
Especially  in  Egypt  specimens  remarkable  for 
fidelity  of  representation  have  been  recently  dis- 
interred, and  stand  in  the  Boulac  Museum. 
Among  Christian  countries  Germany  is  the 
most  distinguished  in  this  branch  of  art,  but 
Holland  and  Belgium  closely  rival  it  in  excel- 
lence and  abundance  of  early  specimens.  Illus- 
trious English  carvers  in  wood  were  mostly  of 
Dutch  or  German  extraction.  The  most  famous 
of  them  is  Grinling  Gibbons,  employed  by  Sir 
Christopher  Wren  in  the  decoration  of  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral.  He  excelled  in  carving 
flowers  and  foliage. 

Wood-engraving  or  Xylography.  Box-wood 
is  the  only  kind  that  can  be  used.  The  blocks 
when  smoothed  and  polished  are  prepared  for 
drawing  on,  by  rubbing  the  polished  surface 
with  bath  brick  in  very  fine  powder  mixed  with 
water.  When  this  thin  coating  is  dry,  it  is  re- 
moved by  rubbing  the  block  on  the  palm  of  the 
hand  ;  its  only  use  is  to  make  the  surface  less 
slippery.  There  are  four  descriptions  of  cutting 
tools  used  in  wood-engraving.     The   graver  is 


346 


WORDS    USED  IN 


not  very  different  from  that  used  for  copper- 
plate, but  has  the  point  ground  to  a  peculiar 
form  by  rubbing  on  a  Turkey  stone.  Eight  or 
viw\e.  gravers,  of  different  sizes,  are  generally  re- 


Fig.  699.  Carved-wood  mirror  frame, 
belonging  to  Lord  Stafford  at  Costessy. 

quired,  commencing  with  a  very  fine  one,  which 
is  called  the  outline  tool,  and  increasing  in  size 
or  breadth.  Tinting  \^  cutting  series  of  parallel 
lines,  which,  v/hen  engraved,  form  an  even  and 
uniform  tint.      For  this  process  there  is  a  dis- 


tinct set  of  tools  called  tinting  tools.  Gouges  of 
different  sizes  are  used  for  scooping  out  the  wood 
towards  the  centre  of  the  block,  and  flat  tools  or 
chisels  for  cutting  it  away  towards  the  edges. 
The  earliest  known  wood-engraving,  "  The 
Virgin  surrounded  by  four  Saints,"  is  dated 
1418.      A  print  of  it  is  in  the  Brussels  Museum. 

Wood-skin.  An  American  name  for  a  large 
canoe  made  of  bark. 

Woof.     The  7veft,  or  cross-texture  of  fabrics. 
Woolsack.     The  seat  of  the  Lord  Chancellor, 
in  the  House  of  Lords. 

Working  Drawings  (Arch.)  are  enlarged  por- 
tions of  plans  with  details  of  a  building,  for  the 
practical  artificers  to  work  from. 

Worsted  (properly  Worstead,  spelt  also  "w^r- 
sett ''  and  "  7votyst'")  was  the  name  given  to  the 
cloth  woven  of  the  hard  thread  produced  by  the 
peculiar  carding  process  that  was  invented  at 
IVorstead  in  Norfolk  ;   14th  centuiy. 

Won  or  Wouwou,  Egyp.  The  Egj'ptian  name 
for  the  dog  ;  it  is  evidently  an  onomatopoeia, 
like  the  name  for  a  cat,  which  is  written 
Maaou.     (See  Canis.) 

Wreath.  Wreaths  have  at  all  times  been 
prominent  among  symbolical  personal  orna- 
ments ;  always  with  an  honourable  or  pleasant 
signification  ;  wreaths  of  ivy  distinguished  the 
votaries  of  Bacchus  ;  appropriate  wreaths  were 
invented  for  sacrifices  at  the  altar  for  heroic  or 
priestly  or  literary  distinction.  (See  Orle, 
Crest,  Wreath,  &c.  ) 

Wrest.  O.  E.  An  instrument 
for  drawing  up  the  strings  of  a 
harp.  {Shakespeare.) 

Wyn,  O.  E.  A  narrow  flag. 
Wyvern,  Wivern,  Her.  A 
fabulous  creature,  a  species  of 
dragon  with  two  legs,  and  re- 
presented having  its  tail  nowed. 
(Fig.  700.) 


X. 


(  The  syllable  ^uu-  in  Greek  is  generally  rendered  Syn,  q.v-) 


X.     The  Roman  numeral  for  ten. 

Xanthian  Marbles.  Sculptures  found  in 
183S  at  Xanthus,  in  ancient  Lycia,  now  in  the 
British  Museum.  The  figures  are  Assyrian  in 
character,  and  of  a  date  not  later  than  500  B.C. 
Besides  the  so-called  Harpy  tomb  (see  Harpies), 
there  are  sieges,  processions,  and  many  figures, 
in  the  energetic  action  so  remarkable  in  the 
Nineveh  sculptures.  Most  of  the  figures  are  in 
profile  ;  but  the  eyes,  like  those  of  Egyptian 
sculptures,  are  shown  in  full. 


Xebec.  A  small  lateen-rigged  three-masted 
vessel,  common  in  the  Mediterranean. 

Xenagia,  Gr.  {i^ivar/ia).  A  subdivision  of  the 
Greek  army  consisting  of  256  men,  and  sub- 
divided into  four  tetrarchies,  commanded  by  the 
Xenagos,  an  officer  appointed  by  the  Spartans, 
who  had  the  control  of  the  armies  of  the  Greek 
states. 

Xenia,  Gr.  (^eVia,  lit.  friendly  gifts),  (i) 
Delicacies,  dainties,  or  pastry  which  were  sent 
to  one  another  by  the  Greeks  and  Romans  as 


a  pledge  of  fricnclship,  chiefly  during  the  Satur- 
nalia. (2)  Decorations  to  the  walls  of  j.'v/t'.r/'- 
chambers  consisting  of  paintings  of  still  life 
representing  game,  fruits,  fisii,  anil  flowers. 

Xenodochium,  R.  {Xivo-loxfiov).  A  low- 
Latin  term  for  a  hospice  intendeil  for  the  recep- 
tion of  pilgrims  and  sick  persons.  Childebert 
founded  a  xciwdochinin  at  Lyons  in  the  6th 
century. 

Xerophagia,  Ciir.  (I^jpo-^ay/a).  A  six  days' 
fast  throughout  Holy  Week,  during  which  the 
Christians  of  the  primitive  Church  eat  only 
bread  with  a  little  salt,  and  drank  nothing  but 
water. 

Xestes,  Gr.  (Lat.  Sextarius).  A  Creek  mea- 
sure of  capacity  ;  very  nearly  a //«/ ;  equivalent 
to  the  Latin  Sextarius. 

Xo'ites,  Egyp.  A  nome  or  division  of  Lower 
Egypt,  the  capital  of  which  was  Khsonou ; 
Ammon-Ra  was  the  principal  deity  there  wor- 
shipped. 

Xylography.     Wood-engraving  (q.v.). 

Xylon,  (Ir.  (lit.  wood).  A  Greek  measure  of 
lengtli,  equal  to  4  feet  and  6-6  indies. 

Xylopyrography.  Poker-painting ;  the  art 
of  burning  pictures  on  to  wood. 


Xyneciae,  Gr.  {aw-oiKia).  Festivals  held  at 
Athens  in  honour  of  Minerva,  to  commemorate 
the  union  of  the  inhabitants  of  Attica  into  a 
single  city.  These  festivals  were  instituted  by 
Theseus,  and  held  every  year  in  the  month  of 
July.  Another  name  for  them  was  Mctariic 
(^fxerolKiai). 

Xystus,  Gr.  (^uo-tJj).  A  covered  place 
situated  near  a  portico,  within  which,  in  a 
palcestra  or  stadium,  athletes  went  through  their 
exercises.  Pausanias  tells  us  that  this  part  of 
the  stadium  received  its  name  from  the  fact  that 
Hercules  used  every  day  to  clear  out  the  palcestra 
at  Elis  in  order  to  inure  himself  to  toil,  and  that 
he  tore  up  many  weeds  by  scraping  iXvti),  to 
scrape,  i,ii(n6s).  The  baths  and  thermix;  at 
Rome  were  furnished  with  large  xysti,  in  which 
young  men  went  through  a  number  of  exercises. 
The  term  xystus  was  also  generally  applied  by 
the  Romans  to  the  beds  of  rare  flowers  and 
shrubs  in  the  centre  of  the  peristyle  ;  it  also  de- 
noted a  garden  walk  perfectly  straight,  and 
planted  in  a  regular  style  ;  and  lastly,  an  open 
\\alk  or  terrace  in  a  garden  attached  to  any 
buildinsj. 


Y. 


The  letter  Y  is  called  the  letter  of  Pythagoras 
because  that  philosopher  inade  it  the  symbol  of 
life.  The  foot  of  the  letter,  he  said,  represented 
infancy,  and  as  man  gradually  rises  to  the  age  of 
reason,  he  finds  two  paths  set  before  him,  the 
one  leading  to  good,  the  other  to  evil,  portrayed 
by  two  forks  of  the  letter.  The  illustration  is 
the  device  of  Jean  de  Morvilliers  (+  1577), 
Chancellor  of  France  ;  the  harrow  tied  to  the 
Pythagorean  T,  a  rel'iis  on  his  name  Mori- 
vic-licrs — "  Death  and  life  united."  The  harrow 
is  the  symbol  of  Death,  which  makes  all  things 
equal.     (Fig.  701.) 

Yacca.  An  ornamental  Jamaica  wood  used 
for  cabinet-making. 

Yard  (from  the  Saxon  geard  or  gyrd,  from 
gyrdan,  to  enclose).  Originally  estimated  to 
measure  the  girth  of  a  man's  body ;  until 
Henry  L  decreed  that  it  should  be  the  length  of 
his  arm. 

Yataghan.     A  Turkish  dagger  or  scimitar. 

Yawl.  A  man-of-war's  boat,  rowed  with  six 
oars. 

Ychma,  Peruv.  The  name  for  wild  cinnabar 
among  the  ancient  Peruvians ;  it  was  employed 
by  them  for  painting  the  body  and  drawing 
figures  on  the  face  and  arms. 


Yellow.  One  of  the  three  primary  colours ; 
producing  with  green,  blue ;  and  with  red, 
orange.  The  principal  yellow  pigments  are 
gamboge  (bluish),  gold  ochre    (reddish),  yelloio 


Fig.  701.  Device  of  Morvilliers.     (The  Pythagorean  V.) 


348 


WORDS  USED  IN 


ochre,  N'aples  yelhti',  chrome  yelloiv,  lemon 
yellow,  Indian  yellow,  gall-stone,  Roman  ochre. 
Mars  yellow,  terra  di  Siena,  Italian  pink,  cad- 
mium yellow,  &c. 

Yellow,  in  Christian  art,  or  gold,  was  the 
symbol  of  the  sun  ;  of  the  goodness  of  God, 
initiation  or  marriage,  faith  or  fruitfulness.  In 
a  bad  sense  yellow  signifies  inconstancy,  jealousy, 
deceit  ;  in  this  sense  it  is  given  to  the  traitor 
Judas,  who  is  generally  habited  in  dirty  yellow. 

Yellow  Arsenic.     (See  Yellow  Orpiment.  ) 

Yellow  Flag.  Denoting  sickness  on  board  of 
a  ship  or  (|uarantine. 

Yellow  Lake.  A  bright  pigment,  very  sus- 
ceptiljle  to  the  action  of  light  or  metal.  (See 
Pjnks.) 

Yellow  Metal.  A  composition,  two-thirds 
copper  and  one-third  zinc. 

Yellow  Ochre.  An  argillaceous  earth,  co- 
loured by  admixture  of  iron.     (See  Ochre.) 

Yellow  Orpiment  {aitripigmentum).  A  bright 
and  pure  yellow  pigment,  but  not  durable,  and 
dries  very  slowly  ;    called  also  Yellow  Arsenic. 

Yeoman  of  the  Guard.  A  beef-eater ;  one  of 
the  British  sovereign's  state  body-guard  ;  below 
the  gentleman-at-arms.  Instituted  at  the  coro- 
nation of  Henry  VII.  in  1485. 

Yew.  Taxus  haccata.  The  word  is  lai'gely 
used  in  cabinet-making.  The  excellence  of  the 
wood  for  making  bows  led  to  the  trees  being 
planted  in  churcliyards,  to  preserve  them. 

Ymaigier.     (See  Imagier.) 

Ymaigerie,  Imagery,  Med.  (i)  Illuminated 
borders  on  missals  and  manuscripts  executed  by 
the  miniaturists  of  the  Middle  Ages.  (2)  Bas- 
reliefs  and  sculptures  on  wood  and  stone. 

Yoke.  A  symbolical  device  assumed  by  Pope 
Leo  X.  in  allusion  to  the  text  "  My  yoke  is 
easy,"  expressed  in  the  one  word  of  the  motto 
''Suave."     (SeeJuGUM.)     Fig.  702. 

York  Collar.  Her.  Was  formed  of  alternate 
Suns  and  A'oses. 

York  Herald.  One  of  the  six  Heralds  of  the 
College  of  Arms.     (See  Heralds.) 


York  Eose.  Her.  The  7C'hite  rose  of  the 
family  of  York.     (See  Fig.  589.) 

Yorkshire  Grit.  A  stone  used  for  polishing 
marble  and  engravers'  copper  plates. 


702.  Yoke.  Device  of  Pope  Leo  X. 


Ypres  Lace  is  the  finest  and  most  costly  kind 
of  Valenciennes. 

Yu,  Chinese,  (i)  A  hard  and  heavy  stone, 
supposed  to  be  a  kind  of  agate  which  was  used 
for  the  ancient  musical  instrument  king,  which 
was  a  kind  of  harmonicon  made  of  slabs  of 
sonorous  stone  of  different  sizes.  (2)  An  ancient 
name  for  a  curious  wind  instrument  of  high 
antiquity,  which  is  still  in  use  and  is  now  called 
cheng.  It  consists  of  a  number  of  tubes  placed 
in  a  calabash,  or  bowl,  and  blown  into  through 
a  long  curved  tube. 

Yucatan.  A  province  of  Mexico  remarkable  for 
its  architectural  monuments  of  a  forgotten  civili- 
zation, described  by  .S/f^/z^f/w,  Incidents  of  Travel 
in  Yucatan.     (See  Mexican  Architecture.) 

Yufts.  A  kind  of  Russia  leather,  red  and 
soft,  with  a  pleasant  smell. 

Yule,  O,  E.     Christmas  time. 


z. 


The  initials  Z  and  S  and  Z  and  C  frequently  interchange,  especially  in  old  'vords  derived  front 
the  Gertnan,  as  zither,  cither;  zentner,  centner,  dr'C.      The  German  Z  is  pronounced  ts. 


Zaba,  Zava.  An  Arabic  cuirass.  (Aley. 
rick.) 

Zabaoth.     (See  Sabaoth.) 

Zafiferano,  It.  Saffron.  A  vegetable  yellow 
pigment. 

Zaffre  (It.  zaffiro').    An  ancient  blue  pigment, 


prepared  from  cobalt,  of  a  sapphire  blue,  re- 
sembling smalt. 

Zamarilla,  Sp.  A  loose  jacket  of  sheep- 
skins. 

Zarf.     An  oriental  saucer  for  coffee-cups. 

Zauca,  Zaucha,  or  Zauga,  Gr.  and  R.  A 


soft  and  flexible  leatlier  boot  peculiar  to  Eastern 
nations  ;  it  was  worn  untler  the  trousers. 
Zazahan,  Sp.     A  kind  of  flowered  silk. 
Zebec.     A  common  form  of  sailing  vessel  in 
the  Mediterranean,  rigi^eil  with  a  lateen  sail. 

Zebra  Wood.  The  J/vauialiaUi  of  Guiana,  a 
beautiful  wootl  for  furniture. 

Zebu.  The  humped  species  to  which  the 
sacred  Brahmin  bull  belongs,  represented  in 
Hindu  art. 

Zema,  Gr.  and  R.  (C*m")-  *^  vessel  of  earthen- 
ware or  metal,  a  saucepan. 

Zemzemeeyeli,  Arabic.  A  skin  for  carrying 
water  in  the  desert. 

Zend-Avesta,  Pers.  "  The  Word  of  Life  " 
or  "  Living  Word."  The  sacred  book  of  the 
Parsees ;  it  consists  of  two  parts,  one  of  which 
is  written  in  Zend,  the  other  in  Pchloi  and 
Parscc.  The  first  part  is  called  Vendidad.-Sali , 
and  the  seconil  Boundehcch. 

Zenith.  The  centre  of  the  arch  of  the  sky 
overhead.     (Cf.  Nadir.) 

Zephyr  Yarn  is  the  dyed  worsted  thread 
usually  known  as  Berlin  icool. 
Zeuxite.  A  gem.  (See  Tourmaline.) 
Zigzag,  Arch.  One  of  the  mouldings 
freiiuently  used  in  Norman  architecture,  run- 
ning in  zigzag  lines.  (See  Fig.  488.)  Fig.  123 
is  an  illustration  of  a  variety  of  this  orna- 
ment on  a  column.  Zii^zig  mouldings  in 
connexion  with  pointed  arches  are  characteristic 
of  the  transition  period  of  architecture,  from 
the  Norman  to  the  Early  English,  frequently 
called  chevron. 

Zimarra.  An  Oriental  robe,  called  in 
England  also  Sai/iare.  Described  as  a  lady's 
jacket  :  "  it  has  a  loose  body  and  four  side  laps 
or  skirts,  which  extend  to  the  knee  ;  the  sleeves 
short,  cut  to  the  elbow,  turned  up  and  faced." 
— Randle  Holme. 

Zincography.  Engraving  on  plates  of  zinc, 
introduced  in  1817.  (See  Photozincography.) 
Zinc  White.  A  pigment  recently  introduced 
as  a  substitute  for  the  preparations  of  white  lead. 
It  is  little  liable  to  change,  either  by  atmospheric 
action  or  mixture  with  other  pigments.  It  is  the 
white  oxide  of  zinc,  and  is  also  called  Chinese 
White  (q.v.). 
Zipo,  Med.  Lat.  A  shirt  of  mail. 
Zircon,  A  peculiar  rare  grey  and  brown 
earth,  found  in  the  true  rough  and  opaque 
varieties  of  hyacinth  stone,  which  are  met  with 
in  Ceylon,  Norway,  Carinthia,  and  the  Ural. 
The  term  hyacinth  is  applied  to  the  transparent 
and  bright-coloured  varieties  of  zircon,  and 
jargooti  to  crystals  devoid  of  colour  and  of  a 
smoky  tinge,  occasionally  sold  as  inferior  dia- 
monds.    (Simmoiids  Com.  Diet.) 

Zither.  A  favourite  stringed  instrument  of  a 
soft  and  sweet  effect,  much  used  in  the  Austrian 
Tyrol.     It  is  played  lying  flat  on  a  table,  and 


the  strings  struck  with  a  plectrum  worn  on  the 
t  humb. 

Zocle  or  Socle,  Arch.  The  plinth  in  classical 
architecture. 

Zodiacus,  Zodiac,  Gen.  {^u^iaKhs,  i.  e.  per- 
taining to  animals).     The  zone  of  the   celestial 


Fig.  704.  Duchess  of  Parma  in  richly  embroidered  robes 
and  zimarra. 

sphere  which  extends  to  eight  degrees  on  either 
side  of  the  ecliptic.  The  Egyptians  had  repre- 
sentations of  it  in  their  temples,  the  most 
celebrated  being  that  of  Denderah,  a  cast  of 
which  is  at  the  Louvre.  Other  zodiacs  have 
also  been  found  in  the  great  temple  of  Esneh 
and  at  Contra-Lato.  Many  monuments  of  the 
Romano-Byzantine  and  Gothic  periods  possess 


350 


WORDS    USED   IN    ART  AND   ARCH/EOLOGY. 


representations  of  zodiacs.  They  occur  on  the 
doorways  and  other  parts  of  churches  from  the 
end  of  the  lOth  century.  In  particular  may  be 
noted  the  one  which  figures  on  the  bas-reliefs  of 
the  frieze  in  the  side  apsides  of  the  Romano- 
Auvergniate  church  of  St.  Paul  d'lssoire.  One 
of  the  largest  zodiacs,  dating  from  the  beginning 
of  the  nth  century,  is  that  of  the  church  of  St. 
Vezelay.  The  series  of  medallions  which  sur- 
round the  great  tympanum  representing  Christ 
and  the  apostles,  contain,  independently  of  the 
signs  of  the  zodiac,  representations  of  the  agri- 
cultural operations  belonging  to  each  month  of 
the  year. 

Zona,  Gr.  (i) 
A  girdle,  used  to 
gird  up  the  skirts 
of  the  di-ess  for 
freedom  of  ac- 
tion (Fig.  157)  ; 
Fig.  705.  Zona.  on    occasions   of 

solemnity,  as  sa- 
crifices or  fune- 
rals, the  girdle  was  relaxed,  and  the  folds  of  the 
dress  allowed  to  hang  to  the  feet  (Fig.  537)  ; 
as  a  part  of  the  marriage  ceremony  it  was  taken 
off.  Upon  the  armour  of  men  it  supported  the 
kilt,  and  was  worn  round  the  cuirass  (Fig. 
705  ;  cf.  Fig.  44).  It  was  generally  used 
as  a  purse.  The  celebrated  girdle  {cesttts)  of 
Venus,  which  conferred  beauty  and  inspired  love, 
is  not  represented  on  the  statues  of  that  goddess. 
There  is  a  town  on  the  ^gean  Sea  called  Zona 
from  the  belt  of  trees  upon  it,  still  growing  in 
the  pi'ocessional  order  in  which  they  arrived 
when  they  left  their  native  plantations  and  fol- 
lowed the  music  of  Orpheus.  (2)  In  Architec- 
ture, an  entablature  which  encircles  any  isolated 
building.  Lofty  buildings  surrounded  by  seven 
zones  were  described  as  scptizonia.  (3)  In 
painted  vases,  horizontal  annular  bands  often 
decorated  with  animals.  (See  ZooPHORi. ) 
Zonula.  Diminutive  of  Zona. 
Zoomara,  Arab.  A  double  clarionet. 
Zoophori.  Bands  of  ornament  on  friezes, 
vases,  &c.,  representing  animals.  (See  Figs. 
706,  707.) 


Fig.  706.  Greek  Vase  deco- 
tated  with  Zoophori. 


Zophoms,  Gr.  and 
R.  (^ii>(p6po%).  Lite- 
rally, bearing  animals, 
and  thence  a  frieze, 
decorated  with  figures 
of  animals,  conven- 
tional or  real. 

Zotheca,  Gr.  and 
R.  (Cco-07)K7)).  A  small 
chamber  adjoining  a 
large  r  apartment, 
whither  the  occupant 
might  retire  for  the 
purpose  of  study.  (2) 
A  small  niche  for  the 
reception  of  a  statue, 
vase,  or  any  other 
object.  The  Romans 
had  a  diminutive  for 
zotheca,  viz.  zothecida. 

Zummarah,  Eg)'p. 
A  musical  instrument; 
a  double  reed  pipe. 


LONDON  : 

PRINTED  BY  GILBERT  AND    RIVINGTON,   LIMITED, 

ST.  JOHN'S  SQUARE. 


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